Muslim Brotherhood

5130:(CIA) intelligence report from January 2017 warned that designation of the Brotherhood as a terrorist organization "may fuel extremism" and harm relations with U.S. allies. The report noted that the Brotherhood had "rejected violence as a matter of official policy and opposed al-Qa'ida and ISIS" and that while "a minority of MB members have engaged in violence, most often in response to harsh regime repression, perceived foreign occupation, or civil conflicts", designation of the organization as a terrorist group would prompt concern from U.S. allies in the Middle East "that such a step could destabilize their internal politics, feed extremist narratives, and anger Muslims worldwide." The CIA analysis stated: "MB groups enjoy widespread support across the Near East-North Africa region and many Arabs and Muslims worldwide would view an MB designation as an affront to their core religious and societal values. Moreover, a US designation would probably weaken MB leaders' arguments against violence and provide ISIS and al-Qa'ida additional grist for propaganda to win followers and support, particularly for attacks against US interests." 4282:. The Muslim Brotherhood's goal, as stated by its founder al-Banna was to drive out British colonial and other Western influences, reclaim Islam's manifest destiny—an empire, stretching from Spain to Indonesia. The Brotherhood preaches that Islam will bring social justice, the eradication of poverty, corruption and sinful behavior, and political freedom (to the extent allowed by the laws of Islam). Blended with methods of modern social sciences, some key thinkers of Brotherhood have also contemplated the Islamic perspective on bureaucratic effectiveness, mapping out solutions to problems of formalism and irresponsiveness to public concerns in public administration, which pertains to the pro-democratic tenets of Muslim Brotherhood. Such variations of thoughts have also purportedly negated the realities of contemporary Muslim countries as their authors have proclaimed. 951:) established in late 1937. Its goal was to fight the British until their expulsion from Egypt, British collaborators as well as Zionists. It also protected the Brotherhood against the police and infiltrated the Communist movement. The "Secret Apparatus" was led by a committee of five, with each of them commanding one tightly knit cell. Only the most committed members, mostly young students or men with salaried jobs, were invited to join. New members of the "Secret Apparatus" were taught to obey, were given weapons, underwent heavy physical training and were taught the concepts of Jihad and underground operations. The result was a zealous elite force. Its first operation was allegedly towards the end of World War II, when members of the group threw a bomb at a British club. Militarized youth sections were also raised, namely the junior 1238: 1917:

which was part of its doctrine. However, internal pressures from younger members of the Brotherhood who called for more militant actions as well as his failing health, Abu Qura resigned as the leader of the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood. On 26 December 1953, Muhammad 'Abd al-Rahman Khalifa, was elected by the movement's administrative committee as the new leader of the Transjordanian Brotherhood and he retained this position until 1994. Khalifa was different from his predecessor and older members of the organization because he was not educated in Cairo, he was educated in Syria and Palestine. He established close ties with Palestinian Islamists during his educational life which led him to be jailed for several months in Jordan for criticizing Arab armies in the war.

970:"Nazism came to power in Germany, Fascism in Italy and both Hitler and Mussolini began to force their people to conform to what they thought; unity, order, development, and power. Certainly, this system led the two countries to stability and a vital international role. This cultivated much hope, reawakened aspiration, and united the whole country under one leader. Then what happened? It became apparent that these seemingly powerful systems were a real disaster. The inspiration and aspirations of the people were shattered and the system of democracy did not lead to the empowerment of the people but to the establishment of chosen tyrants. Eventually after a deadly war in which innumerable men, women, and children died, these regimes collapsed." 1173:, to ban the publication of three novels on the ground they promoted blasphemy and unacceptable sexual practices. In October 2007, the Muslim Brotherhood issued a detailed political platform. Among other things, it called for a board of Muslim clerics to oversee the government, and limiting the office of the presidency to Muslim men. In the "Issues and Problems" chapter of the platform, it declared that a woman was not suited to be president because the office's religious and military duties "conflict with her nature, social and other humanitarian roles". While proclaiming "equality between men and women in terms of their human dignity", the document warned against "burdening women with duties against their nature or role in the family". 1336: 5083:, Nathan Brown and Michele Dunne argued that "designating the Muslim Brotherhood a foreign terrorist organization may actually backfire," writing: "The sweeping measure to declare the Brotherhood a foreign terrorist organization now being contemplated not only does not accord with the facts, but is also more likely to undermine than achieve its ostensible purpose and could result in collateral damage affecting other U.S. policy goals. The greatest damage might be in the realm of public diplomacy, as using a broad brush to paint all Muslim Brotherhood organizations as terrorists would be understood by many Muslims around the world as a declaration of war against non-violent political Islamists—and indeed against Islam itself." 1414:

government's state media portrayed the Brotherhood as secretive and illegal, and numerous TV channels such as OnTV spent much of their air time vilifying the organization. But the Brotherhood took a number of controversial steps and also acquiesced to or supported crackdowns by the military during Morsi's presidency. Before the revolution, the Muslim Brotherhood's supporters appeared at a protest at Al-Azhar University wearing military-style fatigues, after which the Mubarak government accused the organization of starting an underground militia. When it came to power, the Muslim Brotherhood indeed tried to establish armed groups of supporters and it sought official permission for its members to be armed.

4783:, for their alleged involvement in the assassination attempt made against him (an assassination attempt that many believe was staged by Nasser himself). They revealed that the Muslim Brotherhood was merely a "guild" that fulfilled the goals of western interests: "Nor was that all. Sound beatings of the Moslem Brotherhood organizers who had been arrested revealed that the organization had been thoroughly penetrated, at the top, by the British, American, French and Soviet intelligence services, any one of which could either make active use of it or blow it up, whichever best suited its purposes. Important lesson: fanaticism is no insurance against corruption; indeed, the two are highly compatible". 4382:, in the same ecclesiastical meaning given to it in Europe in the Middle Ages, when the church had hegemony over a State's authorities, we wish to say that the issue here is completely different. The Muslim Brotherhood has gone through the latest legislative elections on the basis of a clear-cut program under the slogan "Islam is the Solution", given the fact that Islam, as Imam el-Banna said, is a comprehensive program that encompasses all aspects of life: it is a state and a country, a government and people, ethics and power, mercy and justice, culture and law, science and justice, resources and wealth, defense and advocacy, an army and an idea, a true belief and correct acts of worship. 4350:

reform includes the termination of the state of emergency, restoring public freedoms, including the right to establish political parties, whatever their tendencies may be, and the freedom of the press, freedom of criticism and thought, freedom of peaceful demonstrations, freedom of assembly, etc. It also includes the dismantling of all exceptional courts and the annulment of all exceptional laws, establishing the independence of the judiciary, enabling the judiciary to fully and truly supervise general elections so as to ensure that they authentically express people's will, removing all obstacles that restrict the functioning of civil society organizations, etc.

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with slight socioeconomic and political differences although the majority of the members were of the upper middle class. The radicalization of the Brotherhood began to take place after the peace process between Egypt and Israel, the Islamic Revolution of Iran, as well as their open criticism towards the Jordan-US relationship in the 1970s. Support for the Syrian branch of the Brotherhood also aided the radicalization of the group through open support and training for the rebel forces in Syria. The ideology began to transform into a more militant one which without it would not have the support of the Islamic radicals.

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skills who also were devout Muslims. A hallmark of King Faisal's reign was an effort to create an Islamic alliance in the Middle East to counter the Arab nationalism of Egypt's president, Gamel Abdel Nasser. When Nasser, a nationalist strongman and sworn enemy of Saudi Arabia, turned on his country's conservative Muslim Brotherhood, King Faisal welcomed those religious conservatives into Saudi Arabia as scholars and teachers, reinforcing the fundamentalist hold on the young Ministry of Education, founded in 1954 under his predecessor and half-brother, King Saud.

2039:, the Kuwait MB (along with other MB in the Gulf States) supported the American-Saudi coalition forces against Iraq and "quit the brotherhood's international agency in protest" over its pro-Saddam stand. However following the Arab Spring and the crackdown on the Egyptian Brotherhood, the Saudi government has put "pressure on other states that have Muslim Brotherhood adherents, asking them to decree that the group is a terrorist organization", and the local Kuwaiti and other Gulf state Brotherhoods have not been spared pressure from their local governments. 2074:

organization had no "formal organizational presence" in the Kingdom, (no political groups or parties are allowed to operate openly) MB members became "entrenched both in Saudi society and in the Saudi state, taking a leading role in key governmental ministries". In particular, many established themselves in Saudi educational system. One expert on Saudi affairs (Stephane Lacroix) has stated: "The education system is so controlled by the Muslim Brotherhood, it will take 20 years to change—if at all. Islamists see education as their base" in Saudi Arabia.

410: 1304:' report; this led to the deaths of over 600 people and injury of some 4,000, with the incident resulting in the most casualties in Egypt's modern history. In retaliation, Brotherhood supporters looted and burned police stations and dozens of churches in response to the violence, though a Muslim Brotherhood spokesperson condemned the attacks on Christians and instead blamed military leaders for plotting the attacks. The crackdown that followed has been called the worst for the Brotherhood's organization "in eight decades". By 19 August, 14547:

later declared the Hasafi Benevolent Society to be the nucleus or forerunner of the Society of the Muslim Brothers... al-Banna was aware of Rida's hostility to "popular" Sufism, which, for him, included the Shadhiliyya order in general and the "grave-worshippers" (alquburiyyun) in particular, of whom al-Banna was one... Under the impact of reform Islam, and Rashid Rida more particularly, many aspects of Sufism had come under attack. Hasan al-Banna made no secret of his attachment to Sufism and certain practices, such as visiting graves.

304: 451: 4884:, the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood even in Egypt has been overstated by Western commentators. He estimates that it can count on only 100,000 militants (out of some 600,000 dues paying members) in a population of more than 80 million, and that such support as it does have among Egyptians—an often cited figure is 20 percent to 30 percent—is less a matter of true attachment than an accident of circumstance: secular opposition groups that might have countered it were suppressed for many decades, but in driving the 49: 2669: 1067:

alleged assassination attempts by the Brotherhood, the Egyptian government arrested 32 leaders of the Brotherhood's "Secret Apparatus" and banned the Brotherhood. It was accused of preparing the overthrow of the government, linked to a jeep loaded with weapons. The headquarters were closed and its funds confiscated, while 4,000 Brothers were detained and al-Banna was placed under temporary house arrest. The reaction to the dissolution was the assassination of prime minister

1669: 893: 384: 4463:". The methodology of the Brotherhood was characterised by the scholarly orthodoxy and conservatism of Muhammad Rashid Rida. Like Rida, Banna too advocated a conservative revival to values of early Muslim generations and viewed Islam to be a comprehensive faith, outlining it as: "a faith and a ritual, a nation (watan) and a nationality, a religion and a state, spirit and deed, holy text and sword". The Muslim Brotherhood movement sought the re-establishment of a 5230: 3996: 18301: 7550:

reawakened aspiration and united the whole country under one leader. Then what happened? It became apparent that these seemingly powerful systems were a real disaster. The inspiration and aspirations of the people were shattered and the system of democracy did not lead to the empowerment of the people but to the establishment of chosen tyrants. Eventually after a deadly war in which innumerable men women and children died, these regimes collapsed

2596:"Islamic Co-Existence Alliance"). This is in contrast to the views propagated by many speakers at MB events where the Western countries are condemned as being corrupt, unjust and immoral along with a narrative where Muslims are portrayed as better, but beleaguered. On certain issues such as religious freedom, women's rights and homosexuality Brotherhood spokespersons espouse ideas contrary to mainstream European values and basic human rights. 292: 345: 1428: 258: 2540:(NIF). The Muslim Brotherhood/NIF's main objective in Sudan was to Islamize the society "from above" and to institutionalize the Islamic law throughout the country where they succeeded. To that end the party infiltrated the top echelons of the government where the education of party cadre, frequently acquired in the West, made them "indispensable". This approach was described by Turabi himself as the "jurisprudence of necessity". 5244: 316: 397: 358: 245: 1492: 430: 231: 371: 5216: 3985: 1288:

trying to destabilize the country to derail the elected leadership". Adding to the unrest were severe fuel shortages and electricity outages, which raised suspicions among some Egyptians that the end of gas and electricity shortages since the ouster of President Mohamed Morsi was evidence of a conspiracy to undermine him, although other Egyptians say it was evidence of Morsi's mismanagement of the economy.

4473:(consultation). This vision was based upon the Islamic state doctrines of Muhammad Rashid Rida. However, Al-Banna prioritised the immediate form of governance that the Brotherhood had to establish and did not advocate the radical overthrow of these structures, instead preferring gradualism. He favored a constitutional government with a representative parliamentary system that implemented Islamic law ( 1959:

members, to establish another Islamic group, with an allegedly moderate stance. The defectors said that they didn't like how things were run in the group and due to the group's relations with Hamas, Qatar and Turkey, which put suspicion on the group questioning if they are under the influence and working for the benefit of these states and organizations on the expense of the Jordanian state.

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experts. Jordanian authorities state that the reason of closure is because that the Brotherhood is unlicensed and is using the name of the defectors' licensed group. This comes after the Jordanian senate passed a new legislation for the regulation of political parties in 2014, the Muslim Brotherhood did not adhere by the regulations of the new law and so they did not renew their membership.

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by the Guidance Office. Its resolutions are binding to the Group and only the General Organizational Conference can modify or annul them and the Shura Office has also the right to modify or annul resolutions of the Executive Office. It follows the implementation of the Group's policies and programs. It directs the Executive Office and it forms dedicated branch committees to assist in that.

1784:, eventually appointed by the British as Grand Mufti of Jerusalem in hopes of accommodating him, was the leader of the group in Palestine. Another important leader associated with the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine was 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam, an inspiration to Islamists because he had been the first to lead an armed resistance in the name of Palestine against the British in 1935. 1088: 1002: 1156:, the Brotherhood became "in effect, the first opposition party of Egypt's modern era". Despite electoral irregularities, including the arrest of hundreds of Brotherhood members, and having to run its candidates as independents (the organization being technically illegal), the Brotherhood won 88 seats (20% of the total) compared to 14 seats for the legal opposition. 16078: 6009:[Resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of February 12, 2003 N 3624-III of the State Duma "On the Statement of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation "On the suppression of the activities of terrorist organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation"] (in Russian). Archived from 4888:, a more youthful constellation of secular movements has emerged to threaten the Muslim Brotherhood's dominance of the political opposition. This has not yet been the case, however, as evidenced by the Brotherhood's strong showing in national elections. Polls also indicate that a majority of Egyptians and other Arab nations endorse laws based on "Sharia". 928: 1261:—the last prime minister under Mubarak's rule—with 51.73% of the vote. Although during his campaign Morsi himself promised to stand for peaceful relations with Israel, some high level supporters and former Brotherhood officials (from the organization's 15-member Guidance Council) reiterated hostility towards Zionism. For example, Egyptian cleric 2435:

Brotherhood of "joining forces with United States designated terrorist organizations, particularly Ansar al-Sharia" who the United States blames for the attack on its compound in Benghazi. There have been similar reports that those tasked with guarding the Benghazi consulate on the night of the assault were connected to the Muslim Brotherhood.

2908:, U.S. Muslim Brotherhood supporters "make up the U.S. Islamic community's most organized force" by running hundreds of mosques and business ventures, promoting civic activities, and setting up American Islamic organizations to defend and promote Islam. In 1963, the U.S. chapter of Muslim Brotherhood was started by activists involved with the 5183:"housed them in a five-star Doha hotel and granted them regular airtime for promoting their cause"; the station also broadcast protests against the post-Brotherhood authorities in Egypt by the Brotherhood, "and in some cases allegedly paid Muslim Brothers for the footage." Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Bahrain said that Qatar had violated the 4854:: "At various times in its history, the group has used or supported violence and has been repeatedly banned in Egypt for attempting to overthrow Cairo's secular government. Since the 1970s, however, the Egyptian Brotherhood has disavowed violence and sought to participate in Egyptian politics". Jeremy Bowen, the Middle East editor for the 8896:... 3.5 or 33 million Egyptians (the counts vary according to whom you choose to believe) who had taken to the streets on June 30 as part of the Tamarod movement. This protest was a symbolic vote of "no confidence" in President Morsi, urging him to step down, to call early elections, and to hand power to the chief justice in the interim. 3006:

wage violent jihad against its enemies, which includes the United States, and the fact that the Obama administration has listed numerous group members on its terror list. Cruz further stated that the bill would "reject the fantasy that parent institution is a political entity that is somehow separate from these violent activities".

2493:, and as of May 2015, held the office of Prime Minister. It is historically affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood, however, despite this, PJD was never an official branch and the party has reportedly "ostentatiously" praised the King of Morocco, while "loudly insisting that it is in no sense whatsoever a Muslim Brotherhood party". 2544:"widespread, deliberate and systematic atrocities against hundreds of thousands of southern civilians" in the 1990s. The NIF government also employed "widespread arbitrary and extrajudicial arrest, torture, and execution of labor union officials, military officers, journalists, political figures and civil society leaders". 1044:, although some were also active in the West Bank. The volunteers suffered a few hundred casualties dead and wounded and had only a limited impact on the course of the war, although they played a decisive role in several engagements. The war was an Arab failure, resulting in a truce fiercely opposed by the Muslim Brothers. 16070: 1169:

plan for the creation of militia structures, and a return by the group to the era of 'secret cells'". Another report highlighted the Muslim Brotherhood's efforts in Parliament to combat what one member called the "current US-led war against Islamic culture and identity," forcing the Minister of Culture at the time,

15948: 1405:, a Turkey-based free-to-air satellite television channel run by exiled Brotherhood supporters, mourned his death and claimed it was "martyrdom". Mekameleen supports the Brotherhood. Condolences were sent upon Omar Abdel Rahman's death by the website of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party in Egypt. 2836:, the oldest and largest mainstream Islamist party in Malaysia, has close personal and ideological ties with the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. Founded in 1951, PAS's founders were exposed to the ideas and teachings while they were studying in Cairo during the 1940s. PAS was the main rival to the Malay nationalist 2575:. Most were foreign students who already had Brotherhood sympathies while others were experienced militants. Together they continued their Islamic activities in the destination countries, where Europe's freedoms allowed them to openly conduct activities which had been banned in the Muslim countries of origin. 6415:

He concluded that the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood did not do enough to demonstrate political moderation or a commitment to democratic values, had failed to convince Egyptians of their competence or good intentions, and had subsequently struggled to draw lessons for what its failure in Egypt meant for

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The Shura Council has the duties of planning, charting general policies and programs that achieve the goal of the Group. It is composed of roughly 100 Muslim Brothers. Important decisions, such as whether to participate in elections, are debated and voted on within the Shura Council and then executed

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administration, the U.S. government investigated the Brotherhood and associated Islamist groups, but "after years of investigations, ... the U.S. and other governments, including Switzerland's, closed investigations of the Brotherhood leaders and financial group for lack of evidence, and removed most

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Muslim Brotherhood organisations in Europe find themselves in different circumstances compared to their counterparts in the Muslim World, as they in Europe operate in societies which do not have a Muslim majority. The first Brotherhood members active in Europe migrated from the Middle East during the

1935:, the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood "mobilized popular protests on a larger, more regular, and more oppositional basis than ever before". and had uniquely positioned themselves as "the only traditional political actor to have remained prominent during new phase of post-Arab Spring activism" which led 1916:

The newly merged Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan was primarily concerned with providing social services and charitable work as well as with politics and its role in the parliament. It was seen as compatible with the political system and supported democracy without the forced implementation of Sharia law

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By April 2013, Egypt had "become increasingly divided" between President Mohamed Morsi and "Islamist allies" and an opposition of "moderate Muslims, Christians and liberals". Opponents accused "Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood of seeking to monopolize power, while Morsi's allies say the opposition is

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Internally, some leaders in the Brotherhood disagreed on whether to adhere to Egypt's 32-year peace treaty with Israel. A deputy leader declared the Brotherhood would seek dissolution of the treaty, while a Brotherhood spokesman stated the Brotherhood would respect the treaty as long as "Israel shows

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in 28 December by a young "Secret Apparatus" member. al-Banna claimed that the killer acted independently and publicly denounced his faith. After a failed yet lethal bombing in mid-January 1949 which was intended to destroy legal evidence pending against the Brotherhood al-Banna himself was killed in

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Al-Banna seems to have kept a certain distance from Rashid Rida. As a young man, he visited the tombs of shaykhs and was not hostile to some of the Sufi practices of which Rida would have disapproved... Hassan al-Banna was initiated into a branch of the Shadhiliyya, one of the most influential, when

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set forth its opposition in an editorial that claimed that the Muslim Brotherhood is a collection of movements, and argued that the organization as a whole does not merit the terrorist designation: "While the Brotherhood calls for a society governed by Islamic law, it renounced violence decades ago,

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On 29 June 2011, as the Brotherhood's political power became more apparent and solidified following the Egyptian revolution of 2011, the United States announced that it would reopen formal diplomatic channels with the group, with whom it had suspended communication as a result of suspected terrorist

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This bill came after a handful of foreign countries made similar moves in recent years including Egypt, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and others, and after, according to Cruz, recent evidence emerged suggesting that the group supports terrorism. The senator further alleged that the group's stated goal is to

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The process of settlement is a 'Civilization-Jihadist Process' with all the word means. The Ikhwan must understand that their work in America is a kind of grand jihad in eliminating and destroying the Western civilization from within and 'sabotaging' its miserable house by their hands and the hands

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Meeting resistance from non-Islamists, from already established Muslim organisations, and from non-Muslims in the south, the Sudanese NIF government under Turabi and the NIF organized a coup to overthrow a democratically elected government in 1989, organized the Popular Defense Force which committed

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On 13 April 2016, Jordanian police raided and shut the Muslim Brotherhood headquarters in Amman. This comes despite the fact that the Jordanian branch cut ties with the mother Egyptian group in January 2016, a designated terrorist organization, a move that is considered to be exclusively cosmetic by

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against him began. demanding the resignation of Morsi. There were also significant counter-protests in support of Morsi; those were originally intended to celebrate the one-year anniversary of Morsi's inauguration, and started days before the uprising. On 14 August, the interim government declared a

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and al-Husseini's Arab Higher Committee, eventually ending in a Palestinian defeat by May 1948. Of the 10,000 fighters al-Banna had promised in October 1947 some 1.500 were present by March 1948. The fighters came from all three branches and were originally engaged in guerilla activities. The end of

1016:'s involvement in Palestine from April 1947, with the latter eventually voting for its partition into a Jewish and an Arab state in November 1947. Consequently, the society prepared for war, with volunteers entering Palestine as early as October 1947. By 30th November 1947 Palestine descended into a 8035:

One of the leaders, according to Eisenhower's appointment book, was "The Honorable Saeed Ramahdan, Delegate of the Muslim Brothers".* The person in question (in more standard romanization, Said Ramadan), was the son-in-law of the Brotherhood's founder and at the time widely described as the group's

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Similarly, some analysts maintain that whatever the source of modern Jihadi terrorism and the actions and words of some rogue members, the Brotherhood now has little in common with radical Islamists and modern jihadists who often condemn the Brotherhood as too moderate. They also deny the existence

4869:" and "political Islam" which it claims are used by "Western media" to pigeonhole the group, and points to its "15 Principles" for an Egyptian National Charter, including "freedom of personal conviction ... opinion ... forming political parties ... public gatherings ... free and fair elections ..." 4807:

Scholar Carrie Rosefsky Wickham finds official Brotherhood documents ambiguous on the issue of democracy: "This raises the question of whether the Brotherhood is supporting a transition to democracy as an end in itself or as a first step toward the ultimate establishment of a political system based

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in 2007, several documents pertaining to the Brotherhood were unsuccessful in convincing the courts that the Brotherhood was involved in subversive activities. In one, dated 1984 called "Ikhwan in America" (Brotherhood in America), the author alleges that the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood in

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The Libyan Muslim Brotherhood has lost much of its popular support since 2012 as the group was blamed for divisions in the country. Secular Libyan politicians have continued to voice concerns of the Brotherhood's ties to extremist groups. In October 2017, spokesman of the Libyan National Army (LNA)

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belonging to intellectual or religious trends or groups that are extremist or categorized as terrorist at the local, regional or international level, as well supporting them, or showing sympathy for their ideas and methods in whichever way, or expressing support for them through whichever means, or

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In March 1948 the "Secret Apparatus" assassinated a respected judge for issuing a life sentence against a Muslim Brother for attacking British soldiers. In late 1948 the Brotherhood was estimated to have 2,000 branches and 500,000 members or sympathizers. In November, following several bombings and

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even called for a boycott and their expulsion, "for they have corrupted Egypt and its population." In another instance the Jews were referred to as a "societal cancer". The Brotherhood eventually distributed a list of Jewish business owners and called for their boycott, claiming that they supported

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In the 1960s, when Faisal became king, he championed the creation of public schools across the kingdom for boys—and also girls. The largely illiterate nation had few qualified teachers, so the government dispatched emissaries abroad, mostly to Egypt and Jordan, to recruit teachers with substantive

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In Iran, there is a big Islamic organization called "Islah and Dawa Group" that belongs to the Muslim Brotherhood. They are not registered as a political group because political activities are not allowed in Iran. Obviously, the regime in Iran is a sectarian regime and will always try to limit the

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In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. "Properly speaking" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are "in

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Penned in May 1991 by a man named Mohamed Akram Adlouni, the 'Explanatory Memorandum on the General Strategic Goal for the Group in North America' was discovered during an FBI raid of a Virginia home in 2004. The document was admitted as an exhibit to the court during the 2007 Holy Land Foundation

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The Muslim Brotherhood reached Algeria during the later years of the French colonial presence in the country (1830–1962). Sheikh Ahmad Sahnoun led the organization in Algeria between 1953 and 1954 during the French colonialism. Brotherhood members and sympathizers took part in the uprising against

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to not attempt to proselytize or otherwise get involved in religious doctrinal matters within the Kingdom. Nonetheless, the group "methodically ... took control of Saudi Arabia's intellectual life" by publishing books and participating in discussion circles and salons held by princes. Although the

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On 9 November 1945 the Association of the Muslim Brotherhood (Jam'iyat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin) was officially registered and Abu Qura became its first General Supervisor. Abu Qura originally brought the Brotherhood to Jordan from Egypt after extensive study and spread of the teachings of Imam Hasan

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But fears remained about its commitment to democracy, equal rights, and freedom of expression and belief—or lack thereof. In December 2006, a campus demonstration by Brotherhood students in uniforms, demonstrating martial arts drills, betrayed to some such as Jameel Theyabi, "the group's intent to

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in January 1947) as supreme Palestinian party with Amin al-Husseini as Cairo-based chairman. al-Banna designated al-Husseini a local Brotherhood leader to spread the influence of the new Palestinian branch established in October 1945. Another small branch was founded in Jordan at the turn of 1946.

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After the war the Brotherhood lobbied for granting Amin al-Husseini, who had served as a German propaganda mouthpiece between 1941 and 1945, asylum in Egypt. In May 1946 al-Husseini managed to escape from French imprisonment and arrived in Cairo. He received a warm welcome, especially by al-Banna,

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Al-Banna was populist in his message of protecting workers against the tyranny of foreign and monopolist companies. It founded social institutions such as hospitals, pharmacies, schools, etc. Al-Banna held highly conservative views on issues such as women's rights, opposing equal rights for women,

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We believe that the political reform is the true and natural gateway for all other kinds of reform. We have announced our acceptance of democracy that acknowledges political pluralism, the peaceful rotation of power and the fact that the nation is the source of all powers. As we see it, political

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branch of the Muslim Brotherhood in every European country. To increase their potential for gaining influence, the organisations established by the MB are often given names which portray a facade of broad representation (e.g. "Muslim association of European Country") or religious moderation (e.g.

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As of late 2013, the movement in Jordan was described as being in "disarray". The instability and conflict with the monarchy has led the relationship between the two to crumble. In 2015, some 400 members of the Muslim Brotherhood defected from the original group including top leaders and founding

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Khalifa also reorganized the Brotherhood and applied to the government to designate the Brotherhood as "a comprehensive and general Islamic Committee, instead of the previous basis of operation under the "Societies and Clubs Law". This allowed the Brotherhood to spread throughout the country each

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claimed that "leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood, which became the leading political movement in the wake of Egypt's 2011 popular uprising, are languishing in prison, unfairly branded as terrorists. ... Egypt's crushing authoritarianism could well persuade a significant number of its citizens that

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During the Mubarak era, observers both defended and criticized the Brotherhood. It was the largest opposition group in Egypt, calling for "Islamic reform", and a democratic system in Egypt. It had built a vast network of support through Islamic charities working among poor Egyptians. According to

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The Hasafiyya was a local offshoot of the large and variegated Shadhiliyya order... In Ramadan 1341/1923 Hasan al-Banna was initiated into the Hasafiyya Brotherhood by Shaykh Hasanayn's son and successor when the latter visited Damanhur, and benefited greatly from his teachings... Hasan al-Banna

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reported: "Although the Brotherhood's views are not nearly as conservative as the puritanical, authoritarian version of Islamic law enforced in Saudi Arabia, the Saudis and other gulf monarchies fear the group because of its broad organization, its mainstream appeal and its calls for elections".

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On the issue of women and gender the Muslim Brotherhood interprets Islam conservatively. Its founder called for "a campaign against ostentation in dress and loose behavior", "segregation of male and female students", a separate curriculum for girls, and "the prohibition of dancing and other such

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The Muslim Brotherhood in Libya has come under widespread criticism, particularly for their alleged ties with extremist organizations operating in Libya. In fact, the text of the U.S. Congress Muslim Brotherhood Terrorist Designation Act of 2015 directly accuses the militias of the Libyan Muslim

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France in 1954–1962, but the movement was marginalized during the largely secular FLN one-party rule which was installed at independence in 1962. It remained unofficially active, sometimes protesting the government and calling for increased Islamization and Arabization of the country's politics.

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that opponents complained was "an Islamist coup". These issues—and concerns over the prosecutions of journalists, the unleashing of pro-Brotherhood gangs on nonviolent demonstrators, the continuation of military trials, new laws that permitted detention without judicial review for up to 30 days,

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the Brotherhood was religious but pragmatic, "deeply embedded in Egyptian history, more Arab and more Egyptian than fundamentalist". It formed "an old established party which has earned much respect with its steadfastness in the face of recurrent persecution, torture, mass arrests and occasional

864:. Being interested in strengthening a militant anti-British organization, Germany may have funded the Brotherhood as early as 1934. One later British source claimed that in 1936 alone, Germany transferred over £5.000. al-Banna and other members of the Brotherhood voiced admiration for aspects of 4482:

The Muslim Brotherhood's position on political participation varied according to the "domestic situation" of each branch, rather than ideology. For many years its stance was "collaborationist" in Kuwait and Jordan; for "pacific opposition" in Egypt; "armed opposition" in Libya and Syria. It was

2058:

The Brotherhood first had an impact inside Saudi Arabia in 1954 when thousands of Egyptian Brethren sought to escape president Gamal Abdel Nasser's clampdown, while (the largely illiterate) Saudi Arabia was looking for teachers—who were also conservative pious Arab Muslims—for its newly created

10808:

Hamas in Gaza is undergoing an unprecedented crisis. It bizarrely made no effort to convince the new Egyptian government that it was not a hostile force, especially with regard to security in Sinai. It is therefore being treated like one. Egypt has imposed an unparalleled blockade, leaving the

7549:

Nazism came to power in Germany, Fascism in Italy and both Hitler and Mussolini began to force their people to conform to what they thought; unity, order, development and power. Certainly, this system led the two countries to stability and a vital international role. This cultivated much hope,

2327:(FIS), which emerged as the leading Islamist group, winning the 1991 elections and which was banned in 1992 following a military coup d'état, although some Brotherhood sympathizers did. The Brotherhood subsequently also refused to join the violent post-coup uprising by FIS sympathizers and the 2030:

Egyptian Brethren came to Kuwait in the 1950s as refugees from Arab nationalism and integrated into the education ministry and other parts of the state. The Brotherhood's charity arm in Kuwait is called Al Eslah (Social Reform Society) and its political arm is called the Islamic Constitutional

2940:

Establishing an effective and a stable Islamic movement led by the Muslim Brotherhood which adopts Muslims' causes domestically and globally, and which works to expand the observant Muslim base, aims at unifying and directing Muslims' efforts, presents Islam as a civilization alternative, and

1975:

In 1999 the Muslim Brotherhood was disbanded in Qatar. The country's longstanding support for the group has been often explained as determined by a strategic calculus that limited the role played by religion in Qatar. As the director of the Center for International and Regional Studies at the

1821:

The Islamic Revolution in Iran offered inspiration to Palestinians. The Brotherhood was able to increase its efforts in Palestine and avoid being dismantled like militant groups because it did not focus on the occupation. While militant groups were being dismantled, the Brotherhood filled the

923:

Over the course of the war, the Brotherhood displayed pro-Axis sympathies. Worried, the British kept the Brotherhood under firm control by temporarily banning its newsletters, surveiling its meetings and arresting various provincial leaders. al-Banna himself was briefly taken into custody and

1394:

The Arabic-language website of the Muslim Brotherhood commemorated the anniversary of the death of its leader, Hassan al-Banna, and repeated his words calling for the teachings of Islam to spread all over the world and to raise the "flag of Jihad", taking their land, "regaining their glory",

1413:

How much of the blame for the fall from power in Egypt of the Brotherhood and its allied Freedom and Justice Party (FJP) can be placed on the Brotherhood, and how much of it can be placed on its enemies in the Egyptian bureaucracy, media and security establishment is disputed. The Mubarak

940: 1913:, the Brotherhood was exempted and allowed to operate by the Jordanian monarchy. In 1948, Egypt, Syria, and Transjordan offered "volunteers" to help Palestine in its war against Israel. Due to the defeat and weakening of Palestine, the Transjordanian and Palestinian Brotherhood merged. 1390:

Qatar-based Muslim Brotherhood members are suspected to have helped a Muslim Brotherhood agent carry out the bombing, according to the Egyptian government. The Qatar-based supporter was named as Mohab Mostafa El-Sayed Qassem. The terrorist was named as Mahmoud Shafiq Mohamed Mostaf.

2578:

Student groups affiliated to the MB grew into organizations and they often structured their mosques as community centres. Following al-Banna's organizational model they founded women's groups, think tanks and schools. This growth was funded by both public and private donors in the

3047:

to block financial transactions and freeze assets of anyone who has showed material support for the group. Scholars against this classification claim that the group simply promotes Islamism, or the belief that society should be governed according to Islamic values and Sharia law.

2981:

trial, in which that group was charged with laundering money. After the trial, the document became public. But, according to a 2009 opinion by the presiding judge, the memo was not considered 'supporting evidence' for that alleged money laundering scheme, nor any other conspiracy.

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should designate the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization. If passed, the bill would have required the State Department to report to Congress within 60 days whether or not the group fits the criteria, and if it did not, to state which specific criteria it had not met.

1844:

Between 1967 and 1987, the year Hamas was founded, the number of mosques in Gaza tripled from 200 to 600, and the Muslim Brotherhood named the period between 1975 and 1987 a phase of "social institution building." During that time, the Brotherhood established associations, used

2331:(GIA) against the Algerian state and military which followed, and urged a peaceful resolution to the conflict and a return to democracy. It has thus remained a legal political organization and enjoyed parliamentary and government representation. In 1995, Sheikh Nahnah ran for 4833:. ... he top officials, especially in the army, should be Muslims since we are a Muslim country. ... This is necessary because when a Christian country attacks the Muslim country and the army has Christian elements, they can facilitate our defeat by the enemy". According to 15940: 2002:, a government sponsored channel notoriously supportive of the Muslim Brotherhood and Islamism and often designated as a propaganda outlet for the Qatari government. From that platform, he has promoted his Islamist—and often radical views—on life, politics, and culture. 2461:, to escape the drought. This sharp increase in urbanization resulted in new civil associations being formed, and Mauritania's first Islamist organisation, known as Jemaa Islamiyya (Islamic Association) was formed by Mauritanians sympathetic to the Muslim Brotherhood. 10224:

activities of local Sunnis. Islah and Dawa are not happy with the regime's sectarian policies, but I think there is very little they can do if they want to stay away from serious trouble. Because of their Muslim Brotherhood ties, they have good relations with the KIU.

2619:. The organization primarily consisted of foreign students who entered France from Tunisia and Morocco. By 2020, there were 147 mosques and 18 Islamic schools associated with the brotherhood. UOIF has about 50 000 members distributed among 200 member organizations. 4074:. Science and technology should be harnessed through Islamic means to revive the Islamic prowess and Jihad should be waged personally as well as communally to bring forth effective political transformations. The Brotherhood share common creedal beliefs with other 1123:

emerged as a major leader of the Brotherhood and the movement's unofficial "foreign minister". Ramadan built a major center for the Brotherhood centered on a mosque in Munich, which became "a refuge for the beleaguered group during its decades in the wilderness".

2077:

Relations between the Saudi ruling family and the Brotherhood became strained with Saudi opposition to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and the willingness of Saudi government to allow US troops to be based in the Kingdom to fight Iraq. The Brotherhood supported the

1803:

In the 1950s and 1960s, the Brotherhood's goal was "the upbringing of an Islamic generation" through the restructuring of society and religious education, rather than opposition to Israel, and so it lost popularity to insurgent movements and the presence of

8653:

The Islamists' TV channels and press called the completion of the draft constitution an "achievement," "historic," "an occasion," "another step toward achieving the goals of the revolution." The independent and opposition press described it as "an Islamist

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Neo-Sufism assumed the basis of a secondary Athari tendency that we find in the thought of Hasan al-Banna and the Muslim Brotherhood... Neo-Sufism... was a major influence on the thought of Hasan al-Banna and the development of the Muslim Brotherhood..

4828:

poll tax, levied on non-Muslims in exchange for protection from the state, rationalized by the fact that non-Muslims are exempt from military service while it is compulsory for Muslims. He went on to say, "we do not mind having Christian members in the

2626:

philiosophy and works against Muslims adopting liberal lifestyles and becoming assimilated into French society. In the long term, they aim towards entering politics by increasing the number of Muslims until they can form a political party of their own.

2721:

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the MB and its associated organisations changed to a new strategy of political activity in western countries with the purpose to promote the MB overseas but also preserve the autonomy of Muslim communities in the UK.

607:

by the military and placed under house arrest; with a later review finding that the group failed to moderate its views or embrace democratic values during its time in power. The group was then banned in Egypt and declared a terrorist organization. The

2251:

for 94 individuals linked to Al Islah for an attempted coup on the government. Of the 94, 56 suspects received prison sentences ranging between three and ten years. Eight suspects were sentenced in absentia to 15 years in jail and 26 were acquitted.

5187:

rule against interference in the internal affairs of other members, and in March 2014 all three countries withdrew their ambassadors from Qatar. After two months of diplomatic tensions the issue was resolved, with Brotherhood leaders departing from

843:

demanded from Egypt's Jews to either adopt an openly anti-Zionist stance or to face "hostility". It also criticized the prominent role of Jews in Egypt's society and their prominence in journalism, commercial spheres and the entertainment industry.

1983:. Qaradawi is a prominent, yet controversial Sunni preacher and theologian who continues to serve as the spiritual leader of the Muslim Brotherhood. An Egyptian citizen, Qaradawi fled Egypt for Qatar in 1961 after being imprisoned under President 644:), a doctrine that permits "the stigmatisation of other Muslims as infidel or apostate, and of existing states as unIslamic, and the use of extreme violence in the pursuit of the perfect Islamic society"; this doctrine continues to inspire many 19826: 6478:

Hassan al Banna accepted the political utility of violence, and the Brotherhood conducted attacks, including political assassinations and attempted assassinations against Egyptian state targets and both British and Jewish interests during his

1976:

Doha-based branch of Georgetown University, Mehran Kamrava, posited, Qatar presenting itself as the state patron of the Muslim Brotherhood has caused religion in Qatar to not "play any role in articulating or forming oppositional sentiments."

4458:

movement. Afghani was considered as the spiritual father of the movement and as a fiery defender of the faith against both internal corruption and external encroachment. ‘Abduh was viewed as "a well-meaning shaykh who inspired reforms in the

1361:

calls an "independent count"), mostly Brotherhood members or supporters, have allegedly been arrested by police since the 2013 uprising. On 2 February 2015, an Egyptian court sentenced another 183 members of the Muslim Brotherhood to death.

4491:, Switzerland. The treaty instructs Brotherhood members to show "flexibility" when it comes to their activity outside the Islamic world, encouraging them to temporarily adopt Western values without deviating from their "basic principles." 1270:

as its capital, and that "our cry shall be: 'Millions of martyrs march towards Jerusalem.'" Within a short period, serious public opposition developed to President Morsi. In late November 2012, he "temporarily" granted himself the power to

4792:

newspaper that the Muslim Brotherhood is a global, not a local organization, governed by a Shura (Consultative) Council, which rejects cessation of violence in Israel, and supports violence to achieve its political objectives elsewhere

2439:

colonel Ahmed Al Masmary claimed that "branches of the Muslim Brotherhood affiliated to al-Qaeda" had joined forces with ISIS in Libya. In the 2014 parliamentary elections, the Muslim Brotherhood won only 25 of the 200 available seats.

1115:, in a coup, quickly moved against the Brotherhood, blaming them for an attempt on his life. The Brotherhood was again banned and this time thousands of its members were imprisoned, many being tortured and held for years in prisons and 9881: 4581:) Each member of the Guidance Office oversees a different portfolio, such as university recruitment, education, or politics. Guidance Office members are elected by the Shura Council. Divisions of the Guidance/Executive Office include: 8529: 6782:"Resolution of the State Duma, 2 December 2003 N 3624-III GD "on the Application of the State Duma of the Russian Federation" on the suppression of the activities of terrorist organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation" 1647:

Although Iran is a predominately Shi'ite Muslim country and the Muslim Brotherhood has never attempted to create a branch for Shi'ites, Olga Davidson and Mohammad Mahallati claim the Brotherhood has had influence among Shia in Iran.

8790: 1762:(KIU), a small political party holding 10 seats in the Kurdish parliament, was believed to be supportive of the Muslim Brotherhood in the 90's. The group leaders and members have been continuously arrested by Kurdish authorities. 13115: 13040: 2807:

Several parties and organizations in Indonesia are linked or at least inspired by the Muslim Brotherhood, although none have a formal relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood. One of the Muslim Brotherhood-linked parties is the

2586:

By establishing a multitude of organizations devoted to anything from education, financial investments, political lobbying and charity they supported the growing Muslim populations of Europe and sought to shape the direction of

570:

The group spread to other Muslim countries but still has one of its largest organizations in Egypt, despite a succession of government crackdowns from 1948 up until the present. It remained a fringe group in the politics of the

1928:. In 1989 they become the largest group in parliament, with 23 out of 80 seats, and 9 other Islamist allies. A Brother was elected president of the National Assembly and the cabinet formed in January 1991 included several MBs. 1654:, a Sunni Islamist group active in Iran, has been described as an organization "that belongs to the Muslim Brotherhood" or "Iranian Muslim Brotherhood", while it has officially stated that it is not affiliated with the latter. 16053:"الإرهابية"-مصر-والسعودية-وسوريا-وروسيا-و6-دول-بمنظمة/1597700 "خريطة حظر "الإرهابية"..مصر والسعودية وسوريا وروسيا و6 دول بمنظمة "الأمن الجماعى" تصنف "الإخوان" كتنظيم إرهابى.. وبريطانيا وكندا وفرنسا والإمارات والكويت فى الطريق" 4804:(who has had a "rocky" relationship with the US) was "an American agent", and observed that the since-defunct Muslim Brotherhood-controlled Shura Council's support of the slander demonstrated a lack of commitment to democracy. 16662: 4659:, as of 1994 "an international agency" of the Brotherhood "assures the cooperation of the ensemble" of its national organizations. The agency's "composition is not well known, but the Egyptians maintain a dominant position". 2501:

Al-Islah has been described as "a generally nonviolent and modernizing Islamic movement that emphasizes the reformation and revival of Islam to meet the challenges of the modern world", whose "goal is the establishment of an

623:

The group's founder accepted the utility of political violence and members of Brotherhood conducted assassinations and attempted assassinations on Egyptian state figures during his lifetime, including Egyptian Prime Minister

2191:

welcomed the fall of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and remarked that "Arab identity is back on the right track after the fall from power of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, which had used religion for its own political gain".

1795:

crisis encouraged more Palestinian Muslims to join the group. After the war, in the West Bank, the group's activity was mainly social and religious, not political, so it had relatively good relations with Jordan during the

4262:, the Brotherhood has become traditionalist and conservative, "being the only available outlet for those whose religious and cultural sensibilities had been outraged by the impact of Westernization". Al-Banna believed the 11985:

The Syrian Brotherhood was the most influential political force in the opposition after the uprising against the Damascus dictatorship began. But now they seem to have virtually no influence on the conflict or its likely

6007:"Постановление ГД ФС РФ от 12.02.2003 N 3624-III ГД "О Заявлении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации "О пресечении деятельности террористических организаций на территории Российской Федерации"" 8821: 16695: 16460: 2174:, was located in the Syria's capital Damascus, where it was given Syrian government support. This has been cited as an example of the lack of international centralization or even coordination of the Muslim Brotherhood. 11941: 4479:). The aim for Caliphate was more of an utopian ideal than an explicit and practical political goal which was the construction of Islamic national units which would then bond together towards a global Islamic polity. 12975: 1386:

participant Nervana Mahmoud and Hoover Institution and Hudson Institute fellow Samuel Tadros. The Muslim Brotherhood released an English-language commentary on the bombing and said it condemned the terrorist attack.

872:, but opposed others like its racial policies and ethnic nationalism. The outbreak of the war ended the relationship between Germany and the Muslim Brothers. al-Banna denied that he had ever received German funding. 9759: 2988:

U.S. Congress attempts to pass legislation criminalizing the group, put forward by the 114th Congress, were defeated. The Bill, called the Muslim Brotherhood Terrorist Designation Act of 2015, was introduced to the

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at a speaking event in London. In April 2014, PAS leader Abdul Awang spoke out against Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates' decision to designate the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization.

2012:

Before 2013, however, Qatar had made a substantial investment on Morsi's leadership and had devolved about $ 10 million to Egypt since Morsi was elected, allegedly also to "buy political advantage" in the country.

14319: 13757: 6251: 4391:

The Brotherhood's "most frequently used slogan" (according to the BBC) is "Islam is the Solution" (الإسلام هو الحل). According to academic Khalil Yusuf, its motto "was traditionally" "Believers are but Brothers."

2229:. Emirati Al Islah member Tharwat Kherbawi said the Muslim Brotherhood finds the present UAE government to be an "impediment", and the country itself to be a "treasure and a crucial strategic and economic prize". 11033:

the King himself had entered into dialogue with the organization in early February, just a few days after Bakhit's appointment and following years of estrangement. Bakhit even invited the Brotherhood to join his

8385: 11680:

Long fearful of the Muslim Brotherhood, whose many quiet supporters in the kingdom represent one of the few potential threats to their own control, the Al Sauds strongly backed their removal from government in

2642:

being constituent and founding organisation of the MB umbrella organisation FIOE, the MB is active in Germany with the IGD as a proxy. IGD members take care to not publicly declare their affiliation to the MB.

594:

brought it legalization and substantial political power at first, but as of 2013 it has suffered severe reversals. The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood was legalized in 2011 and won several elections, including the

2385:

in Libya and was an archenemy to the Muslim Brotherhood for long time. The group held its first public press conference on 17 November 2011, and on 24 December the Brotherhood announced that it would form the

14969: 12780: 9434: 17080: 16726: 11667: 2107:

In March 2014, in a "significant departure from its past official stance" the Saudi government declared the Brotherhood a "terrorist organization", followed with a royal decree announced that, from now on,

1265:

spoke at the announcement rally for the Muslim Brotherhood's candidate Morsi and expressed his hope and belief that Morsi would liberate Gaza, restore the Caliphate of the "United States of the Arabs" with

16332: 10304: 6220:

Hassan al Banna, called for the religious reformation of individual Muslims, the progressive moral purification of Muslim societies and their eventual political unification in a Caliphate under sharia law.

5195:

However, "from Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the UAE's standpoint, Qatar never lived up to the 2014 agreement and continued to serve as the nexus of the Brotherhood's regional networks." This led to the 2017

4675:, a top Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood figure, denounced the al-Qaeda leader: "Zawahiri's policy and preaching bore dangerous fruit and had a negative impact on Islam and Islamic movements across the world". 17103: 16362: 15242: 13378: 5608: 1966:

In 2020, a Jordanian Court of Cassation decided that the local branch of the Muslim Brotherhood will be dissolved after the branch did not renew its license after a new law was issued on organizations.

4237:

expressions. After the creation of Muslim Brotherhood organisation, Al-Banna would not maintain formal affiliations with Sufi orders. While the Brothers acknowledged the validity of the true spiritual

2055:. Inside the kingdom, before the crushing of the Egyptian MB, the Brotherhood was called a group whose "many quiet supporters" made it "one of the few potential threats" to the royal family's control. 985:

who ennobled him to a "miracle of a man" with "a divine spark in his heart which makes him above human beings", followed by a martial pledge of loyalty against the Zionists. Soon after his arrival the

9202: 9060: 8982: 656:, is an off-shoot of the Brotherhood that continues to use violence. The Brotherhood itself claims to be a peaceful, democratic organization, and that its leader "condemns violence and violent acts". 20290: 16163: 2725:

In the 1990s, the MB established publicly visible organisations and ostensibly "national" organisations to further its agenda, but membership in the MB was and remains a secret. The MB dominated the

2714:. In their initial phase they were politically inactive in the UK as they assumed they would return to their home countries and instead focused on recruiting new members and to support the MB in the 6436: 5759: 2104:

doctrine). After the overthrow of the Morsi government in Egypt, all the major Sahwa figures signed petitions and statements denouncing the removal of Morsi and the Saudi government support for it.

14255: 12589: 10386: 9676: 8696: 19811: 1355:

as "the largest single batch of simultaneous death sentences we've seen in recent years anywhere in the world". By May 2014, approximately 16,000 people (and as high as more than 40,000 by what

8758: 1905:

The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan originates from the merging of two separate groups which represent the two components of the Jordanian public: the Transjordanian and the West Bank Palestinian.

19854: 14103: 11300: 10103: 1165:

journalist, while another report praised it for attempting to transform "the Egyptian parliament into a real legislative body", that represented citizens and kept the government "accountable".

16757: 14164: 13215:"No 595 Rapport fait au nom de la commission d'enquête (1) sur les réponses apportées par les autorités publiques au développement de la radicalisation islamiste et les moyens de la combattre" 11972: 11055: 10795: 9873: 8277: 6313: 1048: 13342: 4136:. However, Al-Banna avoided controversies over doctrine and would distance himself from the anti-Sufi dogmas of Rashid Rida. As a teen, Al-Banna had been initiated into the Hasafi branch of 2088:

denounced the Brotherhood, saying it was guilty of "betrayal of pledges and ingratitude" and was "the source of all problems in the Islamic world". The ruling family was also alarmed by the

19831: 9813:"تلاسن حاد بالبيانات بين مصر ومجلس التعاون الخليجي بسبب اتهام قطر بالوقوف خلف تفجير الكنيسة البطرسية الاحد الماضي.. الزياني يشكك.. والخارجية المصرية تؤكد وتطالبه بتحري الدقة.. اين الحقيقة؟" 16396: 10758: 5017:

criticized on social media, disseminating a statement from the HRW Washington director saying that the conflation of the group with violent extremists was inaccurate. The following month,

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as "the basis for controlling the affairs of state and society" and secondly, working to unify "Islamic countries and states, mainly among the Arab states, and liberate them from foreign

13099: 13024: 9737: 5418: 4142:

order and was not hostile to various Sufi practices condemned as aspects of polytheism by Rida. While Al-Banna agreed with Rida on the need to purify religious practices of illegitimate

18156: 15918: 11772: 4152:(saints) so long as one did not seek their intercession. He would later declare the Hasafiyya society as a precursor to the Muslim Brotherhood; while also acknowledging his debt to the 13638: 6876: 6088: 2706:

The first Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated organisations in the UK were founded in the 1960s, which comprised exiles and overseas students. They promoted the works of Indian theologician

18174: 17401: 16671: 15773: 2936:, the "Understanding of the Role of the Muslim Brotherhood in North America", and a relatively benign goal of the Muslim Brotherhood in North America is identified as the following: 17431: 16582: 13700: 11128: 9030: 12723: 1275:

without judicial oversight or review of his acts, on the grounds that he needed to "protect" the nation from the Mubarak-era power structure. He also put a draft constitution to a

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which was founded in 1989 and in 2020 changed its name to Council of European Muslims. It has its headquarters a few blocks away from key European Union institutions in Brussels.

16632: 8813: 4325:

According to Deputy of the Chairman of the Muslim Brotherhood, Dr. Mohamed El-Sayed Habib, the Muslim Brotherhood believes in implementing various political reforms for enabling

20160: 17045: 13821: 12645: 5090:

fellow Eric Trager, who advocated pushing them into a corner instead of designating them due to issues with materially connecting them to terrorism other than with their words.

4761:): "The Muslim Brotherhood is a group that worries us not because it deals with philosophical or ideological ideas but because it defends the use of violence against civilians". 4082:

with regard to Divine attributes, ii) purifying Islam from accretions and folk practices associated with Sufism, and iii) focusing on the moral integrity of individuals through

16687: 16450: 13316: 11164: 7055:

must come under its rule and conform to its teachings. Whoever is a Muslim merely in his worship but imitates the non-believer in all other things is no better than an infidel.

5696: 5200:, which is viewed as being precipitated in large part by a conflict over the Muslim Brotherhood. Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, and Egypt made 13 demands of the government of 2016:

In December 2019, Qatari Foreign Minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani told CNN in an interview that Qatar never supported Muslim Brotherhood and does not fund terrorism.

1324:

on 21 December 2013, declared the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organisation after a car bomb ripped through a police building and killed at least 14 people in the city of

20295: 20275: 9850: 3051:

Past U.S. presidential administrations have examined whether to designate the Muslim Brotherhood as a Foreign Terrorist Organization and have decided not to do so. During the

16788: 13426: 11933: 9404: 9344: 8883: 8570: 12965: 6700: 5848: 3452: 3160: 2976:). Another (dated 1991) outlined a strategy for the Muslim Brotherhood in the United States that involved "eliminating and destroying the Western civilization from within". 16109: 14881: 13478: 9767: 9270: 16894:

Mayer, Thomas (1982) "The Military Force of Islam: The Society of the Muslim Brethren and the Palestine Question, 1945–1948", in Kedourie, Elie and Haim, Sylvia G. (1982)

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to invite the Muslim Brotherhood to join Bakhit's cabinet, an offer they refused. The Muslim Brotherhood also boycotted the 2011 Jordanian municipal elections and led the

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of the leaders from sanctions lists." The Obama administration was also pressured to designate the Brotherhood as a terrorist organization, but did not do so. During the

15449: 14289: 12386: 8393: 6806: 6054: 4494:

The Muslim Brotherhood is a transnational organization as opposed to a political party, but its members have created political parties in several countries, such as the

1382:

and claimed it was a false flag conspiracy by the Egyptian government and Copts, in a statement released in Arabic on the FJP's website, but its claim was challenged by

16824: 12175: 12063: 10537: 10507: 9486: 6277: 19836: 18161: 11186: 8956: 799:

but supporting the establishment of justice towards women. The Brotherhood grew rapidly going from 800 members in 1936, to 200,000 by 1938 and over 2 million by 1948.

17030: 14382: 1149:

executions. Its leaders are untainted by the prevalent corruption, and admired for their commitment to social work". It also developed a significant movement online.

795:

were seen as laws passed down by God that should be applied to all parts of life, including the organization of the government and the handling of everyday problems.

19914: 17077: 16947: 16427: 14961: 9464: 9426: 5039:

has supported elections and has become a political and social organization". The designation of the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization is opposed by the

2131:

The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria was founded in the 1930s (according to lexicorient.com) or in 1945, a year before independence from France, (according to journalist

12776: 12037: 10016: 9122: 8030: 5670: 20270: 19869: 16718: 16215: 12806: 11659: 9512: 9240: 9180: 9149: 8503: 2952: 16328: 12903: 10300: 5086:

The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt avoids directly implicating itself materially in terrorism while it supports terrorism with words and encourages it, according to

787:. According to al-Banna, contemporary Islam had lost its social dominance, because most Muslims had been corrupted by Western influences. Sharia law based on the 20285: 20280: 19889: 18179: 14194: 12934: 8735: 2691:; an organisation that committed multiple terror-attack acts in Russia and was allegedly financed by drug trafficking, counterfeiting of coins and racketeering. 990: 17095: 16136: 15381: 15234: 12559: 11425: 7964: 3024:

Conservatives in the Congress believe that the group is a breeding ground for radical Islam. Previous attempts were made in the previous year by Representative

2453:

Changes to the demographic and political makeup of Mauritania in the 1970s heavily contributed to the growth of Islamism within Mauritanian society. Periods of

1987:. In 1962 he chaired the Qatari Secondary Institute of Religious Studies, and in 1977 he founded and directed the Shariah and Islamic Studies department at the 1812:

The creation of al-Mujamma' al-Islami, the Islamic Center in 1973 by Shaykh Ahmad Yasin had a centralizing effect that encapsulated all religious organizations.

16354: 13452: 13397: 12266: 10975: 5604: 15654: 15415: 14125: 14039: 12209: 9004: 2035:, but have never reached a majority or even a plurality—"a fact that has required them to be pragmatic about working with other political groups". During the 817:

A central concern for the early Muslim Brotherhood was its pro-Arab activism for the Arab-Zionist conflict in Palestine, which in 1936–1939 culminated in the

18212: 17451: 15882: 11821: 11734: 9210: 9052: 8978: 6781: 1079:

that destroyed some 750 buildings in downtown Cairo – mainly night clubs, theatres, hotels, and restaurants frequented by British and other foreigners.

16159: 12125: 12003: 9374: 5790: 2840:, which dominated Malaysian politics until 2018. Due to changes in political situation created by Pakatan Harapan (PH)'s win in 2018 election, PAS has made 18246: 15751: 14619: 10360: 8704: 8601: 6428: 5751: 5204:, six of which reflect the group's opposition to Qatar's relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood and demand that the country cut ties to the Brotherhood. 1630: 14247: 13892: 12871: 12697: 12444: 10382: 9668: 8419: 19864: 16493: 14224: 12581: 5358: 3447: 3155: 2990: 15777: 14589: 13731: 10436: 10334: 8768: 8150: 5030:

The Muslim Brotherhood was criticized by Secretary Tillerson. The terrorist designation for the Muslim Brotherhood is opposed by Human Rights Watch and

4779:, divulged the confessions of numerous members of the Muslim Brotherhood that resulted from the harsh interrogations done on them by Egyptian president 2856:' CEO Wan Saiful Wan Jan, PAS is regarded by the Muslim Brotherhood as an electorally successful Islamic political party; PAS has governed the state of 540:

in 1928. Al-Banna's teachings spread far beyond Egypt, influencing today various Islamist movements from charitable organizations to political parties.

19706: 18261: 18191: 14095: 12939: 10210: 9296: 4609:. In the 1940s, the Egyptian Brotherhood organized a "section for Liaison with the Islamic World" endowed with nine committees. Groups were founded in 1979:

Qatar's patronage has been primarily expressed through the ruling family's endorsement of Muslim Brotherhood's most representative figures, especially

1872:

was established from Brotherhood-affiliated charities and social institutions that had gained a strong foothold among the local population. During the

15566: 14156: 13247: 12507: 11290: 10111: 4558:, or "working brother". With this slow careful advancement, the loyalty of potential members can be "closely probed" and obedience to orders assured. 4538:, or "captain") at the bottom, "clans" above them, "groups" above clans and "battalions" or "phalanxes" above groups. Potential Brethren start out as 2737:(MCB). MAB became politically active in foreign policy issues such as Palestine and Iraq, while MCB established a dialogue with the then governments. 2217:

Al Islah in the UAE has openly stated that it shares ideology with the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. Al Islah has criticized the UAE for the country's

2031:

Movement (ICM) or "Hadas". Members of ICM have been elected to parliament and served in the government and are "widely believed to hold sway with the

1742:

government in 2003, the Islamic Party has reemerged as one of the main advocates of the country's Sunni community. Its leader is Iraqi Vice-president

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Hasan Al-Banna presented the reform programme of the Muslim Brothers as one that sought to encompass every sphere of life; defining the movement as:

2140: 17121: 10175: 5722: 5116:, noting that "Two previous U.S. administrations concluded that it does not engage in terrorism, as did a recent report by the British government." 4983:

banned the Muslim Brotherhood, labelling it as a terrorist organization, and accusing the group of supporting Islamist rebels who want to create an

4366:

and insists on complying the political system with Islamic legal precepts. When asked whether the Muslim Brotherhood seeks to establish a religious

821:. While absent before the outbreak of the revolt, the Brotherhood now began to make use of aggressive anti-Jewish rhetorics which also targeted the 20190: 20095: 19429: 19247: 18196: 17068: 16551: 15265: 14792: 13999: 13338: 9707: 6492: 5897: 5034:, both liberal-leaning institutions. The potential terrorist designation was criticized, in particular, by Human Rights Watch member Laura Pitter. 4744:

Numerous officials and reporters question the sincerity of the Muslim Brotherhood's pronouncements. These critics include, but are not limited to:

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in the UAE. Since its formation, its members have sought to impose control on state social issues, such as promoting several measures limiting the

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in Egypt. These parties are staffed by Brotherhood members, but are otherwise kept independent from the Muslim Brotherhood to some degree, unlike

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The two issues – the decree and the referendum – were at the heart of anti-Mursi protests that have rocked Egypt in the past two weeks.

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approved the legislation in a 17 to 10 vote, which if enacted could increase grounds for enforcing criminal penalties and give permission to the

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which was envisaged to come through several Islamic national states, united in a league, and appointing a single leader to rule over them after

2471:, better known as Tewassoul, was legalized as a political party. The party is associated with the Mauritanian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood. 1853:(religious endowments) to lease property and employ people, and established mosques. Likewise, antagonistic and sometimes violent opposition to 1696:

claimed in an interview that this was because "Turkey would stand by whoever was elected as a result of legitimate elections." According to the

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in Syria in 1980 (under Emergency Law 49, which was revoked in 2011), but the headquarters of the Muslim Brotherhood-linked Palestinian group,

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During its term in parliament, the Brotherhood "posed a democratic political challenge to the regime, not a theological one", according to one

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There was increased activism relating to the Muslim Brotherhood in the 1980s, partially driven by members of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.

20130: 20125: 20120: 20075: 20015: 19605: 19191: 17099: 17048: 11532: 8186: 6664: 6006: 4092:

have a historical tradition of influential political activism across the various branches and affiliates of the Muslim Brotherhood movement.

3521: 2600: 1234:, far more than any other party. The party rejected the "candidacy of women or Copts for Egypt's presidency", but not for cabinet positions. 16516: 13628: 8089: 2754:

In a 2015 government report, the MB was found to not have been linked to terrorist related activity against in the UK and MAB has condemned

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Sociologic explanation of establishment of Iranian Call and Reform Organization (Iranian Muslim Brotherhood) and evolution of its discourse

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of any centralized and secretive global Muslim Brotherhood leadership. Some claim that the origins of modern Muslim terrorism are found in

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theory" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (

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Gehad El-Haddad, a Muslim Brotherhood member, denied that terrorism was practiced by the Muslim Brotherhood in an editorial published by

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The Muslim Brothers fought with North Yemen in the NDF rebellion as Islamic Front. The Muslim Brotherhood is the political arm of the

1815:

The Muslim Brotherhood Society in Jordan and Palestine was created from a merger of the branches in the West Bank and Gaza and Jordan.

20330: 20110: 19859: 13312: 12637: 10701: 9322: 5692: 5052: 3861: 3249: 3010: 2468: 2448: 15846: 13422: 11455: 11154: 9842: 9396: 5540:"Anti-colonial connectivity between Islamicate movements in the Middle East and South Asia: the Muslim Brotherhood and Jamati Islam" 603:

became Egypt's first president to gain power through an election. A year later, following massive demonstrations and unrest, he was

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after a resounding Arab defeat by Israel. The movement was also supported by Saudi Arabia, with which it shared mutual enemies like

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The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia helped the Brotherhood financially for "over half a century", but the two became estranged during the

779:

The Suez Canal Company helped Banna build the mosque in Ismailia that would serve as the Brotherhood's headquarters, according to

20180: 19821: 18647: 18027: 17952: 14938: 14888: 13474: 11487: 11390: 11084: 9944: 9262: 8852: 6690: 5156:'s relationship with Muslim Brotherhood has been a persistent point of contention between Qatar and other Arab states, including 4938: 3866: 3044: 2536:

becoming its Secretary general in 1964. The Islamic Charter Front (ICM) was renamed several times most recently being called the

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at the time, launched an investigation into the Muslim Brotherhood's activities in the UK and its alleged extremist activities.

2365:

A group of the Muslim Brotherhood came to the Libyan kingdom in the 1950s as refugees escaping crackdown by the Egyptian leader

1059:

On 2 November 1945 the Brotherhood organized a general strike protesting the Balfour declaration that eventually escalated into

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nations Tunisia and Egypt that the Brotherhood's party would easily win the elections, it instead came a distant second to the

2113:

offering them financial or moral support, or inciting others to do any of this or promoting any such actions in word or writing

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since 2002. PAS representatives are often invited to Muslim Brotherhood speaking engagements overseas. In 2012, PAS President

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The Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood, which seemed to be growing from strength to strength a mere year ago, is in utter disarray.

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of Mohamed Morsi in July 2013, Qatar allowed some Brotherhood members who fled Egypt to live in the country. The Qatar-based

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On 3 July 2013, Mohamed Morsi was removed from office and put into house arrest by the military, that happened shortly after

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newspaper, the proposal caused an "uproar" among Egypt's 16 million Coptic Christians and "the movement later backtracked".

4530:

i.e., guide of the tariqa) "and a political party". The Egyptian Brotherhood has a pyramidal structure with "families" (or

2817: 2813: 2748: 1651: 1642: 1153: 16419: 16000: 15503: 15472: 14352: 11414: 10904: 9456: 9114: 8912: 8119: 5605:"Rick Perry and the Muslim Brotherhood: Compare and Contrast - Mona Eltahawy on social conservatism in Egypt and the U.S." 2177:

The Brotherhood is said to have "resurrected itself" and become the "dominant group" in the opposition by 2012 during the

1758:

Also, in the north of Iraq there are several Islamic movements inspired by or part of the Muslim Brotherhood network. The

1119:. In the 1950s and 1960s many Brotherhood members sought sanctuary in Saudi Arabia. From the 1950s, al-Banna's son-in-law 1107:) who had formed a cell within the Brotherhood during the first war against Israel in 1948. However, after the revolution 20195: 20090: 19894: 19879: 18092: 18052: 17987: 16609: 15970: 11888: 10763: 10008: 9172: 8499: 8247: 8020: 5660: 5267: 4671:, then the Deputy Emir of al-Qaeda, in 2007 for its refusal to advocate the violent overthrow of the Mubarak government. 4037:

The Brotherhood's English-language website describes its principles as including firstly the introduction of the Islamic

2837: 2490: 1700:, each year after Morsi's overthrow has seen the AKP "significantly detach itself from the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt." 1449: 1237: 1212: 1033: 596: 331: 16270: 16211: 12802: 9504: 9232: 9145: 4409:

truth, a political organization, an athletic group, a cultural-educational union, an economic company, and a social idea

2187:

newspaper. But by 2013 another source described it as having "virtually no influence on the conflict". Syrian President

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economy in shambles. For the first time since 2007, it is now possible to imagine a Gaza no longer under Hamas control.

10237: 8727: 6932: 5915:. 1111 19th Street NW, Suite 500, Washington DC 20036, USA: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. p. 11. 5644: 5483: 4822:

told journalist Khalid Daoud that he thought Egypt's Coptic Christians and Orthodox Jews should pay the long-abandoned

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to power, that a Muslim Brotherhood group ruled a significant geographic territory. However, the 2013 overthrow of the

556: 19033: 16862: 14424:

Pinto, Paulo G. (2004). "Sufism and the religious debate in Syria". In Salvatore, Armando; Eickelman, Dale F. (eds.).

9616:"The #MuslimBrotherhood is equally complicit for the bombing of #Coptic church in #Cairo last Sunday, says @Nervana_1" 2793:, following the election and later overthrowing of Egyptian President Mursi, both of which caused protests in Sydney. 2413:

was also defeated in the first round of voting in September, although he was later made a Deputy Prime Minister under

1335: 20070: 19846: 19692: 19673: 19523: 19437: 19271: 18597: 18589: 18271: 17341: 17330: 16956: 16903: 16189: 16132: 15391: 15364: 15193: 15121: 15031: 15003: 14726: 14678: 14568: 14474: 14441: 13599: 13568: 13391: 13109: 13079: 13034: 12620: 12360: 11856: 11571: 11232: 10943: 10839: 10159: 7811: 7486: 7106: 7079: 7047:

The Brethren understand Islam in its fullest and most comprehensive implications, that it must have supervision over

7025: 6726: 6674: 6547: 6471: 6408: 6213: 5954: 5455: 4515: 4193:. In the few occasions a mature Al-Banna did address theology, he espoused Salafi views by expressing his dislike of 3718: 3506: 2998: 1858: 1676:

gesture (which is used by Muslim Brotherhood supporters in Egypt protesting against the post-Brotherhood authorities)

1475: 1301: 1227: 1190: 15725: 13448: 12551: 12376: 10983: 7882:

The Muslim Brotherhood and State Repression in Egypt. A History of Secrecy and Militancy in an Islamist Organization

7509:

The Muslim Brotherhood and State Repression in Egypt. A History of Secrecy and Militancy in an Islamist Organization

7461:

The Muslim Brotherhood and State Repression in Egypt. A History of Secrecy and Militancy in an Islamist Organization

7446:

The Muslim Brotherhood and State Repression in Egypt. A History of Secrecy and Militancy in an Islamist Organization

7379:

The Muslim Brotherhood and State Repression in Egypt. A History of Secrecy and Militancy in an Islamist Organization

4577:), which is composed of approximately 15 longtime Muslim Brothers and headed by the supreme guide or General Masul ( 3036:'s aide, had links to the organization, a statement which was dismissed by establishment Democrats and Republicans. 2005:

His positions, as well as his controversial ties to extremist and terrorist individuals and organizations, made him

1800:. In contrast, the group frequently clashed with the Egyptian government that controlled the Gaza Strip until 1967. 1457: 20200: 20105: 19884: 19874: 19477: 19385: 18281: 18276: 18266: 18256: 17652: 17371: 17351: 17346: 17222: 17217: 15646: 14769:

Abdelrahman, Abdelrahman Ahmed (Fall 1996). "Administrative Efficiency and Effectiveness: An Islamic Perspective".

14133: 14031: 12205: 9490: 9008: 4998: 4968: 4338: 3014: 2917: 1726:

was formed in 1960 as the Iraqi branch of the Brotherhood, but was banned from 1961 during the nationalist rule of

1131:), the Egyptian Brotherhood was invited back to Egypt and began a new phase of participation in Egyptian politics. 16933:

The Muslim Brotherhood and Egypt's Succession Crisis: The Politics of Liberalisation and Reform in the Middle East

16030: 15677: 11999: 11730: 7956: 6010: 4796:

Sarah Mousa of Al Jazeera reported on the Muslim Brotherhood's highly improbable claim that opposition leader and

4685:

government. He referred to the Muslim Brotherhood as "dictators" who want "Islamist rule in all the Gulf States".

2457:

resulted in urbanization, as large numbers of Mauritanians moved from the countryside to the cities, particularly

2084:("Awakening") movement that pushed for political change in the Kingdom. In 2002, the then Saudi Interior Minister 20305: 20265: 20150: 20020: 19975: 19788: 19738: 19579: 19281: 18657: 18286: 18097: 17471: 17336: 17262: 17242: 17192: 12117: 11813: 10735: 9366: 6907: 5782: 4222: 3060:

administration, there were serious steps towards designating the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization.

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late 1950s and early 1960s. Some were in the leadership of the Egyptian Brotherhood who fled the dictatorship of

2519: 2356: 2335:

finishing second with 25.38% of the popular vote. During the 2000s (decade), the party—led by Nahnah's successor

2207: 2201: 1952: 1281: 1060: 831:, published a series of articles titled "The Danger of Jews", warning of alleged Jewish plots against Islam like 15743: 13290: 10474:"خالد العبيدي يرد على تهديدات الاخوان المسلمين باغتياله: لن نتهاون في كشف الفاسدين وحياتي ليست أغلى من اي مقاتل" 10356: 9812: 8609: 5176: 2548: 1891:

government in Egypt significantly weakened Hamas's position, leading to a blockade of Gaza and economic crisis.

1685: 1216: 1194: 857: 604: 19930: 19620: 18642: 18545: 18395: 18062: 18057: 18012: 16982: 16940: 14615: 14216: 13907: 13796: 13543: 12863: 12693: 12431: 12029: 10632: 8544:"Brotherhood of Hate: Muslim Brotherhood's Hatred for Jews and Israel Flourishes in "New" Egypt – Introduction" 5056: 4017: 2424:

The Party of Reform and Development is led by Khaled al-Werchefani, a former member of the Muslim Brotherhood.

2387: 2352: 2270: 1998:

For twenty years, Qaradawi has hosted a popular show titled Shariah and Life on the Qatari-based media channel

1944: 1622: 1453: 1104: 16485: 15890: 15423: 14912: 8415: 6500: 5348: 5112:

wrote that the push to designate the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization was based on anti-Islamic

20320: 20145: 19793: 19743: 18017: 17822: 17627: 17486: 17376: 17277: 17176: 16994: 15805: 14816:"The Inclusive Dynamics of Islamic Universalism: From the Vantage Point of Sayyid Qutb's Critical Philosophy" 14585: 13723: 11159: 10447: 10326: 8934: 8525: 8142: 4925:

Countries and organizations below have officially listed the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization.

4830: 4652: 4640: 4229:, instead lumping all the medieval theological debates as irrelevant. While his religious activism resembled 3728: 2874: 2833: 2730: 2312: 2302: 1818:

Palestinian disillusion with the Palestinian militant groups caused them to become more open to alternatives.

873: 765:

and revive Islamic Brotherhood. Thus, the Muslim Brothers were born; under the pledge that its members would

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movement and regularly advocates Salafi revivalist themes that address the contemporary challenges faced by

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activity. The next day, the Brotherhood's leadership announced that they welcomed the diplomatic overture.

4772: 4342: 3918: 3018: 2913: 2636: 1663: 555:, and set up hospitals and business enterprises. It later advanced into the political arena, aiming to end 141: 12499: 12258: 12231: 6789: 2947:

of the believers so that it is eliminated and God's religion is made victorious over all other religions.

2311:

When a multi-party system was introduced in Algeria in the early 1990s, the Muslim Brotherhood formed the

1684:, the ruling party of Turkey, publicly supported the Muslim Brotherhood during and a few months after the 20250: 20245: 20235: 19257: 18830: 18577: 18572: 18237: 17306: 17207: 17118: 14784: 14462: 10179: 9699: 8230: 5718: 5127: 5080: 4885: 4768: 3193: 2969: 2909: 2844:

with UMNO in 2019. Together with a former PH component party (BERSATU) both parties ultimately took over

2211: 2126: 2101: 2085: 1292: 1100: 904: 704: 16547: 15269: 14006: 9643:"The Muslim Brotherhood statement on today's bombing in Coptic Cathedral claims Sisi and Copts involved" 4550:

or "affiliated", (who are nonvoting members). If a muntasib "satisfies his monitors", he is promoted to

2454: 2394:

the following year. The Libyan Muslim Brotherhood has "little history of interactions with the masses."

20315: 20300: 20185: 19641: 19610: 19041: 18627: 17992: 17597: 17021: 16971: 13843: 11595: 10243: 8547: 8036:"foreign minister" (He was also the father of the controversial Swiss scholar of Islam, Tariq Ramadan). 5148: 5040: 4606: 3838: 3501: 3315: 3117: 2726: 2232:

Al Islah was reported to have been secretly forming a military wing that has sought to recruit retired

2156: 2067:, officially held by the state of Saudi Arabia, and MB members "obeyed orders of the ruling family and 1861:

and other secular nationalist groups increased dramatically in the streets and on university campuses.

1771: 1537: 1297: 17982: 15868: 13967: 13255:(in German). Munich, Germany: Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Innern. pp. 34–35. Archived from 9904: 6369: 1625:. Prominent members of Al Menbar include Dr. Salah Abdulrahman, Dr. Salah Al Jowder, and outspoken MP 620:

followed suit, driven by the perception that the Brotherhood is a threat to their authoritarian rule.

20340: 19955: 19816: 19122: 18468: 17965: 17939: 17501: 17252: 17149: 17053: 16451:"Trump's plan to declare the Muslim Brotherhood a terror group is about going after American Muslims" 7537: 4565:), and immediately below it is the Shura Council. Orders are passed down through a chain of command: 4290: 4010: 3965: 3280: 2734: 2418: 1788: 1618: 1612: 1068: 1052: 1037: 1006: 625: 13928: 12694:"Text - H.R.3892 - 114th Congress (2015-2016): Muslim Brotherhood Terrorist Designation Act of 2015" 6110: 5874:. I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), Italy: European University Institute. pp. 18, 29–31. 5476:

Securitization of Islam: A Vicious Circle: Counter-Terrorism and Freedom of Religion in Central Asia

5474:

Lenz-Raymann, Kathrin (2014). "Chapter 3: Salafi Isalm: Social Transformation and Political Islam".

2059:

public school system. The Muslim Brotherhood's brand of Islam and Islamic politics differs from the

1876:(1987–93), Hamas militarized and transformed into one of the strongest Palestinian militant groups. 20260: 20216: 20040: 19980: 19498: 19112: 18672: 18632: 17977: 17742: 17567: 17542: 17202: 15081:

The Inevitable Caliphate? - A History of the Struggle for Global Islamic Union, 1924 to the Present

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The Inevitable Caliphate? - A History of the Struggle for Global Islamic Union, 1924 to the Present

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against designating the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization was written by Shadi Hamid.

4681:

police chief, Dhahi Khalfan accused Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood of an alleged plot to overthrow the

2809: 2802: 2402: 2324: 2255:

On 7 March 2014, the Muslim Brotherhood was designated as a terrorist group by the UAE government.

2240:

and is alleged to have plotted the overthrow of the current government and the establishment of an

2117:

will be punished by a prison sentence "of no less than three years and no more than twenty years".

1992: 1909:

al-Banna. While most political parties and movements were banned for a long time in Jordan such as

1781: 1438: 1379: 1316:

had never arrested him. On 23 September, a court ordered the group outlawed and its assets seized.

1305: 1200: 1186: 15883:"Arab Women As Likely As Men To Support Islamic Law In Middle East After Arab Spring, Says Survey" 11524: 9427:"A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box" 5872:

How Global Jihad Relocalises and Where it Leads: The Case of HTS, the Former AQ Franchise in Syria

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figures published petitions for reform addressed to the royal government (in violation of Wahhabi

20335: 20140: 20010: 19965: 19715: 18755: 18667: 18662: 18622: 18552: 17909: 17832: 17712: 17602: 17481: 17446: 17396: 14703: 14410: 12147:

Forstenlechner, Ingo (Winter 2012). "The UAE, The "Arab Spring" and Different Types of Dissent".

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was considering an order designating the Muslim Brotherhood as a foreign terrorist organization.

4980: 4764: 4656: 4522:, which is highly centralized. The Brotherhood has been described as a "combination of neo-Sufic 4423: 3908: 2925: 2921: 2878:(or the Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia) was inspired or influenced by the Muslim Brotherhood. 2659: 2285: 1849:(alms giving) for aid to poor Palestinians, promoted schools, provided students with loans, used 1759: 1717: 1442: 1328:, which the government blamed on the Muslim Brotherhood, despite no evidence and an unaffiliated 1317: 769:

be soldiers in the call to Islam, and in that is the life for the country and the honour for the

18780: 14061: 12296: 10473: 8361: 3650: 1693: 20005: 19196: 18910: 18835: 18692: 18602: 18540: 18358: 18330: 18032: 17957: 17929: 17787: 17727: 17386: 17316: 17232: 17227: 17197: 10278: 8670: 6595: 5277: 4896: 4776: 4303: 4271: 3783: 3199: 2890:

ward candidate John Stringer alleged that a Muslim Brotherhood cell was active in northwestern

2845: 2652: 2616: 2537: 2529: 2515: 2370: 2360: 1776:'Abd al-Rahman al-Banna, the brother of the Muslim Brotherhood founder Hasan al-Banna, went to 164: 15356: 15113: 14742:

Abdelrahman, Abdelrahman Ahmed (1995). "An Islamic Perspective on Organizational Motivation".

12537: 12416: 11563: 10935: 10588:

Shadid, Mohammed K (April 1988). "The Muslim Brotherhood Movement in the West Bank and Gaza".

10151: 9760:"The Tale of a Cairo-Based Terrorist Cell, a Suicide Attack, and International Reverberations" 6587: 4858:, called it "conservative and non-violent". The Brotherhood "has condemned" terrorism and the 4625:

where its headquarters became a center and a meeting place for representatives from the whole

2740:

Since 2001, the ISB has distanced itself from Muslim Brotherhood ideology along with the MCB.

1755:

said that he received a death threat and was declared a non-Muslim by the Muslim Brotherhood.

1308:

reported that "most" of the Brotherhood's leaders were in custody. On that day Supreme Leader

20025: 19636: 19513: 19299: 18765: 18562: 17924: 17899: 17687: 17662: 15314: 14531: 12440: 11844: 11227: 9642: 9400: 8226: 6695: 6603: 6523: 6137: 5044: 3856: 3685: 3491: 2135:). In the first decade or so of independence it was part of the legal opposition, and in the 2132: 1936: 1880: 1735: 1352: 994: 924:

eventually acknowledged his loyalty to the British, although the latter remained suspicious.

17056: 13875: 12320:"Why the United States Should Be as Circumspect as the British about the Muslim Brotherhood" 11006: 9615: 9585: 4720: 20135: 20115: 19803: 19761: 19538: 19508: 19314: 19309: 19071: 18825: 18697: 18304: 17552: 17526: 17142: 15539: 12997: 11286: 9570: 8791:"Coptic pope's criticism of president marks trend in Egypt, where no one is above the fray" 8334: 5161: 4495: 4330: 4046: 3773: 3690: 3562: 3122: 2786: 2707: 2340: 2332: 2328: 1947:

demanding a constitutional monarchy and electoral reforms, which resulted in the firing of

1925: 1900: 1559: 1329: 1300:. Violence escalated rapidly following armed protesters attacking police, according to the 692: 617: 567:–its most famous slogan is "Islam is the solution". Charity is a major aspect of its work. 415: 53:

Muslim Brotherhood logo with the Arabic word for "prepare" present under two crossed swords

18810: 15838: 15290:

Another source divides the structure into nuclei, cells, families, and phalanxes (source:

14962:"Does the Muslim Brotherhood still have a role to play in Egypt's revolutionary politics?" 4174: 1040:

in 15 May, among them Egypt. Brotherhood fighters assisted the Egyptian army northeast of

519: 502: 8: 19584: 19469: 19019: 18905: 18426: 17914: 17847: 17802: 17692: 17272: 17247: 17212: 16455: 15055: 15019: 14991: 14666: 13633: 12898: 12747:"Muslim Brotherhood Fox Was Hired To Protect Our Benghazi Consulate Henhouse - Interview" 11794: 11693: 11447: 11013: 9539: 7799: 7474: 7013: 5172:, which view the Brotherhood as a serious threat to social stability in those countries. 5101: 4808:

not on the preferences of the Egyptian people but the will of God as they understand it".

4648: 4644: 4464: 4460: 4363: 4326: 3953: 3903: 3102: 2904: 2580: 2218: 1988: 1792: 1777: 1723: 1709: 1570: 1082: 1026: 780: 213: 179: 15695: 14832: 14815: 14696: 14403: 13313:"Britain's expected ban on Hamas puts spotlight on Muslim Brotherhood activities |" 10413: 7522:

de Waal, Alex (2004). "On the Failure and Persistance of Jihad". In Alex de Waal (ed.).

6748: 6336: 6248:"The end of Nasserism: How the 1967 War opened new space for Islamism in the Arab world" 5976: 5321: 2206:

Muslim Brotherhood presence in the United Arab Emirates began with the formation of the

19528: 19503: 19461: 19360: 19334: 18992: 18760: 18416: 18075: 17970: 17894: 17837: 15164: 13972: 12468: 11295: 10864: 10668: 10605: 10085: 9970: 8442: 8212: 8111: 6924: 6625: 6463: 6400: 6205: 5930: 5887: 5755: 5579: 5489: 5095: 5062: 5048: 5019: 5014: 5010: 4801: 4780: 4757: 4643:). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, 4200: 3878: 3723: 3708: 3471: 3381: 3229: 2572: 2366: 2281:

made substantial efforts to entrench the accusations of being in league with Al Qaeda.

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it won ten seats (5.8% of the house). But after the 1963 coup that brought the secular

2096:

bringing an Islamist government to power by means of popular revolution and elections.

2036: 1984: 1727: 1367: 1348: 1343:

and making the associated gesture during a pro-Brotherhood protest held in October 2013

1296:

month-long state of emergency, and riot police cleared the pro-Morsi sit-in during the

1161: 1116: 1111:, the leader of the 'free officers' cell, after deposing the first President of Egypt, 1108: 927: 208: 71: 19960: 14934: 11382: 11106: 10625:

Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad

9934: 8844: 7702:

Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza. Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad

7624:

Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza. Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad

6990:

The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason- 1798 to Modern Times

6592:

Crusade and Jihad: The Thousand-Year War Between the Muslim World and the Global North

3013:, a non-profit group denounced by the UAE for its MB ties. The other two entities are 2934:

An Explanatory Memorandum on the General Strategic Goal for the Group in North America

2912:(MSA). U.S. supporters of the Brotherhood also started other organizations including: 947:), also known as "Special Apparatus". This group was a successor of the "battalions" ( 20100: 19615: 19453: 19370: 19365: 19344: 19339: 19066: 18885: 18845: 18820: 18795: 18785: 18728: 18502: 18436: 18323: 17857: 17797: 17637: 17282: 16952: 16936: 16899: 16881: 15799: 15588:

Wickham, Carrie (2011). "The Muslim Brotherhood and Democratic Transition in Egypt".

15387: 15360: 15349: 15320: 15189: 15168: 15117: 15106: 15084: 15059: 15027: 14999: 14837: 14722: 14674: 14646: 14564: 14535: 14499: 14470: 14437: 14428:. Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East and Asia. Vol. 95. 13792: 13595: 13564: 13539: 13512: 13387: 13105: 13075: 13071: 13030: 12616: 12356: 12160: 11852: 11567: 11556: 10939: 10928: 10835: 10628: 10568: 10561: 10155: 10144: 10089: 9874:"22-Y-O Suicide Bomber Who Killed 24 at Cairo's Coptic Church Linked to Terror Group" 7807: 7482: 7102: 7075: 7021: 6993: 6962: 6928: 6670: 6633: 6615: 6553: 6543: 6467: 6404: 6209: 6143: 5916: 5875: 5640: 5583: 5571: 5518: 5479: 5451: 5385: 5292: 5257: 5113: 5109: 4994:

spoke well of the Muslim Brotherhood - praising the way they "act in civil society".

4797: 4668: 4484: 4255: 3958: 3888: 3823: 3788: 3763: 3743: 3655: 3616: 3592: 3341: 3293: 3254: 3239: 3215: 3172: 3167: 3112: 3074: 2961: 2865: 2841: 2821: 2523: 2428: 2336: 2320: 2233: 2222: 2006: 1999: 1980: 1526: 1515: 308: 303: 16517:"Muslim Brotherhood Terror Designation Will Lead To 'Witch-Hunt,' Rights Groups Say" 15823: 10709: 8063: 7986: 4865:

The Brotherhood itself denounces the "catchy and effective terms and phrases" like "

4233:, Banna's approach to theological prioritisation was imparted through Sufi-inspired 2662:, the Muslim Brotherhood coordinated the creation of an Islamic organisation called 1347:

On 24 March 2014, an Egyptian court sentenced 529 members of the Muslim Brotherhood

20085: 19569: 19276: 18997: 18890: 18702: 18451: 18446: 18431: 17867: 17772: 17747: 17702: 17667: 17506: 17436: 17267: 16910: 15597: 15185:

The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement

15156: 14827: 14751: 14433: 14251: 13693:"PAS, UMNO, Bersatu, Amanah And 10 PKR MPs Said To Be Forming A New Coalition Govt" 13289:(in Russian). Справочно-информационный интернет-портал RELIGARE ("РЕЛИГИЯ и СМИ"). 13214: 13185:. Dokumentationsstelle Politischer Islam. pp. 22–26, 41–42, 52. Archived from 12156: 10979: 10664: 10660: 10597: 10206: 10077: 9781: 7134: 6916: 6607: 5561: 5551: 4984: 4635: 4294: 3828: 3778: 3371: 3269: 3264: 3244: 3025: 2861: 2772: 2676: 2623: 2560: 2274: 2264: 2178: 1948: 1940: 1827: 1752: 1743: 1608: 1321: 811: 580: 174: 112: 16688:"Calling the Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group would hurt all American Muslims" 16355:"US bill calling for designating Muslim Brotherhood as a 'terrorist organization'" 16052: 14523: 5556: 5539: 5069:

oppose proposals to designate the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization.

1399:

and a Muslim government, a Muslim people, a Muslim house, and Muslim individuals.

19646: 19589: 19319: 19304: 19228: 19172: 19061: 18929: 18790: 18775: 18637: 18557: 18388: 18383: 17947: 17904: 17842: 17812: 17782: 17752: 17682: 17125: 17084: 17063: 17010: 16998: 16986: 16975: 16866: 15886: 15507: 15480: 15183: 15160: 14788: 13817: 13661: 13585: 13137: 12970: 12834: 11420: 11352: 11322: 10081: 8763: 6920: 6785: 6583: 5693:"Brotherhood Organizational Coups: Qutbism of Thought and Pragmatism of Politics" 5287: 5235: 4850: 4819: 4455: 4418:

The Muslim Brothers consider their movement to be the practical extension of the

4401: 4379: 4308: 4154: 4096: 4000: 3933: 3738: 3645: 3476: 3386: 3310: 3150: 3145: 3107: 3033: 2985:

The documents continue to be widely publicized in American conservative circles.

2711: 2665:

The Supreme Military Majlis ul-Shura of the United Forces of Caucasian Mujahedeen

2588: 2533: 2410: 2378: 2226: 2188: 2183: 1626: 1548: 1504: 1383: 1325: 1207:, the Brotherhood was legalized and was at first very successful, dominating the 1112: 775:... We are brothers in the service of Islam.. Hence we are the "Muslim Brothers". 752: 736: 730: 548: 537: 533: 494: 450: 169: 86: 76: 16239:"Libyan parl't votes to ban Muslim Brotherhood, designates it 'terrorist group'" 16133:"Egypt's interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group" 14855: 14217:"Trump administration debates designating Muslim Brotherhood as terrorist group" 8472: 6429:"President Morsi Ousted: First Democratically Elected Leader Under House Arrest" 3009:

The bill identifies three Muslim Brotherhood entities in the U.S. including the

19780: 19533: 19390: 19324: 19201: 19081: 18964: 18860: 18805: 18750: 18687: 18535: 17919: 17817: 17807: 17767: 17732: 17622: 17572: 17456: 16027:"Charges brought against 70 suspected Muslim Brotherhood members in Tajikistan" 16004: 14344: 13963: 13788: 13535: 13500: 11259: 10900: 8908: 8115: 6629: 5513:

Chatterjee, Choi (2018). "10: Islamic Fundamentalism in Critical Perspective".

4866: 4788: 4672: 4651:, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. 4519: 4427: 4104: 3946: 3893: 3803: 3753: 3713: 3680: 3640: 3574: 3486: 3466: 3437: 3412: 3366: 3052: 2820:. The PKS's relationship with the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood was confirmed by 2790: 2684: 2374: 2316: 2097: 2080: 1910: 1888: 1884: 1873: 1805: 1739: 1581: 1495: 1309: 659:

In recent times, the primary state backers of the Muslim Brotherhood have been

296: 283: 188: 64: 16605: 15978: 14248:"Petition calls for White House to declare Muslim Brotherhood terrorist group" 11892: 10601: 8251: 7912:

Voice of the Muslim Brotherhood. Da'wa, Discourse, and Political Communication

7431:

Voice of the Muslim Brotherhood. Da'wa, Discourse, and Political Communication

7235:

Voice of the Muslim Brotherhood. Da'wa, Discourse, and Political Communication

7205:

Voice of the Muslim Brotherhood. Da'wa, Discourse, and Political Communication

6866: 6864: 6862: 1253:

The Muslim Brotherhood's candidate for Egypt's 2012 presidential election was

1075:

In 1952, members of the Muslim Brotherhood were accused of taking part in the

939:

Between 1938 and 1940 or 1941 the Brotherhood formed an armed wing called the

852:

In the years preceding World War II the Muslim Brothers grew connections with

671:. As of 2015, it is considered a terrorist organization by the governments of 20229: 20000: 19753: 19543: 19211: 19086: 19007: 19002: 18870: 18855: 18800: 18770: 18682: 18497: 18480: 18441: 17872: 17862: 17852: 17697: 17647: 17642: 17592: 17557: 17361: 17088: 16277: 15601: 14841: 14755: 14495: 12433:

Between ISIS and a Failed State: The Saga of Libyan Islamists (Working Paper)

10651:

Abu-Amr, Ziad (Summer 1993), "Hamas: A Historical and Political Background",

9669:"Statement from Muslim Brotherhood official concerning Cairo church bombings" 6900:"A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna" 6535: 5879: 5628: 5626: 5575: 5493: 5002: 4971:

also designated the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist group on May 14, 2019.

4275: 4230: 4057: 3898: 3813: 3798: 3748: 3733: 3675: 3660: 3586: 3481: 3322: 3259: 2744: 2503: 2093: 2052: 2009:

to the U.S., UK and French governments respectively in 1999, 2008, and 2012.

1749:

The Muslim Brotherhood was an active participation in the "Faith Campaign".

1713: 1689: 1402: 1396: 1357: 1313: 1262: 1254: 1246: 1220: 1204: 877: 876:

funding of the Brotherhood is unlikely, as the latter vehemently opposed the

822: 715: 600: 13245: 13064: 10247: 9397:"Egypt: sentencing to death of more than 500 people is a 'grotesque' ruling" 8979:"Egyptians Want Morsi Removed as Massive Protests Continue in Tahrir Square" 6899: 6611: 4270:

constitute a perfect way of life and social and political organization that

1808:. Eventually, however, the Brotherhood was strengthened by several factors: 1734:

from February 1963, the group was forced to continue underground. After the

1375:

Mohamed Morsi was sentenced to death on 16 May 2015, along with 120 others.

1055:, who was shot by a Brotherhood assassin after outlawing the society in 1948 1047: 48: 20205: 19730: 19684: 19574: 19014: 18954: 18900: 18880: 18815: 18475: 18463: 17757: 17632: 17612: 16859: 15147:

Ehrenfeld, Rachel (2011). "The Muslim Brotherhood Evolution: An Overview".

15047: 11596:"In Search of Friends Among The Foes U.S. Hopes to Work With Diverse Group" 11218: 10383:"The Seesaw Friendship Between Turkey's AKP and Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood" 6859: 5443: 5249: 5221: 5157: 5135: 5066: 5024: 4859: 4835: 4724: 4626: 4419: 4100: 3989: 3970: 3928: 3923: 3833: 3818: 3758: 3635: 3432: 3417: 3376: 3305: 3276: 3057: 2891: 2599:

The pan-European umbrella organization of the Brotherhood in Europe is the

1258: 1170: 1120: 853: 688: 613: 609: 544: 389: 184: 149: 59: 16389:"U.S. Weighs Terror Label on Iran Revolutionary Guard, Muslim Brotherhood" 16185: 15632:

Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience

15617:

Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience

13587:

Islam, Politics and Youth in Malaysia: The Pop-Islamist Reinvention of PAS

10884:

Leiken, Robert; Brooke, Steven (2007). "The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood".

10068:

Mekela, Juna (2014). "The Arab Spring's Impact on Egypt's Securitocracy".

6722: 5950: 5623: 5123:

condemned the movement to designate the Brotherhood as a terrorist group.

4848:

According to authors writing in the Council on Foreign Relations magazine

4621:(1946). It also recruited members among the foreign students who lived in 2284:

The Treasury Department of the US used the label "Bin Laden loyalist" for

1668: 1629:. Additionally, it has strongly opposed the government's accession to the 807:

As its influence grew, it opposed British rule in Egypt starting in 1936.

648:

movements. The group abandoned the use of violence in the 1970s. However,

559:. The movement's self-stated aim is the establishment of a state ruled by 159: 20170: 19950: 19553: 19548: 19329: 19117: 19091: 18865: 18850: 18840: 18718: 17672: 17617: 17607: 17356: 17165: 16243: 15729: 14126:"Muslim Brotherhood Terrorist Designation Act | The Counter Jihad Report" 11222: 10446:. Program on Extremism at George Washington University: 3. Archived from 5819:"Iran and Muslim Brotherhood: A Bizarre Alliance of Two Rival Ideologies" 5282: 4991: 4881: 4752: 4748: 4431: 4298: 4108: 4042: 3913: 3808: 3793: 3670: 3599: 3029: 2775: 2398: 2152: 2089: 1932: 1731: 1128: 1092: 986: 832: 748: 629: 591: 576: 529: 154: 19812:

Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organisations of South Asia

17096:"The Unbreakable Muslim Brotherhood: Grim Prospects for a Liberal Egypt" 16912:

The Symbolic Scenarios of Islamism: A Study in Islamic Political Thought

15316:

The West and Islam: Western Liberal Democracy Versus the System of Shura

15235:"The Unbreakable Muslim Brotherhood: Grim Prospects for a Liberal Egypt" 14157:"Should the U.S. Designate the Muslim Brotherhood as a Terrorist Group?" 13286:Решение ВС РФ о признании террористическими ряда иностранных организаций 12777:"Libyan army: Qatar transports armed ISIS militants from Syria to Libya" 11934:"Syria's Muslim Brotherhood is gaining influence over anti-Assad revolt" 11731:"The Muslim Brotherhood in Saudi Arabia (comments by Thomas Hegghammer)" 10563:

Political Parties in the West Bank under the Jordanian Regime, 1949–1967

9935:"Egyptian soldiers accused of killing unarmed Sinai men in leaked video" 9115:"Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests" 7331:

Confronting Fascism in Egypt. Dictatorship versus Democracy in the 1930s

7313:

Confronting Fascism in Egypt. Dictatorship versus Democracy in the 1930s

7298:

Confronting Fascism in Egypt. Dictatorship versus Democracy in the 1930s

7169:

Confronting Fascism in Egypt. Dictatorship versus Democracy in the 1930s

5229: 4487:

at the culmination of a series of two meetings held in 1977 and 1982 in

3995: 1883:

in 2007 was the first time since the Sudanese coup of 1989 that brought

892: 19380: 19252: 19240: 19076: 18959: 18875: 18458: 18376: 18045: 17792: 17577: 16878:

Devil's Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam

16026: 15681: 10672: 10609: 8667:"Egypt's Mursi annuls controversial decree, opposition says not enough" 7942: