1251:: a term used in the San Antonio area to mean a convenience store. Elsewhere, this denotes an open-air tavern, the origin of which dates back to the times when fresh beer was stored in "ice houses" placed strategically along beer delivery routes for local and regional delivery. Over time these locations began to serve cold beer, since it was stored there already, and other conveniences, such as food items, cigarettes, etc. In more modern times, the surviving ice houses are little more than open air beer bars. It is the "open air" feature (often obtained with multiple garage doors in place of walls), in fact, that distinguishes an ice house from a tavern.
4088:
2922:
376:(sound-pattern) differences and others on lexical (word-usage) differences, leading to various views on how to classify dialects in Texas, often by dividing the state into an eastern versus a western dialect region. 20th-century lexical research delimited Texas into two "layers": a southern Texas layer along the Mexican border with several Spanish
700:
which drops the temperatures rapidly and brings along rain and after a period of blue skies and cold weather. The derivation of this term is unclear. Some people say that the term refers to a norther (borealis/north wind) which sweeps "out of the
Panhandle under a blue-black sky" – from the heat to
529:
English shows a strong orientation of primarily young, female, and urban speakers towards a diphthongization of /aɪ/ in all contexts. In fact, the monophthongization of /aɪ/ has left Texas
Triangle speech almost entirely. 89% of the speakers born in the 1980s use diphthongal realizations of /aɪ/,
408:
industries, and massive migrations, Texan speech has been reshaped as well, especially since 1990. The general tendency in the phonology of Texas
English is that mergers expand at the expense of distinctions, although traditional Southern-style Texan English preserved older phonemic distinctions.
417:
As stated above, an internal rural–urban split is emerging within Texan
English, meaning that most traditionally Southern (or stereotypically Texan) features remain strong in rural areas but tend to disappear in large urban areas and small cities. The urban-rural linguistic split mainly affects
388:
settlement. 21st-century phonological research reveals accents in Texas grouped in a way not easy to demarcate in terms of simple geographical boundaries, and ongoing research reveals an urban–rural divide within Texas becoming more significant than a region-wide divide.
363:
of 1910–1920, a great number of
Spanish-speaking Mexicans immigrated to Texas, slowing down in the mid-20th century only to increase massively since 1990, driving the development of a young Spanish-influenced dialect of Texan English: Tejano English.
1926:
Bailey, Guy, Natalie Minor, and
Patricia Cukor-Avila. "Variation in Subject-Verb Concord in Early Modern English." Language Variation and Change, 1 (1989): 285-300 (Shows that 70% of the black population and 43% of the white population put an
1548:
intermingling, around 6 million (ca. 29%) people in Texas speak
Spanish as the first language. Recent data shows that Spanish is still increasing. Since there are so many Spanish speakers in Texas, Spanish has a high impact on the
725:, however, is purely Texan. Since Spanish times, the effect of blue norther has been noted in Texas and this phenomenon has often been exaggerated. But contrary to the belief of many people, blue norther is not unique to Texas.
896:
Due to Spain's past influence in Texas, the vocabulary of Texas is much more influenced by
Spanish than the vocabulary of other states. Some of the Texan terms that originated from Spanish are listed below.
456:, though noticeably not the cities of El Paso, Abilene, and Austin, and not particularly Houston and Corpus Christi. Moreover, as of 21st-century research, the accents of Dallas show enormous variability.
1034:(feminine). It refers to a Hispanic Texan whose heritage is from Texas before Texas was incorporated into the United States. This term also embraces cultural manifestations in language, literature, art,
347:
legally permitted an influx of
American settlers from the United States (mainly the Southern United States), who within a decade outnumbered Hispanics in Texas, making English as common as Spanish in
705:
denotes the color of the sky that appears after the bad weather front has passed. Yet others say that people associate blue with the cold that the front brings along. Variants of this term are
1522:
at the age of two and has since retained the Texan dialect. In his speech, words like "America" sometimes sound like "Amur-kah" or even just like "Mur-kah". Former U.S. Secretary of State
1565:
dialect mostly spoken by working-class
Mexican Americans. A very distinctive feature of that dialect is the /-t,d/-deletion in words which contain a /t/ or /d/ in the final position.
1100:
movement of the mid-1960s started. This term is common enough that it is considered an item in the Texas lexicon. Other and broader terms used for the same ethnic group are
422:, the loss of the offglide in /aɪ/, and upgliding diphthongs, all of which are now recessive in metropolitan areas. Meanwhile, some traditional grammatical features like
815:
immigrants in the 1830s. They brought this term from Ireland where people used to call similar woods this way. In the United States one hears of motte only in Texas.
449:
2429:
563:, is becoming increasingly common throughout the United States, thus affecting Southwestern and even many Southeastern dialects, towards a merged vowel . The
3950:
464:, the first two stages occur throughout Texas, except in El Paso, Abilene, Austin, and Corpus Christi—the first stage alone appears in Houston. This means
409:
Since much of the traditional regional vocabulary concerned farming and rural life, these terms are now disappearing or being replaced by technical terms.
3890:
1881:
Thomas, Erik R. (2004), "Rural Southern white accents", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),
606:
2424:
2235:
2219:
2203:
3985:
2958:
291:. In fact, there is no single accent that covers all of Texas and few dialect features are unique to Texas alone. The newest and most
2434:
2174:
1096:
occurred more often in speech and texts when the political activity of Hispanics in Texas became pronounced, in particular since the
292:
2144:
1917:. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992. (Shows the term used by 57% of the population of Upper Texas and by 43% in Lower Texas
1038:, cuisine, etc. already in 1824 the author of the Mexican Constitution of 1824, Miguel Ramos Arispe, called the citizens of Texas
2540:
4035:
3820:
2459:
1858:
Jung, Natalie A. (2011) "Real-Time Changes in the Vowel System of Central Texas English". "Texas Linguistics Forum" 54:72-78.
624:
Non-rhoticity has reversed on a massive scale, as in most of the Southern U.S., and is now only heard in some older speakers.
4055:
3128:
3013:
2417:
1176:): a groom; the typical Texas wrangler was "a bachelor and worked with several outfits over the course of his hard career".
397:
461:
3536:
243:
1684:
Underwood, Gary N. (1990), "Scholarly Responsibility and the Representation of Dialects: The Case of English in Texas",
404:
have homogenized the speech of the United States to a national norm. Due to rapid urbanization, increasing dominance of
3641:
443:
275:. As one nationwide study states, the typical Texan accent is a "Southern accent with a twist". The "twist" refers to
1890:
938:
from Mexico, was once solely Texan. The term is now well known in other states of the U.S. and many other countries.
3440:
2688:
3688:
3484:
2766:
2412:
2334:
2301:
280:
233:
639:
Texas English may use many grammatical constructions typically associated with Southern U.S. English, including
4005:
3445:
2951:
1482:
first had to learn how to speak Texan English and were instructed by native Texans. Also the famous TV series
4045:
3738:
3700:
2638:
1281:): a catch-all term for low-class and popular-culture people. Now considered an offensive and derogatory word
1114:
1104:
634:
1511:, Johnson's thick accent was a large part of his personality and brought attention and fame to the dialect.
4113:
4040:
3693:
3513:
3330:
3151:
2402:
1500:
minicomputer sometimes displayed "Shut 'er Down Clancey She's a-Pumping Mud" as a humorous error message.
579:
544:
540:
491:
477:
473:
469:
4118:
3416:
3406:
3004:
2971:
2967:
2444:
2407:
1438:
385:
340:
287:
mixing together, due to Texas's settlement history, as well as some lexical (vocabulary) influences from
311:, though general features of this same dialect are found throughout the state, with several exceptions:
4078:
4000:
3715:
3573:
2984:
585:
571:, Odessa, and variably El Paso, but the rest of Texas is also rapidly transitioning towards the merger.
2936:
2274:
1557:
in Texas speak their own variety of English which has many Spanish features (terms, phonology, etc.),
4108:
3980:
3506:
3464:
3435:
3367:
3335:
2944:
2908:
2900:
2449:
583:
453:
276:
272:
102:
2127:
2006:
359:
in 1836, English, with its distinct Southern influences, became the predominant language. After the
3705:
3659:
3558:
3531:
3496:
3391:
3262:
2563:
1586:
594:. This lowering occurs only in speakers with the cot-caught merger, and is not yet as common as in
591:
328:
284:
3917:
3750:
3568:
3543:
2648:
2603:
2464:
2356:
1837:. Ed. Stephen J. Nagle and Sara L. Sanders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 126-140.
1484:
77:
67:
57:
2216:
1077:
3832:
3810:
3614:
3311:
3280:
3158:
2740:
1915:
Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States: Social Pattern for the Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States
92:
3728:
1984:
1643:
4030:
3815:
3710:
3423:
3357:
3111:
3101:
3096:
2749:
2520:
2495:
2347:
2110:
2084:
1457:
869:: a wild or rascally animal, especially a mammal (sometimes used endearingly). Derivative of
320:
4023:
2052:
3452:
3345:
3285:
3163:
3136:
3053:
2890:
2885:
2851:
2781:
2525:
2037:
1941:
1698:
151:
2251:. eds. Cynthia Berstein et al. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 1997. 197-210.
8:
4050:
3880:
3872:
3770:
3733:
3619:
3604:
3479:
3469:
3396:
3235:
2377:
2372:
2294:
1081:
758:
738:
675:
Many of these lexical terms are shared with the Midland and Southern dialects generally:
495:
2247:
Bayley, Robert. "Variation in Tejano English: Evidence for Variable Lexical Phonology."
3940:
3907:
3842:
3825:
3680:
3501:
3048:
3038:
2731:
2726:
2608:
2578:
2558:
2505:
2387:
2367:
1615:
Walsh, Harry, and Victor L. Mote. "A Texas Dialect Feature: Origins and Distribution."
1508:
595:
360:
72:
62:
3945:
3930:
3902:
3862:
3654:
3591:
3340:
3116:
3080:
2842:
2785:
2758:
2712:
2530:
2515:
2510:
2480:
1886:
1554:
1504:
1493:
1445:
536:
381:
219:
3636:
2264:
851:. The term shinnery can also mean the area or landscape in which shinnery oaks grow.
239:
4065:
4018:
3970:
3897:
3805:
3795:
3790:
3780:
3626:
3599:
3457:
3377:
3322:
3220:
3202:
3189:
3026:
3021:
2865:
2762:
2735:
2553:
2500:
2485:
2397:
2382:
2352:
2342:
1550:
1124:
1057:
762:
599:
356:
264:
181:
176:
97:
87:
82:
3935:
3837:
3775:
3745:
3553:
3428:
3249:
3225:
3197:
3168:
3141:
3106:
2993:
2875:
2823:
2809:
2789:
2722:
2703:
2653:
2633:
2618:
2598:
2439:
2223:
1562:
1535:
1451:
568:
499:
288:
49:
821:: superlative adjective, equivalent to "absolutely" or "very much". E.g., "He's
811:
refers to a small grove of trees in open grasslands. It was first introduced by
431:
4010:
3925:
3885:
3785:
3609:
3362:
3267:
3257:
3173:
2975:
2860:
2856:
2832:
2827:
2819:
2814:
2795:
2772:
2716:
2698:
2613:
2490:
2287:
2111:"Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Texan - PBS"
1515:
1441:
1134:
812:
693:
526:
506:: the whole northern half of the state (except Abilene). This makes words like
481:
419:
352:
312:
304:
296:
165:
146:
4102:
4060:
3975:
3631:
3548:
3401:
3352:
3230:
3212:
2837:
2804:
2799:
2708:
2588:
2583:
2573:
2568:
2454:
2362:
2324:
2057:
1523:
1479:
1471:
1437:
Texan English frequently shows up in the media. In the 1950s and 1960s, many
644:
348:
344:
316:
308:
300:
2175:"Rex Tillerson Urged to Run for President During Controversial Houston Talk"
1503:
The Texan accent gained nationwide fame with the presidency of native Texan
4092:
3563:
3411:
3290:
2926:
2870:
2744:
2658:
2628:
2392:
1035:
935:
887:: an adverbial used to designate a faraway place; analogous to "over there"
840:
393:
172:
1496:
sometimes uses Texan English in its products. The TIFORM software for its
2880:
2847:
2673:
2663:
2643:
2623:
2145:"This Week in Texas Energy: Rex Tillerson Sworn in as Secretary of State"
1475:
1467:
1067:
742:
729:
503:
487:
465:
141:
922:
530:
whereas only 11% use monophthongal or intermediate realizations of /aɪ/.
3474:
2966:
2678:
2593:
2548:
2310:
1519:
1463:
1060:. Already in 1833 Hispanics in Texas started to identify themselves as
908:: Sometimes grassy strips between two divided highway lanes are called
848:
697:
613:
merger (most concentrated from the Panhandle down to San Antonio), the
401:
1785:
Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change
696:
all over the world (including Texas). It is a quickly moving autumnal
3031:
405:
377:
373:
206:
194:
3058:
1378:: a refrigerator or freezer (used interchangeably to refer to both)
877:
844:
251:
1080:
read at the second meeting of the Spanish-speaking members of the
721:
is also used in Texas the two latter terms are from out of state.
659:, predominately in Upper and Lower East Texas), and plural verbal
380:
and a central Texas layer settled by speakers of German and other
3995:
3990:
3800:
3146:
3073:
3068:
2777:
2279:
1207:
1144:
1097:
324:
247:
1602:
1600:
3063:
3043:
2754:
2668:
2071:
1558:
1545:
1497:
944:
881:: a second-person plural pronoun; a shortened form of "you all"
667:
used by both Black and (somewhat less commonly) white Texans.
2314:
2238:
Modern English Association. Ed. Rosemary G. Feal. 4 Sept 2012
1597:
1541:
829:
448:
Essentially all Texas English phonologically falls under the
434:
in metropolitan areas as well as to the Hispanic population.
268:
40:
30:
1817:
1815:
655:(reportedly used by every social class and, as of the 1980s
1833:
Feagin, Crawford. "Vowel Shifting in the Southern States."
843:
or a sand shinnery oak. These trees grow in Texas, western
2269:
1885:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, p. 308,
1705:. Texas State Historical Association. Web. 14 August 2012
785:: a general greeting; a shortened form of "How do you do?"
250:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1812:
1462:
were set in Texas. In those movies, Hollywood stars like
692:
refers to a weather phenomenon that often appears in the
2142:
2191:
the statuesque gentleman with the charming Texas accent
1944:.2012. Texas State Historical Association. 5 Sept 2012.
1215:): a hardened layer of calcium carbonate in the ground.
1867:
Bailey, Guy. "Directions of Change in Texas English.".
1805:
Bailey, Guy. "Directions of Change in Texas English."
1162:
1154:
1142:
1132:
1122:
1112:
1102:
1016:
1008:
988:
968:
960:
942:
920:
910:
902:
4076:
2103:
1004:): spare horse or remount; mainly used in West Texas.
2121:
1783:
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg Charles (2006).
295:Southern U.S. accent features are best reported in
1769:American regional dialects : a word geography
372:Some linguists draw dialect boundaries based upon
761:analogous to "about to" or "going to" in much of
498:, is a linguistic innovation concentrated in the
444:Southern American English § Modern phonology
4100:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1580:
1578:
452:of the United States and often specifically the
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1526:also speaks with a distinctively Texan accent.
1518:started to serve as president. He had moved to
418:Southern-style phonological phenomena like the
2082:
891:
2952:
2295:
2143:Sarah Jasmine Montgomery (February 4, 2017).
2076:
1973:
1575:
1170:
1091:
1085:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1029:
1023:
995:
975:
951:
929:
3310:
1968:How We Talk: American Regional English Today
1658:Wolfram, Walt, and Natalie Schilling-Estes.
1622:
1587:""Drawl or Nothin'." Do you speak American?"
984:): familiar spotted or piebald Western pony.
582:, unlike typical Southerners, as open front
2001:
1999:
1997:
1931:on the third person plural in folk speech.)
1362:) a soft cheese cooked and poured into jars
1335:
1056:denoted the residents of the Mexican state
839:: a well-known term in western Texas for a
16:Variety of American English spoken in Texas
3986:Comparison of American and British English
2959:
2945:
2430:National Register of Historic Places Sites
2302:
2288:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1771:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
1675:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1962.
1490:was often characterized by Texan English.
1829:
1827:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1514:The Texan dialect gained fame again when
1180:
701:the blue black cold. Others suggest that
3679:
2050:
1994:
1920:
1907:
1779:
1777:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1678:
1660:American English: Dialects and Variation
1652:
635:Southern American English § Grammar
609:are recorded in some Texas English: the
2226:Modern English Association. 4 Sept 2012
2206:Modern English Association. 4 Sept 2012
2032:
2030:
2028:
1947:
1934:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1584:
412:
244:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4101:
2241:
1880:
1824:
1790:
1691:
1022:is derived from the Spanish adjective
2940:
2283:
2172:
2161:he stated in his notable Texas accent
1835:English in the Southern United States
1774:
1708:
1665:
1662:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2008.
1168:(Anglicized form of the Spanish word
4056:Non-native pronunciations of English
2229:
2209:
2025:
1849:
1609:
539:of the two historical vowels sounds
480:→ (the two of which also result in
460:Of the three possible stages of the
357:Texas became an independent republic
2196:
2173:Hodge, Shelby (December 17, 2018).
733:: a long hunting knife (pronounced
657:Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States
574:A few younger speakers realize the
13:
2309:
1883:A handbook of varieties of English
14:
4130:
2435:Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
2258:
1585:Colloff, Pamela (27 March 2019).
1529:
1044:. After the Mexican War the term
590:, which is more in line with the
450:Southeastern super-dialect region
4086:
2920:
1970:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,2000.
1673:The Regional Vocabulary of Texas
2236:"MLA Language Map Data Center."
2217:"MLA Language Map Data Center."
2204:"MLA Language Map Data Center."
2166:
2136:
2065:
2051:Hisbrook, David (August 1984).
2044:
1898:
1874:
1840:
1606:Labov et al., 2006, p. 126-131.
1432:
4006:English-based creole languages
2038:"The Handbook of Texas Online"
1686:Journal of English Linguistics
1271:): an earthenware pot or crock
567:reports a completed merger in
1:
4046:List of English-based pidgins
2275:Texan Translation (KUT Radio)
2270:Texas English Linguistics Lab
2249:Language Variety in the South
2083:Lener, Jeffrey (1984-04-03).
1787:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
1568:
1507:. A lifelong resident of the
1416:: a paved or blacktopped road
1203:): a gulch, ravine, creek bed
670:
522:, etc. sound like , , , and .
494:in all contexts, even before
4041:Linguistic purism in English
2053:"Texas Primer: The Icehouse"
1540:Due to hundreds of years of
1245:): the main house of a ranch
1163:
1155:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1113:
1103:
1017:
1009:
989:
969:
961:
943:
934:, which refers to a type of
921:
911:
903:
437:
392:Some linguists propose that
7:
3142:London & Thames Estuary
2425:National Historic Landmarks
1869:Journal of American Culture
1846:Labov et al., 2006, p. 129.
1807:Journal of American Culture
892:Statewide Spanish loanwords
665:Our father and mother helps
367:
341:gained independence in 1821
281:older coastal Southern U.S.
10:
4135:
4001:English as a lingua franca
1904:Labov et al., 2006, p. 71.
1821:Labov et al., 2006, p. 61.
1533:
1084:Democratic party the term
632:
628:
441:
334:
327:appear to align more with
285:South Midland U.S. accents
271:, primarily falling under
3981:Broad and general accents
3963:
3916:
3891:regional and occupational
3871:
3858:
3851:
3763:
3724:
3672:
3650:
3590:
3522:
3387:
3376:
3321:
3303:
3276:
3248:
3211:
3188:
3127:
3089:
3012:
3003:
2992:
2983:
2916:
2909:List of counties in Texas
2899:
2687:
2539:
2473:
2333:
2321:
1767:Carver, Craig M. (1987),
1171:
1092:
1090:first appeared in print.
1086:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1030:
1024:
930:
230:
218:
204:
192:
187:
162:
134:
103:Southern American English
46:
36:
26:
21:
1703:Handbook of Texas Online
1336:Central Texas vocabulary
1311:): a small body of water
1225:): brush-covered terrain
1050:which contains the term
2265:William Labov's webpage
2215:Feal, Rosemary G., ed.
2202:Feal, Rosemary G., ed.
1619:, 49.1-2 (1974). 40-53.
1193:): an irrigation ditch.
484:: /æ/ → ) and /ɛ/ → ).
454:Southern dialect region
3159:Received Pronunciation
2131:Do you speak American?
2011:Do You Speak American?
1989:Do you speak American?
1647:Do you speak American?
1553:spoken in Texas. Many
1181:South Texas vocabulary
996:
976:
952:
232:This article contains
93:North American English
3353:Multicultural Toronto
1871:14.2 (1991): 125-134.
1809:14.2 (1991): 125-134.
1534:Further information:
1352:cook cheese, kochcase
1291:): a bonus, lagniappe
1076:reported a letter by
797:: stray or unbranded.
791:: an attractive woman
273:Southern U.S. English
3514:Western Pennsylvania
1078:José Antonio Navarro
857:: a gushing oil well
779:: outfit (clothing)
592:Western U.S. dialect
496:voiceless consonants
476:→ ) and lowering of
462:Southern Vowel Shift
413:Urban–rural contrast
331:than Southern ones.
329:Midland U.S. accents
277:inland Southern U.S.
152:Early Modern English
4114:Dialects of English
4051:Mid-Atlantic accent
3642:Trinidad and Tobago
2460:Tourist attractions
1991:Web. 14 August 2012
1913:Pederson, Lee, ed.
1066:. In 1855 when the
928:: The Spanish word
717:. Whereas the term
267:dialects spoken in
4119:Languages of Texas
3574:Pennsylvania Dutch
2564:Blackland Prairies
2222:2006-06-19 at the
2181:. Urban Publishers
2179:PaperCity Magazine
2128:"Drawl or Nothin’"
2007:"Drawl or Nothin'"
1671:Atwood, E. Bagby.
1509:Texas Hill Country
1301:): a rope or lasso
773:leave for school."
607:mergers before /l/
488:Monophthongization
472:in many contexts (
466:monophthongization
384:amidst a dominant
382:European languages
361:Mexican Revolution
4074:
4073:
3959:
3958:
3759:
3758:
3668:
3667:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3507:Pacific Northwest
3368:Standard Canadian
3299:
3298:
3244:
3243:
3184:
3183:
2934:
2933:
2649:Rio Grande Valley
1555:Mexican Americans
1505:Lyndon B. Johnson
1494:Texas Instruments
1400:) a couch or sofa
1105:Hispanic American
956:): rope or lasso.
757:: a future-tense
537:cot-caught merger
482:Southern drawling
430:are expanding to
396:, geographic and
258:
257:
240:rendering support
236:phonetic symbols.
4126:
4109:American English
4091:
4090:
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3971:English language
3856:
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3677:
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3660:Falkland Islands
3559:General American
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2085:"TI Talks Texan"
2080:
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1966:Metcalf, Allan.
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1697:Walters, Keith.
1695:
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1644:"Texas English."
1641:
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1410:) cottage cheese
1384:: a storage room
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763:American English
617:merger, and the
589:
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547:, in words like
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265:American English
263:is the array of
226:
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182:American Braille
177:English alphabet
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98:American English
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18:
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3569:New York Latino
3544:American Indian
3524:
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3281:Channel Islands
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2790:Greater Houston
2741:College Station
2690:
2683:
2654:Southeast Texas
2619:Northeast Texas
2604:Golden Triangle
2599:Edwards Plateau
2535:
2469:
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2224:Wayback Machine
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2151:. Austin, Texas
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2016:
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1985:"Texas English"
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1617:American Speech
1614:
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1563:Chicano English
1551:English dialect
1538:
1536:Chicano English
1532:
1435:
1406:: (from German
1360:smearing cheese
1354:: (from German
1348:) a setting hen
1344:: (from German
1338:
1183:
894:
694:temperate zones
673:
645:multiple modals
637:
631:
575:
500:Texas Panhandle
446:
440:
415:
398:social mobility
370:
337:
289:Mexican Spanish
238:Without proper
224:
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50:Language family
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4011:Englishisation
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3117:Stoke-on-Trent
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2750:Corpus Christi
2747:
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2717:Greater Austin
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1942:"Blue Norther"
1940:Barkley, Roy.
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1530:Tejano English
1528:
1516:George W. Bush
1442:western movies
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1417:
1414:tarviated road
1411:
1401:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1372:: a burlap bag
1363:
1358:= (literally)
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1327:(from Spanish
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1317:(from Spanish
1312:
1307:(from Spanish
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1164:horse wrangler
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1115:Latin American
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442:Main article:
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386:Anglo-American
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321:Corpus Christi
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242:, you may see
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188:Language codes
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2891:Wichita Falls
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2852:New Braunfels
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2782:The Woodlands
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2639:Permian Basin
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2607:
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2597:
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2592:
2590:
2589:Cross Timbers
2587:
2585:
2584:Concho Valley
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Central Texas
2572:
2570:
2569:Brazos Valley
2567:
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2199:
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2169:
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2150:
2149:Texas Monthly
2146:
2139:
2133:. 6 Sept 2012
2132:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2058:Texas Monthly
2054:
2047:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2012:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1979:
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1892:3-11-017532-0
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1649:. 6 Sept 2012
1648:
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1524:Rex Tillerson
1521:
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1510:
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1499:
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1491:
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1487:
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1480:Patricia Neal
1477:
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1472:Dennis Hopper
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1136:
1129:
1126:
1119:
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1109:
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1099:
1094:
1088:
1087:Méjico-Tejano
1083:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1047:coahuiltejano
1042:
1037:
1032:
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1021:
1013:
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986:
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973:
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918:
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900:
899:
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886:
885:(over) yonder
883:
880:
879:
875:
872:
868:
865:
863:: stock pond.
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
846:
842:
838:
835:
832:
831:
827:
825:out of luck."
824:
820:
817:
814:
810:
806:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
740:
737:). Named for
736:
732:
731:
727:
724:
720:
719:blue whistler
716:
715:blue blizzard
712:
708:
707:blue whistler
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
677:
676:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:should oughta
650:
646:
642:
636:
623:
620:
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604:
601:
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593:
587:
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558:
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538:
534:
528:
524:
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489:
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467:
463:
459:
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403:
399:
395:
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383:
379:
375:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:Mexican Texas
342:
339:After Mexico
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:and somewhat
314:
310:
307:and variably
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:Texan English
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
235:
229:
223:
221:
217:
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211:
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208:
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199:
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174:
171:
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153:
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148:
145:
144:
143:
139:
133:
109:
108:Texan English
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
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78:Anglo–Frisian
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
69:
68:West Germanic
66:
65:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:Indo-European
55:
51:
45:
42:
39:
35:
32:
29:
25:
22:Texan English
20:
3816:South Africa
3811:Sierra Leone
3564:Miami Latino
3489:
3453:Philadelphia
3441:Inland North
3346:Newfoundland
3164:West Country
2978:by continent
2918:
2906:
2886:Wagner Creek
2689:Metropolitan
2659:South Plains
2629:Osage Plains
2609:Hill Country
2579:Coastal Bend
2521:Homelessness
2496:Demographics
2348:Architecture
2323:
2248:
2243:
2231:
2211:
2198:
2190:
2185:February 18,
2183:. Retrieved
2178:
2168:
2160:
2153:. Retrieved
2148:
2138:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2091:. p. 49
2088:
2078:
2067:
2056:
2046:
2015:. Retrieved
2010:
1988:
1967:
1936:
1928:
1922:
1914:
1909:
1900:
1882:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1842:
1834:
1806:
1784:
1768:
1702:
1693:
1685:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1616:
1611:
1590:
1539:
1513:
1502:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1436:
1433:In the media
1428:: a woodshed
1425:
1422:: a toolshed
1419:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1382:plunder room
1381:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:clook, cluck
1341:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1172:caballerango
1169:
1161:
1153:
1141:
1131:
1121:
1111:
1101:
1082:Bexar County
1015:
1007:
1001:
987:
981:
967:
959:
941:
919:
909:
901:
895:
884:
876:
870:
866:
860:
854:
841:shinnery oak
836:
828:
822:
818:
808:
804:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
766:
754:
748:
734:
728:
723:Blue norther
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
703:blue norther
702:
690:blue norther
689:
686:blue norther
685:
679:
674:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
640:
638:
618:
614:
610:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
519:
515:
511:
507:
447:
427:
423:
416:
394:urbanization
391:
374:phonological
371:
338:
260:
259:
231:
225:en-u-sd-ustx
212:
205:
107:
3941:Philippines
3734:New Zealand
3620:Bay Islands
3600:The Bahamas
3523:Social and
3480:New Orleans
3397:New England
3291:Isle of Man
3236:Port Talbot
3137:East Anglia
3054:Northumbria
2848:San Antonio
2732:Brownsville
2727:Port Arthur
2674:Trans-Pecos
2664:South Texas
2644:Piney Woods
2624:North Texas
2526:LGBT rights
2155:February 9,
2115:www.pbs.org
2089:PC Magazine
2017:3 September
2013:. PBS. 2005
1688:23: 95-112.
1561:English, a
1476:Paul Newman
1468:Rock Hudson
1408:Schmierkäse
1388:roping rope
1331:): a cowboy
1073:El Bejareño
1068:San Antonio
1014:: The noun
1002:to exchange
803:: The term
801:motte (mot)
730:bowie knife
711:blue darter
688:: The term
649:might could
525:A study of
504:North Texas
432:non-natives
353:north Texas
303:, somewhat
246:instead of
142:Old English
136:Early forms
4103:Categories
3881:Bangladesh
3873:South Asia
3826:Cape Flats
3776:The Gambia
3701:Aboriginal
3537:vernacular
3502:California
3475:High Tider
3470:Appalachia
3331:Aboriginal
3263:South-West
3107:Birmingham
3064:Sunderland
3049:Manchester
3039:Lancashire
2843:San Angelo
2786:Sugar Land
2759:Fort Worth
2713:Round Rock
2679:West Texas
2594:East Texas
2559:Boca Chica
2549:Ark‑La‑Tex
2408:Newspapers
2403:Mass media
2398:Literature
2378:Healthcare
2373:Government
2095:24 October
1699:"Dialects"
1569:References
1544:and later
1520:West Texas
1464:James Dean
1426:wood house
1420:tool house
1390:: a lariat
1370:gunny sack
1366:grass sack
1261:): a plain
1070:newspaper
936:hot pepper
855:spindletop
849:New Mexico
759:modal verb
698:cold front
671:Vocabulary
596:California
402:mass media
400:, and the
293:innovative
73:Ingvaeonic
3946:Singapore
3908:Sri Lanka
3863:Hong Kong
3689:variation
3681:Australia
3592:Caribbean
3458:Baltimore
3341:Lunenburg
3286:Gibraltar
3203:Highlands
3081:Yorkshire
3044:Liverpool
2866:Texarkana
2763:Arlington
2736:Harlingen
2634:Panhandle
2506:Education
2388:Languages
2368:Geography
2328:(capital)
1459:The Alamo
1439:Hollywood
1404:smearcase
1321:): a bull
1223:chaparral
1219:chaparral
912:esplanade
904:esplanade
833:: a skunk
771:fixin' to
755:fixin' to
743:Jim Bowie
682:: vulture
641:fixin' to
619:full–fool
615:fell–fail
611:fill–feel
438:Phonology
428:fixin' to
406:high tech
378:loanwords
207:Glottolog
195:ISO 639-3
37:Ethnicity
4066:Standard
4036:Learning
4024:Nerrière
4015:Globish
3931:Malaysia
3903:Pakistan
3843:Zimbabwe
3771:Cameroon
3605:Barbados
3336:Atlantic
3304:Americas
3221:Abercraf
3190:Scotland
3169:Cornwall
3090:Midlands
3074:Teesside
3069:Tyneside
3059:Pitmatic
3022:Cheshire
2968:Dialects
2901:Counties
2876:Victoria
2824:Edinburg
2810:Longview
2723:Beaumont
2704:Amarillo
2554:Big Bend
2531:Politics
2516:Gun laws
2511:Gambling
2481:Abortion
2220:Archived
1396:: (from
1356:Kochkäse
1249:icehouse
1243:hacienda
1239:hacienda
1235:): beans
1229:frijoles
1156:wrangler
953:la reata
931:jalapeño
923:jalapeño
845:Oklahoma
837:shinnery
830:pole cat
795:maverick
569:Amarillo
368:Research
355:. After
252:Help:IPA
63:Germanic
3996:Engrish
3991:E-Prime
3964:Related
3951:Vietnam
3936:Myanmar
3806:Nigeria
3801:Namibia
3791:Liberia
3673:Oceania
3655:Bermuda
3627:Jamaica
3554:Chicano
3392:Midland
3378:United
3314:America
3250:Ireland
3226:Cardiff
3198:Glasgow
3147:Cockney
3027:Cumbria
3005:England
2996:Britain
2972:accents
2861:Denison
2857:Sherman
2833:Midland
2828:Mission
2820:McAllen
2815:Lubbock
2796:Killeen
2778:Houston
2773:El Paso
2699:Abilene
2541:Regions
2501:Economy
2486:Culture
2474:Society
2445:Symbols
2383:History
2363:Cuisine
2353:Climate
2343:Outline
1591:pbs.org
1546:Mexican
1542:Spanish
1329:vaquero
1325:vaquero
1213:caliche
1208:caliche
1191:acequia
1187:acequia
1145:Chicano
1135:Mexican
1098:Chicano
1063:tejanos
1041:tejanos
997:remudar
982:painted
867:varmint
751:: calf.
680:buzzard
629:Grammar
621:merger.
349:central
335:History
325:El Paso
313:Abilene
305:Houston
297:Lubbock
248:Unicode
88:English
4079:Portal
4019:Gogate
3926:Brunei
3838:Uganda
3821:accent
3796:Malawi
3764:Africa
3739:accent
3694:accent
3637:Samaná
3610:Bequia
3429:accent
3402:Boston
3380:States
3363:Quebec
3323:Canada
3312:North
3268:Ulster
3258:Dublin
3174:Dorset
3032:Barrow
2994:Great
2985:Europe
2838:Odessa
2805:Laredo
2800:Temple
2755:Dallas
2709:Austin
2669:Texoma
2450:Texans
2440:Sports
2335:Topics
2325:Austin
2072:Pelado
1889:
1559:Tejano
1498:TI-990
1486:Dallas
1478:, and
1456:, and
1398:settle
1394:settee
1376:icebox
1346:Glucke
1309:resaca
1305:resaca
1279:pelado
1275:pelado
1233:frijol
1201:arroyo
1197:arroyo
1140:, and
1093:Tejano
1053:tejano
1031:tejana
1025:tejano
1018:Tejano
1010:Tejano
990:remuda
945:lariat
871:vermin
789:looker
777:geddup
735:boo-ee
663:as in
605:Three
600:Canada
578:vowel
549:caught
323:, and
317:Austin
309:Dallas
301:Odessa
283:, and
83:Anglic
41:Texans
27:Region
4093:Texas
4061:Plain
3976:Basic
3898:Nepal
3886:India
3786:Kenya
3781:Ghana
3746:Palau
3706:South
3549:Cajun
3490:Texas
3485:Older
3465:South
3436:North
3412:Maine
3231:Gower
3213:Wales
3129:South
3014:North
2907:See:
2871:Tyler
2745:Bryan
2691:areas
2491:Crime
2413:Radio
2315:Texas
2311:State
1447:Giant
1444:like
1299:reata
1295:reata
1289:pilón
1285:pilon
1259:llano
1255:llano
1036:music
977:pinto
970:paint
962:pinto
878:y'all
823:plumb
819:plumb
813:Irish
805:motte
783:howdy
769:"I'm
767:E.g.,
749:dogie
741:hero
739:Alamo
647:like
588:]
584:[
561:stock
557:stalk
424:y'all
269:Texas
173:Latin
31:Texas
3852:Asia
3729:Fiji
3716:West
3632:Saba
3497:West
3417:West
3407:East
2970:and
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2455:Time
2187:2024
2157:2024
2097:2013
2019:2010
1887:ISBN
1319:toro
1315:toro
1269:olla
1265:olla
861:tank
713:and
651:and
598:and
576:TRAP
565:ANAE
559:and
551:and
543:and
535:The
520:type
516:life
512:rice
508:mite
502:and
492:/aɪ/
478:/eɪ/
474:/aɪ/
470:/aɪ/
426:and
351:and
220:IETF
213:None
2974:of
2767:DFW
2393:Law
2313:of
1453:Hud
1368:or
1160:or
1028:or
966:or
809:mot
807:or
580:/æ/
555:or
553:cot
545:/ɒ/
541:/ɔ/
490:of
468:of
234:IPA
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1975:^
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1120:,
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