601:
31:
39:
274:(1505–1589) ruled that in case of a legacy left by will to a Talmud Torah and guaranteed by the testator's brother, the latter was not held liable if the property had been consumed owing to the prolonged illness of the deceased (Responsa, Ḥoshen Mishpaṭ, No. 357). A legacy for the support of a yeshivah and Talmud Torah in a certain town, if accompanied by a provision that it may be managed "as the son of the testator may see fit," may be transferred, it was declared, to a yeshivah elsewhere (ib. Oraḥ Ḥayyim, i., No. 60; see also "Paḥad Yiẓḥaḳ," s.v., p. 43a).
522:
20:
612:, an Ashkenazi Talmud Torah, was organized in 1883 by Israel (Isidor) Rosenthal. It maintained schools on its own premises at 225–227 East Broadway. It instructed over 1,100 boys at a yearly expense of about $ 12,000. On January 22, 1905, the society opened a branch at 67 East 7th street, to which Jacob H. Schiff donated $ 25,000. The society was managed by a board of directors and a committee of education. The studies comprised elementary Hebrew, the reading of the prayers, the translation of the Pentateuch into
166:
222:(1250–1328) ruled to allow withdrawals from the funds of the Talmud Torah for the purpose of meeting the annual tax collected by the local governor, since otherwise great hardships would fall upon the poor, who were liable to be stripped of all their belongings if they failed in the prompt payment of their taxes (Responsa, rule vi., § 2). On the other hand, money from the general charity fund was at times employed to support the Talmud Torah, and donations for a
592:. It was started with a fund contributed by Hirsch Wolf Fischbein and David Janover in 1860. The annual expenditure was in 1910 about $ 10,000, over half of which was collected in the United States. At Jaffa the Talmud Torah and yeshiva Sha'are Torah was organized in 1886 by N. H. Lewi, with 9 teachers and 9 classes for 102 boys. Its expenses were about $ 2,000 yearly, mostly covered by donations from abroad.
381:, the Pentateuch (with the "Be'er Mosheh" translation), the Rashi commentary, the order of the prayers, etiquette, and good behavior—every boy according to his grade and intelligence; also reading and writing in the vernacular. The more advanced shall be taught Hebrew grammar and arithmetic; those of the highest grade shall study Talmud with Rashi and
442:
memorize the laws in the
Shulchan Aruch pertaining to that holy day. The sixth class is preparatory to the yeshivah in the bet ha-midrash and is conducted by the ḥakam-rabbi. In this class every day one halachah, with the commentaries of Rashi and the Tosafot, is studied, and compared with the conclusions in the codes of Maimonides, Asheri, and Caro.
620:
Girls in the United States at this time were often educated at public schools together with boys, and they received their Jewish education through programs at synagogues and Sunday schools, because Jewish day schools were less common. As a result, the "New World" Talmud Torah of the first half of the
445:
The hours of study are from 8 to 11 in the morning, and from 2 to 5 in the afternoon; in winter, till the Mincha prayer. The expense of maintaining this school is defrayed from a fund contributed by the members of the Ḥebra Talmud Torah. This
Sephardic school made an exception to the rule of keeping
308:
Solomon b. Abraham ha-Kohen (sixteenth century) decided that it requires the unanimous consent of the eight trustees of a Talmud Torah to engage teachers where a resolution has been passed that "no trustee or trustees shall engage the service of a
Melamed without the consent of the whole" (Responsa,
229:
Because
Talmudic and Torah education was traditionally deemed obligatory for males and not females, Talmud Torahs were traditionally single-sex institutions. It is common even in the present day for men to continue their full-time Torah studies well into their third decade of life while women marry.
441:
In the fourth, they learn the
Prophets and the Hagiographa, with the proper accents and translation. In the fifth, they learn grammar and begin upon a series of halachic excerpts from the Talmud, the text being in Hebrew and the explanations in the vernacular. Before the approach of a holy day they
616:
and
English, and the principles of the Jewish faith and practise. The time of study occupied only two hours per day, after public-school hours, as all pupils attended the city schools for secular education. There were several other Talmud Torahs in New York; and similar institutions existed in all
433:
It is built near the synagogue, and has six rooms, each accommodating a separate class under a melammed. The first class is for small boys who are learning to read their prayers. In the second class they learn the
Pentateuch from beginning to end, with the musical accents. In the third, they
554:
in 1891, with 300 pupils and 13 teachers. The boys learned Arabic and arithmetic in addition to other subjects, which ranged from the alphabet to the Talmud. The time of study was from sunrise to sunset. The largest contributions for the support of the school came from the
211:
In later times, possibly influenced by the
Christian parochial schools of the thirteenth century, the reading of the prayers and benedictions and the teaching of the principles of the Jewish faith were included. In almost every community an organization called
233:
The Talmud Torah organization in Rome included eight societies in 1554, and was reconstituted August 13, 1617 (Rieger, "Gesch. der Juden in Rom," p. 316, Berlin, 1895). Later, certain synagogues assumed the name "Talmud Torah," as in the case of one at
304:
in 1638, endorsed these regulations and added many others, all of which were confirmed at a general assembly of seventy representatives of the congregations on the 25th of Ṭebet, 5398 (1638; F. H. Wetstein, "Ḳadmoniyyot," document No. 1, Cracow, 1892).
177:, however, ordered Samuel b. Shilat to deal tenderly with the pupils, to refrain from corporal punishment, or at most to use a shoe-strap in correcting pupils for inattention. A stupid pupil was made monitor until able to grasp the art of learning.
352:
shall not compete with another during the term of his engagement, and shall not seek to obtain a pupil in charge of another teacher, even at the expiration of the term, unless the father or the guardian of the pupil desires to make a change.
484:, p. 275). The schools in eastern Europe retained the ancient type and methods of the Ashkenazic schools up to the middle of the nineteenth century, when a movement for improvement and better management took place in the larger cities.
203:
The teaching in the Talmud Torah consumed the whole day, and in the winter months a few hours of the night besides. Teaching was suspended in the afternoon of Friday, and in the afternoon of the day preceding a holy day. On
199:
preferred one who taught his pupils little, but that correctly, as an error in reading once adopted is hard to correct (ib.). It is, of course, assumed that both qualifications were rarely to be found in one person.
118:
refers to the afternoon program for boys and girls after attending public school. This form of Jewish education was prevalent from the mid–19th century through "the 1940s and 1950s." Although by the 1980s full-time
500:
was appointed principal over 400 pupils. In 1904 two branches were opened in the suburbs with an additional 400 pupils. The boys were furnished text-books and clothing for free. Expenses were altogether 20,000
181:
fixed the number of pupils at twenty-five for one teacher; if the number was between twenty-five and forty an assistant teacher ("resh dukana") was necessary; and for over forty, two teachers were required.
846:
They understood that Jewish day schools were not an option, being more appropriate for the Old World and the ghetto. Jewish education in the United States would have to be retrofitted around public schools.
334:
except with the translation "Be'er Mosheh" (Judæo-German transl. by Moses b. Issachar, Prague, 1605), "which is in our vernacular"; for the advanced pupils he shall use no other than the
208:
and holy days no new lessons were assigned; but the work of the previous week was reviewed on
Shabbat afternoons by the child's parent or guardian (Shulḥan 'Aruk, Yoreh De'ah, 245).
158:, who provided a public school in Jerusalem to secure the education of fatherless boys of the age of sixteen years and above. But the school system did not develop until
807:
829:
429:, in the introduction to his "Sifte Yeshanim" (p. 8a, ib. 1680), describes this Talmud Torah and wishes it might serve as a model for other schools:
323:(1) The members shall have general supervision over the teachers and shall visit the Talmud Torah every week to see that the pupils are properly taught.
694:
654:
468:, from 1724 to 1744, gave poor boys an education equal to that which was offered their more fortunate companions. The studies consisted of Siddur,
739:
674:
496:, the Talmud Torah which had existed ever since the city was chartered was reorganized into a model school by distinguished pedagogues. In 1881
162:
the high priest caused public schools to be opened in every town and hamlet for all children above six or seven years of age (B. B. 21a).
216:
was formed, whose duty was to create a fund and provide means for the support of public schools, and to control all teachers and pupils.
312:
As a specimen of the medieval organization of these schools that of the Cracow schools may be selected. From the congregational record (
107:, a traditional form of schooling whose essential elements it incorporated, with changes appropriate to its public form rather than the
192:
101:
or, particularly in the movement's modern form, for Jewish education at a high school level. The Talmud Torah was modeled after the
726:
offspring of
Orthodox Jewish immigrants, enrolled in the Talmud Torah .. every afternoon after public school and on Sunday mornings
435:
397:(8) At the age of fourteen a boy who is incapable of learning Talmud shall be taught a trade or become a servant in a household.
316:) of Cracow in 1551 it appears that the Talmud Torah society controlled both private and public schools. It passed the following
750:
When he was seven, his parents sent him to the Talmud Torah to prepare for his bar mitzvah... didn't want to go at first, but
763:
131:
The father was traditionally the sole teacher of his children in Jewish history (Deut. xi. 19). The institution known as the
288:, three vice-gabba'im, and a treasurer. Only learned and honorable men over 36 years of age were eligible for election. The
600:
839:
185:
Only married men were engaged as teachers, but there is a difference of opinion regarding the qualification of the
191:(teacher). Rabbah bar Nahmani preferred one who taught his pupils much, even though somewhat carelessly, while
715:
111:
private financing through less formal or institutionalized mechanisms, including tuition fees and donations.
434:
translate the Pentateuch into the vernacular and use the Rashi commentary, divided into the regular weekly
30:
923:
933:
513:
had a similar school. The income was derived from a Jewish tax on meat and from private contributions.
918:
589:
254:(a) one-sixth of the Monday and Thursday contributions in the synagogues and other places of worship;
38:
928:
903:
345:
in the primary class shall teach not more than twenty-five pupils and shall have two assistants.
786:
497:
872:
551:
446:
the pupils in Talmud Torah all day, and a few hours of the night in the short winter days.
8:
418:
123:(yeshivas) were the norm in the United States, some European countries still had these.
768:
744:
720:
699:
679:
659:
506:
422:
292:
regulating these sources of the Talmud Torah's income were in existence in the time of
178:
477:
835:
585:
482:
Quellenschriften zur Gesch. des Unterrichts und der Erziehung bei den Deutschen Juden
469:
120:
19:
521:
271:
219:
159:
70:
426:
409:
are said to have conducted their Talmud Torah schools more methodically than the
374:
356:(5) The members of the Ḥebra Talmud Torah shall hire a competent and God-fearing
74:
73:
for boys of modest backgrounds, where they were given an elementary education in
54:
24:
774:
They come to Talmud-Torah straight from their Marxism-Leninism courses in school
581:
556:
293:
260:(c) donations at weddings from the groom and the bride and from invited guests;
155:
588:, with 35 teachers and over 1,000 pupils, succeeded the school established by
242:. This was probably because the school was held in or adjoined the synagogue.
165:
912:
675:"Ask aid for Talmud Torah; $ 75,000 Required to Finish Building in Yorkville"
622:
609:
560:
537:
502:
173:
The expense was borne by the community, and strict discipline was observed.
61:, lit. 'Study of the Torah') schools were created in the Jewish world, both
546:
362:
235:
297:
388:(7) Boys near the age of thirteen shall learn the regulations regarding
878:
617:
cities of the United States and Canada with a large Jewish population.
410:
331:
174:
62:
695:"Benjamin Silk dies; religious educator, head of uptown Talmud Torah"
526:
414:
406:
223:
78:
66:
43:
301:
568:
390:
196:
187:
238:
in 1603 (Ankava, "Kerem Ḥemed," ii. 78, Leghorn, 1869) and one at
613:
573:
465:
461:
382:
263:(d) one-tenth of the collections in the charity-box known as the
205:
97:
91:
831:
The Women Who Reconstructed American Jewish Education, 1910–1965
257:(b) donations at circumcisions from guests invited to the feast;
883:
634:
564:
530:
510:
493:
473:
378:
284:
103:
86:
335:
239:
138:
82:
250:
The income of the society was derived from several sources:
866:
808:"GPS for Your Soul - Kabbalah to Navigate Your Inner World"
226:
or cemetery were similarly used (ib. rule xiii., §§ 5,14).
151:
450:
150:(house of the book), is said to have been originated by
360:, with an assistant, for poor and orphaned boys at the
713:
282:The election of officers was made by ballot: three
740:"Memories Urge a Return to Synagogue of His Youth"
655:"Talmud Torah Adereth El Also Marks its 90th Year"
910:
834:. University Press of New England. p. 7.
764:"A poignant time for Rumania's dwindling Jews"
737:
421:("Wawe ha-'Ammudim," p. 9b, appended to "
42:A teacher and a student in a Talmud Torah,
761:
608:In America the Machzikei Talmud Torah in
599:
520:
164:
37:
29:
18:
889:Mordekhai David Brandstetter, essay in
911:
827:
714:Rhoda Marilyn Lippel (July 14, 1991).
451:In Jewish communities around the world
95:). This was meant to prepare them for
738:Carolyn Weiner (September 23, 1979).
536:In Jerusalem the Talmud Torah of the
413:, particularly in Europe. The one in
373:and assistant shall teach pupils the
58:
13:
855:
142:(house of the teacher), or as the
16:Jewish religious schooling program
14:
945:
904:Jewish Encyclopedia: Talmud Torah
897:
762:Henry Kamm (September 26, 1985).
277:
595:
505:annually. Every city within the
309:ii., No. 89, ed. Venice, 1592).
114:In the United States, the term
821:
800:
779:
755:
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707:
687:
667:
647:
1:
640:
400:
787:"On a path toward happiness"
516:
7:
628:
10:
950:
455:
245:
169:Torah study in Yemen, 1929
126:
544:, was reorganized by the
487:
320:, or Jewish legal writs:
34:Talmud Torah in Samarkand
525:Etz Chaim Talmud Torah,
377:(with the vowels), the
828:Ingall, Carol (2010).
605:
604:Talmud Torah in Duluth
533:
448:
417:was highly praised by
170:
47:
35:
27:
603:
524:
431:
425:", Amsterdam, 1698).
168:
41:
33:
22:
877:Die Geheimnisse von
873:Aleksander Zederbaum
552:Raphael Meir Panigel
542:Tiferet Yerushalayim
460:The Talmud Torah at
703:. November 7, 1933.
683:. January 17, 1915.
419:Shabbethai Horowitz
924:Jewish day schools
886:, 1870 (a sketch);
769:The New York Times
745:The New York Times
721:The New York Times
700:The New York Times
680:The New York Times
660:The New York Times
606:
534:
507:Pale of Settlement
472:(Pentateuch), and
214:Hevra Talmud Torah
179:Rabbah bar Nahmani
171:
121:Jewish day schools
48:
36:
28:
934:Orthodox yeshivas
716:"Tompkins Square"
621:20th century was
586:Etz Chaim Yeshiva
584:Talmud Torah and
498:S. J. Abramowitch
941:
919:Jewish education
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272:Samuel de Medina
220:Asher ben Jehiel
160:Joshua ben Gamla
81:(especially the
71:religious school
60:
23:Talmud Torah in
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863:Omer mi-Yehudah
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663:. June 9, 1947.
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519:
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478:Moritz Güdemann
458:
453:
427:Shabbethai Bass
403:
375:Hebrew alphabet
280:
265:mattan ba-setar
248:
129:
69:, as a form of
17:
12:
11:
5:
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937:
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929:Jewish schools
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402:
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363:bet ha-midrash
330:may teach the
294:Moses Isserles
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278:Administration
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156:Great Assembly
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561:Baghdadi Jews
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861:Judah Löb, '
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811:. Retrieved
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790:. Retrieved
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51:Talmud Torah
50:
49:
25:Mea She'arim
893:, v. 70-84.
492:In 1857 at
300:, rabbi of
298:Yoel Sirkis
85:), and the
913:Categories
879:Berditchev
641:References
582:Ashkenazic
462:Nikolsburg
411:Ashkenazim
401:Curriculum
332:Pentateuch
175:Abba Arika
79:scriptures
63:Ashkenazic
59:תלמוד תורה
891:Ha-Eshkol
813:9 October
792:9 October
540:, called
538:Sephardim
527:Jerusalem
517:Jerusalem
415:Amsterdam
407:Sephardim
224:synagogue
148:bet sefer
144:bei safra
67:Sephardic
44:Bnei Brak
629:See also
569:Calcutta
391:tefillin
369:(6) The
348:(4) One
318:taḳḳanot
290:taḳḳanot
285:gabba'im
206:Shabbats
197:Nehardea
193:Rav Dimi
188:melammed
154:and his
109:cheder's
869:, 1790;
614:Yiddish
470:Chumash
466:Moravia
456:Germany
383:Tosafot
371:melamed
358:melamed
350:melamed
343:melamed
328:melamed
326:(2) No
246:Funding
133:bei rav
127:History
98:yeshiva
92:halakha
884:Warsaw
838:
635:Cheder
565:Bombay
550:rabbi
531:Israel
511:Russia
503:rubles
494:Odessa
488:Russia
474:Talmud
436:sidrot
423:Shelah
379:Siddur
341:(3) A
314:pinḳes
302:Cracow
139:rabban
104:cheder
87:Talmud
77:, the
75:Hebrew
55:Hebrew
46:, 1965
623:co-ed
336:Rashi
240:Cairo
89:(and
83:Torah
867:Brno
836:ISBN
815:2014
794:2014
580:The
567:and
405:The
152:Ezra
137:bet
65:and
563:of
509:in
195:of
146:or
135:or
915::
875:,
865:,
844:.
772:.
766:.
748:.
742:.
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718:.
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677:.
657:.
625:.
577:.
559:,
529:,
480:,
464:,
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394:.
385:.
366:.
296:.
57::
817:.
796:.
476:(
267:.
53:(
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