1746:) and also work (including UMTS services) with GSM SIM cards. This is a global standard of identification, and enables a network to identify and authenticate the (U)SIM in the phone. Roaming agreements between networks allow for calls to a customer to be redirected to them while roaming and determine the services (and prices) available to the user. In addition to user subscriber information and authentication information, the (U)SIM provides storage space for phone book contact. Handsets can store their data on their own memory or on the (U)SIM card (which is usually more limited in its phone book contact information). A (U)SIM can be moved to another UMTS or GSM phone, and the phone will take on the user details of the (U)SIM, meaning it is the (U)SIM (not the phone) which determines the phone number of the phone and the billing for calls made from the phone.
1865:. Unlike UMTS, CDMA2000 is an evolutionary upgrade to an existing 2G standard, cdmaOne, and is able to operate within the same frequency allocations. This and CDMA2000's narrower bandwidth requirements make it easier to deploy in existing spectra. In some, but not all, cases, existing GSM operators only have enough spectrum to implement either UMTS or GSM, not both. For example, in the US D, E, and F PCS spectrum blocks, the amount of spectrum available is 5 MHz in each direction. A standard UMTS system would saturate that spectrum. Where CDMA2000 is deployed, it usually co-exists with UMTS. In many markets however, the co-existence issue is of little relevance, as legislative hurdles exist to co-deploying two standards in the same licensed slice of spectrum.
1872:(IMT-SC), which is an evolutionary upgrade to the 2G GSM system, leveraging existing GSM spectrums. It is also much easier, quicker, and considerably cheaper for wireless carriers to "bolt-on" EDGE functionality by upgrading their existing GSM transmission hardware to support EDGE rather than having to install almost all brand-new equipment to deliver UMTS. However, being developed by 3GPP just as UMTS, EDGE is not a true competitor. Instead, it is used as a temporary solution preceding UMTS roll-out or as a complement for rural areas. This is facilitated by the fact that GSM/EDGE and UMTS specifications are jointly developed and rely on the same core network, allowing dual-mode operation including
690:) network technologies into a single design for a worldwide standard air interface. Compatibility with CDMA2000 would have beneficially enabled roaming on existing networks beyond Japan, since Qualcomm CDMA2000 networks are widely deployed, especially in the Americas, with coverage in 58 countries as of 2006. However, divergent requirements resulted in the W-CDMA standard being retained and deployed globally. W-CDMA has then become the dominant technology with 457 commercial networks in 178 countries as of April 2012. Several CDMA2000 operators have even converted their networks to W-CDMA for international roaming compatibility and smooth upgrade path to
1735:
USA use 850 MHz and 1900 MHz. T-Mobile has launched a network in the US operating at 1700 MHz (uplink) /2100 MHz (downlink), and these bands also have been adopted elsewhere in the US and in Canada and Latin
America. A UMTS phone and network must support a common frequency to work together. Because of the frequencies used, early models of UMTS phones designated for the United States will likely not be operable elsewhere and vice versa. There are now 11 different frequency combinations used around the world – including frequencies formerly used solely for 2G services.
1318:
1265:
1210:
1167:
1764:
1599:
1447:. UMTS-TDD has the advantages of being able to use an operator's existing UMTS/GSM infrastructure, should it have one, and that it includes UMTS modes optimized for circuit switching should, for example, the operator want to offer telephone service. UMTS-TDD's performance is also more consistent. However, UMTS-TDD deployers often have regulatory problems with taking advantage of some of the services UMTS compatibility provides. For example, the UMTS-TDD spectrum in the UK cannot be used to provide telephone service, though the regulator
226:
4786:
1103:(MIIT) in China took the unusual step of assigning licences for 3 different third-generation mobile phone standards to three carriers in a long-awaited step that is expected to prompt $ 41 billion in spending on new equipment. The Chinese-developed standard, TD-SCDMA, was assigned to China Mobile, the world's biggest phone carrier by subscribers. That appeared to be an effort to make sure the new system has the financial and technical backing to succeed. Licences for two existing 3G standards, W-CDMA and
2012:
these markets. As is the case with GSM900 today, standard UMTS 2100 MHz equipment will not work in those markets. However, it appears as though UMTS is not suffering as much from handset band compatibility issues as GSM did, as many UMTS handsets are multi-band in both UMTS and GSM modes. Penta-band (850, 900, 1700, 2100, and 1900 MHz bands), quad-band GSM (850, 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz bands) and tri-band UMTS (850, 1900, and 2100 MHz bands) handsets are becoming more commonplace.
1506:(Radio Link Control) and MAC (Media Access Control) protocols. RRC protocol handles connection establishment, measurements, radio bearer services, security and handover decisions. RLC protocol primarily divides into three Modes – Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledge Mode (UM), Acknowledge Mode (AM). The functionality of AM entity resembles TCP operation whereas UM operation resembles UDP operation. In TM mode, data will be sent to lower layers without adding any header to
179:
6513:
1795:
433:
77:
6523:
36:
6502:
4775:
6533:
515:
1030:, the system can more easily accommodate asymmetric traffic with different data rate requirements on downlink and uplink than FDD schemes. Since it does not require paired spectrum for downlink and uplink, spectrum allocation flexibility is also increased. Using the same carrier frequency for uplink and downlink also means that the channel condition is the same on both directions, and the
1750:
network – using a pre-release specification, it was initially incompatible with the UMTS standard at the radio level but used standard USIM cards, meaning USIM card based roaming was possible (transferring the USIM card into a UMTS or GSM phone when travelling). Both NTT DoCoMo and SoftBank Mobile (which launched 3G in
December 2002) now use standard UMTS.
2016:
camera to reduce handset weight. Another significant issue involved call reliability, related to problems with handover from UMTS to GSM. Customers found their connections being dropped as handovers were possible only in one direction (UMTS → GSM), with the handset only changing back to UMTS after hanging up. In most networks around the world this is no longer an issue.
412:. The high data speeds of UMTS are now most often utilised for Internet access: experience in Japan and elsewhere has shown that user demand for video calls is not high, and telco-provided audio/video content has declined in popularity in favour of high-speed access to the World Wide Web – either directly on a handset or connected to a computer via
1402:
approximately equal amounts of data (because every phone call needs a voice transmission in either direction), but
Internet-oriented traffic is more frequently one-way. For example, when browsing a website, the user will send commands, which are short, to the server, but the server will send whole files, that are generally larger than those commands, in response.
441:
1653:). Over the last few years some operators have written off some or all of the license costs. Between 2007 and 2009, all three Finnish carriers began to use 900 MHz UMTS in a shared arrangement with its surrounding 2G GSM base stations for rural area coverage, a trend that is expected to expand over Europe in the next 1–3 years.
769:
strategy has been criticised for aiming to drain the cash of operators to the brink of bankruptcy in order to honour their bids or proposals. Most of them have a time constraint for the rollout of the service – where a certain "coverage" must be achieved within a given date or the licence will be revoked.
1081:
test networks in select cities. These trials ran from March to
October, 2006, but the results were apparently unsatisfactory. In early 2007, the Chinese government instructed the dominant cellular carrier, China Mobile, to build commercial trial networks in eight cities, and the two fixed-line carriers,
1806:
All of the major 2G phone manufacturers (that are still in business) are now manufacturers of 3G phones. The early 3G handsets and modems were specific to the frequencies required in their country, which meant they could only roam to other countries on the same 3G frequency (though they can fall back
1584:
Typically channel number is derived from the frequency in MHz through the formula
Channel Number = Frequency * 5. However, this is only able to represent channels that are centered on a multiple of 200 kHz, which do not align with licensing in North America. 3GPP added several special values for
1536:
With Mobile
Application Part, UMTS uses the same core network standard as GSM/EDGE. This allows a simple migration for existing GSM operators. However, the migration path to UMTS is still costly: while much of the core infrastructure is shared with GSM, the cost of obtaining new spectrum licenses and
1457:
Like most mobile
Internet access systems, many users who might otherwise choose UMTS-TDD will find their needs covered by the ad hoc collection of unconnected Wi-Fi access points at many restaurants and transportation hubs, and/or by Internet access already provided by their mobile phone operator. By
1000:
TD-SCDMA is based on spread-spectrum technology which makes it unlikely that it will be able to completely escape the payment of license fees to western patent holders. The launch of a national TD-SCDMA network was initially projected by 2005 but only reached large scale commercial trials with 60,000
556:
originally defined by the UMTS standard are 1885–2025 MHz for the mobile-to-base (uplink) and 2110–2200 MHz for the base-to-mobile (downlink). In the US, 1710–1755 MHz and 2110–2155 MHz are used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already used. While UMTS2100 is the most widely
548:
system uses one or more available 1.25 MHz channels for each direction of communication. W-CDMA systems are widely criticized for their large spectrum usage, which delayed deployment in countries that acted relatively slowly in allocating new frequencies specifically for 3G services (such as the
2015:
In its early days, UMTS had problems in many countries: Overweight handsets with poor battery life were first to arrive on a market highly sensitive to weight and form factor. The
Motorola A830, a debut handset on Hutchison's 3 network, weighed more than 200 grams and even featured a detachable
2011:
recommendations, so that the standard bands most commonly used for UMTS (UMTS-2100) have not been available. In those countries, alternative bands are used, preventing the interoperability of existing UMTS-2100 equipment, and requiring the design and manufacture of different equipment for the use in
1734:
an important issue. To enable a high degree of interoperability, UMTS phones usually support several different frequencies in addition to their GSM fallback. Different countries support different UMTS frequency bands – Europe initially used 2100 MHz while the most carriers in the
1635:
Over 130 licenses have already been awarded to operators worldwide (as of
December 2004), specifying W-CDMA radio access technology that builds on GSM. In Europe, the license process occurred at the tail end of the technology bubble, and the auction mechanisms for allocation set up in some countries
768:
Most countries have, since the ITU approved of the 3G mobile service, either "auctioned" the radio frequencies to the company willing to pay the most, or conducted a "beauty contest" – asking the various companies to present what they intend to commit to if awarded the licences. This
709:
CDMA transmission technique like CDMA2000, W-CDMA is not simply a wideband version of CDMA2000 and differs in many aspects from CDMA2000. From an engineering point of view, W-CDMA provides a different balance of trade-offs between cost, capacity, performance, and density; it also promises to achieve
2027:
features, one base station needed to be set up every 1–1.5 km (0.62–0.93 mi). This was the case when only the 2100 MHz band was being used, however with the growing use of lower-frequency bands (such as 850 and 900 MHz) this is no longer so. This has led to increasing rollout of
1521:
Security includes two procedures: integrity and ciphering. Integrity validates the resource of messages and also makes sure that no one (third/unknown party) on the radio interface has modified the messages. Ciphering ensures that no one listens to your data on the air interface. Both integrity and
1080:
of the People's
Republic of China formally announced that TD-SCDMA is the country's standard of 3G mobile telecommunication. On February 15, 2006, a timeline for deployment of the network in China was announced, stating pre-commercial trials would take place starting after completion of a number of
614:
service and the most-commonly used member of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) family and sometimes used as a synonym for UMTS. It uses the DS-CDMA channel access method and the FDD duplexing method to achieve higher speeds and support more users compared to most previously used
966:
component on 1.6 MHz slices of spectrum, allowing deployment in even tighter frequency bands than TD-CDMA. It is standardized by the 3GPP and also referred to as "UTRA-TDD LCR". However, the main incentive for development of this Chinese-developed standard was avoiding or reducing the license
1714:
has started its 3G services since October 2009, beginning with the larger cities and then expanding over to smaller cities. The 850 MHz and 900 MHz bands provide greater coverage compared to equivalent 1700/1900/2100 MHz networks, and are best suited to regional areas where greater
1417:
Europe-wide, several bands are provided either specifically for UMTS-TDD or for similar technologies. These are 1900 MHz and 1920 MHz and between 2010 MHz and 2025 MHz. In several countries the 2500–2690 MHz band (also known as MMDS in the USA) have been used for UMTS-TDD
1998:
The functionality of MSC changes when going to UMTS. In a GSM system the MSC handles all the circuit switched operations like connecting A- and B-subscriber through the network. In UMTS the Media gateway (MGW) takes care of data transfer in circuit switched networks. MSC controls MGW operations.
1749:
Japan was the first country to adopt 3G technologies, and since they had not used GSM previously they had no need to build GSM compatibility into their handsets and their 3G handsets were smaller than those available elsewhere. In 2002, NTT DoCoMo's FOMA 3G network was the first commercial UMTS
1114:
The technical split by MIIT has hampered the performance of China Mobile in the 3G market, with users and China Mobile engineers alike pointing to the lack of suitable handsets to use on the network. Deployment of base stations has also been slow, resulting in lack of improvement of service for
1095:
On March 28, 2008, China Mobile Group announced TD-SCDMA "commercial trials" for 60,000 test users in eight cities from April 1, 2008. Networks using other 3G standards (WCDMA and CDMA2000 EV/DO) had still not been launched in China, as these were delayed until TD-SCDMA was ready for commercial
1726:
UMTS phones (and data cards) are highly portable – they have been designed to roam easily onto other UMTS networks (if the providers have roaming agreements in place). In addition, almost all UMTS phones are UMTS/GSM dual-mode devices, so if a UMTS phone travels outside of UMTS
936:
TD-CDMA is a part of IMT-2000, defined as IMT-TD Time-Division (IMT CDMA TDD), and is one of the three UMTS air interfaces (UTRAs), as standardized by the 3GPP in UTRA-TDD HCR. UTRA-TDD HCR is closely related to W-CDMA, and provides the same types of channels where possible. UMTS's HSDPA/HSUPA
928:
of spectrum, each slice divided into 10 ms frames containing fifteen time slots (1500 per second). The time slots (TS) are allocated in fixed percentage for downlink and uplink. TD-CDMA is used to multiplex streams from or to multiple transceivers. Unlike W-CDMA, it does not need separate
890:
might be used. UMTS-TDD is not directly compatible with UMTS-FDD: a device designed to use one standard cannot, unless specifically designed to, work on the other, because of the difference in air interface technologies and frequencies used. It is more formally as IMT-2000 CDMA-TDD or IMT 2000
1664:
AT&T Wireless launched UMTS services in the United States by the end of 2004 strictly using the existing 1900 MHz spectrum allocated for 2G PCS services. Cingular acquired AT&T Wireless in 2004 and has since then launched UMTS in select US cities. Cingular renamed itself AT&T
1401:
UMTS-TDD uses time-division duplexing, allowing the up-link and down-link to share the same spectrum. This allows the operator to more flexibly divide the usage of available spectrum according to traffic patterns. For ordinary phone service, you would expect the up-link and down-link to carry
2039:
only supported EDGE. Their release of the iPhone 3G quotes talk time on UMTS as half that available when the handset is set to use GSM. Other manufacturers indicate different battery lifetime for UMTS mode compared to GSM mode as well. As battery and network technology improve, this issue is
1373:
allocated the 2010–2020 MHz range for a variant of UMTS-TDD designed for unlicensed, self-provided use. Some telecom groups and jurisdictions have proposed withdrawing this service in favour of licensed UMTS-TDD, due to lack of demand, and lack of development of a UMTS TDD air interface
898:(CDMA) and time-division multiple access (TDMA): the frequency band is divided into time slots (TDMA), which are further divided into channels using CDMA spreading codes. These air interfaces are classified as TDD, because time slots can be allocated to either uplink or downlink traffic.
721:
W-CDMA has been developed into a complete set of specifications, a detailed protocol that defines how a mobile phone communicates with the tower, how signals are modulated, how datagrams are structured, and system interfaces are specified allowing free competition on technology elements.
996:
TD-SCDMA proponents also claim it is better suited for densely populated areas. Further, it is supposed to cover all usage scenarios, whereas W-CDMA is optimised for symmetric traffic and macro cells, while TD-CDMA is best used in low mobility scenarios within micro or pico cells.
825:, have each started offering W-CDMA service in December 2003. Due to poor coverage and lack of choice in handhelds, the W-CDMA service has barely made a dent in the Korean market which was dominated by CDMA2000. By October 2006 both companies are covering more than 90 cities while
1513:
The set of properties related to data transmission is called Radio Bearer (RB). This set of properties decides the maximum allowed data in a TTI (Transmission Time Interval). RB includes RLC information and RB mapping. RB mapping decides the mapping between RB<->logical
848:, followed suit a few months later. Both operators have 98% national coverage on EDGE, but Telenor has parallel WLAN roaming networks on GSM, where the UMTS service is competing with this. For this reason Telenor is dropping support of their WLAN service in Austria (2006).
2059:
In December 2014, news broke that SS7's very own functions can be repurposed for surveillance, because of its lax security, in order to listen to calls in real time or to record encrypted calls and texts for later decryption, or to defraud users and cellular carriers.
1426:
UMTS-TDD has been deployed for public and/or private networks in at least nineteen countries around the world, with live systems in, amongst other countries, Australia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Botswana, South Africa, the UK, and the USA.
1115:
users. The network connection itself has consistently been slower than that from the other two carriers, leading to a sharp decline in market share. By 2011 China Mobile has already moved its focus onto TD-LTE. Gradual closures of TD-SCDMA stations started in 2016.
1648:
consortium). It has been suggested that these huge license fees have the character of a very large tax paid on future income expected many years down the road. In any event, the high prices paid put some European telecom operators close to bankruptcy (most notably
1480:(GSM/EDGE RAN), and allowing (mostly) transparent switching between the RANs according to available coverage and service needs. Because of that, UMTS's and GSM/EDGE's radio access networks are sometimes collectively referred to as UTRAN/GERAN.
1418:
deployments. Additionally, spectrum around the 3.5 GHz range has been allocated in some countries, notably Britain, in a technology-neutral environment. In the Czech Republic UTMS-TDD is also used in a frequency range around 872 MHz.
1695:, operating in the 850 MHz band. Telstra currently provides UMTS service on this network, and also on the 2100 MHz UMTS network, through a co-ownership of the owning and administrating company 3GIS. This company is also co-owned by
758:) soon followed by launching their own W-CDMA based service, originally branded "Vodafone Global Standard" and claiming UMTS compatibility. The name of the service was changed to "Vodafone 3G" (now "SoftBank 3G") in December 2004.
1661:) services, and 2100 MHz range is used for satellite communications. Regulators have, however, freed up some of the 2100 MHz range for 3G services, together with a different range around 1700 MHz for the uplink.
3499:
881:
UMTS-TDD, an acronym for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) – time-division duplexing (TDD), is a 3GPP standardized version of UMTS networks that use UTRA-TDD. UTRA-TDD is a UTRA that uses
1100:
1887:(UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps High Chip Rate, UTRA-TDD HCR) which complements W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD), it is suitable for both micro and macrocells. However, the lack of vendors' support is preventing it from being a real competitor.
557:
deployed UMTS band, some countries' UMTS operators use the 850 MHz (900 MHz in Europe) and/or 1900 MHz bands (independently, meaning uplink and downlink are within the same band), notably in the US by
475:. In the currently most popular variant for cellular mobile telephones, W-CDMA (IMT Direct Spread) is used. It is also called "Uu interface", as it links User Equipment to the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network.
658:(ITU) as a candidate for the international 3G standard known as IMT-2000. The ITU eventually accepted W-CDMA as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards, as an alternative to CDMA2000, EDGE, and the short range
1668:
T-Mobile's rollout of UMTS in the US was originally focused on the 1700 MHz band. However, T-Mobile has been moving users from 1700 MHz to 1900 MHz (PCS) in order to reallocate the spectrum to 4G
1430:
Deployments in the US thus far have been limited. It has been selected for a public safety support network used by emergency responders in New York, but outside of some experimental systems, notably one from
992:
in an attempt to avoid dependence on Western technology. This is likely primarily for practical reasons, since other 3G formats require the payment of patent fees to a large number of Western patent holders.
378:(HSDPA) handsets in the downlink connection. These speeds are significantly faster than the 9.6 kbit/s of a single GSM error-corrected circuit switched data channel, multiple 9.6 kbit/s channels in
1089:, to build one each in two other cities. Construction of these trial networks was scheduled to finish during the fourth quarter of 2007, but delays meant that construction was not complete until early 2008.
1890:
While DECT is technically capable of competing with UMTS and other cellular networks in densely populated, urban areas, it has only been deployed for domestic cordless phones and private in-house networks.
1656:
The 2100 MHz band (downlink around 2100 MHz and uplink around 1900 MHz) allocated for UMTS in Europe and most of Asia is already used in North America. The 1900 MHz range is used for 2G
1405:
UMTS-TDD tends to be allocated frequency intended for mobile/wireless Internet services rather than used on existing cellular frequencies. This is, in part, because TDD duplexing is not normally allowed on
669:
As NTT DoCoMo did not wait for the finalisation of the 3G Release 99 specification, their network was initially incompatible with UMTS. However, this has been resolved by NTT DoCoMo updating their network.
1807:
to the older GSM standard). Canada and USA have a common share of frequencies, as do most European countries. The article UMTS frequency bands is an overview of UMTS network frequencies around the world.
1472:
UMTS also specifies the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), which is composed of multiple base stations, possibly using different terrestrial air interface standards and frequency bands.
673:
Code-Division Multiple Access communication networks have been developed by a number of companies over the years, but development of cell-phone networks based on CDMA (prior to W-CDMA) was dominated by
374:(HSPA+) is implemented in the network. Users in deployed networks can expect a transfer rate of up to 384 kbit/s for Release '99 (R99) handsets (the original UMTS release), and 7.2 Mbit/s for
3525:
401:
standard succeeds UMTS and initially provided 4G speeds of 100 Mbit/s down and 50 Mbit/s up, with scalability up to 3 Gbps, using a next generation air interface technology based upon
1665:
Mobility and rolled out some cities with a UMTS network at 850 MHz to enhance its existing UMTS network at 1900 MHz and now offers subscribers a number of dual-band UMTS 850/1900 phones.
697:
Despite incompatibility with existing air-interface standards, late introduction and the high upgrade cost of deploying an all-new transmitter technology, W-CDMA has become the dominant standard.
967:
fees that have to be paid to non-Chinese patent owners. Unlike the other air interfaces, TD-SCDMA was not part of UMTS from the beginning but has been added in Release 4 of the specification.
1111:
and China Telecom, respectively. Third-generation, or 3G, technology supports Web surfing, wireless video and other services and the start of service is expected to spur new revenue growth.
1975:
They can remain in the network and be used in dual network operation where 2G and 3G networks co-exist while network migration and new 3G terminals become available for use in the network.
1370:
682:
air interface standard has evolved into the current CDMA2000 (IS-856/IS-2000) standard. Qualcomm created an experimental wideband CDMA system called CDMA2000 3x which unified the W-CDMA (
1060:
The "S" in TD-SCDMA stands for "synchronous", which means that uplink signals are synchronized at the base station receiver, achieved by continuous timing adjustments. This reduces the
1676:
In Canada, UMTS coverage is being provided on the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands on the Rogers and Bell-Telus networks. Bell and Telus share the network. Recently, new providers
944:
and a few other areas. In Japan, IPMobile planned to provide TD-CDMA service in year 2006, but it was delayed, changed to TD-SCDMA, and bankrupt before the service officially started.
1934:
801:
March 2007 has launched HSDPA in the Toronto Golden Horseshoe district on W-CDMA at 850/1900 MHz and plan the launch the service commercial in the top 25 cities October, 2007.
3273:
2066:
and Vodafone declared the same day that they had fixed gaps in their networks, but that the problem is global and can only be fixed with a telecommunication system-wide solution.
507:
710:
a benefit of reduced cost for video phone handsets. W-CDMA may also be better suited for deployment in the very dense cities of Europe and Asia. However, hurdles remain, and
1830:
in moments. Using a phone that supports 3G and Bluetooth 2.0, multiple Bluetooth-capable laptops can be connected to the Internet. Some smartphones can also act as a mobile
829:
has announced that it will provide nationwide coverage for its WCDMA network in order for it to offer SBSM (Single Band Single Mode) handsets by the first half of 2007.
705:
W-CDMA transmits on a pair of 5 MHz-wide radio channels, while CDMA2000 transmits on one or several pairs of 1.25 MHz radio channels. Though W-CDMA does use a
1727:
coverage during a call the call may be transparently handed off to available GSM coverage. Roaming charges are usually significantly higher than regular usage charges.
537:
services, but can also carry data at high speeds, allowing mobile operators to deliver higher bandwidth applications including streaming and broadband Internet access.
973:
The term "TD-SCDMA" is misleading. While it suggests covering only a channel access method, it is actually the common name for the whole air interface specification.
6557:
1837:
There are very few 3G phones or modems available supporting all 3G frequencies (UMTS850/900/1700/1900/2100 MHz). In 2010, Nokia released a range of phones with
1514:
channel<->transport channel. Signaling messages are sent on Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) and data packets (either CS or PS) are sent on data RBs. RRC and
1041:
TD-SCDMA also uses TDMA in addition to the CDMA used in WCDMA. This reduces the number of users in each timeslot, which reduces the implementation complexity of
385:
Since 2006, UMTS networks in many countries have been or are in the process of being upgraded with High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), sometimes known as
5081:
5048:
3417:
5071:
3903:
5777:
3839:
2994:
1703:
is currently rolling out a 3G network operating on the 2100 MHz band in cities and most large towns, and the 900 MHz band in regional areas.
1458:
comparison, UMTS-TDD (and systems like WiMAX) offers mobile, and more consistent, access than the former, and generally faster access than the latter.
1640:, bidders paid a total €50.8 billion for six licenses, two of which were subsequently abandoned and written off by their purchasers (Mobilcom and the
718:
between Qualcomm and W-CDMA vendors has not eliminated possible patent issues due to the features of W-CDMA which remain covered by Qualcomm patents.
4381:
921:). TD-CDMA is the channel access method for UTRA-TDD HCR, which is an acronym for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access-Time Division Duplex High Chip Rate.
3757:
1451:
is discussing the possibility of allowing it at some point in the future. Few operators considering UMTS-TDD have existing UMTS/GSM infrastructure.
4821:
3118:
2074:
The evolution of UMTS progresses according to planned releases. Each release is designed to introduce new features and improve upon existing ones.
1883:
standard is often seen as a competitor, too. TD-SCDMA has been added to UMTS' Release 4 as UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate (UTRA-TDD LCR). Unlike
4402:
4749:
2790:
2754:
2663:
2382:
1390:
for duplexing, meaning that the up-link and down-link transmit on different frequencies. UMTS is usually transmitted on frequencies assigned for
581:
use band numbers to identify the UMTS frequencies. For example, Band I (2100 MHz), Band IV (1700/2100 MHz), and Band V (850 MHz).
894:
The two UMTS air interfaces (UTRAs) for UMTS-TDD are TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA. Both air interfaces use a combination of two channel access methods,
3812:
3321:
1577:
for UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number, where UTRA stands for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) is used to identify a frequency in the
4901:
4864:
4629:
2503:
1853:
contains a quadband chipset operating on 850/900/1900/2100 MHz, allowing usage in the majority of countries where UMTS-FDD is deployed.
408:
The first national consumer UMTS networks launched in 2002 with a heavy emphasis on telco-provided mobile applications such as mobile TV and
3101:
2917:
6582:
6485:
6457:
6452:
5477:
5417:
5387:
4906:
4641:
4201:
3245:
830:
2048:
As early as 2008, it was known that carrier networks can be used to surreptitiously gather user location information. In August 2014, the
924:
UMTS-TDD's air interfaces that use the TD-CDMA channel access technique are standardized as UTRA-TDD HCR, which uses increments of 5
4949:
3928:
886:
for duplexing. While a full implementation of UMTS, it is mainly used to provide Internet access in circumstances similar to those where
959:
low chip rate (UTRA-TDD LCR) is an air interface found in UMTS mobile telecommunications networks in China as an alternative to W-CDMA.
2698:
678:, the first company to succeed in developing a practical and cost-effective CDMA implementation for consumer cell phones and its early
5187:
1068:
between the codes, therefore increasing system capacity, at the cost of some hardware complexity in achieving uplink synchronization.
5220:
4579:
4553:
2640:"Guidelines on the smooth transition of existing mobile networks to IMT-2000 for developing countries (GST); Report on Question 18/2"
2031:
Even with current technologies and low-band UMTS, telephony and data over UMTS requires more power than on comparable GSM networks.
354:(IMT Single-Carrier, based on GSM) and CDMA2000 (IMT Multi-Carrier), UMTS requires new base stations and new frequency allocations.
5066:
3832:
1011:
On September 21, 2009, China Mobile officially announced that it had 1,327,000 TD-SCDMA subscribers as of the end of August, 2009.
3013:
5182:
2433:
2367:
453:
3785:
1454:
Additionally, the WiMAX and HIPERMAN systems provide significantly larger bandwidths when the mobile station is near the tower.
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2223:
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3447:
2813:
2611:
2437:
2404:
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2008:
1636:
resulted in some extremely high prices being paid for the original 2100 MHz licenses, notably in the UK and Germany. In
1560:
protocol (RRM) that manages the bearer channels between the mobile terminals and the fixed network, including the handovers.
1510:
of higher layers. MAC handles the scheduling of data on air interface depending on higher layer (RRC) configured parameters.
655:
639:
325:
295:
3793:
1814:, PCMCIA or USB card, customers are able to access 3G broadband services, regardless of their choice of computer (such as a
4814:
4614:
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TD-SCDMA was developed in the People's Republic of China by the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology (CATT),
611:
344:
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All of these competitors have been accepted by ITU as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards, along with UMTS-FDD.
6577:
6241:
4851:
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In 2008, Australian telco Telstra replaced its existing CDMA network with a national UMTS-based 3G network, branded as
683:
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A variety of Internet-access systems exist which provide broadband speed access to the net. These include WiMAX and
6120:
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4876:
4325:
3908:
3858:
1077:
379:
141:
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Forkel; et al. (2002). "Performance Comparison Between UTRA-TDD High Chip Rate And Low Chip Rate Operation".
1435:, thus far the WiMAX standard appears to have gained greater traction as a general mobile Internet access system.
1034:
can deduce the downlink channel information from uplink channel estimates, which is helpful to the application of
976:
TD-SCDMA / UMTS-TDD (LCR) networks are incompatible with W-CDMA / UMTS-FDD and TD-CDMA / UMTS-TDD (HCR) networks.
393:
transfer speeds of up to 21 Mbit/s. Work is also progressing on improving the uplink transfer speed with the
6231:
5058:
5020:
4939:
4859:
4807:
4714:
4318:
3888:
2774:"Draft summary minutes, decisions and actions from 3GPP Organizational Partners Meeting#6, Tokyo, 9 October 2001"
2767:
3GPP notes that "there currently existed many different names for the same system (eg FOMA, W-CDMA, UMTS, etc)";
2569:"Draft summary minutes, decisions and actions from 3GPP Organizational Partners Meeting#6, Tokyo, 9 October 2001"
1658:
1411:
811:
October 13, 2004, with speeds up to 384 kbit/s. Availability only in main cities. Pricing is approx. €2/MB.
706:
394:
113:
3054:
1849:. Many other phones are offering more than one band which still enables extensive roaming. For example, Apple's
6226:
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534:
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467:
The air interfaces are called UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA). All air interface options are part of
317:) radio access technology to offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth to mobile network operators.
6516:
6023:
5463:
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1302:
596:
3126:
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918:
526:), along with UMTS-FDD, UTRA-FDD, or IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread is an air interface standard found in
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127:
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UMTS and GSM/EDGE can share a Core Network (CN), making UTRAN an alternative radio access network to
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Muratore, Flavio. UMTS: mobile communications for the future. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.
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UMTS networks are often combined with GSM/EDGE, the latter of which is also a part of IMT-2000.
1065:
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In the late 1990s, W-CDMA was developed by NTT DoCoMo as the air interface for their 3G network
6267:
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UMTS Signaling: UMTS Interfaces, Protocols, Message Flows and Procedures Analyzed and Explained
2862:
2266:
1913:
1826:
from the modem, so that in some cases absolutely no knowledge of technology is required to get
1495:
940:
In the United States, the technology has been used for public safety and government use in the
584:
UMTS-FDD is an acronym for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) –
3747:
1092:
The standard has been adopted by 3GPP since Rel-4, known as "UTRA TDD 1.28 Mbps Option".
6169:
5973:
5938:
5858:
5838:
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2105:
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1414:/PCN, and 3G frequencies. TDD technologies open up the usage of left-over unpaired spectrum.
491:
94:
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3699:
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TS 25.221 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (TDD)
3689:
3685:
TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)
3684:
3678:
2007:
Some countries, including the United States, have allocated spectrum differently from the
544:
channel access method with a pair of 5 MHz wide channels. In contrast, the competing
8:
6093:
6033:
5792:
5754:
5552:
5537:
4869:
4687:
4677:
2995:"IPWireless introduces TD-CDMA Network in a Box targeting rural operators, public safety"
2773:
2568:
1042:
562:
3672:
3352:
1777:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1612:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
239:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
6567:
6320:
6277:
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6008:
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5486:
3195:"Closing of China Mobile 3G Base Stations Signifies End of China's Self-owned Standard"
3194:
1704:
1515:
1503:
5028:
3768:
3367:"Northrop Grumman Wins $ 500 Million New York City Broadband Mobile Wireless Contract"
3219:
3173:
1961:
From a GSM/GPRS communication radio network, the following elements cannot be reused:
6360:
6282:
6196:
6179:
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3614:
3599:
3584:
3500:"For sale: Systems that can secretly track where cellphone users go around the globe"
3443:
2809:
2784:
2748:
2677:
2657:
1978:
The UMTS network introduces new network elements that function as specified by 3GPP:
1873:
1831:
1507:
762:
566:
6028:
3752:
3741:
3526:"German researchers discover a flaw that could let anyone listen to your cell calls"
3477:
794:
utilized a UMTS network, with HSPA+, from 2005 until its shutdown in February 2022.
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2024:
1823:
1815:
1811:
914:
845:
755:
730:
The world's first commercial W-CDMA service, FOMA, was launched by NTT DoCoMo in
711:
6191:
6063:
6038:
5998:
5968:
5843:
5678:
5631:
5606:
5564:
5268:
4739:
4734:
4563:
4180:
3869:
3039:
2970:"IPWireless Ships First Commercial 3GPP Chipset with Full HSDPA Implementation"
1522:
ciphering are applied for SRBs whereas only ciphering is applied for data RBs.
1487:
985:
930:
1552:(ISDN) telephone network. UMTS (and GERAN) include the three lowest layers of
844:
introduced W-CDMA in major cities by the end of 2004, while their competitor,
196:
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6340:
6113:
6103:
6018:
5908:
5903:
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5878:
5700:
5559:
4744:
3817:
3322:"Award_of_available_spectrum:_2500-2690_MHz,_2010-2025_MHz_and_2290-2300_MHz"
3274:"Implementing LTE FDD/TDD Convergence Network in the age of Mobile Inter net"
2534:
2317:
1082:
1050:
941:
870:
740:
W-CDMA has also been adapted for use in satellite communications on the U.S.
498:), they are actually the common names for the whole air interface standards.
449:
3802:
1861:
The main competitor to UMTS is CDMA2000 (IMT-MC), which is developed by the
1645:
595:
version of UMTS networks that makes use of frequency-division duplexing for
6218:
6058:
6003:
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5722:
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4719:
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2020:
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1574:
1407:
1108:
1086:
1031:
1005:
627:
592:
553:
461:
371:
329:
2546:
technology allowing migration from GSM to UMTS or simultaneous use of both
1718:
Carriers in South America are now also rolling out 850 MHz networks.
1064:
between users of the same timeslot using different codes by improving the
1045:
and beamforming schemes, but the non-continuous transmission also reduces
833:
will thus cut funding to its CDMA2000 network development to the minimum.
178:
6418:
6068:
5978:
5963:
5923:
5883:
5742:
4548:
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4407:
4395:
3462:
1846:
1677:
1035:
1026:. By dynamically adjusting the number of timeslots used for downlink and
822:
804:
781:
737:
Elsewhere, W-CDMA deployments are usually marketed under the UMTS brand.
578:
3762:
6423:
6130:
5828:
5737:
5693:
5663:
5641:
5119:
3119:"China's 3G Network Deployment Update – IHS Technology"
2097:
Call service: compatible with Global System for Mobile Communications (
2032:
1909:
From a GSM/GPRS network, the following network elements can be reused:
1898:
1838:
1799:
1681:
989:
962:
TD-SCDMA uses the TDMA channel access method combined with an adaptive
826:
814:
607:
4174:
2309:: a variant of UMTS largely used to provide wireless Internet service.
1133:
networks using third-generation TD-SCDMA / UMTS-TDD (LCR) technology.
1049:(because of the higher peak power needed), mobility (because of lower
6408:
5873:
5688:
5455:
5338:
5293:
5101:
3246:"China Mobile Announces Commercial Deployment of TD-SCDMA Technology"
2035:
cited UMTS power consumption as the reason that the first generation
1794:
1685:
1553:
929:
frequency bands for up- and downstream, allowing deployment in tight
785:
777:
773:
417:
200:
55:
3780:
947:
901:
772:
Vodafone launched several UMTS networks in Europe in February 2004.
506:
76:
6403:
6393:
6310:
6135:
5958:
5432:
5283:
5263:
5033:
4934:
4829:
4527:
4431:
4330:
4253:
4220:
3681: – Describes basic differences between FDD and TDD.
3418:"T-Mobile shifting 1700 MHz HSPA+ users to 1900 MHz band"
2423:
2344:
2328:
2306:
2260:
2235:
1880:
1850:
1842:
1743:
1545:
1444:
1383:
952:
859:
751:
675:
626:
While not an evolutionary upgrade on the airside, it uses the same
545:
487:
472:
390:
363:
302:
298:
5198:
510:
3G sign shown in notification bar on an Android powered smartphone
432:
343:
The technology described in UMTS is sometimes also referred to as
6398:
6383:
5601:
5288:
4929:
4761:
4291:
4258:
4133:
4064:
3998:
3993:
3913:
2516:: a local area wireless technology that is complementary to UMTS.
2419:
2348:
1897:
On the Internet access side, competing systems include WiMAX and
1884:
1731:
1637:
970:
Like TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA is known as IMT CDMA TDD within IMT-2000.
906:
841:
808:
780:
commercially launched its 3G (W-CDMA) services in February 2005.
747:
679:
570:
541:
483:
294:(3rd Generation Partnership Project), UMTS is a component of the
3478:"iPhone 'Surfing' On AT&T Network Isn't Fast, Jobs Concedes"
3149:"China Mobile Not Serious About TD-SCDMA, Betting Big on TD-LTE"
1398:, or 3G mobile telephone service in the countries of operation.
1382:
Ordinary UMTS uses UTRA-FDD as an air interface and is known as
6428:
6388:
5710:
5407:
5278:
5253:
4967:
4924:
4470:
4341:
4241:
3983:
3923:
2322:
2052:
reported on widespread marketing of surveillance systems using
2036:
1982:
1827:
1641:
1432:
1027:
1023:
866:
855:
837:
798:
715:
574:
479:
367:
314:
3744: – 3rd Generation Partnership Project Standard
3679:
TS 25.201 Physical Layer – General Description
3463:"GSM World Coverage Map - GSM Country List by frequency bands"
514:
6413:
6350:
5658:
5442:
5437:
5382:
5366:
5343:
5043:
4558:
4543:
4506:
4493:
4412:
4390:
4196:
3988:
3730:
TS 25.225 Physical layer – Measurements (TDD)
3725:
TS 25.215 Physical layer – Measurements (FDD)
3032:"China Mobile to Test TD-SCDMA on 60,000 Phones From April 1"
2590:
2513:
2462:
2362:
2352:
2290:
2286:
2269:/UMA: A standard for running GSM and UMTS over wireless LANs.
2155:
1862:
1700:
1692:
1477:
1467:
1448:
1323:
1270:
1215:
1172:
887:
731:
642:; a feature it shares with other members of the UMTS family.
413:
320:
UMTS specifies a complete network system, which includes the
306:
3248:. Spreadtrum Communications, Inc. 2008-03-28. Archived from
1730:
Most UMTS licensees consider ubiquitous, transparent global
533:
networks. It supports conventional cellular voice, text and
6355:
5273:
4724:
4422:
4104:
4031:
3643:(Wiley, 2002) first book on radio network planning for 3G,
2769:
2409:
2372:
2357:
2296:
2151:
2019:
Compared to GSM, UMTS networks initially required a higher
1954:
1947:
1869:
1711:
1707:
is also building a 3G network using the 900 MHz band.
1699:, and this is the primary network used by their customers.
1499:
1004:
On January 7, 2009, China granted a TD-SCDMA 3G licence to
662:
system. Later, W-CDMA was selected as an air interface for
659:
651:
600:
589:
495:
402:
386:
351:
291:
3353:"T-Mobile launches UMTS TDD network in the Czech Republic"
1356:
Network upgraded to TDD-LTE (B40) via RRU Software Update.
1248:
Network upgraded to TDD-LTE (B39) via RRU Software Update.
1195:
Network is being phased out and is to be shutdown by 2025.
4144:
4119:
4040:
4027:
4003:
3774:
3174:"China Mobile Said to Begin Closing Its 3G Base Stations"
2098:
2056:(SS7) protocols to locate callers anywhere in the world.
1650:
1563:
1347:
1343:
1239:
1235:
1187:
1022:
TD-SCDMA uses TDD, in contrast to the FDD scheme used by
925:
818:
744:
using geosynchronous satellites in place of cell towers.
468:
421:
287:
3581:
Communication Systems for the Mobile Information Society
3240:
3238:
3236:
4522:
4445:
4215:
4017:
3938:
3613:, (Wiley, 2000) first book dedicated to 3G technology,
2336:
2334:
2256:
2101:), based on Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)
1395:
1391:
953:
Time-Division Synchronous Code-Division Multiple Access
631:
527:
440:
283:
3675: – Radio aspects of 3G, including UMTS
1721:
654:. Later NTT DoCoMo submitted the specification to the
3233:
2500:
or CPICH, a simple synchronisation channel in WCDMA.
1118:
3753:
Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications, up to Release 8
3268:
3266:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
2210:
CPC – continuous packet connectivity
917:
multiple-access (CDMA) across multiple time slots (
490:are misleading. While they suggest covering just a
382:(HSCSD) and 14.4 kbit/s for CDMAOne channels.
336:, or MAP) and the authentication of users via SIM (
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3091:
2325:: the primary air interface standard used by UMTS.
1904:
3598:(Wiley, 2002) first book on the services for 3G,
2918:"TD-SCDMA Whitepaper: the Solution for TDD bands"
2028:the lower-band networks by operators since 2006.
1688:have begun operations in the 1700 MHz band.
1374:technology suitable for deployment in this band.
948:TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate (LCR))
937:enhancements are also implemented under TD-CDMA.
902:TD-CDMA (UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps High Chip Rate (HCR))
305:standard set for networks based on the competing
286:mobile cellular system for networks based on the
6558:Telecommunications-related introductions in 2002
6549:
3641:Radio Network Planning and Optimization for UMTS
3263:
3205:
3159:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2351:(also known as IS-95 or "CDMA"), managed by the
1715:distances separate base station and subscriber.
1014:TD-SCDMA is not commonly used outside of China.
821:, two largest mobile phone service providers in
765:gradually launched their upstart UMTS networks.
3700:TS 25.222 Multiplexing and channel coding (TDD)
3695:TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)
3475:
2829:"GSM Association HSPA Market update April 2012"
2637:
1386:. UMTS-FDD uses W-CDMA for multiple access and
1101:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
3847:
3476:Wingfield, Nick; Sharma, Amol (30 June 2007).
3437:
3298:"ERC/DEC/(99)25 EU Recommendation on UMTS TDD"
2803:
2023:density. For fully-fledged UMTS incorporating
1299:No deployments, later used for TD-LTE instead.
5471:
5214:
4815:
3833:
3549:
3523:
3497:
2896:
2843:"Qualcomm says it doesn't need Nokia patents"
1494:(Radio Access Network) primarily consists of
2699:"Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) Band Plan"
1856:
1537:overlaying UMTS at existing towers is high.
913:, is a channel-access method based on using
862:, started offering W-CDMA services in 2005.
6486:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
3220:"China Mobile's Dead End on the 3G Highway"
3055:"China issues 3G licences to main carriers"
2789:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2753:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2662:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2135:TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps low chip rate)
1377:
1246:(↓↑) 1900–1920 MHz (Subset of Band 39)
518:UMTS base station on the roof of a building
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
6522:
5478:
5464:
5221:
5207:
4822:
4808:
3840:
3826:
3393:"From AT&T To Cingular And Back Again"
2728:
2726:
2724:
634:GSM networks deployed worldwide, allowing
448:UMTS combines three different terrestrial
403:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
290:standard. Developed and maintained by the
276:Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
3720:TS 25.224 Physical layer procedures (TDD)
3715:TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD)
3442:, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 105–106,
3011:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2808:, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 105–106,
2633:
2631:
2629:
2604:
2561:
1556:. The network layer (OSI 3) includes the
262:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
3710:TS 25.223 Spreading and modulation (TDD)
3705:TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD)
3558:(in German). ARD-aktuell / tagesschau.de
3493:
3491:
2923:. TD Forum. pp. 6–9. Archived from
2104:Voice quality features –
1793:
858:, two mobile phone service providers in
513:
505:
439:
431:
2915:
2721:
1461:
1017:
700:
599:over an UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (
362:UMTS supports theoretical maximum data
27:Third generation mobile cellular system
14:
6550:
5485:
4710:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
3769:Worldwide W-CDMA frequency allocations
3517:
3093:"China Mobile trails on 3G technology"
2860:
2849:
2626:
2584:
2293:: updates to the W-CDMA air interface.
2002:
1753:
1588:
1564:Frequency bands and channel bandwidths
1438:
1364:
5459:
5202:
4803:
3821:
3748:3GPP Specifications Numbering Schemes
3488:
3440:The Next Generation CDMA Technologies
3390:
2806:The Next Generation CDMA Technologies
2504:Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
2405:Comparison of wireless data standards
656:International Telecommunication Union
326:UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
296:International Telecommunication Union
6532:
4668:Spectral efficiency comparison table
2612:"3G Glossary – UTRA"
2493:Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
2488:Spectral efficiency comparison table
2468:Telecommunications industry in China
2453:Spectral efficiency comparison table
2388:
1757:
1740:Universal Subscriber Identity Module
1592:
1585:the common North American channels.
1502:(Packet Data Convergence Protocol),
501:
219:
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
6583:Mobile telecommunications standards
5228:
3543:
3089:
3052:
3012:Clendenin, Mike (30 January 2007).
2585:Tindal, Suzanne (8 December 2008).
2126:MExE (Mobile Execution Environment)
1722:Interoperability and global roaming
1550:Integrated Services Digital Network
1540:The CN can be connected to various
1001:users across eight cities in 2008.
345:Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access
301:standard set and compares with the
24:
3550:Peter Onneken (18 December 2014).
3524:Craig Timberg (18 December 2014).
2273:Opportunity-Driven Multiple Access
2213:FRLC – Flexible RLC
2179:Multimedia broadcast and multicast
2043:
460:(MAP) core, and the GSM family of
25:
6614:
3735:
2707:Federal Communications Commission
2587:"Telstra boosts Next G to 21Mbps"
2525:Operations and Maintenance Centre
2160:Improvements in GERAN, MExE, etc.
1925:Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
1119:Frequency bands & Deployments
873:introduced W-CDMA in March 2004.
427:
376:High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
45:This article has multiple issues.
6531:
6521:
6512:
6511:
6500:
6121:Free-space optical communication
4784:
4773:
3859:List of mobile phone generations
3666:
3552:"Sicherheitslücken im UMTS-Netz"
3498:Craig Timberg (24 August 2014).
3391:Vries, Lloyd (12 January 2007).
3369:. ipwireless.com. Archived from
3104:from the original on 2022-12-10.
3090:Lau, Justine (August 28, 2008).
3053:Wei, Michael (January 7, 2009).
2972:. ipwireless.com. Archived from
2949:"UMTS World TD-CDMA information"
2768:
2732:
1762:
1597:
1316:
1263:
1208:
1165:
1078:Ministry of Information Industry
380:High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data
224:
177:
75:
34:
3758:UMTS LTE Link Budget Comparison
3573:
3469:
3455:
3431:
3410:
3384:
3359:
3345:
3314:
3290:
3187:
3141:
3111:
3083:
3065:
3046:
3024:
3005:
2987:
2962:
2941:
2835:
2821:
2091:384 kbit/s packet switched
1935:Gateway Mobile Switching Center
1905:Migrating from GSM/GPRS to UMTS
1525:
1421:
909:, an acronym for Time-Division-
606:W-CDMA is the basis of Japan's
577:network. Some carriers such as
395:High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
309:technology. UMTS uses wideband
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
3594:Ahonen and Barrett (editors),
3583:, John Wiley, September 2006,
3327:. ofcom.org.uk. Archived from
2797:
2761:
2691:
2670:
2578:
2077:
1965:Base transceiver station (BTS)
1868:Another competitor to UMTS is
1802:, an early (2003) UMTS handset
1301:Upper half previously used by
645:
13:
1:
5139:Delay and disruption tolerant
3609:Holma and Toskala (editors),
2550:
2088:64 kbit/s circuit switch
1968:Base station controller (BSC)
979:
911:Code-Division Multiple Access
896:code-division multiple access
725:
617:time-division multiple access
524:Code-Division Multiple Access
311:code-division multiple access
6507:Telecommunication portal
6288:Telecommunications equipment
4780:Telecommunication portal
3777:The Global UMTS TDD Alliance
3673:3GPP specification series 25
2618:. 2003-11-29. Archived from
2555:
2229:
2217:
2192:
2167:
2139:
2132:IP Multimedia Services (IMS)
2114:
955:(TD-SCDMA) or UTRA TDD 1.28
742:Mobile User Objective System
586:frequency-division duplexing
7:
6024:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
3639:Laiho, Wacker and Novosad,
3530:The Switch- Washington Post
3420:. TeleGeography. 2015-06-24
3014:"3G in China still held up"
2241:
2069:
1953:Gateway GPRS Support Node (
1946:Serving GPRS Support Node (
1841:3G coverage, including the
1129:The following is a list of
1053:frequency) and complicates
876:
478:Please note that the terms
389:. Currently, HSDPA enables
357:
190:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
6619:
6573:Metropolitan area networks
5728:Telecommunications history
4277:CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0
3808:TD-SCDMA Industry Alliance
3279:. China Mobile. 2013-06-01
3222:. CaixinOnline. 2014-12-15
3176:. CaixinOnline. 2016-03-14
2302:Subscriber Identity Module
2129:Improved location services
1985:(base transceiver station)
1628:
1529:
1498:(Radio Resource Control),
1465:
1122:
1071:
338:subscriber identity module
6578:Mobile telecommunications
6495:
6437:
6374:
6336:Public Switched Telephone
6296:
6260:
6217:
6158:
6148:telecommunication circuit
6109:Fiber-optic communication
6092:
5854:Francis Blake (telephone)
5801:
5649:Optical telecommunication
5493:
5375:
5357:
5329:
5236:
5173:
5138:
5110:
5057:
5019:
5010:
4991:
4976:
4958:
4915:
4892:
4850:
4841:
4770:
4592:
4572:
4536:
4521:
4486:
4459:
4444:
4421:
4380:
4351:
4301:
4290:
4269:
4229:
4214:
4189:
4167:
4159:EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE
4143:
4132:
4092:
4084:D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)
4073:
4054:
4026:
4016:
3971:
3947:
3937:
3865:
3856:
2520:List of device bandwidths
2508:multiple antenna research
1971:Packet Control Unit (PCU)
1920:Visitor Location Register
1857:Other competing standards
1771:This section needs to be
1606:This section needs to be
1568:
1558:Radio Resource Management
1388:frequency-division duplex
1131:mobile telecommunications
1055:radio resource management
807:opened W-CDMA service in
638:operation along with GSM/
531:mobile telecommunications
444:UMTS network architecture
436:UMTS network architecture
233:This article needs to be
6247:Orbital angular-momentum
5684:Satellite communications
5523:Communications satellite
3484:– via www.wsj.com.
2530:Radio Network Controller
2478:Standardization in China
2420:Evolution-Data Optimized
2335:Other, non-UMTS, 3G and
1989:Radio Network Controller
1378:Comparison with UMTS-FDD
891:Time-Division (IMT-TD).
522:W-CDMA (WCDMA; Wideband
203:may contain suggestions.
188:may need to be rewritten
6126:Molecular communication
5949:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
5778:Undersea telegraph line
5513:Cable protection system
4615:Comparison of standards
4254:UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA
3624:Kreher and Ruedebusch,
3438:Hsiao-Hwa Chen (2007),
3107:(subscription required)
2804:Hsiao-Hwa Chen (2007),
2473:Communications in China
2259:successor for UMTS and
2146:IP Multimedia Subsystem
2054:Signalling System No. 7
1929:Mobile Switching Center
1742:, USIM (based on GSM's
1532:Mobile Application Part
1354:(↓↑) 2300–2400 MHz
1297:(↓↑) 1880–1920 MHz
1192:(↓↑) 2010–2025 MHz
884:time-division duplexing
458:Mobile Application Part
334:Mobile Application Part
6268:Communication protocol
6054:Charles Sumner Tainter
5869:Walter Houser Brattain
5814:Edwin Howard Armstrong
5622:Information revolution
5161:Dynamic Source Routing
4831:Channel access methods
4620:Channel access methods
4259:UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA
3123:IHS Market: Technology
2916:Siemens (2004-06-10).
2884:Cite journal requires
2506:is the major issue of
2110:Frequency 2.1 GHz
1914:Home Location Register
1803:
1738:UMTS phones can use a
1697:Hutchison 3G Australia
519:
511:
445:
437:
6242:Polarization-division
5974:Narinder Singh Kapany
5939:Erna Schneider Hoover
5859:Jagadish Chandra Bose
5839:Alexander Graham Bell
5570:online video platform
4791:Telephones portal
3899:MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD
3199:People's Daily Online
3073:"What is 3G TD-SCDMA"
2638:ITU-D Study Group 2.
2248:List of UMTS networks
2106:Tandem Free Operation
1941:Authentication Center
1797:
1518:messages go on SRBs.
1123:Further information:
1099:In January 2009, the
1076:On January 20, 2006,
517:
509:
494:(namely a variant of
492:channel access method
443:
435:
6084:Vladimir K. Zworykin
6044:Almon Brown Strowger
6014:Charles Grafton Page
5669:Prepaid mobile phone
5597:Electrical telegraph
4835:media access control
4408:iBurst (IEEE 802.20)
4181:CDMA2000 1X Advanced
2498:Common pilot channel
2458:UMTS frequency bands
2395:Cellular frequencies
2313:UMTS frequency bands
2279:mode communications
2123:Multimedia messaging
1631:UMTS frequency bands
1579:UMTS frequency bands
1462:Radio access network
1125:UMTS frequency bands
1018:Technical highlights
852:Maxis Communications
701:Rationale for W-CDMA
621:time-division duplex
569:and in Australia by
322:radio access network
95:improve this article
6603:Wireless networking
6034:Johann Philipp Reis
5793:Wireless revolution
5755:The Telephone Cases
5612:Hydraulic telegraph
5376:Long range wireless
5059:Collision avoidance
4294:(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)
4136:(2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G)
3904:Mobile TeleSeratout
3786:UMTS Provider Chart
3781:3GSM World Congress
3482:Wall Street Journal
2678:"What is 3G/WCDMA?"
2645:. pp. 4, 25–28
2253:Long Term Evolution
2182:Improvements in IMS
2003:Problems and issues
1994:Media Gateway (MGW)
1754:Handsets and modems
1589:Spectrum allocation
1490:) interface of the
1439:Competing standards
1365:Unlicensed UMTS-TDD
1107:, were assigned to
1043:multiuser detection
784:in August 2005 and
761:Beginning in 2003,
563:Telecom New Zealand
6232:Frequency-division
6209:Telephone exchange
6079:Charles Wheatstone
6009:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
5984:Innocenzo Manzetti
5919:Reginald Fessenden
5654:Optical telegraphy
5487:Telecommunications
5021:Collision recovery
4782:
4368:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-B)
4362:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-A)
4360:1xEV-DO Revision A
3796:2016-01-27 at the
2574:. 3GPP. p. 7.
2154:, IP transport in
1874:vertical handovers
1804:
1303:Xiaolingtong (PHS)
520:
512:
446:
438:
397:(HSUPA). The 3GPP
6545:
6544:
6283:Store and forward
6278:Data transmission
6192:Network switching
6143:Transmission line
5989:Guglielmo Marconi
5954:Internet pioneers
5819:Mohamed M. Atalla
5788:Whistled language
5453:
5452:
5196:
5195:
5175:Duplexing methods
5169:
5168:
5006:
5005:
4797:
4796:
4600:Cellular networks
4588:
4587:
4517:
4516:
4440:
4439:
4286:
4285:
4242:UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA
4210:
4209:
4177:(TIA/EIA/IS-2000)
4128:
4127:
4012:
4011:
3775:UMTS TDD Alliance
3660:978-0-471-49829-2
3649:978-0-470-01575-9
3634:978-0-470-06533-4
3619:978-0-471-72051-5
3604:978-0-471-48550-6
3596:Services for UMTS
3449:978-0-470-02294-8
3077:Electronics Notes
2815:978-0-470-02294-8
2389:Other information
2094:Location services
1832:WLAN access point
1822:). Some software
1792:
1791:
1627:
1626:
1542:backbone networks
1362:
1361:
1338:
1285:
1230:
1184:
792:AT&T Mobility
788:in October 2005.
763:Hutchison Whampoa
603:) air interface.
567:XT Mobile Network
561:, New Zealand by
559:AT&T Mobility
502:W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD)
328:, or UTRAN), the
272:
271:
264:
254:
253:
218:
217:
192:quality standards
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
6610:
6535:
6534:
6525:
6524:
6515:
6514:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6376:Notable networks
6366:Wireless network
6306:Cellular network
6298:Types of network
6273:Computer network
6160:Network topology
6074:Thomas A. Watson
5929:Oliver Heaviside
5914:Philo Farnsworth
5889:Daniel Davis Jr.
5864:Charles Bourseul
5824:John Logie Baird
5533:Data compression
5528:Computer network
5480:
5473:
5466:
5457:
5456:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5200:
5199:
5017:
5016:
4848:
4847:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4801:
4800:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4705:Mobile broadband
4605:Mobile telephony
4593:Related articles
4534:
4533:
4477:LTE Advanced Pro
4457:
4456:
4372:EV-DO Revision C
4366:EV-DO Revision B
4299:
4298:
4227:
4226:
4141:
4140:
4024:
4023:
3945:
3944:
3870:radio telephones
3849:Cellular network
3842:
3835:
3828:
3819:
3818:
3791:LTE Encyclopedia
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3242:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3216:
3203:
3202:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3170:
3157:
3156:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3129:on 9 August 2019
3125:. Archived from
3115:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3095:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3038:. Archived from
3028:
3022:
3021:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2922:
2913:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2858:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2788:
2780:
2778:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2730:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2710:. Archived from
2703:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2635:
2624:
2623:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2540:Huawei SingleRAN
2064:Deutsche Telekom
1787:
1784:
1778:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1136:
1135:
1105:CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
964:synchronous CDMA
686:) and CDMA2000 (
636:dual-mode mobile
549:United States).
540:W-CDMA uses the
347:(FOMA) or 3GSM.
267:
260:
249:
246:
240:
228:
227:
220:
213:
210:
204:
181:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
6618:
6617:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6501:
6499:
6491:
6433:
6370:
6292:
6256:
6213:
6162:
6154:
6095:
6088:
5994:Robert Metcalfe
5849:Tim Berners-Lee
5797:
5617:Information Age
5489:
5484:
5454:
5449:
5371:
5353:
5325:
5232:
5230:Internet access
5227:
5197:
5192:
5165:
5134:
5106:
5053:
5002:
4987:
4972:
4954:
4911:
4888:
4837:
4828:
4798:
4793:
4785:
4783:
4774:
4772:
4766:
4673:Frequency bands
4584:
4568:
4526:
4513:
4482:
4449:
4436:
4417:
4376:
4347:
4293:
4292:3G transitional
4282:
4265:
4219:
4206:
4185:
4163:
4135:
4134:2G transitional
4124:
4088:
4069:
4065:cdmaOne (IS-95)
4050:
4008:
3967:
3933:
3861:
3852:
3846:
3798:Wayback Machine
3738:
3669:
3579:Martin Sauter:
3576:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3504:Washington Post
3496:
3489:
3474:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3436:
3432:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3389:
3385:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3355:. 21 June 2005.
3351:
3350:
3346:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3264:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3243:
3234:
3225:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3206:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3179:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3160:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3098:Financial Times
3088:
3084:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3051:
3047:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3010:
3006:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2954:
2952:
2951:. umtsworld.com
2947:
2946:
2942:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2914:
2897:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2802:
2798:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2762:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2731:
2722:
2714:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2627:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2391:
2347:: evolved from
2341:
2275:(ODMA): a UMTS
2244:
2236:Dual-Cell HSUPA
2232:
2224:Dual-Cell HSDPA
2220:
2195:
2188:Fractional DPCH
2170:
2142:
2117:
2084:Bearer services
2080:
2072:
2050:Washington Post
2046:
2044:Security issues
2025:video on demand
2005:
1907:
1859:
1824:installs itself
1812:cellular router
1788:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1724:
1633:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1571:
1566:
1534:
1528:
1470:
1464:
1441:
1424:
1380:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1264:
1262:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1181:
1166:
1164:
1146:
1127:
1121:
1074:
1020:
982:
950:
931:frequency bands
915:spread-spectrum
904:
879:
756:SoftBank Mobile
728:
712:cross-licensing
707:direct-sequence
703:
648:
623:(TDD) schemes.
554:frequency bands
504:
430:
360:
268:
257:
256:
255:
250:
244:
241:
238:
229:
225:
214:
208:
205:
195:
182:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6616:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6598:Videotelephony
6595:
6590:
6588:Network access
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6563:3GPP standards
6560:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6529:
6519:
6509:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6447:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6380:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6302:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6227:Space-division
6223:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6189:
6188:
6187:
6177:
6172:
6166:
6164:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6106:
6100:
6098:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6064:Camille Tissot
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6039:Claude Shannon
6036:
6031:
6029:Tivadar Puskás
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5999:Antonio Meucci
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5969:Charles K. Kao
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5944:Harold Hopkins
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5844:Emile Berliner
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5783:Videotelephony
5780:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5758:
5751:
5746:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5686:
5681:
5679:Radiotelephone
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5565:Internet video
5557:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5483:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5460:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5363:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5226:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5203:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5116:
5114:
5112:Collision-free
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4898:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4856:
4854:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4827:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4804:
4795:
4794:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4531:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4474:
4463:
4461:
4454:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4387:
4385:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4305:
4303:
4296:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4233:
4231:
4224:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4138:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4021:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3942:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3914:Autotel (PALM)
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3845:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3803:TD-SCDMA Forum
3800:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3737:
3736:External links
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3652:
3637:
3628:(Wiley 2007),
3622:
3611:WCDMA for UMTS
3607:
3592:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3542:
3516:
3487:
3468:
3454:
3448:
3430:
3409:
3383:
3358:
3344:
3313:
3289:
3262:
3232:
3204:
3186:
3158:
3140:
3110:
3082:
3064:
3045:
3042:on 2008-06-28.
3023:
3004:
2999:Fiercewireless
2986:
2961:
2940:
2895:
2886:|journal=
2868:10.1.1.11.3672
2848:
2834:
2820:
2814:
2796:
2760:
2720:
2717:on 2010-07-05.
2690:
2669:
2625:
2622:on 2011-04-06.
2616:3GNewsroom.com
2603:
2577:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2501:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2431:
2426:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2284:
2270:
2264:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2149:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2045:
2042:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1906:
1903:
1858:
1855:
1790:
1789:
1770:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1723:
1720:
1629:Main article:
1625:
1624:
1605:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1544:, such as the
1530:Main article:
1527:
1524:
1488:User Equipment
1466:Main article:
1463:
1460:
1440:
1437:
1423:
1420:
1379:
1376:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1340:
1331:
1326:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1294:
1287:
1278:
1273:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1232:
1223:
1218:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1120:
1117:
1073:
1070:
1019:
1016:
986:Datang Telecom
981:
978:
949:
946:
903:
900:
878:
875:
727:
724:
702:
699:
647:
644:
503:
500:
450:air interfaces
429:
428:Air interfaces
426:
364:transfer rates
359:
356:
270:
269:
252:
251:
232:
230:
223:
216:
215:
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6615:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6538:
6530:
6528:
6520:
6518:
6510:
6508:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6487:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6253:
6252:Code-division
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6237:Time-division
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6210:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6163:and switching
6161:
6157:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6115:
6114:optical fiber
6112:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6104:Coaxial cable
6102:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6019:Radia Perlman
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5909:Lee de Forest
5907:
5905:
5904:Thomas Edison
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5894:Donald Davies
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5879:Claude Chappe
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5723:Smoke signals
5721:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5701:Semiconductor
5699:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5687:
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5677:
5675:
5672:
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5608:
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5585:
5581:
5578:
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5568:
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5562:
5561:
5560:Digital media
5558:
5554:
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5064:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:Slotted ALOHA
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4983:
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4979:
4975:
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4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
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4883:
4880:
4879:
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4875:
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4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4843:Channel-based
4840:
4836:
4832:
4825:
4820:
4818:
4813:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4792:
4781:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4755:Wi-Fi Calling
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4715:NGMN Alliance
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
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4676:
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4674:
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4659:
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4462:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4447:
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4433:
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4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
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4401:
4397:
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4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:AMPS - N-AMPS
3956:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3771:on UMTS World
3770:
3767:
3765:on UMTS World
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3667:Documentation
3661:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3589:0-470-02676-6
3586:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3464:
3458:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3419:
3413:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3373:on 2007-11-24
3372:
3368:
3362:
3354:
3348:
3334:on 2007-09-30
3330:
3323:
3317:
3299:
3293:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3252:on 2014-07-25
3251:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3155:. 9 May 2011.
3154:
3150:
3144:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3036:Cellular News
3033:
3027:
3019:
3018:EE Times Asia
3015:
3008:
3001:. 2 May 2010.
3000:
2996:
2990:
2976:on 2007-09-27
2975:
2971:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2930:on 2014-03-30
2926:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2891:
2878:
2869:
2864:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2844:
2838:
2830:
2824:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2750:
2736:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2700:
2694:
2679:
2673:
2665:
2659:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:UMTS security
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
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2474:
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2418:
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2401:
2398:
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2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:UMTS channels
2316:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2040:diminishing.
2038:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1774:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1621:
1609:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1372:
1352:
1341:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1233:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1163:
1161:China Mobile
1160:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:China Telecom
1079:
1069:
1067:
1066:orthogonality
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1051:power control
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
991:
987:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
960:
958:
954:
945:
943:
942:New York City
938:
934:
932:
927:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
899:
897:
892:
889:
885:
874:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
810:
806:
802:
800:
795:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
766:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
743:
738:
735:
733:
723:
719:
717:
713:
708:
698:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
671:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
552:The specific
550:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
529:
525:
516:
508:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
465:
463:
462:speech codecs
459:
455:
451:
442:
434:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:video calling
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
355:
353:
348:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
266:
263:
248:
245:December 2016
236:
231:
222:
221:
212:
209:December 2016
202:
198:
193:
189:
186:This article
184:
180:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
151:December 2016
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
6219:Multiplexing
6094:Transmission
6059:Nikola Tesla
6049:Henry Sutton
6004:Samuel Morse
5934:Robert Hooke
5899:Amos Dolbear
5834:John Bardeen
5753:
5733:Telautograph
5637:Mobile phone
5592:Edholm's law
5575:social media
5508:Broadcasting
5359:Wireless LAN
5349:Wireless USB
5331:Wireless PAN
5012:Packet-based
4720:Push-to-talk
4498:IEEE 802.16m
4467:LTE Advanced
4451:IMT Advanced
4396:IEEE 802.16e
4391:Mobile WiMAX
4352:3GPP2 family
4279:(TIA/IS-856)
4270:3GPP2 family
4236:
4168:3GPP2 family
4147:/3GPP family
3963:TACS - ETACS
3640:
3625:
3610:
3595:
3580:
3574:Bibliography
3560:. Retrieved
3555:
3545:
3533:. Retrieved
3529:
3519:
3507:. Retrieved
3503:
3481:
3471:
3457:
3439:
3433:
3422:. Retrieved
3412:
3400:. Retrieved
3396:
3386:
3375:. Retrieved
3371:the original
3361:
3347:
3336:. Retrieved
3329:the original
3316:
3305:. Retrieved
3292:
3281:. Retrieved
3254:. Retrieved
3250:the original
3224:. Retrieved
3198:
3189:
3178:. Retrieved
3152:
3143:
3131:. Retrieved
3127:the original
3122:
3113:
3097:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3048:
3040:the original
3035:
3026:
3017:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2978:. Retrieved
2974:the original
2964:
2953:. Retrieved
2943:
2932:. Retrieved
2925:the original
2877:cite journal
2837:
2823:
2805:
2799:
2779:. p. 7.
2763:
2738:. Retrieved
2712:the original
2705:
2693:
2682:. Retrieved
2672:
2647:. Retrieved
2620:the original
2615:
2606:
2595:. Retrieved
2580:
2563:
2483:Mobile modem
2448:PN sequences
2415:Dynamic TDMA
2201:64 QAM, MIMO
2073:
2062:
2058:
2047:
2030:
2021:base station
2018:
2014:
2006:
1997:
1977:
1974:
1960:
1908:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1878:
1867:
1860:
1836:
1809:
1805:
1780:
1772:
1748:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1690:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1634:
1618:October 2013
1615:
1607:
1583:
1575:abbreviation
1572:
1539:
1535:
1526:Core network
1520:
1512:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1471:
1456:
1453:
1442:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1404:
1400:
1381:
1368:
1311:China Mobile
1290:
1256:
1203:China Mobile
1153:Launch date
1128:
1113:
1109:China Unicom
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:China Netcom
1075:
1062:interference
1059:
1057:algorithms.
1040:
1038:techniques.
1032:base station
1021:
1013:
1010:
1006:China Mobile
1003:
999:
995:
983:
975:
972:
969:
961:
951:
939:
935:
923:
905:
893:
880:
864:
850:
835:
813:
803:
796:
790:
771:
767:
760:
750:Japan (once
746:
739:
736:
729:
720:
704:
696:
672:
668:
649:
628:core network
625:
605:
593:standardized
588:(FDD) and a
583:
551:
539:
521:
477:
466:
447:
407:
384:
372:Evolved HSPA
361:
349:
342:
330:core network
319:
279:
275:
273:
258:
242:
234:
206:
197:You can help
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
6419:NPL network
6131:Radio waves
6069:Alfred Vail
5979:Hedy Lamarr
5964:Dawon Kahng
5924:Elisha Gray
5884:Yogen Dalal
5809:Nasir Ahmed
5743:Teleprinter
5607:Heliographs
4549:5G-Advanced
4537:3GPP family
4487:IEEE family
4479:(4.5G/4.9G)
4460:3GPP family
4302:3GPP family
4230:3GPP family
4175:CDMA2000 1X
4046:CSD - HSCSD
3562:20 December
3535:20 December
3509:20 December
2735:"TS 25.201"
2255:, the 3GPP
2204:Voice over
2198:Enhanced L2
2176:integration
2078:Release '99
1783:August 2015
1678:Wind Mobile
1369:In Europe,
1036:beamforming
823:South Korea
805:TeliaSonera
782:New Zealand
646:Development
619:(TDMA) and
366:of 42
6552:Categories
6465:Antarctica
6424:Toasternet
6346:Television
5829:Paul Baran
5761:Television
5745:(teletype)
5738:Telegraphy
5716:transistor
5694:Phryctoria
5664:Photophone
5642:Smartphone
5632:Mass media
5423:Muni Wi-Fi
5314:Power-line
5120:Token Ring
4403:Flash-OFDM
3556:Tagesschau
3424:2016-04-07
3377:2008-02-28
3338:2008-02-28
3307:2008-02-28
3283:2024-08-31
3256:2014-07-17
3226:2016-12-17
3180:2016-12-17
2980:2008-02-28
2955:2008-02-28
2934:2009-06-15
2740:2009-02-23
2684:2014-06-24
2680:. GSMA.com
2649:2009-06-15
2597:2009-03-16
2551:References
2120:Edge radio
2033:Apple Inc.
1899:Flash-OFDM
1800:Nokia 6650
1710:In India,
1682:Mobilicity
1673:services.
1646:Telefónica
1573:A UARFCN (
1422:Deployment
990:Siemens AG
980:Objectives
831:KT Freecel
827:SK Telecom
815:SK Telecom
797:Rogers in
726:Deployment
608:NTT DoCoMo
121:newspapers
50:improve it
6568:Bandplans
6449:Americas
6438:Locations
6409:Internet2
6170:Bandwidth
5874:Vint Cerf
5771:streaming
5749:Telephone
5689:Semaphore
5580:streaming
5428:Satellite
5339:Bluetooth
5319:Broadband
5294:IEEE 1901
5125:Token bus
5102:CSMA/CARP
4503:WiMax 2.1
4358:CDMA2000
3851:standards
2863:CiteSeerX
2593:Australia
2556:Citations
2339:standards
2230:Release 9
2218:Release 8
2193:Release 7
2168:Release 6
2140:Release 5
2115:Release 4
1839:Pentaband
1816:tablet PC
1686:Videotron
1554:OSI model
1337:(Band 40)
1284:(Band 39)
1229:(Band 33)
1183:(Band 34)
1145:Frequency
1139:Operator
786:Australia
778:Singapore
774:MobileOne
734:in 2001.
597:duplexing
418:Bluetooth
340:) cards.
201:talk page
56:talk page
6517:Category
6404:Internet
6394:CYCLADES
6311:Ethernet
6261:Concepts
6185:terminal
6136:wireless
5959:Bob Kahn
5802:Pioneers
5627:Internet
5518:Cable TV
5433:UMTS-TDD
5284:HomePlug
5264:Ethernet
5130:MS-ALOHA
4935:TD-SCDMA
4528:IMT-2020
4432:HiperMAN
4331:DC-HSDPA
4221:IMT-2000
3813:UMTS FAQ
3794:Archived
3763:UMTS FAQ
3742:3gpp.org
3397:CBS News
3303:. ero.dk
3153:TechNode
3133:9 August
3102:Archived
2785:cite web
2749:cite web
2658:cite web
2424:CDMA2000
2345:CDMA2000
2329:TD-SCDMA
2307:UMTS-TDD
2283:protocol
2281:relaying
2261:CDMA2000
2242:See also
2070:Releases
1881:TD-SCDMA
1879:China's
1851:iPhone 4
1810:Using a
1744:SIM card
1705:Vodafone
1546:Internet
1486:The UE (
1445:HIPERMAN
1408:cellular
1384:UMTS-FDD
1348:Dec 2013
1344:Jan 2009
1240:Dec 2013
1236:Jan 2009
1188:Jan 2009
1142:Country
1096:launch.
1047:coverage
877:UTRA-TDD
860:Malaysia
754:and now
752:Vodafone
676:Qualcomm
579:T-Mobile
546:CDMA2000
488:TD-SCDMA
473:IMT-2000
391:downlink
358:Features
303:CDMA2000
299:IMT-2000
18:TD-SCDMA
6537:Commons
6527:Outline
6480:Oceania
6399:FidoNet
6384:ARPANET
6197:circuit
5766:digital
5495:History
5289:HomePNA
5249:Dial-up
5082:CSMA/CA
5049:CSMA/CD
5039:R-ALOHA
4968:HC-SDMA
4950:MC-CDMA
4945:FH-CDMA
4940:DS-CDMA
4930:TD-CDMA
4902:MF-TDMA
4870:SC-FDMA
4762:Osmocom
4610:History
4580:DECT-5G
4554:NR-IIoT
3999:DataTAC
3994:Mobitex
3402:30 June
3201:. 2016.
3059:Reuters
2349:cdmaOne
1885:TD-CDMA
1773:updated
1732:roaming
1638:Germany
1608:updated
1072:History
907:TD-CDMA
842:Telenor
809:Finland
748:J-Phone
716:patents
630:as the
573:on the
571:Telstra
565:on the
542:DS-CDMA
484:TD-CDMA
350:Unlike
307:cdmaOne
282:) is a
235:updated
135:scholar
6475:Europe
6445:Africa
6429:Usenet
6389:BITNET
6326:Mobile
6202:packet
5711:MOSFET
5706:device
5503:Beacon
5408:iBurst
5279:Nessum
5254:DOCSIS
4925:W-CDMA
4564:NB-IoT
4530:(2021)
4525:(2018)
4471:E-UTRA
4453:(2013)
4448:(2009)
4425:family
4384:family
4342:E-UTRA
4223:(2001)
4218:(1998)
4077:family
4058:family
4034:family
4020:(1991)
3951:family
3941:(1979)
3924:B-Netz
3872:(1946)
3658:
3647:
3632:
3617:
3602:
3587:
3446:
2865:
2812:
2733:3GPP.
2323:W-CDMA
2037:iPhone
1983:Node B
1937:(GMSC)
1828:online
1642:Sonera
1569:UARFCN
1548:or an
1433:Nextel
1321:
1268:
1213:
1170:
1156:Notes
1147:(MHz)
1028:uplink
1024:W-CDMA
988:, and
867:Sweden
856:Celcom
846:NetCom
838:Norway
799:Canada
575:Next G
480:W-CDMA
368:Mbit/s
315:W-CDMA
199:. The
137:
130:
123:
116:
110:"UMTS"
108:
6458:South
6453:North
6414:JANET
6351:Telex
6341:Radio
6180:Nodes
6175:Links
6096:media
5674:Radio
5659:Pager
5587:Drums
5553:video
5548:image
5538:audio
5443:WiBro
5438:WiMAX
5383:5G NR
5367:Wi-Fi
5344:Li-Fi
5244:Cable
5237:Wired
5151:VANET
5146:MANET
5072:MACAW
5044:AX.25
5029:ALOHA
4907:STDMA
4865:OFDMA
4740:ViLTE
4735:VoLTE
4693:5G NR
4642:STDMA
4630:OFDMA
4573:Other
4559:LTE-M
4544:5G NR
4507:WiBro
4494:WiMAX
4413:WiBro
4326:HSPA+
4319:HSUPA
4314:HSDPA
4197:WiDEN
4190:Other
4093:Other
4056:3GPP2
3989:Hicap
3984:C-450
3972:Other
3889:Altai
3332:(PDF)
3325:(PDF)
3301:(PDF)
3277:(PDF)
2928:(PDF)
2921:(PDF)
2777:(PDF)
2715:(PDF)
2702:(PDF)
2643:(PDF)
2591:ZDNet
2572:(PDF)
2514:Wi-Fi
2463:WiMAX
2363:WiMAX
2353:3GPP2
2291:HSUPA
2287:HSDPA
2185:HSUPA
2163:HSDPA
2156:UTRAN
2148:(IMS)
1991:(RNC)
1943:(AUC)
1931:(MSC)
1922:(VLR)
1916:(HLR)
1863:3GPP2
1818:or a
1701:Optus
1693:NextG
1478:GERAN
1468:UTRAN
1449:OFCOM
1324:China
1271:China
1216:China
1177:2100
1173:China
1150:Band
888:WiMAX
871:Telia
732:Japan
688:3GPP2
680:IS-95
414:Wi-Fi
370:when
142:JSTOR
128:books
6593:UMTS
6470:Asia
6356:UUCP
6316:ISDN
5418:MMDS
5403:HSPA
5398:GPRS
5393:EVDO
5388:DECT
5304:MoCA
5299:ISDN
5274:G.hn
5269:FTTx
5077:CSMA
5067:MACA
4993:PAMA
4978:PDMA
4960:SDMA
4917:CDMA
4894:TDMA
4882:WDMA
4852:FDMA
4833:and
4750:ViNR
4745:VoNR
4725:MIMO
4698:CDMA
4683:UMTS
4661:SDMA
4654:CDMA
4649:SSMA
4637:TDMA
4625:FDMA
4423:ETSI
4382:IEEE
4309:HSPA
4247:FOMA
4237:UMTS
4202:DECT
4154:GPRS
4105:iDEN
4100:CDPD
4075:AMPS
4032:3GPP
3949:AMPS
3909:AMTS
3884:IMTS
3656:ISBN
3645:ISBN
3630:ISBN
3615:ISBN
3600:ISBN
3585:ISBN
3564:2014
3537:2014
3511:2014
3444:ISBN
3404:2017
3135:2019
2890:help
2810:ISBN
2791:link
2770:3GPP
2755:link
2664:link
2542:: a
2443:HSPA
2438:EDGE
2429:FOMA
2410:DECT
2400:CDMA
2383:ETSI
2378:EDGE
2373:GPRS
2358:FOMA
2297:PDCP
2206:HSPA
2174:WLAN
2152:IPv6
1955:GGSN
1948:SGSN
1870:EDGE
1845:and
1798:The
1712:BSNL
1684:and
1500:PDCP
1371:CEPT
1329:2300
1276:1900
1257:none
1221:1900
1085:and
957:Mcps
919:TDMA
854:and
817:and
684:3GPP
664:UMTS
660:DECT
652:FOMA
640:EDGE
612:FOMA
601:UTRA
590:3GPP
496:CDMA
486:and
387:3.5G
352:EDGE
292:3GPP
280:UMTS
274:The
114:news
6361:WAN
6331:NGN
6321:LAN
5602:Fax
5543:DCT
5413:LTE
5309:PON
5259:DSL
5188:FDD
5183:TDD
5156:DTN
5097:HCF
5092:PCF
5087:DCF
4877:WDM
4860:FDM
4730:IMS
4688:LTE
4678:GSM
4338:LTE
4145:GSM
4120:CT2
4115:PHS
4110:PDC
4041:GSM
4028:GSM
4004:CT1
3979:NMT
3929:AMR
3919:ARP
3894:OLT
3879:MTS
2544:RAN
2434:GSM
2368:GSM
2277:TDD
2267:GAN
2099:GSM
2009:ITU
1876:.
1820:PDA
1671:LTE
1659:PCS
1651:KPN
1516:NAS
1508:SDU
1504:RLC
1496:RRC
1492:RAN
1412:PCS
1291:N/A
926:MHz
865:In
836:In
819:KTF
776:of
714:of
692:LTE
610:'s
535:MMS
471:'s
469:ITU
456:'s
454:GSM
422:USB
420:or
399:LTE
288:GSM
97:by
6554::
4523:5G
4500:)
4446:4G
4216:3G
4018:2G
3939:1G
3867:0G
3554:.
3528:.
3502:.
3490:^
3480:.
3395:.
3265:^
3235:^
3207:^
3197:.
3161:^
3151:.
3121:.
3100:.
3096:.
3075:.
3057:.
3034:.
3016:.
2997:.
2898:^
2881::
2879:}}
2875:{{
2851:^
2787:}}
2783:{{
2772:.
2751:}}
2747:{{
2723:^
2704:.
2660:}}
2656:{{
2628:^
2614:.
2589:.
2337:4G
2289:,
2257:4G
1901:.
1847:E7
1843:N8
1834:.
1680:,
1581:.
1410:,
1396:2G
1394:,
1392:1G
1346:-
1238:-
1226:A−
1180:A+
1008:.
933:.
869:,
840:,
694:.
666:.
632:2G
528:3G
482:,
464:.
452:,
424:.
416:,
405:.
284:3G
59:.
6488:)
6484:(
5479:e
5472:t
5465:v
5222:e
5215:t
5208:v
4823:e
4816:t
4809:v
4496:(
4473:)
4469:(
4344:)
4340:(
4030:/
3841:e
3834:t
3827:v
3662:.
3651:.
3636:.
3621:.
3606:.
3591:.
3566:.
3539:.
3513:.
3465:.
3427:.
3406:.
3380:.
3341:.
3310:.
3286:.
3259:.
3229:.
3183:.
3137:.
3079:.
3061:.
3020:.
2983:.
2958:.
2937:.
2892:)
2888:(
2871:.
2845:.
2831:.
2793:)
2757:)
2743:.
2687:.
2666:)
2652:.
2600:.
2510:.
2436:/
2422:/
2263:.
1957:)
1950:)
1785:)
1781:(
1775:.
1657:(
1644:/
1620:)
1616:(
1610:.
1334:E
1281:F
332:(
324:(
313:(
278:(
265:)
259:(
247:)
243:(
237:.
211:)
207:(
194:.
164:)
158:(
153:)
149:(
139:·
132:·
125:·
118:·
91:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
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