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459:(1838–1905) was the most successful of the British actor-managers. Irving was renowned for his Shakespearean roles, and for such innovations as turning out the house lights so that attention could focus more on the stage and less on the audience. His company toured across Britain, as well as Europe and the United States, demonstrating the power of star actors and celebrated roles to attract enthusiastic audiences. His knighthood in 1895 indicated full acceptance into the higher circles of British society.
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455:, who formed their own companies and controlled the actors, the productions, and the financing. When successful, they built up a permanent clientele that flocked to their productions. They could enlarge their audience by going on tour across the country, performing a repertoire of well-known plays, such as those by Shakespeare. The newspapers, private clubs, pubs, and coffee shops rang with lively debates evaluating the relative merits of the stars and the productions.
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261:, and other entertainments were very popular. From the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder. Small nomadic bands of actors traveled around Europe throughout the period, performing wherever they could find an audience; there is no evidence that they produced anything but crude scenes. Traditionally, actors were not of high status; therefore, in the
2087:"Whereas women's parts in plays have hitherto been acted by men in the habits of women ... we do permit and give leave for the time to come that all women's parts be acted by women," Charles II ordained in 1662. According to Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, the first actress to exploit this new freedom was Margaret Hughes, as Desdemona in Othello on December 8, 1660.
544:. Strasberg's method is based upon the idea that to develop an emotional and cognitive understanding of their roles, actors should use their own experiences to identify personally with their characters. It is based on aspects of Stanislavski's system. Other acting techniques are also based on Stanislavski's ideas, such as those of
1332:(away from the audience) and "Downstage" (towards the audience). Theatre actors need to learn blocking, which is "...where and how an actor moves on the stage during a play". Most scripts specify some blocking. The Director also gives instructions on blocking, such as crossing the stage or picking up and using a prop.
1480:). TV actors need to understand the concept of "frame". "The term frame refers to the area that the camera's lens is capturing." Within the acting industry, there are four types of television roles one could land on a show. Each type varies in prominence, frequency of appearance, and pay. The first is known as a
1331:
To act on stage, actors need to learn the stage directions that appear in the script, such as "Stage Left" and "Stage Right". These directions are based on the actor's point of view as they stand on the stage facing the audience. Actors also have to learn the meaning of the stage directions "Upstage"
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and stylized bodily performance from the actor than does the theater." "The performance of emotion is the most difficult aspect of film acting to master: ...the film actor must rely on subtle facial ticks, quivers, and tiny lifts of the eyebrow to create a believable character." Some theatre stars
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Film actors have to learn to get used to and be comfortable with a camera being in front of them. Film actors need to learn to find and stay on their "mark". This is a position on the floor marked with tape. This position is where the lights and camera focus are optimized. Film actors also need to
1392:
Pioneering film directors in Europe and the United States recognized the different limitations and freedoms of the mediums of stage and screen by the early 1910s. Silent films became less vaudevillian in the mid-1910s, as the differences between stage and screen became apparent. Due to the work of
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in 1917: "The sooner the stage people who have come into pictures get out, the better for the pictures". In other cases, directors such as John
Griffith Wray required their actors to deliver larger-than-life expressions for emphasis. As early as 1914, American viewers had begun to make known their
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published their new joint style guide in 2010, it stated "Use for both male and female actors; do not use actress except when in name of award, e.g. Oscar for best actress". The guide's authors stated that "actress comes into the same category as authoress, comedienne, manageress, 'lady doctor',
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began to insist on naturalism in their films. By the mid-1920s many
American silent films had adopted a more naturalistic acting style, though not all actors and directors accepted naturalistic, low-key acting straight away; as late as 1927, films featuring expressionistic acting styles, such as
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troupes performed lively improvisational playlets across Europe for centuries. Commedia dell'arte was an actor-centred theatre, requiring little scenery and very few props. Plays were loose frameworks that provided situations, complications, and the outcome of the action, around which the actors
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There seems no doubt that actresses did not perform on the stage till the
Restoration, in the earliest years of which Pepys says for the first time he saw an actress upon the stage. Charles II, must have brought the usage from the Continent, where women had long been employed instead of boys or
1275:
reported that "...just 21 of the 100 top-grossing films of 2014 featured a female lead or co-lead, while only 28.1 percent of characters in 100 top-grossing films were female...". "In the U.S., there is an "industry-wide in salaries of all scales. On average, white women earn 78 cents to every
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requires the actor to focus totally on the other actor as though they are real and they only exist in that moment. This is a method that makes the actors in the scene seem more authentic to the audience. It is based on the principle that acting finds its expression in people's response to other
1536:
Radio drama achieved widespread popularity within a decade of its initial development in the 1920s. By the 1940s, it was a leading international popular entertainment. With the advent of television in the 1950s, however, radio drama lost some of its popularity, and in some countries has never
977:
In contrast to
Ancient Greek theatre, Ancient Roman theatre did allow female performers. While the majority of them were seldom employed in speaking roles but rather for dancing, there was a minority of actresses in Rome employed in speaking roles, and also those who achieved wealth, fame and
1571:
The terms "audio drama" or "audio theatre" are sometimes used synonymously with "radio drama" with one possible distinction: audio drama or audio theatre may not necessarily be intended specifically for broadcast on radio. Audio drama, whether newly produced or OTR classics, can be found on
1426:
According to Anton Kaes, a silent film scholar from the
University of Wisconsin, American silent cinema began to see a shift in acting techniques between 1913 and 1921, influenced by techniques found in German silent film. This is mainly attributed to the influx of emigrants from the
3704:
534:, also known as Stanislavski's method, actors draw upon their own feelings and experiences to convey the "truth" of the character they portray. Actors puts themselves in the mindset of the character, finding things in common to give a more genuine portrayal of the character.
615:, a member of a visiting Italian Commedia dell'arte company, did perform in England as early as 1578, but such foreign guest appearances had been rare exceptions and there had been no professional English actresses in England. This prohibition ended during the reign of
450:
In the 19th century, the negative reputation of actors was largely reversed, and acting became an honored, popular profession and art. The rise of the actor as celebrity provided the transition, as audiences flocked to their favorite "stars". A new role emerged for the
1401:, became known for its innovative direction and acting, conducted to suit the cinema rather than the stage. Griffith realized that theatrical acting did not look good on film and required his actors and actresses to go through weeks of film acting training.
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It would be several decades before the word "actress" appeared – 1700, according to the Oxford
English Dictionary, more than a century after the word "actor" was first used to denote a theatrical performer, supplanting the less professional-sounding
1447:
Unlike theater actors, who develop characters for repeat performances, film actors lack continuity, forcing them to come to all scenes (sometimes shot in reverse of the order in which they ultimately appear) with a fully developed character already.
518:
is a philosophy of acting that integrates the expression of the body, voice, imagination, personalizing, improvisation, external stimuli, and script analysis. It is based on the theories and systems of select classical actors and directors including
901:, there is a scene in which Cherubino (a male character portrayed by a woman) dresses up and acts like a woman; the other characters in the scene are aware of a single level of gender role obfuscation, while the audience is aware of two levels.
427:
explicitness. At this point, women were allowed for the first time to appear on the
English stage, exclusively in female roles. This period saw the introduction of the first professional actresses and the rise of the first celebrity actors.
2874:: a trade union representing UK artists, including actors, singers, dancers, choreographers, stage managers, theatre directors and designers, variety and circus artists, television and radio presenters, walk-on and supporting artists,
479:
By the early 20th century, the economics of large-scale productions displaced the actor-manager model. It was too hard to find people who combined a genius at acting as well as management, so specialization divided the roles as
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has no policy on the use of "actor" or "actress". An Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the "...subject divides the profession". In 2009, the
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depends on dialogue, music and sound effects to help the listener imagine the characters and story: "It is auditory in the physical dimension but equally powerful as a visual force in the psychological dimension."
782:
In the 2000s, women playing men in live theatre is particularly common in presentations of older plays, such as
Shakespearean works with large numbers of male characters in roles where gender is inconsequential.
2249:
refers to a person who acts regardless of gender, where this term "is increasingly preferred", actress remains in general use; actor is increasingly preferred for performers of both sexes as a gender-neutral
1476:"On a television set, there are typically several cameras angled at the set. Actors who are new to on-screen acting can get confused about which camera to look into." TV actors need to learn to use lav mics (
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has been called film's "first true actress" for her work in the period, as she pioneered new film performing techniques, recognizing the crucial differences between stage and screen acting. Directors such as
414:
opposition to the stage banned the performance of all plays within London. Puritans viewed the theatre as immoral. The re-opening of the theatres in 1660 signalled a renaissance of
English drama. English
130:, only men could become actors, and women's roles were generally played by men or boys. While Ancient Rome did allow female stage performers, only a small minority of them were given speaking parts. The
1756:"The dramatic world can be extended to include the 'author', the 'audience' and even the 'theatre'; but these remain 'possible' surrogates, not the 'actual' referents as such" (Elam 1980, 110).
1828:
For example, until the late 1600s, audiences were opposed to seeing women on stage, because of the belief stage performance reduced them to the status of showgirls and prostitutes. Even
635:
right to form two London theatre companies to perform "serious" drama, and the letters patent were reissued in 1662 with revisions allowing actresses to perform for the first time.
403:
were attached to the households of leading aristocrats and performed seasonally in various locations. These became the foundation for the professional players that performed on the
1372:, so that the audience could better understand what an actor was feeling and portraying on screen. Much silent film acting is apt to strike modern-day audiences as simplistic or
1003:
While women did not begin to perform onstage in
England until the second half of the 17th century, they did appear in Italy, Spain and France from the late 16th-century onward.
162:
The first recorded case of a performing actor occurred in 534 BC (though the changes in the calendar over the years make it hard to determine exactly) when the Greek performer
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times as much money as the top-paid actresses. That means that Hollywood's best-compensated actresses made just 40 cents for every dollar that the best-compensated men made."
316:. The majority of actors in these plays were drawn from the local population. Amateur performers in England were exclusively male, but other countries had female performers.
500:. By catering to tourists, theaters in large cities increasingly favored long runs of highly popular plays, especially musicals. Big name stars became even more essential.
154:
of 1660, women began to appear onstage in England. In modern times, particularly in pantomime and some operas, women occasionally play the roles of boys or young men.
488:
emerged. Financially, much larger capital was required to operate out of a major city. The solution was corporate ownership of chains of theatres, such as by the
107:—pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. This can also be considered an "actor's role", which was called this due to
1397:, cinematography became less stage-like, and the then-revolutionary close-up shot allowed subtle and naturalistic acting. In America, D.W. Griffith's company
1276:
dollar a white man makes, while Hispanic women earn 56 cents to a white male's dollar, black women 64 cents and Native American women just 59 cents to that."
2398:
1548:
As of 2011, radio drama has a minimal presence on terrestrial radio in the United States. Much of American radio drama is restricted to rebroadcasts or
360:. A troupe typically consisted of 13 to 14 members. Most actors were paid a share of the play's profits roughly equivalent to the sizes of their roles.
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of programs from previous decades. However, other nations still have thriving traditions of radio drama. In the United Kingdom, for example, the
859:
Occasionally, the issue is further complicated, for example, by a woman playing a woman acting as a man—who then pretends to be a woman, such as
580:, it was considered disgraceful for a woman to go on stage; nevertheless, women did perform in Ancient Rome, and again entered the stage in the
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to become the first known person to speak words as a character in a play or story. Before Thespis' act, Grecian stories were only expressed in
2100:
2082:
1766:
93:
1007:, whose name is on an acting contract in Rome from 10 October 1564, has been referred to as the first Italian actress known by name, with
1085:'male nurse' and similar obsolete terms that date from a time when professions were largely the preserve of one sex (usually men)." (See
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became the perhaps first professional actress since Ancient Rome. France and Spain, too, also had female actors in the 16th century. In
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is a range of techniques based on for training actors to achieve better characterizations of the characters they play, as formulated by
1716:
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752:
138:, whose name is on a contract of actors from 10 October 1564, has been referred to as the first Italian actress known by name, with
1339:, which is simulated fighting on stage. Actors may have to simulate hand-to-hand fighting or sword-fighting. Actors are coached by
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and associated with promiscuity. Despite these prejudices, the 19th century also saw the first female acting "stars", most notably
111:
being used in the theaters. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is "playing themselves", as in some forms of experimental
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A few modern roles are played by a member of the opposite sex to emphasize the gender fluidity of the role. Edna Turnblad in
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have to learn specific skills. Techniques that work well in one type of acting may not work well in another type of acting.
1568:. Podcasting has also offered the means of creating new radio dramas, in addition to the distribution of vintage programs.
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analysis of US acting salaries in 2013 determined that the "...men on Forbes' list of top-paid actors for that year made
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frequently presented at court, also contributed to the shaping of public theatre. Since before the reign of Elizabeth I,
277:. In many parts of Europe, traditional beliefs of the region and time meant actors could not receive a Christian burial.
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2884:: an Australian/New Zealand trade union representing everyone in the media, entertainment, sports, and arts industries.
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1789:. See Weimann (1978, 2); see also Csapo and Slater, who offer translations of classical source material using the term
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Shakespeare and the Popular Tradition in the Theater: Studies in the Social Dimension of Dramatic Form and Function.
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period of the 1950s and '60s, when the contributions of women to cultural life in general were being reviewed. When
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1376:. The melodramatic acting style was in some cases a habit actors transferred from their former stage experience.
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period from 1660 to 1710 are collectively called "Restoration comedy". Restoration comedy is notorious for its
2328:
284:, churches in Europe began staging dramatized versions of biblical events. By the middle of the 11th century,
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put it in an interview with the paper: 'An actress can only play a woman. I'm an actor – I can play anything.
17:
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1100:
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265:, traveling acting troupes were often viewed with distrust. Early Middle Ages actors were denounced by the
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Thanks to advances in digital recording and Internet distribution, radio drama is experiencing a revival.
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In modern times, women occasionally played the roles of boys or young men. For example, the stage role of
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1541:) survive today in the audio archives of collectors and museums, as well as several online sites such as
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theatre was an especially popular origin for many American silent film actors. The pervading presence of
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2868:: a union representing U. S. television and radio actors and broadcasters (on-air journalists, etc.).
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391:", and the "university drama" that attempted to recreate Athenian tragedy. The Italian tradition of
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2366:(3rd ed.). Evanston, Ill: Northwestern Univ Press. pp. Introduction to the 3rd Edition.
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fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power was moved eastward to
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Having an actor dress as the opposite sex for comic effect is also a long-standing tradition in
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were initially used interchangeably for female performers, but later, influenced by the French
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role, and the character is often the central focus of the episode or integral to the plot.
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both maintained small companies of professional actors. Beginning in the mid-16th century,
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1451:"Since film captures even the smallest gesture and magnifies it..., cinema demands a less
1000:, which was evidently quite wealthy. The profession seemingly died out in late antiquity.
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in part because he enjoyed watching actresses on stage. Specifically, Charles II issued
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650:. In the 19th century, many viewed women in acting negatively, as actresses were often
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2173:'Studies in hysteria': actress and courtesan, Sarah Bernhardt and Mrs Patrick Campbell
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is often credited as the first professional actress on the English stage. Previously,
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There were several secular plays staged in the Middle Ages, the earliest of which is
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in a production. The actor performs "in the flesh" in the traditional medium of the
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Renaissance theatre derived from several medieval theatre traditions, such as the
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or published on audio media, such as tape or CD. With no visual component, radio
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Women playing male roles are uncommon in film, with notable exceptions. In 1982,
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Ed. Robert Schwartz. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
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Improvisation for the Theater: A Handbook of Teaching and Directing Techniques
1139:, often incorporated into the name of a theatre group or company, such as the
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After 1660 in England, when women first started to appear on stage, the terms
832:. Cross-dressing for comic effect was a frequently used device in most of the
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Women, Medicine and Theatre 1500–1750: Literary Mountebanks and Performing
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role is a small speaking role that usually only appears in one episode. A
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Fisk, Deborah Payne (2001). "The Restoration Actress". In Owen, Susan J.
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Within the profession, the re-adoption of the neutral term dates to the
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The development of the theatre and opportunities for acting ceased when
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2243:(3 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. November 2010.
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roles are under contract to appear in multiple episodes of a series. A
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England, however, women's roles were generally played by men or boys.
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2673:"Return With Us to the Thrilling Days Of Yesteryear—Via the Internet"
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856:, respectively) in which they played most scenes dressed as a woman.
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and film. Most of Shakespeare's comedies include instances of overt
677:; this convention continues. In some forms of Chinese drama such as
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as the first primadonnas and the first well-documented actresses in
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theatre when women were banned from performing on stage during the
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of Italy, however, allowed professional women to perform early on;
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also rose in popularity after the 13th century. At the end of the
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produces and broadcasts hundreds of new radio plays each year on
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became the commonly used term for women in theater and film. The
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2399:"Jennifer Lawrence Speaks Out On Making Less Than Male Co-Stars"
2862:: a union representing U. S. theatre actors and stage managers.
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and the first well-documented actresses in Italy (and Europe).
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people and circumstances. Is it based on Stanislavski's system.
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Theories of Media :: Keywords Glossary :: multimedia
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Formerly, in some societies, only men could become actors. In
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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added. When referring to groups of performers of both sexes,
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2519:(First ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
2050:"BBC - Radio 4 - Woman's Hour -Women Actors in Ancient Rome"
1444:. Screen tests are a filmed audition of part of the script.
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stated that "Actress" remains the common term used in major
218:, nude dancing, and acrobatics, to the staging of situation
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American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA)
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narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called
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Female Movie Stars Experience Earnings Plunge After Age 34
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for playing Jude Quinn, a fictionalized representation of
1553:
639:
2225:
Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profession
2017:
The Boys from Syracuse: The Shuberts' Theatrical Empire
1573:
2853:
2609:"Auditions for Film: Movie Acting Tips and Techniques"
1938:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.
1846:
Giacomo Oreglia (2002). Commedia dell'arte. Ordfront.
1537:
regained large audiences. However, recordings of OTR (
3656:
1384:
in film was the cause of this outburst from director
296:, plays were produced in 127 towns. These vernacular
202:. This developed and expanded considerably under the
2551:. University of California Press. pp. 344–353.
2437:"How much do Hollywood campaigns for an Oscar cost?"
2039:. Tribecafilminstitute.org. Retrieved on 2016-02-10.
607:
of 1660, women began to appear on stage in England.
288:
had spread from Russia to Scandinavia to Italy. The
994:, and they also formed their own acting guild, the
822:famously posed as women to escape gangsters in the
3234:Cinematographer / director of photography
2424:Gender wage gap in Hollywood: It's very, very wide
2359:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2141:youths in the representation of female characters.
367:A 1596 sketch of a performance in progress on the
210:was a thriving and diverse art form, ranging from
2755:A Dream of Passion: The Development of the Method
2712:. New Accents Ser. London and New York: Methuen.
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2288:
1992:Sir Henry Irving: A Victorian Actor and His World
1512:Recording a radio play in the Netherlands (1949;
685:women often play all roles, including male ones.
273:, as they were viewed as dangerous, immoral, and
3716:
2856:: a union representing U. S. film and TV actors.
1988:
1832:'s plays were performed by boys dressed in drag.
1805:
1803:
692:is traditionally played by a woman, as are most
2294:
2255:
897:). Similarly, in the aforementioned example of
552:, but these are not considered "method acting".
27:Person who portrays a character in a production
2565:
2302:The Routledge reader in gender and performance
2156:, pg. 73, (1. publ. ed.). Oxford : Blackwell.
1440:learn how to prepare well and perform well on-
1434:
1389:preference for greater naturalness on screen.
807:A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum
667:, or men taking on female roles, were used in
37:"Actress" redirects here. For other uses, see
3583:
2903:
2670:
2271:"The readers' editor on... Actor or actress?"
1865:
1800:
1520:Radio drama is a dramatized, purely acoustic
1223:The examples and perspective in this section
292:encouraged the development of comedy. In the
1868:"Boys Becoming Women in Shakespeare's Plays"
2538:
2536:
2468:(7 February 2014). Retrieved on 2016-02-10.
3192:
2917:
2910:
2896:
2878:and directors and theatre fight directors.
2689:Csapo, Eric, and William J. Slater. 1994.
2645:. London; New York: Routledge, 1999, p. 8.
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2393:
2391:
1782:) also means, less often, "to answer" the
1717:Presentational and representational acting
1241:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1135:. However, "player" remains in use in the
741:played the mysterious Ismael Retzinsky in
327:in 1276. It contains satirical scenes and
3105:
2268:
1934:The Cambridge history of American theatre
1809:
1360:From 1894 to the late 1920s, movies were
1257:Learn how and when to remove this message
1112:awards given to female recipients (e.g.,
844:have each appeared in a hit comedy film (
767:Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
753:Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
563:
2542:
2533:
2508:
2269:Pritchard, Stephen (24 September 2011).
1930:Wilmeth, Don B.; Bigsby, C.W.E. (1998).
1759:
1507:
1153:
1060:
961:
466:
435:
362:
45:
2882:Media Entertainment & Arts Alliance
2471:
2388:
2320:
2230:
2123:. The New York Times. 18 October 1885.
708:" traditionally sung by women, usually
14:
3717:
2357:
2329:"From actor to actress and back again"
2326:
1842:
1840:
3029:
2934:
2891:
2660:dict.cc – Deutsch-Englisch-Wörterbuch
2593:Kaes, Anton (1990). "Silent Cinema".
2514:
2426:. Slate.com. Retrieved on 2016-02-10.
2028:Guerrasio, Jason. (19 December 2014)
1861:
1859:
1468:, for instance), others have not..."
182:. The exclusively male actors in the
2592:
2422:Woodruff, Betsy. (23 February 2015)
2085:from the original on 22 April 2009.
1588:, and conventional broadcast radio.
1209:
1169:
335:and other supernatural occurrences.
2664:
2198:Can Eddie Redmayne nab Oscar No. 2?
1837:
978:recognition for their art, such as
957:
642:, the first occurrence of the term
24:
3030:
2935:
2739:
2671:Newman, Barry (25 February 2010).
2306:. New York: Routledge. p. 8.
1856:
1335:Some theater actors need to learn
475:presentation of John Hudson's Wife
25:
3761:
2847:
2327:Linden, Sheri (18 January 2009).
1979:(Rowman & Littlefield, 1981).
1964:Encyclopedia of the Victorian era
1902:Brockett and Hildy (2003, 15–19).
1205:
1151:may be referred to as "players".
3702:
3690:
3678:
3666:
2860:Actors' Equity Association (AEA)
2693:Ann Arbor: The U of Michigan P.
2635:Radio drama. Theory and practice
2154:A companion to restoration drama
2130:from the original on 11 May 2011
1471:
1364:. Silent film actors emphasized
1214:
1173:
969:, a Polish-American actress, by
126:, and in England at the time of
2648:
2626:
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2586:
2455:
2429:
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2209:
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2067:
2042:
2022:
2009:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1355:
1165:
646:was in 1608 and is ascribed to
462:
431:
1995:. A&C Black. p. 109.
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1750:
1129:Motion Picture Production Code
1127:era and the early days of the
1114:Academy Award for Best Actress
758:The Year of Living Dangerously
584:in Italy in the 16th century;
166:stepped onto the stage at the
91:. The analogous Greek term is
13:
1:
2691:The Context of Ancient Drama.
1920:Brockett and Hildy (2003, 86)
1911:Brockett and Hildy (2003, 75)
1743:
1423:, were still being released.
1326:
503:
419:written and performed in the
249:, scenes or recitations from
2184:Culture and Customs of China
2030:What It Means To Be 'Method'
2019:(Cooper Square Press, 2000).
1977:Theatre in the Age of Irving
1044:is a simple derivation from
186:performed in three types of
7:
1594:
1503:
1435:The advent of sound in film
1237:, discuss the issue on the
1121:cinema of the United States
1099:" The UK performers' union
814:dressing as a young bride.
395:, as well as the elaborate
356:improvised. The plays used
150:(and in Europe). After the
79:or in modern media such as
71:is a person who portrays a
10:
3766:
3608:Computer-generated imagery
3413:Special effects supervisor
3261:Digital imaging technician
2683:
2298:; Holledge, Julie (1998).
1350:
1343:, who help them learn the
755:for playing Billy Kwan in
507:
157:
92:
36:
29:
3730:Entertainment occupations
3625:
3545:
3464:
3426:
3418:Visual effects supervisor
3403:
3313:
3224:
3127:
3042:
3038:
3025:
2943:
2930:
2854:Screen Actors Guild (SAG)
2773:Sanford Meisner on Acting
2240:Oxford English Dictionary
1989:Jeffrey Richards (2007).
1812:"narrative, lyric, drama"
1810:Neziroski, Lirim (2003).
1778:(related to our word for
801:A Midsummer Night's Dream
712:. Examples are Hansel in
510:List of acting techniques
321:The Play of the Greenwood
184:theatre of ancient Greece
3338:Utility sound technician
2791:Letters to a Young Actor
2543:Brownlow, Kevin (1968).
2517:American Film: A History
1496:is a larger role than a
1302:
498:The Shubert Organization
39:Actress (disambiguation)
3638:Unit still photographer
3323:Director of audiography
3052:Unit production manager
2829:The Technique of Acting
2750:Constantin Stanislavski
2723:Weimann, Robert. 1978.
1818:. University of Chicago
1797:) (1994, 257, 265–267).
1707:Pornographic film actor
1149:improvisational theatre
1147:, etc. Also, actors in
521:Konstantin Stanislavski
471:Playbill cover for the
208:theatre of ancient Rome
3750:Theatrical occupations
3745:Television terminology
3735:Filmmaking occupations
3328:Production sound mixer
3057:Production coordinator
2872:British Actors' Equity
2675:. Wall Street Journal.
2358:Spolin, Viola (1999).
1962:James Eli Adams, ed.,
1517:
1345:choreographed sequence
1162:
1069:
1049:
1031:
974:
899:The Marriage of Figaro
765:was nominated for the
725:The Marriage of Figaro
595:When an eighteen-year
564:As the opposite gender
476:
447:
380:
304:, with actors playing
60:
32:Actor (disambiguation)
3598:Visual effects editor
3593:VFX creative director
3062:Production accountant
2817:(1st ed by Atheneum,
2654:Compare the entry to
2613:Ace-your-audition.com
1767:"Definition of actor"
1511:
1478:Lavaliere microphones
1157:
1064:
965:
936:was nominated for an
889:and Chris (played by
603:was lifted after the
590:William Shakespeare's
532:Stanislavski's system
470:
439:
366:
226:, verbally elaborate
49:
3740:Radio people by role
3517:Intimacy coordinator
3087:Production assistant
2710:of Theatre and Drama
2549:The Parade's Gone By
2515:Lewis, John (2008).
2201:, 20 December 2015,
2114:"Women as actresses"
1773:on January 16, 2013.
1712:Practical Aesthetics
1235:improve this section
631:, granting them the
490:Theatrical Syndicate
401:companies of players
241:. Records show that
235:Western Roman Empire
30:For other uses, see
3281:Lighting technician
3137:Production designer
2641:1 July 2014 at the
2335:. Los Angeles Times
1866:JULIET DUSINBERRE.
1119:With regard to the
971:Tadeusz Ajdukiewicz
967:Helena Modrzejewska
882:It's Pat: The Movie
876:Shakespeare in Love
744:Fanny and Alexander
613:Angelica Martinelli
605:English Restoration
379:open-roof playhouse
152:English Restoration
128:William Shakespeare
3575:Technical director
3348:Re-recording mixer
3077:Script coordinator
3067:Assistant director
3006:Executive producer
2704:Elam, Keir. 1980.
2441:Stephenfollows.com
2035:2017-06-23 at the
1632:Commedia dell'arte
1518:
1393:directors such as
1347:of fight actions.
1307:Actors working in
1185:. You can help by
1163:
1070:
975:
930:2007 movie musical
914:1988 original film
582:Commedia dell'arte
525:Michel Saint-Denis
477:
448:
393:Commedia dell'arte
381:
353:Commedia dell'arte
132:commedia dell'arte
61:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3621:
3620:
3512:Acting instructor
3487:Movement director
3276:Best boy electric
3220:
3219:
3123:
3122:
3115:Storyboard artist
3072:Script supervisor
3021:
3020:
2582:. infoplease.com.
2580:"Movies and Film"
2526:978-0-393-97922-0
2443:. 12 January 2015
2405:. 13 October 2015
2121:Notes and Queries
1949:978-0-521-65179-0
1682:Meisner technique
1514:Spaarnestad Photo
1370:facial expression
1267:
1266:
1259:
1203:
1202:
1145:East West Players
1106:Los Angeles Times
1005:Lucrezia Di Siena
773:in the 1960s, in
731:Der Rosenkavalier
715:Hänsel und Gretel
638:According to the
586:Lucrezia Di Siena
556:Meisner technique
496:, and especially
494:Edward Laurillard
486:theatre directors
405:Elizabethan stage
331:material such as
282:Early Middle Ages
263:Early Middle Ages
136:Lucrezia Di Siena
16:(Redirected from
3757:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3695:
3694:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3581:
3580:
3385:Music supervisor
3190:
3189:
3149:Costume designer
3103:
3102:
3092:Location manager
3082:Casting director
3040:
3039:
3027:
3026:
2963:Supporting actor
2932:
2931:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2876:stunt performers
2677:
2676:
2668:
2662:
2652:
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2599:
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2583:
2576:
2563:
2562:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2496:on 26 March 2014
2492:. Archived from
2486:
2469:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2433:
2427:
2420:
2414:
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2296:Goodman, Lizbeth
2292:
2286:
2285:
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2281:
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2253:
2252:
2234:
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2213:
2207:
2195:Andrea Mandell,
2193:
2187:
2186:(2002), page 63.
2180:
2174:
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2150:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2135:
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2110:
2104:
2098:M.A. Katritzky:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2081:. 23 July 2005.
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2046:
2040:
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2020:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1937:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1883:
1877:. Archived from
1872:
1863:
1854:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1807:
1798:
1774:
1769:. Archived from
1763:
1757:
1754:
1722:Supporting actor
1637:Dramatis personæ
1612:Cameo appearance
1543:Internet Archive
1458:Laurence Olivier
1414:Maurice Tourneur
1410:Albert Capellani
1399:Biograph Studios
1298:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1262:
1255:
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1218:
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1210:
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1177:
1170:
1141:American Players
1098:
1013:Barbara Flaminia
958:The term actress
922:Broadway musical
918:Harvey Fierstein
829:Some Like It Hot
728:and Octavian in
629:William Davenant
625:Thomas Killigrew
516:Classical acting
440:Henry Irving in
358:stock characters
341:Late Middle Ages
325:Adam de la Halle
300:often contained
294:Late Middle Ages
286:liturgical drama
214:performances of
174:, dance, and in
168:Theatre Dionysus
144:Barbara Flaminia
102:
96:
21:
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3764:
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3758:
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3579:
3547:Post-production
3541:
3532:Stunt performer
3460:
3422:
3405:Special effects
3399:
3343:Dialogue editor
3309:
3239:Camera operator
3216:
3188:
3179:Property master
3129:
3119:
3101:
3034:
3017:
2989:
2973:Character actor
2939:
2926:
2916:
2850:
2835:(Bantam Books,
2810:The Empty Space
2795:Robert Brustein
2777:Sanford Meisner
2746:An Actor's Work
2742:
2740:Further reading
2686:
2681:
2680:
2669:
2665:
2653:
2649:
2643:Wayback Machine
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2591:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2566:
2559:
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2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2490:"Industry Tips"
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2487:
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2275:Theguardian.com
2267:
2256:
2237:"actress, n.".
2236:
2235:
2231:
2214:
2210:
2194:
2190:
2182:Richard Gunde,
2181:
2177:
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2097:
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2073:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2037:Wayback Machine
2027:
2023:
2015:Foster Hirsch,
2014:
2010:
2003:
1987:
1983:
1975:George Rowell,
1974:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1884:on 23 July 2008
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1821:
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1764:
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1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1672:Lists of actors
1622:Character actor
1597:
1524:, broadcast on
1506:
1474:
1437:
1429:Weimar Republic
1386:Marshall Neilan
1358:
1353:
1341:fight directors
1329:
1305:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1263:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1232:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1183:needs expansion
1168:
1096:
1093:Whoopi Goldberg
1009:Vincenza Armani
988:Galeria Copiola
960:
951:The Danish Girl
871:Gwyneth Paltrow
866:Victor/Victoria
656:Sarah Bernhardt
609:Margaret Hughes
599:prohibition of
566:
550:Sanford Meisner
512:
506:
473:Shubert Theatre
465:
434:
160:
140:Vincenza Armani
113:performance art
42:
35:
28:
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3585:Visual effects
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3184:Weapons master
3181:
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3164:Make-up artist
3161:
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3125:
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3109:
3100:
3099:
3097:Location scout
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3044:Pre-production
3036:
3035:
3032:Below the line
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2937:Above the line
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2907:
2900:
2892:
2886:
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2879:
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2857:
2849:
2848:External links
2846:
2845:
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2826:
2806:
2797:(Basic Books,
2788:
2770:
2761:(Plume Books,
2752:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2721:
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1578:cassette tapes
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1357:
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1229:of the subject
1227:worldwide view
1222:
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1207:
1206:Gender pay gap
1204:
1201:
1200:
1180:
1178:
1167:
1164:
1058:is preferred.
959:
956:
934:Eddie Redmayne
908:was played by
853:Mrs. Doubtfire
842:Robin Williams
838:Dustin Hoffman
834:Carry On films
792:cross-dressing
763:Cate Blanchett
710:mezzo-sopranos
706:breeches roles
694:principal boys
683:Shaoxing opera
621:letters patent
578:medieval world
570:ancient Greece
565:
562:
561:
560:
553:
535:
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508:Main article:
505:
502:
482:stage managers
464:
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453:actor-managers
433:
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389:morality plays
290:Feast of Fools
239:Constantinople
216:street theatre
159:
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124:medieval world
120:ancient Greece
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3492:Choreographer
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3482:Dialect coach
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3333:Boom operator
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3321:
3320:
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3293:Best boy grip
3291:
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3210:
3208:
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3202:Matte painter
3200:
3199:
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3011:Line producer
3009:
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3004:
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2999:
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2994:
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2991:Film director
2988:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Ensemble cast
2966:
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2959:
2958:Leading actor
2956:
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2842:
2841:0-553-05299-3
2838:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2823:0-689-70558-1
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:0-465-00806-2
2800:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2785:0-394-75059-4
2782:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2767:0-452-26198-8
2764:
2760:
2759:Lee Strasberg
2756:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2734:
2733:0-8018-3506-2
2730:
2726:
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2718:0-416-72060-9
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2699:0-472-08275-2
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2334:
2333:Entertainment
2330:
2323:
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2313:0-415-16583-0
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2070:
2055:
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2038:
2034:
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2025:
2018:
2012:
2004:
2002:9781852855918
1998:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1966:(2004) 1:2-3.
1965:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1926:
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1852:91-7324-602-6
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1668:
1667:Leading actor
1665:
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1566:Radio 4 Extra
1563:
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1527:
1523:
1515:
1510:
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1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:In television
1469:
1467:
1466:Julie Andrews
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1432:
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1366:body language
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1279:
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1247:December 2018
1240:
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1212:
1211:
1197:
1188:
1184:
1181:This section
1179:
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1117:
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1094:
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1053:
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1034:
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1025:
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1018:
1015:as the first
1014:
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1006:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
989:
985:
981:
972:
968:
964:
955:
953:
952:
947:
943:
939:
938:Academy Award
935:
931:
927:
926:John Travolta
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
891:Julia Sweeney
888:
884:
883:
878:
877:
872:
868:
867:
862:
861:Julie Andrews
857:
855:
854:
849:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
808:
803:
802:
797:
796:Francis Flute
793:
789:
788:comic theatre
784:
780:
778:
777:
776:I'm Not There
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:
754:
751:received the
750:
746:
745:
740:
735:
733:
732:
727:
726:
721:
717:
716:
711:
707:
704:has several "
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
679:Beijing opera
676:
672:
671:
666:
665:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
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602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
557:
554:
551:
547:
543:
542:Lee Strasberg
539:
538:Method acting
536:
533:
529:
526:
522:
517:
514:
513:
511:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
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460:
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445:
444:
438:
429:
426:
422:
418:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:mystery plays
378:
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365:
361:
359:
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350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
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299:
298:Mystery plays
295:
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177:
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118:Formerly, in
116:
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110:
106:
101:
95:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
58:
57:
52:
51:David Garrick
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:Theater actor
3560:Sound editor
3527:Stunt double
3522:Stage combat
3502:Talent agent
3472:Acting coach
3395:Orchestrator
3390:Music editor
3353:Foley artist
3244:Focus puller
3142:Art director
2996:Screenwriter
2947:
2833:Stella Adler
2828:
2808:
2790:
2772:
2754:
2745:
2724:
2705:
2690:
2666:
2655:
2650:
2634:
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2612:
2603:
2594:
2588:
2548:
2516:
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2494:the original
2465:
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2440:
2431:
2418:
2407:. Retrieved
2402:
2361:
2353:
2344:
2337:. Retrieved
2332:
2322:
2301:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2274:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2223:
2211:
2202:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2169:
2153:
2148:
2139:
2132:. Retrieved
2120:
2108:
2099:
2094:
2086:
2079:The Guardian
2078:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2053:
2044:
2024:
2016:
2011:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1933:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1879:the original
1874:
1827:
1820:. Retrieved
1815:
1790:
1775:
1771:the original
1761:
1752:
1737:Voice acting
1677:Matinee idol
1590:
1570:
1547:
1535:
1519:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1450:
1446:
1442:screen tests
1438:
1425:
1418:
1405:Lillian Gish
1403:
1395:D W Griffith
1391:
1382:stage actors
1362:silent films
1359:
1356:Silent films
1337:stage combat
1334:
1330:
1306:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1253:
1244:
1224:
1194:January 2023
1191:
1187:adding to it
1182:
1166:Compensation
1160:Kate Winslet
1158:The actress
1118:
1105:
1088:male as norm
1086:
1082:The Guardian
1081:
1078:The Observer
1077:
1071:
1065:The actress
1055:
1045:
1037:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1002:
997:Sociae Mimae
995:
976:
949:
948:) in 2015's
940:for playing
905:
903:
898:
880:
874:
864:
858:
851:
845:
827:
824:Billy Wilder
812:Jack Gilford
805:
804:. The movie
799:
785:
781:
774:
756:
742:
739:Stina Ekblad
736:
729:
723:
713:
687:
668:
662:
660:
643:
637:
594:
574:ancient Rome
567:
546:Stella Adler
478:
463:20th century
457:Henry Irving
449:
441:
432:19th century
409:
382:
375:, a typical
369:thrust stage
320:
318:
279:
232:
179:
176:third person
167:
161:
117:
99:
68:
64:
62:
54:
43:
3555:Film editor
3477:Body double
3358:Voice foley
3266:Second unit
3226:Photography
3207:Illustrator
3194:Visual arts
3174:Set dresser
3159:Hairdresser
3128:Production
2983:Cameo actor
2953:Voice actor
2815:Peter Brook
2632:Tim Crook:
2595:Monatshefte
2075:"Smallweed"
1830:Shakespeare
1687:Mime artist
1627:Child actor
1617:Cast member
1607:Body double
1522:performance
1462:Glenn Close
1125:silent film
1067:Laila Fawzi
1017:primadonnas
992:Fabia Arete
946:trans woman
820:Jack Lemmon
816:Tony Curtis
761:. In 2007,
696:in British
421:Restoration
377:Elizabethan
345:Richard III
269:during the
56:Richard III
3719:Categories
3697:Television
3633:Swing gang
3603:Compositor
3537:Under-five
3298:Dolly grip
3107:Storyboard
2923:filmmaking
2779:(Vintage,
2618:22 October
2409:2016-02-10
2403:Forbes.com
2373:0810140004
2280:22 October
2220:Edith Hall
2059:22 October
1888:22 October
1791:hypocrisis
1776:Hypokrites
1744:References
1732:Vaudeville
1727:Understudy
1697:Music hall
1692:Movie star
1494:guest star
1453:flamboyant
1420:Metropolis
1378:Vaudeville
1327:In theatre
1317:television
895:Dave Foley
794:, such as
749:Linda Hunt
675:Edo period
661:In Japan,
652:courtesans
617:Charles II
504:Techniques
484:and later
224:high-style
200:satyr play
198:, and the
100:hupokritḗs
89:television
3613:Rendering
3428:Animation
3375:Subtitles
3254:Steadicam
3154:Greensman
2978:Bit actor
2919:Film crew
2708:Semiotics
2658:e.g. in:
2346:"player."
2245:Although
2204:USA Today
2054:Bbc.co.uk
1780:hypocrite
1702:Pantomime
1486:recurring
1269:In 2015,
1239:talk page
1042:etymology
942:Lili Elbe
906:Hairspray
771:Bob Dylan
720:Cherubino
698:pantomime
690:Peter Pan
648:Middleton
443:The Bells
349:Henry VII
271:Dark Ages
251:tragedies
247:pantomime
228:tragedies
180:Thespians
94:ὑποκριτής
73:character
3570:Animator
3565:Colorist
3507:Stand-in
3446:Modeling
3436:Animator
3380:Composer
3288:Key grip
2656:Hörspiel
2639:Archived
2545:"Acting"
2382:41176682
2339:14 March
2134:14 March
2125:Archived
2083:Archived
2033:Archived
1875:S-sj.org
1822:14 March
1602:Bit part
1595:See also
1586:webcasts
1582:podcasts
1550:podcasts
1504:In radio
1282:2
1233:You may
1074:post-war
984:Dionysia
980:Eucharis
664:onnagata
633:monopoly
576:and the
417:comedies
373:The Swan
310:villains
255:comedies
220:comedies
212:festival
122:and the
59:on stage
3673:Theatre
3659:Portals
3451:Rigging
3365:Dubbing
2843:, 1988)
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2684:Sources
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1558:Radio 3
1498:co-star
1490:co-star
1351:In film
1309:theatre
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158:History
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