25:
1159:
Pretending to be injured has two advantages: first, the enemy is lulled into lowering their guard since they no longer consider one to be an immediate threat. Second, ingratiating oneself with the enemy by pretending the injury was caused by a mutual enemy conserves one's strength while one's enemies
794:
When a country is beset by internal problems, such as disease, famine, corruption, and crime, it is poorly-equipped to deal with an outside threat. Keep gathering internal information about an enemy. If the enemy is in its weakest state, attack them without mercy and annihilate them to prevent future
956:
If the enemy's army is strong but is allied to the commander only by money, superstition, or threats, target the leader. If the commander falls, the rest of the army will disperse or join one's side. If they are allied to the leader through loyalty, beware, as the army can continue to fight on after
898:
Do something unaimed, but spectacular ("hitting the grass") to provoke a response from the enemy ("startle the snake") to have them give away their plans or position. Do something unusual, strange, and unexpected to arouse the enemy's suspicion and disrupt their thinking. It is more widely used as a
761:
When the enemy is too strong to be attacked directly, attack something they cherish. The idea is to avoid a head-on battle with a strong enemy, and instead strike at their weakness elsewhere. This will force the strong enemy to retreat in order to support their weakness. Battling against a tired and
929:
Cornered prey will often mount a final desperate attack. To prevent this, let the enemy believe they still have a chance for freedom. Their will to fight is hampered by their desire to escape. The enemy's morale will be depleted and they will surrender without a fight when the illusion of escape is
839:
Deceive the enemy with an obvious approach that will take a very long time, while ambushing them with another approach. It is an extension of the "Make a sound in the east, then strike in the west" tactic, but instead of merely spreading misinformation to draw the enemy's attention, physical decoys
1119:
Send the enemy beautiful women to cause discord within his camp. This strategy can work on three levels. First, the ruler becomes so enamoured with the beauty that he neglects his duties and allows his vigilance to wane. Second, the group of men will begin to have issues if the desired women court
1185:
If it becomes obvious that one's current course of action will lead to defeat, retreat and regroup. When one's side is losing, three choices remain: surrender, compromise, or escape. Surrender is complete defeat, compromise is half defeat, but escape is not defeat. As long as one is not defeated,
650:
that shared many characteristics with the dark schemes involved in military strategy. As thirty-six is the square of six, it therefore acted as a metaphor for "numerous strategies". Since Wang did not refer to any thirty-six specific stratagems, the thirty-six proverbs and their connection to
805:
In any battle the element of surprise can provide an overwhelming advantage. Even when face-to-face with an enemy, surprise can still be employed by attacking where they least expect it. Create an expectation in the enemy's mind through the use of a feint. Manipulate the enemy to focus their
686:
are divided into a preface, six chapters containing six stratagems each, and an incomplete afterword that was missing text. The first three chapters generally describe tactics for use in advantageous situations, while the last three chapters contain stratagems that are more suitable for
1017:
Invading nations close to oneself carries a higher chance of success. The battlefields are close to one's domain and as such is easier for one's troops to receive supplies and defend the conquered land. Make allies with nations far away from oneself, as it is unwise to invade
699:. Each proverb is accompanied by a short comment, no longer than a sentence or two, that explains how said proverb is applicable to military tactics. These 36 Chinese proverbs are related to 36 battle scenarios in Chinese history and folklore, predominantly of the
1148:
Undermine the enemy's ability to fight by secretly causing discord between them and their friends, allies, advisors, family, commanders, soldiers, and population. While they are preoccupied with settling internal disputes, their ability to attack or defend is
1006:
To capture one's enemy, or more generally in fighting wars, to deliver the final blow to the enemy, plan prudently for success; do not rush into action. Before "moving in for the kill", first cut off the enemy's escape routes and any routes from external
772:
Attack using the strength of another when in a situation where using one's own strength is not favourable. For example, trick an ally into attacking them or use the enemy's own strength against them. The idea is to cause damage to the enemy via a third
783:
It is advantageous to choose the time and place for battle while the enemy does not. Encourage the enemy to expend their energy in futile quests while one conserves their strength. When the enemy is exhausted and confused, attack with energy and
1047:
Disrupt the enemy's formations, interfere with their methods of operations, and change the rules that they are used to following. In this way the supporting pillar, the common link that makes a group of men an effective fighting force, is
622:
of
Emperor Ming, had escaped in haste after learning of the rebellion, he commented that "of the thirty-six stratagems of Lord Tán, retreat was his best, you father and son should run for sure." "Lord Tán" refers to general
1170:
In important matters, one should use several stratagems applied simultaneously after another as in a chain of stratagems. Keep different plans operating in an overall scheme; if any one strategy fails, apply the next
1062:
To discipline, control, or warn others whose status or position excludes them from direct confrontation; use analogy and innuendo. Without directly naming names, those accused cannot retaliate without revealing their
1186:
there is still a chance. This is the most famous of the stratagems and is immortalized in the form of a
Chinese idiom: "Of the Thirty-Six Stratagems, fleeing is best" (三十六計，走為上計, Sānshíliù jì, zǒu wéi shàng jì).
1083:
With baits and deceptions, lure the enemy into treacherous terrain and cut off their lines of communication and escape routes. To save themselves, they must fight both one's own forces and the elements of
873:
There are circumstances where short-term objectives must be sacrificed in order to gain the long-term goal. This is the scapegoat strategy where someone suffers the consequences so that the rest do not.
614:
came to power and executed many members of the court and royal family for fear that they would threaten his reign, Wang believed that he would be targeted next and rebelled. As Wang received news that
840:
are used to further misdirect the enemy. The decoys must be easily seen by the enemy to draw their attention while acting as if they are meant to do what they are falsely doing to avoid suspicion.
638:
The number thirty-six was used by Wang as a figure of speech in this context, and is meant to denote "numerous stratagems" instead of any specific number. Wang's choice of this term came from the
1104:
Usurp leadership in a situation where one is normally subordinate. Infiltrate one's target. Initially, pretend to be a guest to be accepted, but develop from inside and become the owner later.
996:
Mask oneself. Either leave one's distinctive traits behind and become inconspicuous or masquerade as something or someone else. This strategy is mainly used to escape from a stronger enemy.
1120:
another man, thus creating conflict and aggressive behavior. Third, other females at court, motivated by jealousy and envy, begin to plot subversions that further exacerbate the situation.
946:
Bait someone by making them believe they gain something or to just make them react to it; "toss out a brick" to obtain something valuable from them in return ("get a jade gem").
919:
Never directly attack an opponent whose advantage is derived from their position. Instead, lure them away from their position to separate them from their source of strength.
883:
While carrying out one's plans, be flexible enough to take advantage of any opportunity that presents itself, however small, and avail oneself of any profit, however slight.
1073:
Pretend to be incompetent to create confusion about one's intentions and motivations. Lure the opponent into underestimating one's ability until they drop their guard.
1094:
Tying silk blossoms on a dead tree gives the illusion that the tree is healthy. Using artifice and disguise, make something worthless appear valuable and vice versa.
446:
1134:
When the enemy has stronger forces and one expects to be overrun at any moment, act calmly and taunt the enemy, so that the enemy thinks they are walking into an
1032:
Borrow the resources of an ally to attack a common enemy. Once the enemy is defeated, use those resources to turn on the ally that lent them in the first place.
1348:
1474:
853:
Delay entering the field of battle until all other parties become exhausted by fighting amongst each other. Go in at full strength and finish them off.
530:
909:
Take an institution, a technology, a method, or even an ideology that has been forgotten or discarded and appropriate it for one's own purposes.
825:
976:: instead of attacking enemy's fighting forces, direct attacks against their ability to wage war. Literally, take the fuel out of the fire.
651:
military strategies and tactics are likely to have been created after the fact, with only the collection's name being attributed to Wang.
662:, approximately 150 years after Sun Tzu's death. The original hand-copied paperback was believed to have been discovered in China's
1325:
745:
Mask one's real goals from those in authority who lack vision by not alerting them to one's movements or any part of one's plan.
1353:(Strategy - New 36 Strategem/Business & Politics Explainer ed.). Taiwan: Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd. p. 219.
899:
warning: " startle the snake by hitting the grass". An imprudent act will give one's position or intentions away to the enemy.
843:
Today, "sneaking through the passage of
Chencang" also has the meaning of having an affair or doing something that is illegal.
523:
564:, a late-Ming-dynasty work that focuses on the realms of commerce and civil society, shares some thematic similarities.
1454:
552:
Its focus on the use of cunning and deception both on the battlefield and in court have drawn comparisons to Sun Tzu's
1138:. This stratagem is only successful if in most cases one has a powerful hidden force and the stratagem is seldom used.
1411:
1358:
806:
resources somewhere before attacking elsewhere that is poorly defended. Tactically, this is known as an "open feint".
439:
68:
50:
1504:
1499:
516:
1404:
The 36 Stratagems for
Business: Achieve Your Objectives Through Hidden and Unconventional Strategies and Tactics
1494:
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1398:
387:
153:
35:
1436:
1385:
The 36 Secret
Strategies of the Martial Arts: The Classic Chinese Guide for Success in War, Business and Life
167:
549:
is a
Chinese essay used to illustrate a series of stratagems used in politics, war, and civil interaction.
972:
Take out the leading argument or asset of someone; "steal someone's thunder". This is the essence of the
611:
679:
newspaper on
September 16, 1961. It was subsequently reprinted and distributed with growing popularity.
607:
1077:
863:
Charm and ingratiate oneself with the enemy. When their trust is gained, move against them in secret.
1052:
1011:
940:
1242:
821:
A plain lie. Make somebody believe there was something when there is in fact nothing or vice versa.
671:
658:
originated in both written and oral history. Some stratagems reference occurrences in the time of
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466:
418:
396:
46:
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42:
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province, of an unknown date and author, and put into print by a local publisher in 1941. The
1222:
1177:
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1142:
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8:
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with translation of each accompanied by examples taken from
Chinese and Japanese history]
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1024:
568:
269:
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1417:
Greatness in
Simplicity: The 36 Stratagems and Chinese Enterprises, Strategic Thinking
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1078:
Remove the ladder when the enemy has ascended to the roof (上屋抽梯, Shàng wū chōu tī)
934:
847:
1012:
Befriend a distant state and strike a neighbouring one (遠交近攻, Yuǎn jiāo jìn gōng)
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Sacrifice the plum tree to preserve the peach tree (李代桃僵, Lǐ dài táo jiāng)
827:
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632:
619:
615:
197:
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With comments and explanations to the preface, six chapters, and afterword
800:
Make a sound in the east, then strike in the west (聲東擊西, Shēng dōng jī xī)
719:
consists of six chapters, with each chapter consisting of six stratagems.
567:
Unless otherwise specified, Chinese texts in this article are written in "
670:
came to the public's attention after a review of it was published in the
603:
487:
1143:
Let the enemy's own spy sow discord in the enemy camp (反間計, Fǎn jiàn jì)
961:
810:
857:
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432:
1175:
887:
749:
635:, and Wang mentioned his name in contempt as an example of cowardice.
1036:
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239:
53:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1154:
Inflict injury on oneself to win the enemy's trust (苦肉計, Kǔ ròu jì)
831:
365:
246:
211:
1108:
951:
Defeat the enemy by capturing their chief (擒賊擒王, Qín zéi qín wáng)
1099:
Make the host and the guest exchange roles (反客為主, Fǎn kè wéi zhǔ)
878:
Take the opportunity to pilfer a goat (順手牽羊, Shùn shǒu qiān yáng)
663:
659:
640:
1042:
Replace the beams with rotten timbers (偷梁換柱, Tōu liáng huàn zhù)
1469:
1243:"Search Results | book of swindles | Columbia University Press"
1211:
1135:
1124:
1113:
1089:
Decorate the tree with false blossoms (樹上開花, Shù shàng kāi huā)
935:
Tossing out a brick to lure a jade gem (拋磚引玉, Pāo zhuān yǐn yù)
848:
Watch the fires burning across the river (隔岸觀火, Gé àn guān huǒ)
788:
572:
318:
991:
Slough off the cicada's golden shell (金蟬脱殼, Jīn chán tuō qiào)
981:
Disturb the water and catch a fish (渾水摸魚／混水摸魚, Hùn shuǐ mō yú)
924:
In order to capture, one must let loose (欲擒故縱, Yù qín gù zòng)
904:
Borrow a corpse to resurrect the soul (借屍還魂, Jiè shī huán hún)
967:
Remove the firewood from under the pot (釜底抽薪, Fǔ dǐ chōu xīn)
351:
332:
1470:"An Electronic Art of War in 36 Stratagems" (French/English)
778:
Wait at leisure while the enemy labors (以逸待勞, Yǐ yì dài láo)
1068:
Feign madness but keep your balance (假痴不癲, Jiǎ chī bù diān)
986:
Create confusion and exploit it to further one's own goals.
762:
dispirited enemy will give a much higher chance of success.
411:
1001:
Shut the door to catch the thief (關門捉賊, Guān mén zhuō zéi)
893:
Stomp the grass to scare the snake (打草驚蛇, Dǎ cǎo jīng shé)
251:
914:
Lure the tiger down the mountain (调虎離山, Diào hǔ lí shān)
816:
Create something from nothing (无中生有, Wú zhōng shēng yǒu)
1164:
631:, who was forced to retreat after his failed attack on
1057:
while cursing the locust tree (指桑罵槐, Zhǐ sāng mà huái)
962:
Chapter 4: Mixed
Warfare Stratagems (混戰計, Hùnzhàn jì)
811:
Chapter 2: Enemy Dealing Stratagems (敵戰計, Dí zhàn jì)
687:
disadvantageous situations. The original text of the
230:
216:
202:
858:
Hide a knife behind a smile (笑裏藏刀, Xiào lǐ cáng dāo)
888:
Chapter 3: Offensive Stratagems (攻戰計, Gōng zhàn jì)
750:
Besiege Wèi to rescue Zhào (圍魏救趙, Wéi Wèi jiù Zhào)
1037:Chapter 5: Combined Stratagems (並戰計, Bìng zhàn jì)
767:Kill with a borrowed knife (借刀殺人, Jiè dāo shā rén)
1486:
304:
290:
274:
1109:Chapter 6: Defeat Stratagems (敗戰計, Bài zhàn jì)
834:(明修棧道，暗渡陳倉, Míng xiū zhàn dào, àn dù Chéncāng)
370:
356:
1291:
1289:
735:
724:
597:
524:
172:
158:
1114:The beauty trap (Honeypot) (美人計, Měi rén jì)
789:Loot a burning house (趁火打劫, Chèn huǒ dǎ jié)
654:The prevailing view is that contents of the
337:
323:
1249:
1479:(Classic Chinese war theories, 800–300 BC)
1286:
583:The name of the collection comes from the
531:
517:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1387:by Hiroshi Moriya, William Scott Wilson
1487:
1455:English introduction to the Stratagems
1447:English and French translation of the
1320:
1318:
1316:
734:Deceive the heavens to cross the sea (
1346:
602:). Wáng was a general who had served
1165:Chain stratagems (連環計, Lián huán jì)
18:
1313:
1023:Obtain safe passage to conquer the
830:, but sneak through the passage of
13:
14:
1516:
1430:
440:Three Strategies of Huang Shigong
23:
723:Chapter 1: Winning Stratagems (
252:
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1332:. . 2006-07-11. Archived from
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957:their death out of vengeance.
644:, where six is the number of
592:seventh biographical volume,
16:6th century essay on strategy
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49:the claims made and adding
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1347:Zhang, Yongcheng (1988).
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1259:Biography of Wáng Jìngzé
1180:(走為上策, Zǒu wéi shàng cè)
695:style that is common to
594:Biography of Wang Jingze
154:Traditional Chinese
1505:Military strategy books
419:The Methods of the Sima
397:Seven Military Classics
168:Simplified Chinese
1500:Chinese military texts
1406:by Harro von Senger.
1393:by Harro von Senger.
1391:The Book of Stratagems
1301:(Traditional Chinese)"
1283:"檀公三十六策，走是上計，汝父子唯應急走耳"
1265:(Traditional Chinese)"
1257:"Original Text of the
1205:The Book of Five Rings
388:Chinese military texts
275:
82:Thirty-Six Stratagems
1495:Chinese classic texts
1477:Thirty-Six Stratagems
1449:Thirty-Six Stratagems
1439:Thirty-Six Stratagems
1330:(Simplified Chinese)"
1328:Thirty-Six Strategies
1299:Thirty-Six Strategies
1297:"Introduction to the
1223:Psychological warfare
1027:(假途伐虢, Jiǎ tú fá Guó)
754:Further information:
717:Thirty-Six Stratagems
705:Three Kingdoms period
701:Warring States period
689:Thirty-Six Stratagems
684:Thirty-Six Stratagems
668:Thirty-Six Stratagems
656:Thirty-Six Stratagems
610:of the dynasty. When
546:Thirty-Six Stratagems
474:Thirty-Six Stratagems
447:Questions and Replies
138:Thirty-Six Stratagems
1441:(Simplified Chinese)
1218:Cognitive dissonance
1129:(空城計, Kōng chéng jì)
561:The Book of Swindles
467:Sun Bin's Art of War
426:Six Secret Teachings
1465:compendium (German)
1176:If all else fails,
1127:empty fort strategy
740:, Mán tiān guò hǎi)
569:Traditional Chinese
270:Vietnamese alphabet
83:
826:Openly repair the
81:
34:possibly contains
1437:Original text of
1160:fight each other.
974:indirect approach
756:Battle of Guiling
697:Classical Chinese
558:. Zhang Yingyu's
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1350:計策學-新36計／商政實例解說本
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1336:on 2011-07-21.
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59:January 2010
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1366:6 September
1063:complicity.
608:Emperor Gao
604:Southern Qi
488:Huolongjing
460:Other texts
313:Korean name
118:6th century
1489:Categories
1425:7802076420
1399:0140169547
1306:2006-11-27
1270:2006-11-27
1263:Book of Qi
1229:References
939:See also:
618:, son and
586:Book of Qi
575:" format.
433:Wei Liaozi
43:improve it
1481:(English)
1171:strategy.
941:wikt:拋磚引玉
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625:Tan Daoji
502:Wubei Zhi
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1191:See also
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832:Chencang
784:purpose.
703:and the
366:Hiragana
247:Jyutping
212:Bopomofo
95:Language
1379:Sources
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711:Content
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660:Sun Bin
641:I Ching
627:of the
306:𠀧𨒒𦒹計
300:Chữ Nôm
286:Chữ Hán
103:Subject
98:Chinese
90:Unknown
41:Please
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1212:On War
1136:ambush
773:party.
691:has a
590:'s
579:Origin
573:pinyin
358:兵法三十六計
319:Hangul
87:Author
1018:them.
352:Kanji
333:Hanja
126:China
1475:The
1461:The
1421:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1368:2016
1355:ISBN
1125:The
1007:aid.
737:瞞天過海
715:The
682:The
599:王敬則傳
543:The
412:Wuzi
339:三十六計
325:삼십육계
292:三十六計
174:三十六计
160:三十六計
726:勝戰計
647:yin
45:by
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