425:, following the view that a cohesive group is more than the sum of its parts, synergy is the ability of a group to outperform even its best individual member. These conclusions are derived from the studies conducted by Jay Hall on a number of laboratory-based group ranking and prediction tasks. He found that effective groups actively looked for the points in which they disagreed and in consequence encouraged conflicts amongst the participants in the early stages of the discussion. In contrast, the ineffective groups felt a need to establish a common view quickly, used simple decision making methods such as averaging, and focused on completing the task rather than on finding solutions they could agree on. In a technical context, its meaning is a construct or collection of different elements working together to produce results not obtainable by any of the elements alone. The elements, or parts, can include people, hardware, software, facilities, policies, documents: all things required to produce system-level results. The value added by the system as a whole, beyond that contributed independently by the parts, is created primarily by the relationship among the parts, that is, how they are interconnected. In essence, a system constitutes a set of interrelated components working together with a common objective: fulfilling some designated need.
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is itself a combination of several chemical agents, and thus the safe levels actually represent levels of the mixture. In contrast, a combination created by the end user, such as a farmer, has rarely been tested in that combination. The potential for synergy is then unknown or estimated from data on similar combinations. This lack of information also applies to many of the chemical combinations to which humans are exposed, including residues in food, indoor air contaminants, and occupational exposures to chemicals. Some groups think that the rising rates of cancer, asthma, and other health problems may be caused by these combination exposures; others have alternative explanations. This question will likely be answered only after years of exposure by the population in general and research on chemical toxicity, usually performed on animals. Examples of pesticide synergists include
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nutshell, is that synergistic effects have often provided functional advantages (economic benefits) in relation to survival and reproduction that have been favored by natural selection. The cooperating parts, elements, or individuals become, in effect, functional "units" of selection in evolutionary change. Similarly, environmental systems may react in a non-linear way to perturbations, such as climate change, so that the outcome may be greater than the sum of the individual component alterations. Synergistic responses are a complicating factor in environmental modeling.
482:(1997): this book describes the principles and management practices, which provide the basis of effective health and safety management. It sets out the issues that need to be addressed, and can be used for developing improvement programs, self-audit, or self-assessment. Its message is that organizations must manage health and safety with the same degree of expertise and to the same standards as other core business activities, if they are to effectively control risks and prevent harm to people.
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operate. That is to say, SYNGEq constitutes a big picture of the factors/motivations which determine the entrepreneurs to contour an active synergistic network. SYNGEq includes both factors which character is changing over time (such as the competitive conditions), as well as classics factors, such as the imperative of the access to resources of the collaboration and the quick answers. The synergistic gravity equation (SINGEq) comes to be represented by the formula:
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cases, positive synergy has positive effects such as improved efficiency in operations, greater exploitation of opportunities, and improved utilization of resources. Negative synergy on the other hand has negative effects such as: reduced efficiency of operations, decrease in quality, underutilization of resources and disequilibrium with the external environment.
478:. The successful performance of the health and safety management depends upon the analyzing the causes of incidents and accidents and learning correct lessons from them. The idea is that all events (not just those causing injuries) represent failures in control, and present an opportunity for learning and improvement. UK Health and Safety Executive,
297:, in which he argued that Darwinian theory failed to account of "social synergy" or "social love", a collective evolutionary drive. The highest civilizations were the work not only of the elite but of the masses too; those masses must be led, however, because the crowd, a feminine and unconscious force, cannot distinguish between good and evil.
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Etymologically, the "synergy" term was first used around 1600, deriving from the Greek word "synergos", which means "to work together" or "to cooperate". If during this period the synergy concept was mainly used in the theological field (describing "the cooperation of human effort with divine will"),
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Toxicological synergy is of concern to the public and regulatory agencies because chemicals individually considered safe might pose unacceptable health or ecological risk in combination. Articles in scientific and lay journals include many definitions of chemical or toxicological synergy, often vague
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needs to be considered. Group cohesion is that property that is inferred from the number and strength of mutual positive attitudes among members of the group. As the group becomes more cohesive, its functioning is affected in a number of ways. First, the interactions and communication between members
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The synergy effects are difficult (even impossible) to imitate by competitors and difficult to reproduce by their authors because these effects depend on the combination of factors with time-varying characteristics. The synergy effects are often called "synergistic benefits", representing the direct
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However, in normal agricultural practice, it is rare to use only a single pesticide. During the production of a crop, several different materials may be used. Each of them has had determined a regulatory level at which they would be considered individually safe. In many cases, a commercial pesticide
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A second, potential negative consequence of group cohesion is group think. Group think is a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in cohesive group, when the members' striving for unanimity overrides their motivation to appraise realistically the alternative courses of
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The synergistic action of the economic players lies within the economic phenomenon's profundity. The synergistic action gives different dimensions to competitiveness, strategy and network identity becoming an unconventional "weapon" which belongs to those who exploit the economic systems' potential
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and in relation to teamwork refers to the combined effort of individuals as participants of the team. The condition that exists when the organization's parts interact to produce a joint effect that is greater than the sum of the parts acting alone. Positive or negative synergies can exist. In these
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Synergy exists in individual and social interactions among humans, with some arguing that social cooperation cannot be requires synergy to continue. One way of quantifying synergy in human social groups is via energy use, where larger groups of humans (i.e., cities) use energy more efficiently that
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A cost synergy refers to the opportunity of a combined corporate entity to reduce or eliminate expenses associated with running a business. Cost synergies are realized by eliminating positions that are viewed as duplicate within the merged entity. Examples include the headquarters office of one of
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exhaustive tests are performed to discern health effects on humans at various exposure levels. A regulatory upper limit of presence in foods is then placed on this pesticide. As long as residues in the food stay below this regulatory level, health effects are deemed highly unlikely and the food is
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I have characterized the social struggle as centrifugal and social solidarity as centripetal. Either alone is productive of evil consequences. Struggle is essentially destructive of the social order, while communism removes individual initiative. The one leads to disorder, the other to degeneracy.
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synergy refers to the opportunity of a combined corporate entity to generate more revenue than its two predecessor stand-alone companies would be able to generate. For example, if company A sells product X through its sales force, company B sells product Y, and company A decides to buy company B,
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The synergistic network represents an integrated part of the economic system which, through the coordination and control functions (of the undertaken economic actions), agrees synergies. The networks which promote synergistic actions can be divided in horizontal synergistic networks and vertical
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A may cause 10% fatalities, and parasite B may also cause 10% loss. When both parasites are present, the losses would normally be expected to total less than 20%, yet, in some cases, losses are significantly greater. In such cases, it is said that the parasites in combination have a synergistic
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as a causal agency that can explain the progressive evolution of complexity in living systems over the course of time. According to the
Synergism Hypothesis, synergistic effects have been the drivers of cooperative relationships of all kinds and at all levels in living systems. The thesis, in a
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to rigorously define the relationships between "wholes" and "parts". In this context, synergy is said to occur when there is information present in the joint state of multiple variables that cannot be extracted from the individual parts considered individually. For example, consider the logical
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The synergistic gravity equation (SYNGEq), according to its complex "title", represents a synthesis of the endogenous and exogenous factors which determine the private and non-private economic decision makers to call to actions of synergistic exploitation of the economic network in which they
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has one of the more detailed and precise definitions of toxic interaction, designed to facilitate risk assessment. In their guidance documents, the no-interaction default assumption is dose addition, so synergy means a mixture response that exceeds that predicted from dose addition. The EPA
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There is, thus far, no universal agreement on how synergy can best be quantified, with different approaches that decompose information into redundant, unique, and synergistic components appearing in the literature. Despite the lack of universal agreement, information-theoretic approaches to
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The informational synergies which can be applied also in media involve a compression of transmission, access and use of information's time, the flows, circuits and means of handling information being based on a complementary, integrated, transparent and coordinated use of knowledge.
468:). But the external devices used for communication were made by two different companies, and the incompatibility between the external devices led to a financial loss for the company. He argues that systems will be safe only if they are designed, not if they emerge by chance.
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another corporation. This type of synergy is a nearly ubiquitous feature of a corporate acquisition and is a negotiating point between the buyer and seller that impacts the final price both parties agree to. There are distinct types of corporate synergies, as follows.
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Rob Goffee and Gareth Jones, state that "highly engaged employees are, on average, 50% more likely to exceed expectations that the least-engaged workers. And companies with highly engaged people outperform firms with the most disengaged folks- by 54% in
926:, and by fourfold in revenue growth. Also, those that are able to be open about their views on the company, and have confidence that they will be heard, are likely to be a more organized employee who helps his/ her fellow team members succeed.
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statistical synergy have been applied to diverse fields, including climatology, neuroscience sociology, and machine learning
Synergy has also been proposed as a possible foundation on which to build a mathematically robust definition of
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When synergy occurs in the work place, the individuals involved get to work in a positive and supportive working environment. When individuals get to work in environments such as these, the company reaps the benefits. The authors of
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This is when a firm having a number of cash extensive projects acquires a firm which is cash-rich, thus enabling the new combined firm to enjoy the profits from investing the cash of one firm in the projects of the other.
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before individually, it is possible for them to join and gain the capacity to carry the debt through decreased gearing (leverage). This creates value for the firm, as debt is thought to be a cheaper source of finance.
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or in conflict with each other. Because toxic interactions are defined relative to the expectation under "no interaction", a determination of synergy (or antagonism) depends on what is meant by "no interaction". The
428:
If used in a business application, synergy means that teamwork will produce an overall better result than if each person within the group were working toward the same goal individually. However, the concept of group
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Faerie cannot be caught in a net of words; for it is one of its qualities to be indescribable, though not imperceptible. It has many ingredients, but analysis will not necessarily discover the secret of the whole.
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character in products and ads, and continued to market Disney media through licensing arrangements. These products can help advertise the film itself and thus help to increase the film's sales. For example, the
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receptors, but benzodiazepines increase the frequency of channel opening, whilst barbiturates increase the channel closing time, making these two drugs dramatically enhance GABAergic neurotransmission).
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VCust = the necessity of customer value in purchasing future profits and competitive advantages VInfo = the necessity of informational value in purchasing future profits and competitive advantages
464:, an international standard set by the leading US standards body; it led to a failure of small automation systems using the IEEE-488 standard (which codified a proprietary communications standard
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increase. Common goals, interests and small size all contribute to this. In addition, group member satisfaction increases as the group provides friendship and support against outside threats.
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In media economics, synergy is the promotion and sale of a product (and all its versions) throughout the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate, e.g. films, soundtracks or video games.
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What is not seen—the truth that has no expounders—is that the wholesome, constructive movement consists in the properly ordered combination and interaction of both these principles. This is
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Mehrad Babaei et al., Biochemical reaction network topology defines dose-dependent Drug–Drug interactions. Comput Biol Med 155:106584 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106584
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In addition to the chemical nature of the drug itself, the topology of the chemical reaction network that connect the two targets determines the type of drug-drug interaction.
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defined by many threads. For with the picture in the tapestry a new element has come in: the picture is greater than, and not explained by, the sum of the component threads.
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is an interaction or cooperation giving rise to a whole that is greater than the simple sum of its parts (i.e., a non-linear addition of force, energy, or effect). The term
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often shows the power of synergy, while also poking fun at the use of the term in the corporate world. There are also different forms of synergy in popular card games like
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in the 19th and 20th centuries, "synergy" was promoted in physics and biochemistry, being implemented in the study of the open economic systems only in the 1960 and 1970s.
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emphasizes that synergy does not always make a mixture dangerous, nor does antagonism always make the mixture safe; each depends on the predicted risk under dose addition.
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the predecessor companies, certain executives, the human resources department, or other employees of the predecessor companies. This is related to the economic concept of
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which might be offset against the profits of another after combination, thus resulting in less tax being paid. However this greatly depends on the tax law of the country.
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is when individuals in a group begin by taking a moderate stance on an issue regarding a common value and, after having discussed it, end up taking a more extreme stance.
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Human synergy can also occur on a smaller scale, like when individuals huddle together for warmth or in workplaces where labor specialization increase efficiencies.
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synergy gained by the combined firm is a result of number of benefits which flow to the entity as a consequence of acquisition and merger. These benefits may be:
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Effect on the same receptor but different sites (e.g. the coadministration of benzodiazepines and barbiturates, both act by enhancing the action of GABA on GABA
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There are negative aspects of group cohesion that have an effect on group decision-making and hence on group effectiveness. There are two issues arising. The
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30 Rock episode 3.09; Liz: "I hate those corporate things; a bunch of drunk people talking about 'synergy'." Jack: "First of all, never badmouth 'synergy'!"
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414:. Even the tools and technologies that are widespread in the natural world represent important sources of synergistic effects. The tools that enabled early
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then the new company could use each salesperson to sell products X and Y, thereby increasing the revenue that each salesperson generates for the company.
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Jia J, Zhu F, Ma X, Cao Z, Cao ZW, Li Y, Li YX, Chen YZ (February 2009). "Mechanisms of drug combinations: interaction and network perspectives".
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bit. There is information about the target that can only be extracted from the joint state of the inputs considered jointly, and not any others.
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occurs when corporations interact congruently. A corporate synergy refers to a financial benefit that a corporation expects to realize when it
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phenomenon is the tendency of a group to make decisions that are riskier than those that the group would have recommended individually. Group
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The cooperative action of two or more stimuli (or drugs), resulting in a different or greater response than that of the individual stimuli.
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Choudhury H, Hertzberg R, Rice G, Cogliano J, Mukerjee D, Teuschler L, et al. (Risk
Assessment Forum Technical Panel) (August 2000).
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from 1941, for which the original manuscripts have been lost but the ideas preserved in "Synergy: Some Notes of Ruth
Benedict" (1969).
1580:. Proceedings of First International Conference on System Safety. London: Institution of Engineering and Technology. pp. 344–351.
81:
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386:) to chemistry (a popular example is water, a compound of hydrogen and oxygen), to the cooperative interactions among the genes in
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Rosas FE, Mediano PA, Rassouli B, Barrett AB (2020-12-04). "An operational information decomposition via synergistic disclosure".
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fiasco (1961), Irving Janis argued that they were due to the cohesive nature of the committees that made the relevant decisions.
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1173:. Computers can process data much more quickly than humans, but lack the ability to respond meaningfully to arbitrary stimuli.
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That decisions made by committees lead to failure in a simple system is noted by Dr. Chris Elliot. His case study looked at
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Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA (March 2012). Derry S (ed.). "Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults".
274:, 'work'. A correlation or concourse of action between different organs in health; and, according to some, in disease.
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action. Studying the events of several
American policy "disasters" such as the failure to anticipate the Japanese
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1917:"Debates—Does Information Theory Provide a New Paradigm for Earth Science? Causality, Interaction, and Feedback"
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344:. Synergy is manifested when the system makes the transition between the different information (i.e. order,
1197:, published in 1966. In it, he made two references to synergy, although he did not use that term. He wrote:
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2373:"What it is like to be a bit: an integrated information decomposition account of emergent mental phenomena"
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And more succinctly, in a footnote, about the "part of producing the web of an intricate story", he wrote:
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that interfere with the action of the MAO enzyme and stop the breakdown of chemical compounds such as DMT).
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is an approach to improving group efficacy by increasing synergy in human groups via technological means.
2149:"Untangling Synergistic Effects of Intersecting Social Identities with Partial Information Decomposition"
1648:"Bits and pieces: understanding information decomposition from part-whole relationships and formal logic"
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had toys of webshooters and figures of the characters made, as well as posters and games. The NBC sitcom
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pioneered synergistic marketing techniques in the 1930s by granting dozens of firms the right to use his
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drew attention to an important development in the cultural anthropology field which arose in lectures by
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A dynamic state in which combined action is favored over the difference of individual component actions.
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2090:"Partial information decomposition as a unified approach to the specification of neural goal functions"
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For example, a consequence of pesticide use is the risk of health effects. During the registration of
1974:"Revealing the Dynamics of Neural Information Processing with Multivariate Information Decomposition"
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is the idea that salvation involves some form of cooperation between divine grace and human freedom.
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Hertzberg RC, MacDonell MM (April 2002). "Synergy and other ineffective mixture risk definitions".
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Synergy can also be defined as the combination of human strengths and computer strengths, such as
975:. This promotes the sale of products for varied use or off-market sales as well as development of
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2324:"Greater than the parts: a review of the information decomposition approach to causal emergence"
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Behavior of whole systems unpredicted by the behavior of their parts taken separately, known as
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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398:, as well as the many different kinds of synergies produced by socially-organized groups, from
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A modern view of synergy in natural sciences derives from the relationship between energy and
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Luppi AI, Mediano PA, Rosas FE, Harrison DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Bor D, Stamatakis EA (2021).
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IA = the imperative for purchasing unimitable competitive advantages (for the economic actor)
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between any individual source and the target is 0 bit. However, the joint mutual information
486:
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Williams PL, Beer RD (2010-04-14). "Nonnegative
Decomposition of Multivariate Information".
1442:"A Law for Irreversible Thermodynamics? Synergy Increases Free Energy by Decreasing Entropy"
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Luppi AI, Mediano PA, Rosas FE, Holland N, Fryer TD, O'Brien JT, et al. (June 2022).
8:
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Mediano PA, Rosas FE, Luppi AI, Jensen HJ, Seth AK, Barrett AB, et al. (July 2022).
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in collaboration with E. J. Applewhite. Introduction and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb.
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Philosophical
Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
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Philosophical
Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
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406:, a mechanism of indirect coordination between agents or actions that results in the
313:, which is a form of cosmic synergy, the universal constructive principle of nature.
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2735:"Supplementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures"
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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Mechanisms that may be involved in the development of synergistic effects include:
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Holistic
Darwinism : synergy, cybernetics, and the bioeconomics of evolution
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Holistic Darwinism : synergy, cybernetics, and the bioeconomics of evolution
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842:
765:
742:
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2089:
1624:. New York: Estate of R. Buckminster Fuller; Macmillan Publishing Company, Inc.
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1214:— an incident, a name, a motive — than to trace the history of any
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1736:"Quantifying Synergistic Information Using Intermediate Stochastic Variables"
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cc = the specific competitive conditions in which the economic actor operates
1120:ΣSYN.Act = the sum of the synergistic actions adopted (by the economic actor)
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and in several cases exaggeration of effects. It is also often a meaningless
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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2216:"The Partial Information Decomposition of Generative Neural Network Models"
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2096:. Perspectives on Human Probabilistic Inferences and the 'Bayesian Brain'.
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2017:
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DNA, thereby preventing the cell from replicating DNA. Irinotecan inhibits
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In the natural world, synergistic phenomena are ubiquitous, ranging from
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2900:
Beyond Political Correctness: Social Transformation in the United States
1972:
Newman EL, Varley TF, Parakkattu VK, Sherrill SP, Beggs JM (July 2022).
1009:, synergy is the promotion and sale of a product throughout the various
3204:
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offers "cooperation" as a refinement suggestion to the word "synergy."
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489:, who analyzed some of its implications more fully and coined the term
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The Necessity to Exploit the Economic Network's Synergistic Potential
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Wibral M, Priesemann V, Kay JW, Lizier JT, Phillips WA (March 2017).
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to become systematic big-game hunters is a primordial human example.
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Nature's magic : synergy in evolution and the fate of humankind
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Prevention or delay of degradation in the body (e.g. the antibiotic
16:
Creation of a whole that is greater than the simple sum of its parts
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2755:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 2010. Archived from
2472:"Synergy and self-organization in the evolution of complex systems"
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defined synergy as the universal constructive principle of nature:
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1594:( ed.). Sudbury: UK Health and Safety Executive Books. 2000.
1193:, delivered at an Andrew Lang Lecture, and reprinted in his book,
1133:= the imperative for deep cooperation (functional interdependence)
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The synergism hypothesis : a theory of progressive evolution
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and implied result of the developed/adopted synergistic actions.
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Mathematical formalizations of synergy have been proposed using
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2275:"Emergence as the conversion of information: a unifying theory"
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1236:
Synergy; A Theoretical Model of Canada's Comprehensive Approach
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226:, meaning "working together". Synergy is similar in concept to
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Nature's Magic: Synergy in Evolution and the Fate of Humankind
2732:
1971:
789:, may have a lower liability for abuse as a recreational drug)
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Human interaction with technology can also increase synergy.
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465:
375:
2033:"A synergistic core for human brain evolution and cognition"
1417:
The joy of life : the idyllic in French art, circa 1900
859:
More mechanisms are described in an exhaustive 2009 review.
3116:
1915:
Goodwell AE, Jiang P, Ruddell BL, Kumar P (February 2020).
1848:"A Novel Approach to the Partial Information Decomposition"
1784:
971:, studies, and scientific discovery or experimentation for
293:
applied the term "synergy" to social psychology by writing
1354:"Quantifying social synergy in insect and human societies"
804:
provide slightly greater pain relief than aspirin alone.).
2370:
2087:
1914:
665:
and may be relevant to formal theories of consciousness.
2997:
Media & culture: Mass communication in a digital age
2984:. Saarbrücken, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
2030:
1419:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 51.
1123:Σ R- = the amount of unpurchased but necessary resources
2321:
723:
Effect on the same cellular system (e.g. two different
2873:
The Synergy Myth: And Other Ailments Of Business Today
826:
excretion of Penicillin and thus prolongs its effect).
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
1645:
1621:
Synergetics: Explorations in the geometry of thinking
829:
Anticounteractive action: for example, the effect of
602:
537:
1733:
1555:(3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. p. 8.
735:; penicillins damage the cell wall of gram-positive
696:
population, where, for example, the introduction of
402:
colonies to wolf packs and human societies: compare
2994:
1146:
471:The idea of a systemic approach is endorsed by the
2962:
2689:
2213:
1787:Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical
845:, consequently the cytostatic effect is increased.
649:
584:
2214:Tax TM, Mediano PA, Shanahan M (September 2017).
1734:Quax R, Har-Shemesh O, Sloot PM (February 2017).
1525:
1045:If two firms have no or little capacity to carry
3285:
2562:
2560:
2558:
1091:
739:and improve the penetration of aminoglycosides).
715:Combination drug § Common combination drugs
2929:"Beyond success: Achieving synergy in teamwork"
2591:
2571:(Seventh ed.). New Delhi: JP Medical Ltd.
2511:Myers N (July 1995). "Environmental unknowns".
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1222:
250:since at least the middle of the 19th century:
3033:Journal of Integrated Marketing Communications
2834:
2832:
2146:
1646:Gutknecht AJ, Wibral M, Makkeh A (July 2021).
1613:
1611:
1528:Organizational behaviour: an introduction text
673:Synergy of various kinds has been advanced by
3102:
2979:
2555:
870:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2869:
2772:"Synergy: Another idea whose time has come?"
2683:
2585:
2504:
1712:
1512:
374:(for example, the different combinations of
2999:. Boston, Bedford St. Martins. p. 606.
2838:
2829:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2594:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1608:
1100:
1058:It is possible for one firm to have unused
1017:, e.g. films, soundtracks, or video games.
219:
212:
204:
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3109:
3095:
3009:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2950:Kenton W (30 June 2021). Khartit K (ed.).
2776:Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems
2726:
2272:
1845:
1126:ICRed = the imperative for cost reductions
365:
2933:The Journal for Quality and Participation
2396:
2347:
2298:
2249:
2239:
2190:
2172:
2115:
2105:
2056:
2007:
1997:
1940:
1891:
1881:
1863:
1798:
1761:
1751:
1718:
1689:
1663:
1550:
1453:
179:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
3238:List of medicine contamination incidents
2903:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 92.
2896:
2628:
2566:
2449:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1498:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1473:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1210:It is indeed easier to unravel a single
1176:
862:
97:of all important aspects of the article.
3117:Combined substance use and adulteration
3023:
2926:
2920:
2808:
2769:
2469:
2444:
2419:
1592:Successful health and safety management
1530:(3rd ed.). London: Prentice Hall.
1493:
1468:
1241:
480:Successful health and safety management
3286:
2995:Campbell R, Martin C, Fabos B (2007).
2949:
2841:"Creating the best workplace on earth"
2147:Varley TF, Kaminski P (October 2022).
1617:
1575:
792:Increased potency (e.g. as with other
668:
93:Please consider expanding the lead to
3090:
2510:
1439:
1410:
1351:
511:
3272:List of reagent testing color charts
2692:The Science of the Total Environment
1347:
1345:
936:
915:Creating the Best Workplace on Earth
113:
66:
25:
2876:. St. Martin's Press. p. xii.
1358:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
13:
3160:List of polysubstance combinations
2569:Essentials of medical pharmacology
1155:
650:{\displaystyle I(X_{1},X_{2};Y)=1}
585:{\displaystyle Y=XOR(X_{1},X_{2})}
14:
3315:
3063:
1526:Buchanan DA, Huczynski A (1997).
1342:
518:Partial Information Decomposition
324:G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1918, p. 358
41:This article has multiple issues.
3213:Counterfeit illegal drug selling
3069:
3026:"Hollywood media synergy as IMC"
2770:Corning, Peter A. (1998-01-01).
2519:(5222). New York, N.Y.: 358–60.
1147:Synergistic networks and systems
1040:
900:
772:, which is a combination of the
592:for three binary variables, the
485:The term synergy was refined by
118:
71:
30:
3050:
3017:
2988:
2943:
2890:
2863:
2802:
2763:
2745:
2674:
2463:
2438:
2413:
2364:
2315:
2273:Varley TF, Hoel E (July 2022).
2266:
2207:
2140:
2081:
2024:
1965:
1908:
1839:
1778:
1727:
1706:
1639:
1584:
1053:
704:
681:
246:have been used in the field of
85:may be too short to adequately
49:or discuss these issues on the
2839:Goffee R, Jones G (May 2013).
2815:. Cambridge University Press.
2640:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
2606:10.1002/14651858.CD009281.pub2
1569:
1544:
1487:
1462:
1433:
1404:
1384:
686:Pest synergy would occur in a
638:
606:
579:
553:
95:provide an accessible overview
1:
3294:Evolutionary biology concepts
2809:Corning, Peter (2003-05-05).
2788:10.1016/S1061-7361(99)80002-2
2712:10.1016/s0048-9697(01)01113-5
2377:Neuroscience of Consciousness
1553:System engineering management
1335:
1234:, a book: DION, Eric (2017),
1092:Synergistic action in economy
1065:
1031:
967:synergy refers to the use of
2753:"Pyrethroids and Pyrethrins"
2533:10.1126/science.269.5222.358
1164:
1020:
958:
885:considered safe to consume.
818:Slowdown of excretion (e.g.
711:Codrug § Common codrugs
663:emergence in complex systems
394:, the synergies of scale in
348:) embedded in both systems.
143:Knowledge's inclusion policy
7:
2927:Lawford GR (October 2003).
2870:Geneen H, Bowers B (1997).
2741:. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA.
2117:10.1016/j.bandc.2015.09.004
1846:Kolchinsky A (March 2022).
1397:Online Etymology Dictionary
1352:Jaffe, Klaus (2010-11-01).
1286:
983:used by corporate leaders.
906:smaller groups of humans.
811:inhibits the metabolism of
476:Health and Safety Executive
390:, the division of labor in
213:
205:
10:
3320:
3145:Combined drug intoxication
3039:(1): 47–52. Archived from
3024:Dalecki L (January 2008).
2049:10.1038/s41593-022-01070-0
1109:ΣSYN.Act = ΣR-*I(CRed+COOP
992:
940:
708:
515:
233:
18:
3253:
3195:
3122:
2424:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1413:"Idyl of the Living Dead"
1370:10.1007/s00265-010-1059-0
220:
3177:Polysubstance dependence
2980:Laura-Melinda S (2011).
1921:Water Resources Research
1817:10.1088/1751-8121/abb723
1101:Synergistic determinants
973:research and development
21:Synergy (disambiguation)
3233:Counterfeit medications
2845:Harvard Business Review
2491:10.1002/sres.3850120204
1078:
952:merges with or acquires
423:organizational behavior
396:multicellular organisms
366:Descriptions and usages
322:, volume VI (1897–1912)
284:Blanchard and Lea, 1853
3123:Combined substance use
3074:Quotations related to
2340:10.1098/rsta.2021.0246
2291:10.1098/rsta.2021.0150
1682:10.1098/rspa.2021.0110
1281:Future Card Buddyfight
1220:
1204:
1189:wrote an essay titled
1152:synergistic networks.
651:
586:
451:attack on Pearl Harbor
327:
320:Glimpses of the Cosmos
287:
3218:Clandestine chemistry
2739:Risk Assessment Forum
1578:System safety and Law
1551:Blanchard BS (2004).
1440:Jaffe, Klaus (2023).
1238:, iUniverse, 308 pp.
1208:
1199:
1177:Synergy in literature
1113:+A)*V(Cust.+Info.)*cc
969:information campaigns
924:customer satisfaction
863:Toxicological synergy
652:
587:
487:R. Buckminster Fuller
306:
252:
3304:Production economics
3082:Synergism Hypothesis
2897:Cummings MS (2001).
2567:Tripathi KD (2013).
1942:10.1029/2019WR024940
1277:Cardfight!! Vanguard
1269:Magic: The Gathering
1242:Synergy in the media
931:Organismic computing
600:
535:
455:Bay of Pigs Invasion
19:For other uses, see
2759:on 2 February 2011.
2704:2002ScTEn.288...31H
2525:1995Sci...269..358M
2470:Corning PA (1995).
2445:Corning PA (2005).
2420:Corning PA (1983).
2232:2017Entrp..19..474T
2165:2022Entrp..24.1387V
2094:Brain and Cognition
2037:Nature Neuroscience
1990:2022Entrp..24..930N
1933:2020WRR....5624940G
1874:2022Entrp..24..403K
1809:2020JPhA...53V5001R
1674:2021RSPSA.47710110G
1494:Corning PA (2005).
1469:Corning PA (2003).
669:Biological sciences
295:La synergie sociale
278:—Dunglison, Robley
2916:Extract of page 92
2851:(5): 98–106, 150.
2389:10.1093/nc/niab027
2334:(2227): 20210246.
2285:(2227): 20210150.
1658:(2251): 20210110.
1618:Fuller RB (1982).
1223:The book "Synergy"
1195:The Tolkien Reader
1086:economies of scale
1015:media conglomerate
920:employee retention
891:Piperonyl butoxide
647:
594:mutual information
582:
524:information theory
512:Information theory
421:In the context of
392:bacterial colonies
331:Christian theology
3281:
3280:
3155:Polysubstance use
3130:Active metabolite
2910:978-1-58826-006-2
2883:978-0-312-14724-2
2822:978-1-139-44218-3
2456:978-0-226-11613-6
2431:978-0-07-013166-8
2241:10.3390/e19090474
2174:10.3390/e24101387
1999:10.3390/e24070930
1883:10.3390/e24030403
1763:10.3390/e19020085
1631:978-0-02-065320-2
1601:978-0-7176-1276-5
1576:Elliot C (2006).
1562:978-0-471-29176-3
1537:978-0-13-207259-5
1505:978-0-226-11613-6
1480:978-0-521-82547-4
1455:10.32388/2VWCJG.5
1426:978-0-520-22182-6
1411:Werth M (2002) .
1364:(11): 1721–1724.
948:Corporate synergy
943:corporate synergy
937:Corporate synergy
787:dextroamphetamine
779:
764:Reduced risk for
502:emergent behavior
317:—Ward, Lester F.
302:Lester Frank Ward
189:
188:
181:
171:
170:
163:
112:
111:
64:
3311:
3150:Drug interaction
3140:Combination drug
3111:
3104:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3073:
3057:
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2986:
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2977:
2960:
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2947:
2941:
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2914:
2894:
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2860:
2836:
2827:
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2806:
2800:
2799:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2564:
2553:
2552:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2493:. Archived from
2479:Systems Research
2476:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2319:
2313:
2312:
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2270:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2243:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2176:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2119:
2109:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2060:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1944:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1867:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1802:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1667:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1523:
1510:
1509:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1349:
1261:Spider-Man films
1187:J. R. R. Tolkien
777:
770:lisdexamfetamine
656:
654:
653:
648:
631:
630:
618:
617:
591:
589:
588:
583:
578:
577:
565:
564:
225:
224:
216:
208:
184:
177:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
122:
121:
114:
107:
104:
98:
75:
67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3268:Reagent testing
3249:
3191:
3118:
3115:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3043:
3028:
3022:
3018:
3002:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2978:
2963:
2948:
2944:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2868:
2864:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2807:
2803:
2768:
2764:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2731:
2727:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2652:10.1038/nrd2683
2636:
2629:
2600:(3): CD009281.
2590:
2586:
2579:
2565:
2556:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2418:
2414:
2369:
2365:
2320:
2316:
2271:
2267:
2212:
2208:
2145:
2141:
2086:
2082:
2029:
2025:
1970:
1966:
1913:
1909:
1844:
1840:
1783:
1779:
1732:
1728:
1711:
1707:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1524:
1513:
1506:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1467:
1463:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1409:
1405:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1294:Behavioral cusp
1289:
1244:
1225:
1191:On Fairy Stores
1179:
1167:
1158:
1156:Synergy effects
1149:
1132:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1081:
1068:
1056:
1043:
1034:
1023:
995:
977:marketing tools
961:
945:
939:
903:
865:
851:
843:topoisomerase 1
800:of aspirin and
766:substance abuse
743:Bioavailability
717:
707:
684:
671:
626:
622:
613:
609:
601:
598:
597:
573:
569:
560:
556:
536:
533:
532:
520:
514:
453:(1941) and the
412:complex systems
368:
281:Medical Lexicon
236:
198:comes from the
185:
174:
173:
172:
167:
156:
150:
147:
133:Please help by
132:
123:
119:
108:
102:
99:
92:
80:This article's
76:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3317:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3255:Harm reduction
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:Illegal drugs
3207:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3065:
3064:External links
3062:
3059:
3058:
3049:
3046:on 2010-06-13.
3016:
2987:
2961:
2952:"Cost Synergy"
2942:
2919:
2909:
2889:
2882:
2862:
2828:
2821:
2801:
2762:
2744:
2725:
2698:(1–2): 31–42.
2682:
2673:
2627:
2584:
2577:
2554:
2503:
2500:on 2011-07-20.
2462:
2455:
2437:
2430:
2412:
2383:(2): niab027.
2363:
2314:
2265:
2206:
2139:
2080:
2043:(6): 771–782.
2023:
1964:
1907:
1838:
1793:(48): 485001.
1777:
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1461:
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1403:
1383:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1329:Systems theory
1326:
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1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1243:
1240:
1224:
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1178:
1175:
1171:advanced chess
1166:
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987:Microsoft Word
960:
957:
941:Main article:
938:
935:
902:
899:
864:
861:
857:
856:
853:
849:
846:
837:. Oxaliplatin
827:
816:
805:
790:
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757:combined with
753:) consists of
740:
733:aminoglycoside
706:
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473:United Kingdom
367:
364:
356:John Honigmann
352:Abraham Maslow
326:
325:
311:social synergy
286:
285:
270:, 'with', and
235:
232:
202:word συνεργία
187:
186:
169:
168:
126:
124:
117:
110:
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89:the key points
79:
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39:
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3:
2:
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3263:Drug checking
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3157:
3156:
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2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
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2657:
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2649:
2646:(2): 111–28.
2645:
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2485:(2): 89–121.
2484:
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2019:
2015:
2010:
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1995:
1991:
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1983:
1979:
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1968:
1960:
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1348:
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1320:
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1315:
1314:Perfect storm
1312:
1310:
1307:
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1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
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1284:
1282:
1278:
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1063:
1061:
1051:
1048:
1041:Debt capacity
1038:
1029:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:media revenue
1003:
1000:
990:
988:
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978:
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956:
953:
949:
944:
934:
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927:
925:
921:
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910:
907:
901:Human synergy
898:
896:
892:
886:
883:
882:United States
879:
874:
871:
860:
854:
847:
844:
840:
836:
832:
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825:
821:
817:
814:
810:
809:Ciprofloxacin
806:
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791:
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785:
781:
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771:
767:
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760:
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734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
720:
716:
712:
702:
699:
695:
692:
689:
679:
676:
675:Peter Corning
666:
664:
658:
644:
641:
635:
632:
627:
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619:
614:
610:
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595:
574:
570:
566:
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506:
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495:
494:
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467:
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458:
456:
452:
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440:
435:
432:
426:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
408:self-assembly
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:that produce
377:
373:
363:
361:
360:Ruth Benedict
357:
353:
349:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
323:
321:
316:
315:
314:
312:
305:
303:
298:
296:
292:
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261:
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251:
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231:
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217:
215:
209:
207:
201:
197:
193:
183:
180:
165:
162:
154:
144:
140:
136:
130:
127:This article
125:
116:
115:
106:
96:
90:
88:
83:
78:
74:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
3197:Adulteration
3167:Polypharmacy
3078:at Wikiquote
3052:
3041:the original
3036:
3032:
3019:
2996:
2990:
2981:
2956:Investopedia
2955:
2945:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2899:
2892:
2872:
2865:
2848:
2844:
2811:
2804:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2757:the original
2747:
2738:
2728:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2676:
2643:
2639:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2568:
2516:
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2506:
2495:the original
2482:
2478:
2465:
2446:
2440:
2421:
2415:
2380:
2376:
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2331:
2327:
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2209:
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2156:
2152:
2142:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2040:
2036:
2026:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1855:
1851:
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1790:
1786:
1780:
1743:
1739:
1729:
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1586:
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1527:
1495:
1489:
1470:
1464:
1445:
1435:
1416:
1406:
1395:
1386:
1361:
1357:
1256:Mickey Mouse
1249:
1245:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1115:
1104:
1095:
1082:
1069:
1060:tax benefits
1057:
1054:Tax benefits
1044:
1035:
1024:
1011:subsidiaries
1004:
996:
985:
962:
946:
928:
922:, by 89% in
914:
911:
908:
904:
887:
875:
866:
858:
839:intercalates
813:Theophylline
798:combinations
751:pharmahuasca
718:
705:Drug synergy
685:
682:Pest synergy
672:
659:
521:
484:
479:
470:
459:
447:
443:Polarisation
436:
427:
420:
369:
350:
339:
328:
319:
310:
307:
299:
294:
288:
280:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
253:
243:
239:
237:
211:
203:
195:
191:
190:
175:
157:
148:
135:spinning off
128:
100:
84:
82:lead section
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
1324:Synergetics
1252:Walt Disney
1070:Synergy in
831:oxaliplatin
822:delays the
784:attached to
725:antibiotics
491:synergetics
439:risky shift
342:information
291:Henri Mazel
260:Synenergi'a
200:Attic Greek
3288:Categories
3229:Medicines
3205:Drug fraud
2782:(1): 1–6.
2226:(9): 474.
2107:1510.00831
1984:(7): 930.
1865:1908.08642
1858:(3): 403.
1800:2001.10387
1753:1602.01265
1665:2008.09535
1336:References
1097:in depth.
1072:management
1066:Management
1032:Cash slack
878:pesticides
835:irinotecan
820:Probenecid
774:amino acid
729:penicillin
709:See also:
688:biological
516:See also:
346:complexity
254:SYN'ERGY,
248:physiology
244:synergetic
238:The words
151:March 2023
139:relocating
103:March 2023
46:improve it
3005:cite book
2796:1061-7361
2622:205199173
2260:1099-4300
2183:1099-4300
2100:: 25–38.
2075:249096746
1959:216201598
1951:0043-1397
1833:210932609
1825:1751-8113
1772:1099-4300
1746:(2): 85.
1720:1004.2515
1392:"Synergy"
1378:1432-0762
1299:Emergence
1273:Yu-Gi-Oh!
1185:In 1938,
1165:Computers
1026:Financial
1021:Financial
965:marketing
959:Marketing
747:ayahuasca
404:stigmergy
335:synergism
300:In 1909,
289:In 1896,
256:Synergi'a
228:emergence
87:summarize
52:talk page
3245:Impurity
3172:Polypill
2939:(3): 23.
2857:23898736
2720:12013546
2668:54466254
2660:19180105
2614:22419343
2549:45407924
2541:17841254
2407:34804593
2358:35599558
2309:35599561
2201:37420406
2126:26475739
2067:35618951
2018:35885153
1902:35327914
1700:35197799
1287:See also
981:buzzword
802:caffeine
737:bacteria
701:effect.
698:parasite
694:organism
529:XOR gate
462:IEEE-488
431:cohesion
416:hominins
400:honeybee
384:neutrons
264:Synergie
222:συνεργός
214:synergos
206:synergia
3187:Synergy
3182:Prodrug
3076:synergy
2700:Bibcode
2521:Bibcode
2513:Science
2398:8600547
2349:9125226
2300:9131462
2228:Bibcode
2220:Entropy
2192:9611752
2161:Bibcode
2153:Entropy
2134:4394452
2058:7614771
2009:9319160
1986:Bibcode
1978:Entropy
1929:Bibcode
1893:8947370
1870:Bibcode
1852:Entropy
1805:Bibcode
1740:Entropy
1691:8261229
1670:Bibcode
1304:Gestalt
1265:30 Rock
1230:Synergy
1216:picture
1116:where:
999:revenue
993:Revenue
895:MGK 264
880:in the
780:-lysine
731:and an
727:like a
388:genomes
380:protons
372:physics
266:; from
262:, (F.)
240:synergy
234:History
196:synergy
192:Synergy
3299:Holism
3223:Lacing
3135:Codrug
2907:
2880:
2855:
2819:
2794:
2718:
2666:
2658:
2620:
2612:
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1957:
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1376:
1319:Stroke
1309:Holism
1279:, and
1212:thread
794:NSAIDs
768:(e.g.
745:(e.g.
713:, and
376:quarks
3044:(PDF)
3029:(PDF)
2664:S2CID
2618:S2CID
2545:S2CID
2498:(PDF)
2475:(PDF)
2130:S2CID
2102:arXiv
2071:S2CID
1955:S2CID
1927:(2).
1860:arXiv
1829:S2CID
1795:arXiv
1748:arXiv
1715:arXiv
1660:arXiv
1446:Qeios
1129:ICOOP
1013:of a
824:renal
759:MAOIs
531:. If
466:HP-IB
272:εργον
210:from
3011:link
2905:ISBN
2878:ISBN
2853:PMID
2817:ISBN
2792:ISSN
2716:PMID
2656:PMID
2610:PMID
2573:ISBN
2537:PMID
2451:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2403:PMID
2381:2021
2354:PMID
2305:PMID
2256:ISSN
2197:PMID
2179:ISSN
2122:PMID
2063:PMID
2014:PMID
1947:ISSN
1898:PMID
1821:ISSN
1768:ISSN
1696:PMID
1626:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1374:ISSN
1079:Cost
1047:debt
893:and
833:and
749:(or
691:host
382:and
354:and
242:and
2784:doi
2708:doi
2696:288
2648:doi
2602:doi
2529:doi
2517:269
2487:doi
2393:PMC
2385:doi
2344:PMC
2336:doi
2332:380
2295:PMC
2287:doi
2283:380
2246:hdl
2236:doi
2187:PMC
2169:doi
2112:doi
2098:112
2053:PMC
2045:doi
2004:PMC
1994:doi
1937:doi
1888:PMC
1878:doi
1813:doi
1758:doi
1686:PMC
1678:doi
1656:477
1450:doi
1366:doi
1005:In
755:DMT
410:of
329:In
268:συν
137:or
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