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215:’s plan for the Sunshine Estate include, firstly, the formation of a plan for a new town on undeveloped rural land (including the provision of varied infrastructure), the development of housing on spacious lots, and the establishment of a central garden for the benefit of the public. These aspects combine to present an early Australian version of a Garden City, as well as the influence of an individual on the way in which Garden City principles were applied, and the direction of town planning in Australia.
251:) adjacent to the factory, which was "central to his vision of a garden suburb to house a contented and respectable workforce whose life would revolve around work, church, sport, and horticulture." Bampton says ‘these gardens are a remnant of the ordered, controlled world dominated by McKay and his factory’. McKay maintained the gardens for the benefit of the community, providing for entertainment and outdoor recreation.
19:
131:, he obliged McKay to pay his employees a wage that guaranteed them a standard of living which was reasonable for "a human being in a civilised community", regardless of his capacity to pay. McKay successfully appealed this judgement, but it became the benchmark industrial decision which led to the creation of a minimum
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to become the largest manufacturing plant in
Australia and, at its peak, it employed nearly 3,000 workers. In 1907, following a residents' petition, the locality was officially renamed Sunshine in honour of the factory. Housing for the Sunshine Harvester Works' employees swelled the local population and the town of
95:
in
Australia. The factory became the largest in the Southern Hemisphere, and, in its early stages, McKay successfully increased the concentration and efficiency of the workers: ‘between 1907 and 1910-11, McKay’s workforce expanded from just over 400 to around 1500’. McKay rapidly expanded the factory
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in May 1926, "Mr. McKay from the start took an active interest in
Sunshine, and was lavishly spending money there to make the conditions of his employees as ideal as possible. A Garden City soon sprang up, having as its centre the great works of H.V. McKay Pty Ltd, which occupy more than 60 acres of
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that evidently influenced McKay include: the development of an entirely new city on rural land, the development of housing on large plots, and that the centre of town should comprise and ornamental garden surrounded by civic buildings. McKay’s plan for a model industrial town involved providing key
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By the 1920s, the company was running the largest implement factory in the southern hemisphere, and had led the international agricultural industry through the development of the world's first self-propelled harvester in 1924. At the time of McKay's death in 1926, the factory covered 75 acres (30.4
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was, undoubtedly, an individual who had yielded influence on the manner and form in which the principles were applied and adapted to the
Australian context in the early 1900s. Moreover, examination of the relationship between Garden City principles and McKay’s plan, including the early increase in
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The Garden City ideal came to
Australia in the 1900s and the principles played out in various ways. H.V. McKay’s development at the then town of Sunshine, 12 km from the centre of Melbourne, exemplifies this and represents an "early Australian version of the Garden City ideal". As was reported in
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bought a controlling interest in H.V. McKay Pty Ltd, with the
Australian operations of both firms being merged under the title H.V. McKay Massey Harris Pty Ltd. Throughout World War II, H.V. McKay Massey Harris exported 20,000 Sunshine drills, disc harrows and binders to England, to facilitate an
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If a cluster of outer suburbs could be ringed around
Melbourne, all planned and developed with the prescience and system that has been exercised in Sunshine, there would be no grounds for fearing the growth of new slums that now haunt many once-promising districts. Sunshine today illustrates how
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The
Sunshine Harvester Works was also the site of a protracted industrial dispute in 1907, between McKay and the unions representing the Sunshine workers. While this was based on claims for wages and conditions, McKay also argued that he should continue to receive import protection. The case was
165:. However, from the 1970s, when many Australian-based manufacturing industries were experiencing financial difficulties, the business progressively contracted, and most of the factory was demolished in 1992, to make way for the development of the
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Furthermore, Garden City principles are evident in the employee housing on Leith Avenue – the project developed by McKay and financed through the State
Savings Bank, including twenty-eight homes designed by Burridge Leith According to the
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industrial efficiency that the development of
Sunshine facilitated, points to social and cultural changes that were occurring at the time. As such, Sunshine holds an important place in Australian industrial and planning history.
208:, a Garden City is "a planned settlement designed to overcome the limitations of both town and country, by combining the best of both in free-standing, self-sufficient communities with ample parkland and public space."
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after his Sunshine Harvester, which was one of his major products. The name "Sunshine" is assumed to have been given by McKay to his harvester works after he attended a lecture by the American evangelist Reverend
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in 1926 demonstrates the significance of Sunshine to the wider Garden City movement in Australia and the attractiveness of Garden City ideals as a means of overcoming the limitations of urban life:
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in Melbourne between 7 October 1907 and 8 November 1907. Higgins heard evidence from employees and their wives regarding conditions at the factory and costs for supporting their families. In the
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Sunshine provides an interesting example of the way in which the Garden City idea filtered down to Australia, and the form in which the foundational principles were applied.
357:
Lack, J; Fahey, C (2003). "Resurrecting the Sunshine Harvester Works: Re-presenting and Reinterpreting the Experience of Industrial Work in Twentieth-Century Australia".
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infrastructure and services, including "electric lighting, parklands, recreation areas, public buildings, land for school and library, and housing for employees."
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519:'Massey Ferguson Complex, Devonshire Road and Hampshire Road and Harvester Road Sunshine, Brimbank City - Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H0667
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491:"Sunshine Harvester Works - HV McKay - a history of agricultural enterprise in Victoria, Australia 1880-1960 - Armchair Tour - McKay's Dream Machine"
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City Council, ‘the spaciousness of the lay-out of Leith Avenue suggests the influence of Garden City planning principles’. Lastly, this segment from
169:. The former bulk store, factory gates and clock tower, factory gardens, and head office complex are all listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.
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377:"Sunshine Harvester Works - HV McKay - a history of agricultural enterprise in Victoria, Australia 1880-1960 - Sunshine"
553:"Sunshine Harvester Works - HV McKay - a history of agricultural enterprise in Victoria, Australia 1880-1960 - Factory"
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161:, which was a combination of the Canadian and American interests of Massey Harris, and the British tractor firm of
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pleasant and secure life can be made when a powerful industrial concern undertakes the housing of its employes .
75:, in 1906, where he had earlier purchased the Braybrook Implement Works (1904). He named the new enterprise the
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for Australian workers that dominated Australian industrial relations for the next 60 to 80 years.
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Through a revolutionary piece of marketing, this had gained a reputation as the first successful
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In the 1950s, the McKay family sold out to the newly-formed agricultural implement conglomerate
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666:"The Sunshine Harvester Works, Sunshine, Victoria, Australia Museum Victoria Collections"
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From garden cities to new towns: campaigning for town and country planning, 1899 - 1946
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The H.V. McKay Memorial Gardens with the Sunshine Presbyterian Church in the background
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68:
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Bampton, B (2010). "H.V. McKay Gardens, Sunshine: an industrial garden 100 years on".
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Bampton, B (2010). "H.V. McKay Gardens, Sunshine: an industrial garden 100 years on".
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469:"Sunshine Harvester Works, Contributions to the War Effort, World War II, 1940-1945"
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who visited Victoria in 1894. Another account holds that the name was suggested by
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was an Australian factory making agricultural equipment founded by industrialist
197:. The principles of the Garden City movement were first developed in England by
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HV McKay Memorial Gardens, Anderson Road Sunshine, Brimbank City (VHR) H1953
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Brimbank City Council (2009). "Brimbank heritage design guidelines part 3".
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ACTU Fact Sheet, HISTORY – Harvester judgement 27 May 2009, accessed 1/7/11
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31:
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HV McKay Offices, 2 Devonshire Road Sunshine, Brimbank City (VHR) H1966
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713:
Freestone, R; Nichols, D (2013). "The garden city idea in Australia".
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Sunshine - Place - eMelbourne - The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online
189:) is considered a pioneering development of a company town on the
18:
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hectares). In 1930, the Canadian farm machinery manufacturer
781:
607:
Freestone, R (1982). "The garden city idea in Australia".
313:"Browsing by theme 'Origin of the 'Sunshine' Brandname' -"
34:, and with engineering development headed by H.B. Garde.
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in 1898 and re-applied in various contexts and forms.
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Having established an agricultural implement works in
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125:Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration
71:he moved his factory and many of his employees to
211:The main correlations between Howard’s ideas and
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854:Buildings and structures in the City of Brimbank
849:Demolished buildings and structures in Melbourne
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712:
341:
224:ground, on which more than 30 are built on."
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344:Robert Menzies: A Life / Volume 1, 1894–1943
844:Buildings and structures demolished in 1992
406:"Developing Australia's Manufacturing Base"
777:Sunshine & District Historical Society
782:Friends of the H V McKay Memorial Gardens
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346:. Melbourne University Press. p. 4.
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206:The Oxford Dictionary of Human Geography
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181:(now the eastern part of the suburb of
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839:Heritage-listed buildings in Melbourne
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763:Australian Home Builder (1925): 41.
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621:10.1111/j.1467-8470.1982.tb00392.x
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834:Manufacturing plants in Melbourne
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594:The Dictionary of Human Geography
22:HV McKay Sunshine Harvester Works
664:Churchwood, M; Dale-Hallett, L.
447:"H.V. McKay Sunshine Collection"
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715:Australian Geographical Studies
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273:Australian Home Builder (1925)
108:The Harvester Judgement (1907)
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149:increase in food production.
653:. Oxford: Alexandrine Press.
227:The basic principles of the
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293:H.V. McKay Memorial Gardens
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249:H.V. McKay Memorial Gardens
243:McKay also established the
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58:Mansion where it was used.
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696:Australian Garden History
681:Australian Garden History
449:. Research Data Australia
592:Johnston, R. J. (2000).
342:Allan W. Martin (1993).
77:Sunshine Harvester Works
54:A Sunshine harvester at
28:Sunshine Harvester works
261:Australian Home Builder
745:Cite journal requires
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82:Thomas De Witt Talmage
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229:Garden City movement
195:Garden city movement
167:Sunshine Marketplace
139:The Inter-war period
46:A Sunshine Harvester
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634:"H.V. McKay Dead".
173:The Sunshine Estate
153:The Post-war period
129:Harvester Judgement
114:Harvester Judgement
100:was touted as the "
829:Sunshine, Victoria
805:37.781°S 144.832°E
638:. 1926. p. 3.
471:. Museums Victoria
247:(today called the
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193:principles of the
185:, part of greater
73:Braybrook Junction
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649:Hardy, D (1991).
596:. Oxford: Malden.
93:combine harvester
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796:144°49′55″E
63:Early years
32:H. V. McKay
823:Categories
793:37°46′52″S
299:References
280:H.V. McKay
213:H.V. McKay
133:basic wage
102:Birmingham
615:(1): 24.
567:25 August
505:25 August
391:25 August
721:(1): 15.
702:(3): 10.
475:26 April
453:26 April
287:See also
271:—
257:Brimbank
187:Sunshine
177:McKay's
98:Sunshine
69:Ballarat
418:21 July
327:8 April
123:at the
38:History
183:Albion
683:: 10.
409:(PDF)
751:help
569:2009
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