313:
5457:
27:
5467:
3231:
i kriol langgus we òl i spikem lo dhem ailan blo Thoris Stret, lo nòthsaid gowe prom Kep Yòk, ausaid lo SauthWessaid blo Papua. I gad samwe waze 25,000 pipol i sabe tòkem waze namba-wan langgus, namba-tu langgus 'ne namba-thri langgus blo dhempla. Òl i yuzem lo plande ples waze langgus blo treiding
2485:
meaning to verb stems. Though their origin are
English intransitive prepositions, in Torres Strait Creole their status is completely aspectual; they can only be used as suffixes. They are suffixes to the stem of intransitive verbs, and to the full transitive-passive form of transitive verbs. When
414:
Records of pidgin
English being used in Torres Strait exist from as early as the 1840s (e.g. Moore 1979), and therefore Torres Strait Creole may very well be as old as, if not older, than its sister languages, and not a descendant of any of these. The main importers of the pidgin were British and
512:
differ mainly from the influences in the various areas the language is spoken or by the language of the ethnic groups that use the language as well as a certain amount of superstrata influence from
English. Apart from accent and intonation, differences are mainly vocabulary used for local fauna,
2735:. All local languages are either prepositionless case-marking agglutinative languages, or case-marking agglutinative languages where the case endings have evolved to postposition status, which contrast the following cases to varying extents, but which have little or no number marking on nouns:
2051:
Questions vary between using
English/Meriam Mìr-like word order, i.e. question word initially, or Kala Lagaw Ya/Malay-like word order, i.e. question word order is the same as that of statements. As stated above, the question word has its full form when used clause finally, and a reduced form
1279:
vary in pronunciation when word initial and medial between and , with only appearing at the ends of words in Torres Strait and Papuan dialects. These reflect indigenous language allophony as well as a rationalisation of the larger
English (and Malay, etc.) consonant phoneme inventory. The
3232:
an pò bai òl samthing. I gad siks kain Brokan: blo Papua, blo Westen-Sentrel, blo Tiai, blo
Maleman, blo Esten, blo Kep Yòk. Òl dhem wòd blo em soem dhiskain pò yumpla, waze em i pizin blo Pasipik, dhasòl i gad wanwan thing, òlsem we yumpla spik pò taim we i go kam, yumpla yuzi dhis tòk:
516:
The dialects group generally into the
Western-Central-Cape York dialects where the western and central language of Torres Strait (Kala Lagaw Ya) has a strong influence (an influence which is also 'over-powering' other sub-strata influences), 'TI' Brokan with a strong
1604:
Three interrogatives and the two deictics have two forms, this being (interrogatives) a reduced clause initial form and a fuller clause final form, and in the case of the deictics, a pre-clitic and independent form, as in the following examples:
573:
Torres Strait Creole exists as part of a lect continuum: a local language, a local language mix called Ap-ne-Ap, a pidgin basilect creole, a mesolect
English influenced creole, local Torres Strait (Thursday Island) English, and General
1191:
The dental-alveolar contrast exists in the
Western, Central and Cape York dialects, however only exists in other dialects in so far as either English or Western-Central influences force a contrast, or where the voiced alveolar stop
1347:
in the
Western-Central-Cape York dialects. Where the Eastern dialect is concerned, the dental-alveolar contrast is on the whole non-operative, and the dual forms are less commonly used than elsewhere. Furthermore, the 1–2 form
643:
Most Torres Strait Islander people speak Yumplatok in addition to their local languages, and a 2014 study suggests that the numbers of people speaking Kriol are growing. It is widely used as a language of trade and commerce.
1904:
Torres Strait Creole is a somewhat atypical of Pidgin-Creole languages in its word order and various other syntactic (and grammatical) properties. Though the normal sentence word order is the expected transitive
1352:
is often used as the general non-singular 1–2 form; and is sometimes used as such in other dialects in rhetorical discourse. The Central Islands dialect (and sometimes others) tends to also use
3546:
5414:
3384:
231:
427:, and others. Therefore, Torres Strait Creole has various characteristics of these different types of Pidgin, the main ones being mid- to late 1800s Malay-area Pidgin English (but not
470:
Torres Strait Creole has six main dialects: Papuan, Western-Central, TI, Malay, Eastern, and Cape York. Its main characteristics show that it is a Pacific Pidgin, but the future in
3591:
3596:
3461:
513:
flora and so on, retentions from local indigenous languages or other substrata languages (such as Malay) and minor differences in pronunciation because of substrata influences.
1749:, and uses the definite article much less than it is in English, it having a more demonstrative feel than the English equivalent. There are singular, dual and plural forms:
3539:
5419:
5495:
3613:
3532:
3084:
The language has vocabulary from various sources, though the dominant source is English. Here are lists of Non-English words found in Torres Strait Creole:
2785:
They also contrast the following derived forms (among others according to language), which are not case forms in the local languages, but rather nominals:
3653:
1972:
Unlike many pidgin-creoles, the adjective categorically comes before the noun. Similarly, adverbs that mark adjectives come before the adjective:
3343:
5500:
4311:
3471:
1318:
1169:
2486:
used as transitive-passive verbs, they also suffix the transitive ending after the suffix. They also derive verbs from other words.
842:
534:
628:
recorded 6,171 people who spoke Yumplatok at home, but linguists working on the language have estimated that from 20,000 to 30,000
91:
3287:
1795:
The demonstrative articles have a general form, and a specific dual form, as well as variation, with a strong tendency to use the
4376:
1806:
to specify position; the definitie articles are often used with the demonstrative clitics to express the demonstrative articles:
63:
2802:
The use of the prepositions in Torres Strait Creole reflect these cases and nominalisations to a certain (= simplified) extent:
721:
44:
316:
Languages used at home by Torres Strait Islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population.
70:
5444:
4527:
4522:
4304:
3646:
415:
other sailors, many of whom were South Sea Islanders, both Melanesian and Polynesian, as well as Island South-East Asians,
4865:
1120:
295:
5098:
731:
3436:
77:
3419:
3358:
3311:
1953:
The four sentences in Torres Strait Creole carry a semantic difference difficult to show in the English translation.
1159:
110:
1909:-X(-) and intransitive S-V-X(-), there is variation in the form of S-X-V(-O), such as where the directional adverbs
5267:
3258:
Pigibi òlgedha nugud pasen blo mipla, òlsem mipla pigibi nugud pasen blo dhempla we òl i meke nugud pasen pò mipla.
1070:
859:
for the language as a whole is non-contrastive, though in some subdialects/dialects it appears to be contrastive.
4899:
4713:
4080:
3720:
3639:
3466:
3316:
748:
285:
59:
2390:
Verb stems that end in vowels do not take the suffix, while a few verbs are irregular in not taking the suffix:
2052:
otherwise. In yes–no questions, statement word order is normal, with the use of a question tag sentence clitic:
5471:
5180:
4590:
4320:
376:
174:
48:
5476:
5114:
4942:
4932:
4230:
4112:
4024:
3701:
1101:
380:
324:
3921:
3239:
Thri langgus we i òlsem Brokan i Pijin blo Solomon Ailan, Tok Pisin blo Niu Gini, ane Bislama blo Banuatu.
2732:
2440:
1064:
768:
245:
3501:. Canberra, ACT: Australian National University, Research School of Pacific Studies, Dept. of Linguistics.
1917:'here' come before the verb, as happens in all local languages (this is in common with virtually all verb
1317:
5262:
5257:
5193:
4762:
4702:
4689:
4369:
4066:
3913:
1906:
1326:
789:
692:
436:
3943:
3687:
3602:
1134:
973:
953:
806:
640:, which was the first complete translation of the Bible into any Indigenous language within Australia.
4971:
4827:
4745:
4667:
4073:
3608:
3389:
1918:
1095:
503:
495:
448:
5303:
5296:
4694:
4577:
4265:
4251:
4149:
4135:
3694:
3619:
963:
704:
498:) are more distantly related, being descendants of the Pidgin English that developed in and around
257:
5312:
84:
5378:
5000:
4805:
4776:
4038:
3877:
3798:
1024:
1004:
985:
444:
37:
3524:
2023:
All verb tense and aspect markers come before the verb (see Verbs below), apart from the clitic
312:
5461:
5348:
5343:
4605:
4362:
4342:
4335:
3819:
3763:
3662:
3151:
2116:
629:
625:
2533:— dispersive (this suffix causes the final voiceless consonant of the stem to become voiced):
5373:
5368:
5218:
4816:
4395:
3735:
3708:
3344:
Community, identity, wellbeing: The report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey
2589:
1322:
1175:
1114:
1014:
905:
384:
5393:
5333:
5284:
4017:
3936:
2030:
A fully operational relative clause structure exists, marked by the relative clause marker
1036:
2170:
is of fairly recent development, and is in origin an abbreviation of the verb phrase form
16:
English-based creole language spoken in parts of the Torres Strait Islands and nearby land
8:
5353:
4258:
4205:
3972:
3957:
3777:
3380:
3209:
2443:
in their most normal clause types. These are not to be confused with transitive clauses:
1264:
1047:
915:
522:
440:
392:
237:
5429:
5388:
5358:
5338:
5170:
4937:
3906:
3899:
3791:
3680:
2482:
2148:
2140:
929:
882:
575:
3828:
3114:'magic action, spells, products, medicines etc.' (from the early Kauraraigau Ya word
223:
5383:
4272:
3979:
3950:
3892:
3885:
3862:
3784:
3742:
3415:
3354:
2881:
Aus blo Ama blo mi i stanap dhe antap lo / we il ananith lo / we big mango dhe antap.
2779:
2144:
2136:
2132:
1746:
1147:
1084:
997:
887:
758:
562:
526:
269:
406:
and bi/tri-lingual speakers. It is widely used as a language of trade and commerce.
291:
5424:
5409:
5018:
4413:
4279:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4126:
4045:
3983:
3929:
3749:
3670:
3167:
3159:
2152:
1344:
1151:
892:
877:
872:
420:
396:
145:
5434:
5252:
5208:
5198:
4907:
4244:
4237:
4223:
4170:
4156:
4059:
4003:
3842:
3835:
3812:
3805:
3560:
3163:
2744:
2739:
2124:
2120:
899:
715:
479:
432:
424:
250:
166:
5203:
5083:
4921:
4565:
4493:
4434:
4354:
4052:
4008:
3869:
3756:
3576:
3155:
3087:
2774:
940:
779:
550:
518:
5489:
5363:
5223:
5188:
5162:
5063:
5008:
4885:
4543:
4386:
4198:
3965:
3770:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2749:
2317:. One or two others verbs have stem extensions to form the verb from a noun:
2128:
2045:
Ama bin luk smol gel we i dhe sidaun krai krai krai lo skul blo dhem piknini.
1053:
946:
846:
838:
674:
554:
538:
403:
1979:'His/her big sister caught two really big red fish at/on the outer sandbank'
530:
5078:
5068:
5048:
5028:
5023:
4456:
2884:
My Aunty's house is up there on the hill underneath the big mango up there.
856:
458:
in many parts of its former territory, which in turn is being replaced by
207:
5120:
5088:
5053:
4672:
4653:
4031:
3631:
2759:
1228:) or alveolar, according to local language. In Meriam influenced Broken,
686:
669:
3513:
2731:
Torres Strait Creole shows strong substrata influence in its use of its
2047:'Mum saw a little girl (who was) sitting and crying at the kids' school'
5093:
5058:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5013:
4483:
4163:
3125:
2424:'I saw a bird flying towards me' (the suffixed form is sometimes used:
800:
679:
632:
spoke it as their first language in 2010. In 2007 a translation of the
388:
3383:
Torres Strait Creole at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
3044:
The house where Aunty lives is on the hill where there is a big mango.
2958:
uses, including the following, where they govern verbs or adjectives:
5439:
5415:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
5130:
5073:
4119:
3571:
3385:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1984:
742:
558:
483:
459:
455:
416:
216:
200:
141:
565:
are to do with vocabulary specific to Japanese (or the like) items.
26:
5152:
3396:
3254:Òl i mas meke laik blo yu iya lo apaguwa, òlsem òl i mekem we eben.
2002:, the adjective nominaliser, or by an appropriate nominal, such as
1977:
Big sisi bl'em bi kese tu prapa big redkala pis lo ausaid sanbaing.
1690:
Two interrogatives have variant words/forms, used interchangeably:
428:
303:
2280:
2192:). All these versions exist in everyday speech, as illustrated by
5157:
3581:
3554:
3350:
2911:
The men cut (butcher) the turtle with a knife on the bottom shell
2241:'The book he used to take is broken' (fronted object transitive)
2166:
when the object is elsewhere in the clause. Note that the suffix
1988:
509:
491:
487:
299:
1961:
is more along the lines of 'the plane is flying away that way';
494:. The other creoles of Australia (such as Roper River Kriol and
5147:
4297:
4105:
3999:
3556:
3499:
Broken: an introduction to the Creole language of Torres Strait
3437:"Language of the Week: Week Twenty-Nine - Torres Strait Creole"
3285:
2955:
2478:
2261:
The development of a full passive using this form also exists:
2156:
1998:
When not before the referent, adjectives are often suffixed by
1796:
542:
499:
533:
influence, and Papuan, with influences from languages such as
451:
in the Central Islands. Creolisation is post-1960s elsewhere.
4400:
4142:
2439:
Certain verbs of position and movement are not followed by a
658:
633:
475:
1965:
is 'the plane is flying away heading that way', and finally
2155:. Voice marking is for the transitive-passive, and made by
1957:
is the basic sentence — 'the plane is flying over there'.
1325:(particularlywhensyllablefinal),andinsongsisoftenpronounced
837:
Found in Western-Central-TI-Papuan (in words from English,
546:
3236:, dhisan i gad rilesen lo Kriol blo Atlantic, blo Zameka.
2878:
is an archaic word now normally found only in old songs):
1208:). In the Papuan dialects, the only alveolar consonant is
529:-European influence, Eastern Brokan with a South Seas and
302:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4404:
431:, one of its modern representatives), Pacific Pidgin and
3397:""2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder""
3041:
Aus we Ama i stap i antap lo il we i gad wan big mango.
2162:
to the verb stem when the object follows the verb, and
474:
aligns it with Atlantic Creoles. Related languages are
3051:
The boy that/who we fought went off crying to his Mum.
2089:'How come you can speak the black people's language?'
828:
Found in Eastern dialects (in words from Meriam Mìr).
3410:
Tryon, Darrell T.; Charpentier, Jean-Michel (2004).
3342:
Marmion, Doug; Obata, Kazuko; Troy, Jakelin (2014).
3013:
The little girl is afraid that the dog will bite her
2949:
2223:'He used to/would take took all books' (antipassive)
1518:
3058:
Everyone who wants a good job has to learn English.
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1312:do not have any major allophonic variation, while
435:. It may have creolised quite early (pre-1900) on
3248:Padha blo mipla, yu we yu stap dhe antap lo eben,
2434:
2398:'to leave, depart, go off/away, throw, throw at'
2095:'Is their grandfather going to stay in hospital?'
2039:Dha totol we ai bi kese em i stap ananith lo aus.
1267:and also have fricative allophones, particularly
1204:'what's the matter/what's wrong', Eastern/Papuan
5487:
4384:
3409:
3341:
1924:Verb clause strings are normal in the language:
1715:Dialectal variation is only found in two forms:
3462:"2016 Census QuickStats: Torres Strait Islands"
3414:. Berlin: Die Deutsche Bibliothek. p. 16.
3075:The Boss is coming so that he can see our work.
2945:He's swimming away over there like a crocodile.
2938:The people on Murray Island don't talk like us.
2281:Phonological variation of the transitive suffix
5496:English-based pidgins and creoles of Australia
3055:Òl pipol we i wande gud wòk i mas lane ingglis
3027:Dhis dhangal ia i mò big prom/lo nadhawan dhea
2527:'be careful, beware, take care of, look after'
2289:or a diphthong, then the transitive suffix is
1220:can be either dental (i.e. fall together with
4370:
3647:
3540:
3337:
3335:
3264:(Waze basalaya i blo yu, 'ne pawa,'ne glòri,)
2828:Em i bin spik pò em se wesis bl’em pinis kam.
1565:and its forms to be used to the exclusion of
3072:Bos i kam waze em i ken luk òl wòk blo yumi.
2984:The boss has come to see / look at our work.
2927:is the somewhat more common reduced form of
2908:Òl man i kate tœtœl lo naip lo bele / lo ath
2551:'movement downwards from a starting point';
2456:'The children stay at Bamaga at the College'
2093:Bambai athe blo dhemtu i go stap ospetal au?
3048:Boi we yumi bin paitem i krai go Ama bl'em.
2898:The two brothers were sitting in the canoe.
2831:She told her her wages had already arrived.
2450:'Uncle stayed (at) home because he is sick'
1630:Clause position variation (initial, final)
4377:
4363:
3661:
3654:
3640:
3547:
3533:
3332:
3306:
3304:
2934:Dhempla lo Mari Ailan i no tòk waze yumpla
2567:
2268:'A/The book used to be taken by him.' the
1507:is also found as a nominal plural marker:
561:. Influences from other languages such as
3454:
2970:I have to go now / I'm supposed to go now
2537:'walk, walk about, walk around, stroll';
2235:'He used to take a/the book' (transitive)
2110:
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
5420:Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands
3399:. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).
3286:Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021).
3260:No libi mipla go pò laik pò nugud thing,
3220:'to know, understand, know how to, can'
2408:Dhem nugud boi bin lego ston pò dhempla.
2229:'He used to take the books' (transitive)
2041:'The turtle I caught is under the house'
311:
3496:
3312:"1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2009–10"
3301:
2462:'The/That dog is running to the dinghy'
1949:'The plane is flying away (over) there'
1402:singular non-subject (where different)
296:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5488:
3374:
3118:; in modern Kala Lagaw Ya the word is
2825:— dative (in part dialect variation):
2454:Dhem piknini stap dhe Bamaga we Kolez.
2239:Dha buk we em i yustu bi tekem i brok.
2174:, where the cross referencing pronoun
2101:'Have you finished watching the film?'
4358:
3635:
3528:
3434:
3262:Kasa dhasòl lego mipla prom nugudwan.
3010:Smòl gel i prait prom dog i baite em.
1995:is not used as an adjective formant.
1969:is 'the plane is there flying away'.
5501:Culture of the Torres Strait Islands
5466:
5445:Warul Kawa Indigenous Protected Area
3242:
2547:— downwards movement; only found in
2468:'The cat is sitting in/on the chair'
439:, and somewhat later (post-1910) at
159:20,000–30,000 according to linguists
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
3136:) 'money' (beside the more general
3030:This dugong is bigger than that one
3024:— comparative (dialect variation):
2993:The Saibai people can really dance!
2851:This one is coming over from Papua.
2410:'The bad boys threw stones at them'
2266:Buk i yustu bi tekem lo em/prom em.
2180:and the suffix have coalesced (via
1931:'My brother brought the canoe back'
1343:The following are the forms of the
454:The Papuan dialect was replaced by
13:
3514:"Torres-Strait Creole (Yumplatok)"
3506:
3250:Nem blo yu mipla mas mekem oliwan,
2448:Awa bi stap aus bikòs em i sikwan.
1929:Bala blo mi bi teke kenu kam baik.
402:It has an estimated 20,000–30,000
14:
5512:
3252:Bambai basalaya blo yu i mas kam,
2950:Syntactic use of the prepositions
2895:Dhemtu baradha i sidaun ene kenu
2555:'movement downwards from above',
2196:'take': intransitive-antipassive
1519:Interrogatives and Demonstratives
1174:
1168:
1158:
1133:
1119:
1100:
1094:
1069:
1063:
1035:
1023:
1013:
1003:
984:
972:
962:
952:
928:
914:
904:
831:
805:
788:
767:
757:
747:
730:
720:
703:
691:
5465:
5456:
5455:
5268:Torres Strait Regional Authority
2990:Dhem pipol blo Saibai i pò dans!
2690:X (i) lugaut lugaut lugaaaaauut
2472:
2246:Dha buk we em i yustu bi teke em
2083:'When is he going to come back?'
1665:Pre-clitic vs independent form:
1482:plural object (where different)
822:
25:
4081:South Australian Pidgin English
3490:
3467:Australian Bureau of Statistics
3435:Crump, Des (14 December 2020).
3317:Australian Bureau of Statistics
3223:
2726:
2404:'Grandma went off in the canoe'
2017:Dhis dhamba ya i prapa naiswan.
1745:The language has no indefinite
1561:There is a strong tendency for
1550:, reduced, clause initial form
1532:, reduced, clause initial form
1503:The non-identifying 3rd plural
661:(with some dialect variation):
657:The language has the following
36:needs additional citations for
4321:Australian Irish Sign Language
3592:Loyalty Islands Pidgin English
3428:
3403:
3279:
3256:Gibi dhamba blo tide pò mipla,
2981:Bos i kam pò luk wòk blo yumi.
2942:Em i dhe swim go waze aligeta.
2891:You must/have to come with me.
2838:The boss gave the wages to me.
2435:Verbs of position and movement
2011:Bala blo mi i bigwan / bigman.
1442:dual object (where different)
1:
5477:List of Torres Strait Islands
5115:Indigenous music of Australia
4025:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
3597:New Caledonian Pidgin English
3272:
3148:) 'bamboo break-wind fence'.
3079:
2848:’San i dhe kam prom Dhaudhai.
2835:Bos i bi gibi wesis pò/lo mi.
2563:'fall, fall over, fall down'.
2305:, while of the stem contains
1626:'A canoe is coming this way.'
1377:3rd person (non-identifying)
862:
849:, Malay and other languages).
377:English-based creole language
3288:"Cultural diversity: Census"
2814:Where is the priest's house?
1991:and the Australian creoles,
647:
568:
395:; and south-western coastal
7:
5263:Torres Strait Island Region
5258:Torres Strait Islander Flag
4067:Port Jackson Pidgin English
3441:State Library Of Queensland
3412:Pacific Pidgins and Creoles
2954:The prepositions also have
2710:X (i) kasa (dhasol) lugaut
2087:Aukam yu sabe blaikman tok?
2081:Em i go kam bai'gen wataim?
2077:Wataim em i go kam bai'gen?
2019:'This bread is really nice'
1740:
1356:for the 1st person plural.
1338:
1196:realises as the rhotic tap
619:
465:
10:
5517:
5277:Legal cases and principles
3603:Micronesian Pidgin English
3555:Mid-Pacific English-based
2700:X (i) matha dhasol lugaut
2618:X (i) zasnau (bin) lugaut
2541:'talk about/over, discuss'
2493:— completive, perfective:
1921:markers in the language).
1333:
636:was published, called the
409:
5453:
5402:
5326:
5276:
5245:
5236:
5179:
5140:
5107:
4998:
4987:
4637:
4614:
4589:
4564:
4536:
4515:
4492:
4455:
4412:
4394:
4330:
4289:
4215:
4098:Major immigrant languages
4097:
4074:Queensland Kanaka English
3998:
3916:? (5-6 families/isolates)
3854:
3730:
3718:
3669:
3609:Queensland Kanaka English
3567:
3000:I'm getting really tired!
2888:Yu mas kam wantaim lo mi.
2634:X (i) pinis/oredi lugaut
2460:Dha dog dhe ran go dingi.
2426:Ai bi luki pisin plai kam
2422:Ai bi luk pisin plai kam.
1899:
1146:
1113:
1093:
1062:
1046:
939:
898:
869:
785:
700:
652:
588:Thursday Island English:
578:, as this example shows:
504:colonisation of Australia
496:Australian Kriol language
486:of Papua New Guinea, and
282:
277:tcs-PG (Papua New Guinea)
268:
256:
244:
230:
214:
198:
193:
163:
151:
137:
130:
125:
5327:Buildings and structures
4312:Indigenous Sign Language
3620:Samoan Plantation Pidgin
3178:'brother, male friend',
2666:X (i) blo/spostu lugaut
2313:, the suffix can become
2115:Verbs can be marked for
2105:
1729:why, what's the matter:
1374:3rd person (identifying)
1271:(thus , , , , , ) while
614:Ngai mina gamukœubaasipa
157:7,800 (2021 census)
5379:Warraber Island Airport
5001:Torres Strait Islanders
4216:Major foreign languages
3880:? (3 families/isolates)
2931:) – similative (like):
2866:— locative, perlative (
2642:X (i) yustu bin lugaut
2584:bambai X (i) go lugaut
2568:Sample verb conjugation
2276:variation is dialectal)
2227:Em yustu teke dhem buk.
1542:that, those: full form
1524:this, these: full form
328:
5349:Darnley Island Airport
5344:Coconut Island Airport
4537:Adolphus Channel group
4343:Indigenous Australians
4336:Aboriginal Australians
3663:Languages of Australia
3270:
2658:X (i) mas/aptu lugaut
2509:'ruin, break, destroy'
2111:Transitivity and Voice
2063:'Where are you going?'
1514:'There are books here'
1200:(e.g. Western-Central
630:Indigenous Australians
626:2016 Australian census
391:, Australia; Northern
317:
284:This article contains
262:52-ABB-cb (varieties:
60:"Torres Strait Creole"
5374:Saibai Island Airport
5369:Murray Island Airport
5219:Torres Strait English
4396:Torres Strait Islands
4305:Australian Aboriginal
3702:Australian Aboriginal
3497:Shnukal, Ann (1988).
3246:
3069:): in order, so that
2978:: a) focus on a goal
2663:dependent obligation
2599:non-specific present
2515:— movement outwards:
2497:'fix, repair, mend';
2301:, then it can become
2285:If the verb stem has
2200:, transitive-passive
2099:Yu pinis luk piksa a?
385:Torres Strait Islands
315:
5394:Yorke Island Airport
5334:Boigu Island Airport
5285:Akiba v Commonwealth
5214:Torres Strait Creole
4088:Torres Strait Creole
3614:Maori Pidgin English
3587:Torres Strait Creole
3474:on 18 September 2020
2874:are synonyms, while
2682:X (i) lugaut-lugaut
2576:'take care, beware'
2402:Aka bi lego lo kenu.
2221:Em yustu tek òl buk.
2073:'What is your name?'
1963:plein i plai go dhea
1947:Plein i plai go dhea
1878:those men (plural):
1834:these men (plural):
1579:Dhiswan dhe i udhat?
608:Ngai mina taiad mepa
383:) spoken on several
333:Torres Strait Pidgin
325:Torres Strait Creole
321:Torres Strait Creole
251:Torres Strait Creole
183:Torres Strait Creole
126:Torres Strait Creole
45:improve this article
5354:Eborac Island Light
3234:X go meke samthing
2987:b) extra intensity
2811:We aus blo misnari?
2708:X (i) dhasol lugaut
2698:X (i) dhasol lugaut
2674:X (i) matha lugaut
2577:
2466:Pusi i sidaun seya.
2013:'My brother is big'
1967:plein i dhe plai go
1959:Plein i plai dhe go
1955:Plein i dhe go plai
1943:Plein i plai dhe go
1939:Plein i dhe go plai
1935:Plein i dhe plai go
1723:; Central Islands:
1587:Dhisan dhe i udhat?
264:52-ABB-cba to -cbd)
5430:Alfred Cort Haddon
5389:Yam Island Airport
5359:Goods Island Light
5339:Booby Island Light
3688:Western Australian
3206:'brother-in-law'.
3202:, 'grandfather',
3038:: relative clause
2572:
2477:Four derivational
2394:Vowel-final stem:
2233:Em yustu teke buk.
1864:those men (dual):
1820:these men (dual):
1616:'What do you see?'
1546:, colloquial form
1528:, colloquial form
1512:I gad òl bùk ianau
1310:⟨ng⟩
1253:⟨dh⟩
1249:⟨th⟩
1226:⟨dh⟩
1222:⟨th⟩
1019:⟨dh⟩
968:⟨th⟩
934:⟨ng⟩
576:Australian English
318:
275:tcs-AU (Australia)
5483:
5482:
5384:Wyborn Reef Light
5322:
5321:
5291:Mabo v Queensland
5232:
5231:
5194:Eastern Trans-Fly
4983:
4982:
4591:The Three Sisters
4352:
4351:
3994:
3993:
3914:Macro-Gunwinyguan
3855:Language families
3629:
3628:
3243:The Lord's Prayer
3182:'coconut toddy',
3102:'really, truly',
2724:
2723:
2650:X (i) sud lugaut
2626:X (i) bin lugaut
2610:X (i) lugaut nau
2607:specific present
2071:Nem blo yu udhat?
1919:tense/aspect/mood
1733:; Eastern-Papuan
1501:
1500:
1382:singular subject
1345:personal pronouns
1314:⟨r⟩
1306:⟨y⟩
1302:⟨w⟩
1298:⟨l⟩
1294:⟨n⟩
1290:⟨m⟩
1286:⟨d⟩
1282:⟨t⟩
1277:⟨z⟩
1273:⟨s⟩
1269:⟨p⟩
1261:⟨g⟩
1257:⟨k⟩
1245:⟨b⟩
1241:⟨p⟩
1234:⟨d⟩
1232:is dental, while
1230:⟨t⟩
1218:⟨d⟩
1214:⟨t⟩
1210:⟨r⟩
1198:⟨r⟩
1194:⟨d⟩
1189:
1188:
1180:⟨r⟩
1164:⟨l⟩
1139:⟨y⟩
1125:⟨w⟩
1106:⟨z⟩
1075:⟨s⟩
1041:⟨g⟩
1029:⟨d⟩
1009:⟨b⟩
990:⟨k⟩
978:⟨t⟩
958:⟨p⟩
920:⟨n⟩
910:⟨m⟩
888:Palatal consonant
818:
817:
811:⟨a⟩
794:⟨ò⟩
773:⟨o⟩
763:⟨œ⟩
753:⟨e⟩
736:⟨ù⟩
726:⟨ì⟩
709:⟨u⟩
697:⟨i⟩
600:Basilect Brokan:
594:Mesolect Brokan:
421:Cantonese Chinese
331:), also known as
310:
309:
292:rendering support
288:phonetic symbols.
121:
120:
113:
95:
5508:
5469:
5468:
5459:
5458:
5425:Endeavour Strait
5410:Adolphus Channel
5243:
5242:
5167:
5126:
4996:
4995:
4988:People, culture,
4841:North Possession
4445:Warakuikul Talab
4410:
4409:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4345:
4338:
4323:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
3987:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3695:South Australian
3690:
3683:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3502:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3470:. Archived from
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3387:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3308:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3283:
2997:Ai pò taiad nau!
2905:— instrumental:
2631:completive past
2594:X (i) go lugaut
2578:
2571:
2481:exist which add
2374:'hammer' → verb
2358:'feel something'
2067:Udha nem blo yu?
1894:òlgedha man dhea
1884:òl dhis man dhea
1880:òl dhas/dhat man
1780:'the two canoes'
1599:San dhe i udhat?
1575:Dhaswan i udhat?
1359:
1358:
1329:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1199:
1195:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1140:
1137:
1126:
1123:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1087:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1056:
1042:
1039:
1030:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1000:
991:
988:
979:
976:
969:
966:
959:
956:
949:
935:
932:
921:
918:
911:
908:
867:
866:
850:
835:
829:
826:
812:
809:
795:
792:
774:
771:
764:
761:
754:
751:
737:
734:
727:
724:
710:
707:
698:
695:
664:
663:
612:Kalau Kawau Ya:
590:I'm proper tired
584:I'm really tired
397:Papua New Guinea
341:Cape York Creole
278:
240:
226:
210:
203:
169:
146:Papua New Guinea
123:
122:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5449:
5435:Margaret Lawrie
5398:
5318:
5272:
5253:Shire of Torres
5238:
5228:
5175:
5165:
5136:
5124:
5103:
4991:
4990:communities and
4989:
4979:
4866:Prince of Wales
4790:Little Adolphus
4633:
4610:
4585:
4560:
4532:
4511:
4488:
4451:
4399:
4390:
4383:
4353:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4319:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:mixed languages
4007:
3990:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3920:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3861:
3850:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3722:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3665:
3660:
3630:
3625:
3563:
3553:
3512:
3509:
3507:Further reading
3493:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3408:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3346:
3340:
3333:
3323:
3321:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3226:
3106:'crosslegged',
3082:
3070:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3025:
3008:
2995:
2988:
2986:
2979:
2965:
2952:
2940:
2932:
2906:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2846:
2833:
2826:
2809:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2699:
2679:multiplicative
2570:
2475:
2437:
2383:'point' → verb
2283:
2113:
2108:
1902:
1892:all those men:
1874:dhemtu man dhea
1870:dhistu man dhea
1848:all these men:
1743:
1624:Kenu i kam iya.
1591:Dhisan i udhat?
1583:Dhasan i udhat?
1521:
1497:dhempla/-empla
1462:plural subject
1341:
1336:
1316:varies between
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1197:
1193:
1179:
1163:
1138:
1124:
1105:
1083:
1074:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1018:
1008:
996:
989:
977:
967:
957:
945:
933:
919:
909:
865:
854:
853:
836:
832:
827:
823:
810:
793:
772:
762:
752:
735:
725:
708:
696:
655:
650:
622:
571:
480:Solomon Islands
468:
433:Jamaican Patois
412:
345:Lockhart Creole
290:Without proper
276:
274:
263:
236:
222:
206:
199:
189:
170:
167:Language family
165:
158:
154:
153:Native speakers
144:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5514:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5481:
5480:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5300:
5288:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5240:
5237:Governance and
5234:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5204:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
5201:
5196:
5191:
5185:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5127:
5117:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5099:Jesse Williams
5096:
5091:
5086:
5084:Wendell Sailor
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5003:
4993:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4905:
4902:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4817:Mount Adolphus
4814:
4811:
4808:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4700:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4557:Middle Brother
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4497:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4407:
4392:
4391:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4339:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4301:
4293:
4291:
4290:Sign languages
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4123:
4109:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4053:Light Warlpiri
4049:
4042:
4039:Gurindji Kriol
4035:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4011:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3922:Marrku–Wurrugu
3918:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3843:Djambarrpuyngu
3839:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:Pitjantjatjara
3816:
3809:
3799:Western Desert
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3757:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
3753:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3674:
3667:
3666:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3453:
3427:
3420:
3402:
3388:
3373:
3359:
3331:
3300:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3244:
3241:
3225:
3222:
3098:'only, very',
3088:Kalaw Kawaw Ya
3081:
3078:
2951:
2948:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:X lugaut kai!
2716:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:habitual past
2636:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:remote future
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2542:
2528:
2510:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2388:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2359:
2349:
2339:
2329:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2254:tekyem i brok.
2236:
2230:
2224:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2074:
2064:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2006:'man, person'
1981:
1980:
1951:
1950:
1932:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1876:
1862:
1852:
1850:òlgedha man ia
1846:
1840:òl dhis man ia
1832:
1818:
1793:
1792:
1781:
1762:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1642:
1628:
1627:
1620:Kenu i ya kam.
1617:
1602:
1601:
1559:
1558:
1540:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:dhempla/-empla
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:1st–2nd person
1366:
1363:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1021:
1011:
1001:
993:
992:
982:
980:
970:
960:
950:
943:
937:
936:
926:
924:
922:
912:
902:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
864:
861:
852:
851:
830:
820:
819:
816:
815:
813:
803:
797:
796:
786:
784:
782:
776:
775:
765:
755:
745:
739:
738:
728:
718:
712:
711:
701:
699:
689:
683:
682:
677:
672:
667:
654:
651:
649:
646:
621:
618:
617:
616:
610:
604:
598:
596:Ai prapa taiad
592:
586:
570:
567:
467:
464:
437:Darnley Island
411:
408:
381:Pidgin English
379:(a variety of
357:Broken English
308:
307:
294:, you may see
280:
279:
272:
266:
265:
260:
254:
253:
248:
242:
241:
234:
228:
227:
220:
212:
211:
204:
196:
195:
194:Language codes
191:
190:
188:
187:
186:
185:
175:English Creole
173:
171:
164:
161:
160:
155:
152:
149:
148:
139:
135:
134:
128:
127:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5513:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5464:
5463:
5452:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5364:Kubin Airport
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5315:
5314:
5313:Terra nullius
5310:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5239:legal matters
5235:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5064:Mills Sisters
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5019:Aaron Fa'aoso
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5009:Christine Anu
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4997:
4994:
4986:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4387:Torres Strait
4380:
4375:
4373:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:(4 families?)
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3878:Darwin Region
3875:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3764:Murrinh Patha
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3709:Torres Strait
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3423:
3421:3-11-016998-3
3417:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3362:
3360:9781922102249
3356:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3336:
3320:. 4 June 2010
3319:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3289:
3282:
3278:
3269:
3266:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:Ai blo go nau
2964:: obligation
2963:
2959:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2705:ordinaritive
2704:
2703:
2697:
2695:simplicative
2694:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:continuative
2670:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:X (i) lugaut
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2473:Verb suffixes
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:'take, bring'
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1975:
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1970:
1968:
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1956:
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1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1888:dhem man dhea
1885:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1860:dhis man dhea
1857:
1856:dhas/dhat man
1853:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1830:dhemtu man ia
1827:
1826:dhistu man ia
1823:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1798:
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1651:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:Yu luk wanem?
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:Who is that?
1572:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
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1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
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1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1422:dual subject
1421:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
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1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1266:
1237:
1236:is alveolar.
1207:
1203:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
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1136:
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1128:
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1118:
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1038:
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1016:
1012:
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927:
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923:
917:
913:
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903:
901:
897:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
868:
860:
858:
848:
844:
840:
839:Kala Lagaw Ya
834:
825:
821:
814:
808:
804:
802:
799:
798:
791:
787:
783:
781:
778:
777:
770:
766:
760:
756:
750:
746:
744:
741:
740:
733:
729:
723:
719:
717:
714:
713:
706:
702:
694:
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685:
684:
681:
678:
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665:
662:
660:
645:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
615:
611:
609:
605:
603:
602:Ai mina taiad
599:
597:
593:
591:
587:
585:
581:
580:
579:
577:
566:
564:
560:
556:
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477:
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463:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
407:
405:
404:mother-tongue
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:Brokan/Broken
334:
330:
326:
322:
314:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
287:
281:
273:
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267:
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115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
5470:
5460:
5311:
5302:
5295:
5290:
5283:
5213:
5129:
5119:
5079:Albert Proud
5069:Danny Morseu
5049:Rachael Maza
5029:Nathan Jawai
5024:Josh Hoffman
4965:Woody Wallis
4821:Mount Ernest
4793:Little Woody
4087:
3944:Pama–Nyungan
3872:(5 families)
3736:Anindilyakwa
3586:
3517:
3498:
3491:Bibliography
3476:. Retrieved
3472:the original
3465:
3456:
3444:. Retrieved
3440:
3430:
3411:
3405:
3391:
3376:
3364:. Retrieved
3322:. Retrieved
3315:
3291:. Retrieved
3281:
3267:
3247:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3224:Sample texts
3217:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3152:Austronesian
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
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3035:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:: avoidance
3004:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2960:
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2937:
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2902:
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2897:
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2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2845:– ablative:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:— genitive:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2784:
2780:instrumental
2733:prepositions
2730:
2727:Prepositions
2687:lengthening
2615:recent past
2573:
2560:
2559:'sit down',
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2519:'come out';
2516:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2476:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2438:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2407:
2401:
2395:
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2380:
2375:
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2355:
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2325:
2321:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2133:intransitive
2117:transitivity
2114:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1982:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1923:
1914:
1913:'there' and
1910:
1903:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:'the canoes'
1788:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:Wane yu luk?
1609:
1603:
1598:
1595:San i udhat?
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1454:dhemtu/-emtu
1353:
1349:
1342:
1238:
1205:
1201:
1190:
857:Vowel length
855:
833:
824:
656:
642:
637:
623:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
572:
515:
508:
471:
469:
453:
449:Yorke Island
413:
401:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
320:
319:
283:
258:Linguasphere
215:
182:
131:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
5141:Communities
5089:Sam Thaiday
5054:Patty Mills
4938:Turtle Head
4756:Great Woody
4730:East Strait
4714:Deliverance
4615:Yorke group
4516:Inner group
4032:Cocos Malay
4018:Angloromani
3829:Yolŋu Matha
3446:30 November
3094:'goodbye',
2798:resultative
2795:proprietive
2715:imperative
2655:obligation
2590:near future
2505:'roll up';
2495:piksimap(e)
2441:preposition
2415:No suffix:
2139:), but not
2137:antipassive
1844:dhem man ia
1836:òl dhis man
1816:dhis man ia
1778:dhostu kenu
1774:dhemtu kenu
1761:'the canoe'
1280:consonants
1115:Approximant
638:Holi Baibul
298:instead of
5490:Categories
5475:See also:
5246:Governance
5094:Brent Webb
5059:Rita Mills
5044:Eddie Mabo
5039:Robert Lui
5034:Ellen Jose
5014:Seaman Dan
4876:Red Wallis
4844:North West
4770:Hawkesbury
4523:Port Lihou
4259:Indonesian
4206:Vietnamese
3937:Nyulnyulan
3778:Walmajarri
3721:Indigenous
3681:Australian
3349:(Report).
3293:13 October
3273:References
3210:Portuguese
3198:'granny',
3126:Meriam Mir
3110:'granny',
3080:Vocabulary
2789:similative
2745:accusative
2740:nominative
2539:togbaut(e)
2523:'go out';
2507:bagarap(e)
2503:rolemap(e)
2244:Variants:
2125:transitive
2061:Yu go wea?
1866:dhostu man
1854:that man:
1822:dhistu man
1810:this man:
1753:singular:
1371:2nd person
1365:1st person
1239:The stops
863:Consonants
606:Ap-ne-Ap:
557:and (now)
531:Meriam Mìr
523:Indonesian
502:after the
472:X go VERB
389:Queensland
71:newspapers
5440:Sea Swift
5181:Languages
5131:Taba Naba
5074:Tanu Nona
4992:languages
4956:Wednesday
4953:Underdown
4933:Turnagain
4724:Dumaralug
4699:Dalrymple
4638:Ungrouped
4471:Kabbikane
4120:Cantonese
3980:Yangmanic
3973:Worrorran
3958:Tasmanian
3792:Warumungu
3723:languages
3673:varieties
3572:Tok Pisin
3170:, etc.):
2956:syntactic
2792:privative
2775:perlative
2718:X lugaut!
2525:lugaut(e)
2501:'roll' →
2483:aspectual
2172:VERB-e em
2157:suffixing
2057:We yu go?
1985:Tok Pisin
1789:dhem kenu
1265:aspirated
1054:voiceless
1048:Fricative
947:voiceless
716:Close-mid
648:Phonology
582:English:
569:Continuum
559:Tok Pisin
484:Tok Pisin
460:Tok Pisin
456:Hiri Motu
417:Jamaicans
393:Cape York
373:Ailan Tok
329:Yumplatok
217:Glottolog
201:ISO 639-3
142:Australia
132:Yumplatok
101:June 2017
5462:Category
5166:(people)
5153:Kaurareg
4999:Notable
4908:Thursday
4900:Stephens
4862:Portlock
4813:Mouinndo
4750:Getullai
4736:Farewell
4733:Entrance
4680:Campbell
4431:Keatinge
4428:Kamutnab
4414:Bellevue
4385:List of
4273:Japanese
4127:Mandarin
3907:Jarrakan
3900:Iwaidjan
3893:Giimbiyu
3785:Warlpiri
3743:Arrernte
3518:Omniglot
3214:pikinini
3172:thalinga
3112:puripuri
2770:locative
2765:ablative
2755:genitive
2750:ergative
2479:suffixes
1812:dhis man
1783:plural:
1759:dha kenu
1741:Articles
1735:wasamara
1731:wasamada
1339:Pronouns
1212:, while
1206:wasamara
1202:wasamada
883:Alveolar
780:Open-mid
620:Speakers
563:Japanese
527:Filipino
510:Dialects
466:Dialects
441:St Pauls
429:Singlish
425:Japanese
375:, is an
365:Big Thap
361:Blaikman
304:Help:IPA
224:torr1261
5472:Commons
5158:Mabuiag
5108:Culture
4929:Tukupai
4922:Trochus
4915:Travers
4896:Spencer
4853:Passage
4847:Obelisk
4835:Nicklin
4824:Murangi
4810:Morilug
4802:Meddler
4767:Hammond
4763:Halfway
4703:Darnley
4690:Coconut
4673:Bramble
4644:Allison
4624:Marsden
4574:Aubussi
4480:Roberts
4435:Mabuiag
4280:Spanish
4266:Italian
4231:Chinese
4192:Tagalog
4185:Spanish
4178:Punjabi
4164:Maltese
4150:Italian
4113:Chinese
4004:creoles
4000:Pidgins
3984:Wagiman
3982:(incl.
3951:Tangkic
3886:Garrwan
3863:Bunuban
3813:Pintupi
3806:Luritja
3750:Burarra
3671:English
3582:Bislama
3561:creoles
3557:pidgins
3351:AIATSIS
3216:child,
3204:thawian
3194:'eat',
3190:'sit',
3186:'eat',
3174:'ear',
3168:Rotuman
3160:Tagalog
2647:advice
2561:pòldaun
2553:kamdaun
2535:wagbaut
2368:'break'
2338:'light'
2250:teki em
2206:teki em
2129:passive
1989:Bislama
1983:Unlike
1797:clitics
1747:article
1710:wanempò
1669:there:
1644:where:
1567:dhaswan
1563:dhiswan
1544:dhaswan
1526:dhiswan
1474:dhempla
1334:Grammar
1148:Lateral
941:Plosive
675:Central
492:Vanuatu
488:Bislama
478:of the
447:and on
410:History
399:(PNG).
300:Unicode
232:AIATSIS
179:Pacific
85:scholar
5209:Meriam
5199:Gizrra
5171:Seisia
5163:Meriam
5148:Bamaga
5125:(film)
4943:Turtle
4904:Suarji
4893:Sassie
4890:Salter
4886:Saibai
4882:Saddle
4859:Phipps
4856:Pearce
4832:Nepean
4828:Murray
4781:Kaumag
4742:Friday
4721:Dugong
4710:Dayman
4686:Castle
4677:Browne
4661:Barney
4647:Anchor
4627:Rennel
4566:Talbot
4551:Eborac
4544:Albany
4505:Maitak
4494:Duncan
4474:Layoak
4468:Aureed
4465:Aukane
4457:Bourke
4403:, and
4401:islets
4389:topics
4298:Auslan
4245:German
4238:French
4224:Arabic
4171:Nepali
4157:Korean
4106:Arabic
4060:Norfuk
3930:Mirndi
3836:Dhuwal
3719:Major
3478:2 July
3418:
3366:2 July
3357:
3324:2 July
3229:Brokan
3192:kaikai
3164:Samoan
3146:wathai
2760:dative
2574:lugaut
2557:sidaun
2549:godaun
2517:kamaut
2385:painte
2210:tekyem
2149:aspect
2141:person
1900:Syntax
1770:dhostu
1766:dhemtu
1764:dual:
1725:waswei
1721:wiswei
1696:wataim
1694:when:
1679:here:
1634:what:
1548:dhasan
1530:dhisan
1468:yumpla
1434:dhemtu
1362:number
1152:Rhotic
1085:voiced
998:voiced
893:Dorsal
878:Dental
873:Labial
659:vowels
653:Vowels
543:Gizrra
500:Sydney
371:, and
353:Papuan
138:Region
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
5403:Other
4976:Zagai
4972:Yorke
4962:Whale
4912:Tobin
4870:Quoin
4850:Packe
4838:North
4796:Lowry
4787:Lacey
4759:Green
4753:Goods
4746:Gabba
4707:Dauan
4683:Canoe
4668:Booby
4650:Arden
4630:Smith
4621:Keats
4593:group
4582:Moimi
4578:Boigu
4568:group
4502:Kanig
4496:group
4459:group
4448:Widul
4442:Subur
4422:Aipus
4416:group
4252:Greek
4143:Hindi
4136:Greek
4046:Kriol
3577:Pijin
3347:(PDF)
3268:Amen.
3200:datho
3184:makan
3180:thuba
3156:Malay
3142:watai
3134:bakìr
3130:baker
3104:babuk
3096:matha
3067:òlsem
2929:òlsem
2917:òlsem
2623:past
2545:-daun
2531:-baut
2521:goaut
2376:amare
2366:broka
2362:broke
2348:'put'
2336:laite
2332:laite
2293:; if
2214:tekem
2182:-i em
2145:tense
2121:voice
2106:Verbs
1915:ia/ya
1907:S-V-O
1719:how:
1706:aukam
1704:why:
1660:udhat
1654:who:
1640:wanem
1471:yupla
1465:mipla
900:Nasal
847:Gidra
687:Close
670:Front
634:Bible
551:Kiwai
519:Malay
476:Pijin
369:Pizin
349:Kriol
92:JSTOR
78:books
5304:No 2
5297:No 1
5224:Wipi
5189:Bine
5121:Mabo
4968:York
4959:West
4950:Twin
4947:Turu
4926:Tudu
4918:Tree
4879:Roko
4784:Kerr
4777:Horn
4773:High
4739:Flat
4727:East
4718:Dove
4695:Crab
4664:Bond
4658:Barn
4654:Badu
4602:Poll
4548:Bush
4528:Yeta
4508:Meth
4477:Mimi
4439:Pulu
4405:cays
4199:Urdu
3966:Tiwi
3870:Daly
3771:Tiwi
3559:and
3480:2021
3448:2023
3416:ISBN
3368:2021
3355:ISBN
3326:2021
3295:2022
3218:sabe
3196:nene
3188:dudu
3176:bala
3138:baks
3120:puyi
3116:puri
3100:mina
3092:yawo
3063:Waze
3022:prom
3005:Prom
2925:waze
2921:waze
2870:and
2843:prom
2513:-aut
2396:lego
2381:pain
2356:pili
2352:pile
2346:puti
2342:pute
2326:teke
2322:teke
2274:prom
2202:teke
2186:-yem
2153:mood
2119:and
2000:-wan
1993:-pla
1804:dhea
1802:and
1785:dhem
1675:dhea
1656:udha
1636:wane
1431:yutu
1428:yumi
1425:mitu
1350:yumi
1308:and
1275:and
1263:are
1259:and
1224:and
1216:and
843:Agöb
801:Open
680:Back
624:The
555:Motu
547:Wipi
539:Bine
535:Agöb
270:IETF
64:news
4873:Red
4806:Moa
4799:Mai
4606:Sue
4599:Bet
4554:Ida
4484:Yam
4425:Cap
4006:and
3140:),
3122:).
3108:aka
2962:Blo
2876:ene
2864:ene
2806:blo
2499:rol
2491:-ap
2417:luk
2372:ama
2309:or
2297:or
2198:tek
2194:tek
2190:-em
2168:-em
2164:-em
2151:or
2131:or
2025:nau
2004:man
1911:dhe
1800:iya
1755:dha
1700:wen
1685:iya
1671:dhe
1650:wea
1552:san
1534:san
1477:òl
1417:em
1321:and
743:Mid
490:of
445:Moa
443:on
387:of
339:,
286:IPA
246:ELP
208:tcs
47:by
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3381:P2
3353:.
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3303:^
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3032:.
3020:,
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2972:.
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2428:).
2364:→
2354:→
2344:→
2334:→
2324:→
2315:-a
2303:-i
2291:-e
2270:lo
2252:/
2248:/
2216::
2212:,
2208:,
2204:,
2188:→
2184:→
2177:em
2160:-e
2147:,
2143:,
2079:/
2069:/
2059:/
2034::
2032:we
2027:.
1987:,
1945:/
1941:/
1937:/
1886:,
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1872:,
1868:,
1858:,
1842:,
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1828:,
1824:,
1814:,
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1391:yu
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1173:~
1160:l̪
1102:dʒ
1099:~
1071:tʃ
1068:~
1015:d̪
964:t̪
916:n̪
845:,
841:,
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545:,
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506:.
482:,
462:.
423:,
419:,
367:,
363:,
359:,
355:,
351:,
347:,
343:,
335:,
327::
238:P2
4398:,
4378:e
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4364:v
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3655:e
3648:t
3641:v
3622:†
3616:†
3605:†
3599:†
3548:e
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3482:.
3450:.
3424:.
3370:.
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1451:—
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1327:ɹ
1323:r
1319:ɾ
1176:r
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1150:/
1135:j
1121:w
1096:z
1065:s
1037:ɡ
1025:d
1005:b
986:k
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954:p
930:ŋ
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807:a
790:ɔ
769:o
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