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38:
2004:'s figure when he said that the buffalo blazed the way for the railways to the Pacific. That sagacious animal undoubtedly “blazed”—with his hoofs on the surface of the earth—the course of many of our roads, canals, and railways. That he found the points of least resistance across our great mountain ranges there can be little doubt. It is certain that he discovered Cumberland Gap and his route through that pass in the mountains has been accepted as one of the most important on the continent. It is also obvious that the buffalo found the course from Atlantic waters to the head of the
62:
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2016:. How important these strategic points are now considered is evident from the fact that a railway crosses the mountains at each of them; the New York Central, the Baltimore and Ohio, the Pennsylvania, and the Chesapeake and Ohio cross the first great divide in the eastern portion of our country on routes selected centuries ago by the plunging buffalo. One of the most interesting of specific examples of a railway following an ancient highway of buffalo and Indian is to be found on the Baltimore and Ohio.
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298:, consisting of wooden planks erected on wooden or stone beams slotted into holes cut into the sides of cliffs. The roads join three adjacent basins separated and surrounded by high mountains. Like many ancient road systems, the Shu Roads formed a network of major and minor roads with different roads being used at different historical times. However, a number of roads are commonly identified as the main routes.
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180:
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is an ancient road built on a bog consisting of packed hazel, birch and alder planks placed lengthways across the track, and occasional cross timbers for support. Other bog trackways or "toghers" have also been discovered dating to around 4000 BC. The Corlea trackway dates from approx 148 BC and was
2408:
Travellers began to use the trails by the 1820s, with the heaviest use from the 1840s to the early 1870s, when they were superseded by railways. Until then, these cartways provided the most efficient means of transportation between the isolated Red River Colony and the outside world. They gave the
2447:
The Inca road system was the most extensive and advanced transportation system in pre-Columbian South
America. It was about 39,900 kilometres (24,800 mi) long. The construction of the roads required a large expenditure of time and effort. The network was based on two north–south roads with
674:
in
England. By using this route rivers were avoided, or fords used, close to the rivers sources. Over time by this route was improved with paved fords, embankments and bridges. Concentrations of mounds, defensive ditches, settlements and other historic landmarks can be found along the road and
226:. Silk and horses were traded as key commodities; secondary trade included furs, weapons, musical instruments, precious stones (turquoise, lapis lazuli, agate, nephrite) and jewels. This route extended for approximately 10,000 km (6,200 mi). Trans-Eurasian trade through the
727:
At the peak of Rome's development, no fewer than 29 great military highways radiated from the capital, and the late Empire's 113 provinces were interconnected by 372 great roads. The whole comprised more than 400,000 kilometres (250,000 miles) of roads, of which over 80,000 kilometres
732:
alone, no less than 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi) of roadways are said to have been improved, and in
Britain at least 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi). The courses (and sometimes the surfaces) of many Roman roads survived for millennia; some are overlaid by modern roads.
3234:
Cyclopedia of
American Horticulture, Comprising Suggestions for Cultivation of Horticultural Plants, Descriptions of the Species of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, and Ornamental Plants Sold in the United States and Canada, Together with Geographical and Biographical
1999:
The buffalo, because of his sagacious selection of the most sure and most direct courses, has influenced the routes of trade and travel of the white race as much, possibly, as he influenced the course of the red-men in earlier days. There is great truth in
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and drainage ditches. They were laid along accurately surveyed courses, and some were cut through hills, or conducted over rivers and ravines on bridgework. Sections could be supported over marshy ground on rafted or piled foundations.
719:. They ranged from small local roads to broad, long-distance highways built to connect cities, major towns and military bases. These major roads were often stone-paved and metaled, cambered for drainage, and flanked by footpaths,
1173:
is later and dates to around 2900–2500 BC. It fits within a trend of narrowing width and increased sophistication during the third millennium BC. Some argue that this shift could relate to the growing complexity of
626:(ca. 1333–1324 BC) contains large Baltic amber beads. The quantity of amber in the Royal Tomb of Qatna, Syria, is unparalleled for known second millennium BC sites in the Levant and the Ancient Near East. From the
1201:
tombs. They also joined the separate localities to the camp meeting places and cross-country flint roads. Others were more likely to have been processional ways, such as the one leading to the gigantic temple at
3378:
Hrsg.: Landesamt für Archäologie
Sachsen mit Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Dresden. Bd. 37/1995, Theis, Stuttgart, S. 9–98 (früher im Deutschen Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin. Aufnahme nach Bd. 35/1992)
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2150:
for centuries, and was later used by early
European and American explorers, traders, and emigrants in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Today, the path is commemorated by the 444-mile (715 km)
2031:
followed "the game trails the animals had made around rough water. ... as centuries passed, well-trodden paths were made, winding among the rocks, and, by the easiest of grades, over or around hills".
3387:, ISSN 0402-7817; M. Ruttkowski: Altstraßen im Erzgebirge; Archäologische Denkmalinventarisation Böhmische Steige. in: Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege, Band 44, 2002
1229:(also spelled as "Harroway") is another name for the "Old Way", an ancient trackway in the south of England, dated by archaeological finds to 600–450 BC, but probably in existence since the
1031:. The trackways date to the 4th and 7th century AD, both linked the eastern and western shores of the formerly inaccessible, swampy bog. A part of the older trackway No. II dating to the period of the
1072:
141:, England, is one of the oldest known constructed trackways and dates from around 3800 BCE. The world's oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time between 2600 and 2200 BC.
3419:
506:. For many centuries, the road has acted as a major trade route and facilitated travel and postal communication. The Grand Trunk Road remains under use for transportation in India. The
614:
between
Northern and Southern Europe were defined by the amber trade. As an important commodity, sometimes dubbed "the gold of the north", amber was transported overland by way of the
3285:
1987:
It is claimed that some of the earliest roads were created by humans who followed already existing paths made by animals, and, in particular, that trails created by the herds of
2687:
Old Paths and
Legends of New England; Saunterings Over Historic Roads, with Glimpses of Picturesque Fields and Old Homesteads in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire
711:
were physical infrastructure vital to the maintenance and development of the Roman state, and were built from about 300 BC through the expansion and consolidation of the
106:
times until the early 20th century. They include ancient trackways, long-lasting roads, important trade routes, and migration trails. Many historic routes, such as the
4238:
4080:
2310:, the boom lasted from 1844 to the mid 1850s. In about 10 years, over 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of plank road were built in New York alone–enough road to go from
1764:, on 22 November 1689, but it did not start until 1730 and was not finished until the mid-19th century. Previously, Siberian transport had been mostly by river via
152:
there were more than 400,000 kilometres (250,000 miles) of roads, of which over 80,000 kilometres (50,000 mi) were stone-paved. Another empire, that of the
3153:(Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Amber in Archaeology, Liblice 1990, Institute of Archaeology): 230–35. Prague: Czech Academy of Sciences.
2998:
3902:
Betancourt, Julio L.; Dean, Jeffrey S.; Hull, Herbert M. (April 1986). "Prehistoric Long-Distance
Transport of Construction Beams, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico".
4205:
1314:. The high dry ground made travel easy and provided a measure of protection by giving traders a commanding view, warning against potential attacks. The
362:
478:(c. 350 – c. 290 BC) wrote of his travels along the road to reach Hindu kingdoms in the 3rd century BC After invading India over 1,500 years later,
1298:
similarly keeps to high ground and for at least 5,000 years travellers have used it. The
Ridgeway provided a reliable trading route running along
1000:, it is one of several such causeways which have been found in the North German Plain, particularly in the Weser-Ems region. It has been dated by
1020:. An Iron Age settlement near a spring in the Lintel section of Hude was at the southern end. A section of the trackway has been reconstructed.
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3344:
2041:
3427:
1435:. Prior to this, people used trackways to travel between settlements but this was unsuitable for the swift movement of troops and equipment.
248:
879:
1554:
37:
1367:
and The Mariners' Way in Devon. The latter was created by sailors in the eighteenth century, or earlier, travelling between the ports of
3289:
3875:
Hartmann, Gayle Harrison; Hartmann, William K (1979). "Prehistoric Trail Systems and Related Features on the Slopes of Tumamoc Hill".
3709:
1210:, possibly to afford some shelter from the wind or to avoid travellers presenting themselves to marauders as a target on the skyline.
3480:
2253:
2210:(dedicated 1913) was the first road for the automobile across the United States of America, spanning 3389 miles coast-to-coast from
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102:
in USA and Canada) are paths or routes that have historical importance due to their use over a period of time. Examples exist from
2497:
3034:; Science, technology, and medicine in colonial India (New Cambr hist India v.III.5) Cambridge University Press, 2000, 234 pages
2248:
are made by placing logs, perpendicular to the direction of the road over a low or swampy area, and were used extensively in the
3202:
3180:(Brochure on the exhibition in Staatsarchiv Hamburg between 30 October till 20 December 2002 on occasion of the opening of the
3319:
Articus, Rüdiger; Brandt, Jochen; Först, Elke; Krause, Yvonne; Merkel, Michael; Mertens, Kathrin; Weiss, Rainer-Maria (2013).
2020:
However, Frank G. Roe disputes this theory – and its wider application – in "The 'Wild Animal Path' Origin of Ancient Roads".
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Ireland's prehistoric roads were minimally developed, but oak-plank pathways covered many bog areas, and five great 'ways' (
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lines in modern Japan follow the ancient routes and carry the same names. The early roads radiated from the capital at
238:
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02-003: "The Prehistoric Trails" by Dorthea Calverley. The South Peace Historical Society, Dawson Creek, B.C., Canada
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3384:
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2545:
399:. This was the name for ancient administrative units and the roads within these units, organized in Japan during the
199:
was a major trade route between China and India, Europe, and Arabia. It derives its name from the lucrative trade in
1064:
is a byword for transport links from the Elbe valley over the eastern part of the Eastern Ore Mountains to Bohemian
1036:
2557:
2389:
across the Canada–United States border, and thence by a variety of routes through what is now the eastern part of
167:
between Canada and the US, from the 19th century. Such pioneer trails often made use of ancient routes created by
2001:
1476:. Watkins theorized that these alignments were created for ease of overland trekking on ancient trackways during
867:
3372:
Der Kulmer Steig vor dem Mittelalter. Zu den ältesten sächsisch-böhmischen Verkehrswegen über das Osterzgebirge.
1057:'s width, about three metres, which the landholders through which the Hellweg passed were required to maintain.
622:
rivers to the Mediterranean area from at least the 16th century BC. The breast ornament of the Egyptian pharaoh
2233:
that was later followed by Spanish missionaries, explorers, colonizers and settlers. Its course ran across the
211:
section of the trade routes around 114 BCE through the missions and explorations of the Chinese imperial envoy
3184:), Joachim W. Frank (ed.), Hamburg: Staatsarchiv Hamburg / Amt für Geoinformation und Vermessung, 2002, p. 8.
3163:
Anna J. Mukherjee, et al., "The Qatna lion: scientific confirmation of Baltic amber in late Bronze Age Syria"
3877:
Kiva, Special Edition the Tumamoc Hill Survey: An Intensive Study of a Cerro de Trincheras in Tucson, Arizona
2509:
932:
3750:
Fenwick, Joe; Geraghty, Louise; Waddell, John (Summer 2006). "The Innermost Secrets of Rathcroghan Mound".
1520:, a port on the south coast of the island, which had side drains, a 200 mm (8-inch) thick pavement of
899:
3583:
2840:"The Horses of the Steppe: The Mongolian Horse and the Blood-Sweating Stallions | Silk Road in Rare Books"
952:, France). This is one of the four medieval pilgrim routes described by Aimery Picaud in his 12th-century
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1634:
1170:
760:
426:. Later, Edo was the reference, and even today Japan reckons directions and measures distances along its
157:
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2699:
McKinley, Albert E., and William G. Kimmel. The Social Studies. Philadelphia: McKinley Pub. Co, 1909. "
2449:
2280:
965:
4287:
3667:
3082:
J. M. de Navarro, "Prehistoric Routes between Northern Europe and Italy Defined by the Amber Trade",
2525:
977:
17:
4034:(4th ed.). Essex, California: Mojave Desert Heritage and Cultural Association. pp. 39–38.
3097:
Anthony F. Harding, "Reformation and Barbarism in Europe, 1300–600 BC", in Barry W. Cunliffe, ed.,
3031:
2949:
2284:
1432:
684:
1982:
1145:, are believed to be the oldest known purpose built roads in the world and have been dated to the
583:
rather than in the valleys. This was due to thick forests and other natural obstacles in valleys.
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4292:
4257:
3323:. Archaeological Museum Hamburg publication - Helms-Museum. Vol. 103. Hamburg. p. 108.
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2826:
2414:
2047:
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2417:, which was unable to enforce its monopoly in the face of the competition that used the trails.
1902:
before rejoining the older route at Irkutsk. It remained a vital artery connecting Siberia with
1745:), also known as the "Moscow Highway" and "Great Highway", was a historic route that connected
548:
68:, Germany. (The trackways date to the 4th and 7th century AD). Photo taken during an excavation.
3529:
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consists of fifteen major complexes and a system of trails. Timber beams used to construct the
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65:
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The construction of the road was decreed by the Tsar two months after the conclusion of the
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2515:
2452:. Part of the road network was built by cultures that precede the Inca Empire, notably the
2203:
2131:
2127:
2093:
1883:
1602:
230:
precedes the conventional date for the origins of the Silk Road by at least two millennia.
4158:
Thompson, Donald E.; John V. Murra (July 1966). "The Inca Bridges in the Huanuco Region".
3738:
3361:, c.936-1075 (2002), introduces the medieval use of the Hellweg and offers a bibliography.
286:), or the "Road(s) to Shu", is a system of mountain roads linking the Chinese province of
8:
3491:
2916:
2463:
2156:
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and their relationship with ancient trackways was first suggested in 1921 by the amateur
859:
451:
216:
215:. The Chinese took great interest in the safety of their trade products and extended the
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1197:
Tracks provided links between farmsteads and fields, other farmsteads, and neighbouring
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4252:
4247:
4206:"How the Inca Empire Engineered a Road Across Some of the World's Most Extreme Terrain"
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3919:
3884:
3759:
3636:
3338:
3116:
3003:
2870:
Shu dao hua gu, Li Zhiqin, Yan Shoucheng, Hu Ji zhu, Xi’an, Xibei Daxue Chubanshe, 1986
2731:
2398:
2249:
2028:
1013:
651:
234:
61:
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2456:. During the Spanish colonial era, parts of the road system were given the status of
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of the United States in the first half of the 19th century. They were often built by
2230:
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2143:
2101:
2080:
were hauled long distances to the site along the trails. The sixty-mile long ancient
1992:
1950:
1906:
and Europe until the last decades of the 19th century, when it was superseded by the
1655:
excavated in 1994. It is the largest trackway of its kind to be uncovered in Europe.
1443:
to summer pasture on higher ground. Also known as the Old Monks' Road, this is now a
875:
863:
855:
779:
763:
607:
168:
42:
3945:
Lepper, Bradley T. (November–December 1995). "Tracking Ohio's Great Hopewell Road".
3778:
Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them
3652:
3048:
Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them
2318:, and more than 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of plank road were built countrywide.
1439:
was a Roman marching road and later an important route for monks leading sheep from
1053:
trade route through Germany. Their breadth was decreed as an unimpeded passageway a
366:
294:(Shu), built and maintained since the 4th century BC. Technical highlights were the
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1946:
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874:. The route crosses the Thuringian Forest and the slate mountains of Thuringia and
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380:
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164:
153:
4081:"Central NY was the center of the wooden roads boom in the US - until they rotted"
3321:
Archaeological Museum Hamburg Helms-Museum: A short guide to the Tour of the Times
1601:. It was so called because it was the route taken by a procession celebrating the
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3096:
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2139:
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were the most significant road builders of the ancient world. At the peak of the
138:
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2973:
Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present
2229:) was a historical footpath and pack trail used by pre-contact desert-dwelling
2195:
1942:
1911:
1728:
1659:
1614:
1572:
1463:
1330:
1292:. The western section of the Harrow Way ends in Farnham, the eastern in Dover.
985:
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775:
767:
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712:
503:
242:
119:
50:
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A medieval timber trackway and industrial complex at llangynfelyn, Cors Fochno
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in the United States. These trade routes ran from the location of present-day
395:, which were part of the even more ancient system of Yamato government called
384:
122:, covered great distances and their impact on human settlements remain today.
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2085:
2009:
2005:
1848:
1812:
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1710:
1460:
1436:
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1400:
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1384:
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981:
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471:
470:. A route since antiquity, it was constructed into a coherent highway by the
345:(between 1603 and 1868). They act important roles in transportation like the
84:
2892:
2696:. Historic highways of America, v. 11–12. Cleveland, Ohio: A.H. Clark, 1904.
3555:
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2935:
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2430:
2390:
2272:
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2187:
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1804:
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1431:, many trackways were built upon by the Romans to form the foundations for
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The old straight track: its mounds, beacons, moats, sites, and mark stones
2155:, which follows the approximate path of the Trace, as well as the related
1639:
1492:
meant that by 2000 BC stone-cutting tools were generally available in the
1375:, who linked existing lanes, tracks and footpaths to form a direct route.
30:
This article is about roads and trails. For ancient animal trackways, see
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people, an outlet for their furs and a source of supplies other than the
2222:
1927:
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1868:
1844:
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1606:
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989:
720:
708:
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611:
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564:
511:
507:
491:
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467:
204:
145:
103:
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or puncheon logs, which were commonly found in the Canadian province of
1957:
to facilitate rapid communication throughout his very large empire from
832:
638:
533:
404:
392:
388:
301:
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2370:
2315:
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2013:
1938:
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Mound and the surrounding earthworks within a 370m circular enclosure.
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3140:, 2000, Part. II, Chapter 18, 430–75: 451–54). Cited, Gestoso Singer.
2701:
Historical Problems of the Near East, The Trade Routes of Western Asia
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1836:
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222:
Prior to the Silk Road an ancient overland route existed through the
196:
183:
107:
54:
4232:
2448:
numerous branches. The best known portion of the road system is the
2425:
836:
4258:
London's Earliest Timber Structure Found During Belmarsh Prison Dig
3915:
3397:
3376:
Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege.
2650:
2386:
2382:
2339:
2199:
2179:
1860:
1622:
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allowing local streets to be paved. Notably, in about 2000 BC, the
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1368:
1307:
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997:
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130:
4054:
Grant, Ulysses, Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, Chapter 26 (1885).
3481:"A Neolithic Trackway on Hatfield Moors – a significant discovery"
3458:
3359:
Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany
3250:
Corbishley, Mike: "The Roman World", page 50. Warwick Press, 1986.
2410:
2237:
between watering holes approximately 60 miles (97 km) apart.
1874:
In the early 19th century, the route was moved to the south. From
567:, European pathways were rarely in good shape and depended on the
317:
3113:
The Complete Tutankhamun: the king, the tomb, the Royal Treasure.
2347:
2276:
2107:
2061:
2024:
1895:
1856:
1840:
1820:
1750:
1618:
1598:
1505:
1345:
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was the official and common name given to main travelling routes
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3149:
Hood, S., "Amber in Egypt", in C. W. Beck & J. Bouzek (ed.)
2252:, between Shiloh and Corinth after the battle of Shiloh, and in
1008:. It ran across the Wittemoor bog, connecting the more elevated
697:
3838:. Cleveland, Ohio: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1902, pp. 138-9
2327:
2183:
2161:
segments are listed on the National Register of Historic Places
2057:
1970:
1966:
1903:
1875:
1828:
1816:
1808:
1784:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1594:
1590:
1558:
1536:
1529:
1517:
1513:
1497:
1404:
1303:
1282:
1249:. Later the eastern part of the Harrow Way become known as the
1083:). Archaeological finds suggest that this route existed in the
926:
870:. It was a connecting road between small independent states in
783:
771:
483:
277:
265:
257:
1027:
are two historic trackways discovered in Wittmoor in northern
160:, also built an extensive and advanced transportation system.
4237:
Historic England: Pre-industrial Roads, Trackways and Canals
2646:
2642:
2577:
2474:
2159:. Parts of the original trail are still accessible and some
1988:
1962:
1891:
1832:
1800:
1792:
1780:
in the Urals was the most eastern point of the Babinov Road.
1754:
1705:
1625:(the old route to Eleusis) is called after the ancient road.
1584:
1509:
1319:
1242:
1238:
1206:
in Wiltshire. On British hills, the line of tracks often run
1175:
1161:, driven into the underlying peat. and were used to link the
1158:
1054:
1017:
1009:
895:
883:
595:
556:
487:
459:
358:
338:
179:
99:
72:
2896:
1403:, which was one of the few means of traversing the Grampian
252:
Reconstructed ancient cliff path of Mingyue Gorge, northern
3668:
Dartford Town Archive - Roman and Saxon Roads and Transport
3228:
3226:
3224:
3067:
Graciela Gestoso Singer, "Amber in the Ancient Near East",
2581:
2470:
2434:
2268:
2097:
1958:
1954:
1887:
1689:, formed an elevated pathway from east to west, connecting
1525:
1289:
1262:
1246:
956:, used by pilgrims from southern and eastern Europe on the
828:
729:
529:
521:
Brick-paved streets appeared in India as early as 3000 BC.
200:
88:
3836:
Paths of the Mound-Building Indians and Great Game Animals
3404:
Brunning, Richard (February 2001). "The Somerset Levels".
1953:) Persian Empire in the 5th century BCE. Darius built the
1149:. The tracks were walkways consisting mainly of planks of
1670:. An ancient avenue or trackway in Ireland is located at
1480:
times and had persisted in the landscape over millennia.
1162:
1150:
1005:
354:
4107:"Turnpikes and Toll Roads in Nineteenth Century America"
3643:, published in the United Kingdom, 102, 10 December 1928
3318:
3244:
3221:
3128:
Serpico, M. and White, R. "Resins, amber and bitumen".
3071:
No. 2 (December 2008). Papyrus Electronique des Ankou.
1931:
4263:
Turnpikes and Toll Roads in Nineteenth-Century America
3749:
2064:
where archaeological traces have been found including
2052:
A complex system of prehistoric trails are located at
1941:
was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the
1914:(built 1898–1909). The contemporary equivalent is the
1617:. In the present day, the road from central Athens to
1399:
over the coastal fringe of the Grampian Mountains and
4157:
3408:. XV (4) (172 (Special issue on Wetlands)): 139–143.
2770:
2768:
3688:
3178:
Drunter oder drüber: Elbquerungen gestern und heute
2126:which extends roughly 440 miles (710 km) from
1768:. First Russian settlers arrived in Siberia by the
940:An important medieval German pilgrim route was the
349:of ancient Roman roads. Major examples include the
3901:
2866:. Xi’an, Northwest University Press. (In Chinese).
2724:
948:(because the most important town along the way is
575:, people often preferred to travel along elevated
4124:
3584:"The History of the Ridgeway, an ancient pathway"
3420:"1986,1201.1–27 Sweet Track exhibition highlight"
3171:
3099:Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe,
2765:
1995:and then colonists, especially in North America:
1855:while the other went south to the border post of
1035:is on display at the permanent exhibition of the
361:). Minor examples include sub-routes such as the
4269:
3874:
2689:. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1903.
2365:were a network of ox cart routes connecting the
2198:was a major commercial and military artery from
1546:. This road could be considered superior to any
782:. It is the predecessor of the modern states of
494:. The road was later improved and extended from
3710:BBC Hereford and Worcester - Ley Lines explored
1859:where it linked to camel caravans that crossed
328:
207:(207 BCE–220 CE). The Han dynasty expanded the
203:carried out along its length, beginning in the
3536:. Vol. 4. London: G Willis. p. 218.
2976:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–62.
2862:Li, Zhiqin, Yan Shoucheng & Hu Ji (1986).
2042:Historic trails and roads in the United States
1569:stone (the centre of the earth and universe).
1153:laid end-to-end, supported by crossed pegs of
925:in Lower Silesia, in what is today south-west
675:sections of it can be traced back to 4000 BC.
322:
3517:The Technical Development of Roads in Britain
2457:
1740:
1504:built a 50 km (31-mile) paved road from
482:extended the Grand Trunk Road westwards from
219:to ensure the protection of the trade route.
4243:Neolithic wooden trackways and bog hydrology
4151:
4130:
4032:Mojave Road Guide: an Adventure Through Time
4023:
3488:Thorne and Hatfield Moors Conservation Forum
3455:Thorne and Hatfield Moors Conservation Forum
3086:Vol. 66, No. 6 (December 1925), pp. 481–503.
2409:Selkirk colonists and their neighbours, the
2357:Red River ox cart train on the Carlton Trail
843:
810:
4233:Analysis of local roads near Chobham Common
4030:Casebier, DG (2010). "General Guidelines".
1934:in the Middle East dating back to 4000 BC.
1065:
984:across a bog at Neuenhuntdorf, part of the
941:
930:
906:
642:(Danish, meaning "the army road") ran from
510:was an all-season mountain pass connecting
3343:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3134:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology.
2794:Silk Road: Monks, Warriors & Merchants
2727:"World's Oldest Paved Road Found in Egypt"
2694:Pioneer Roads and Experiences of Travelers
2298:was an economic boom that happened in the
2146:Rivers. The trail was created and used by
1783:The much longer Siberian route started in
1208:a little below the actual crest of a ridge
490:(the capital of Afghanistan) crossing the
474:in 300 BC. Soon after, the Greek diplomat
2473:part of the Inca road system crossed the
1605:. The procession to Eleusis began at the
650:(in the present northern German state of
630:, trade could continue to Asia along the
4248:Timber features - trackways and logboats
4029:
3938:
3403:
2947:
2787:
2778:(New York: Charles Scribner, 1978), 264.
2750:
2748:
2424:
2352:
2106:
1983:American bison § Habitat and trails
1704:
1638:
1333:, in southern and eastern England, from
1180:
996:, Germany. Originating in the pre-Roman
740:
696:
543:
528:
300:
247:
178:
71:
60:
36:
3694:
3554:
3548:
3528:
3522:
3312:
3204:Studies in ancient technology, Volume 2
2781:
854:and an historical boundary path in the
759:or the Frankish Empire was the largest
728:(50,000 mi) were stone-paved. In
658:. The road runs more or less along the
53:, noted by the ancient Greek historian
14:
4270:
3971:
3965:
3944:
3852:; Gloucester, Vol. 3, Jan 1, 1929: 299
3562:. London: J M Dent. pp. 260–263.
3448:
3259:
3200:
2680:The Historical Geography of Asia Minor
2122:is a historic forest trail within the
798:became the predecessor of France, and
441:
163:Much later historic roads include the
3895:
3646:
3237:. New York : The Macmillan Co, 1900.
2745:
2254:Sherman's march through the Carolinas
2186:, much of which was also used by the
1791:(a medieval road) and passed through
1257:and the establishment of a shrine in
4078:
3868:
2797:. Hong Kong: Odyssey Books. p.
2008:, and that he opened a way from the
1713:'s well-known "mood landscape", the
1613:(the Athenian cemetery) on the 19th
1344:Other examples of historic roads in
1098:(750 BC – early AD) and even in the
3478:
3232:Bailey, L. H., and Wilhelm Miller.
2969:
2462:. In 2014 the road system became a
2433:. Much of the trail is of original
2377:with the head of navigation on the
2068:, pottery shards and mortar holes.
1557:(or Pythian road) was the route to
24:
4072:
4004:
3657:, Megalithic Portal, ed A. Burnham
3412:
2996:
2552:List of Ontario colonization roads
2104:to the mound group at Chillicothe.
736:
454:was the main road from modern day
239:Southern Silk Road: Through Khotan
25:
4319:
4226:
4104:
3534:A topographical history of Surrey
3370:Simon, Klaus und Hauswald, Knut:
3309:Topic Mobility, Show case no. 80.
3132:P.T. Nicholson – I. Shaw (ed.).
2758:. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2002.
2725:John Noble Wildord (1994-05-08).
2563:Old Freiberg to Teplitz Post Road
2546:List of medieval roads in Romania
1991:shaped the routes taken first by
1419:marched along the Elsick Mounth.
4160:Society for American Archaeology
3695:Watkins, Alfred Watkins (1925).
3618:from the original on 2 July 2021
2950:"Dinner on the Grand Trunk Road"
2873:
2868:蜀道話古，李之勤，阎守诚，胡戟著，西安，西北大学出版社，1986
2864:Ancient records of the Shu Roads
2558:Old Dresden to Teplitz Post Road
2420:
2240:
2035:
1976:
1561:. It was revered throughout the
1422:
1253:, following the canonisation of
1189:climbing St Martha's Hill, near
1115:
670:(Jutland Ridge), similar to the
4198:
4170:
4098:
4066:Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant
4057:
4048:
3998:
3857:
3842:
3827:
3816:
3803:
3791:
3770:
3743:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3703:
3672:
3661:
3630:
3600:
3576:
3509:
3472:
3442:
3364:
3351:
3303:
3278:
3253:
3194:
3156:
3143:
3122:
3105:
3090:
3075:
3060:
3040:
3025:
2990:
2963:
2948:Bhandari, Shirin (2016-01-05).
2941:
1851:. One branch continued east to
1776:in the late 1590s. The town of
3286:"Confraternity of Saint James"
3101:Oxford, Oxford U. Press, 2001.
2910:
2856:
2832:
2823:The Silk Road in World History
2815:
2718:
2498:Bishop's Road (Meißen–Stolpen)
1921:
678:
282:
186:. Both the land and sea routes
13:
1:
4131:D'Altroy, Terence N. (2002).
3798:The Persian Royal Road System
3201:Forbes, Robert James (1993).
2999:"How to Redraw the World Map"
2756:The Great Armies of Antiquity
2667:
2645:with the northern empires of
2510:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
2369:(the Selkirk Settlement) and
2258:
1391:, ancient tracks include the
1106:
1088:
1037:Archaeological Museum Hamburg
933:Via Regia Lusatiae Superioris
405:legal and governmental system
4137:. Blackwell Publishers Inc.
4111:Economic History Association
3780:. Rutgers University Press.
3683:Malham Tarn archaeology walk
3050:. Rutgers University Press.
2682:. London: John Murray, 1890.
2385:in the Canadian province of
1772:which was superseded by the
1723:takes on a symbolic meaning.
1585:
1450:
1137:or timber trackways, in the
900:European long-distance paths
571:of the region. In the early
7:
4079:Coin, Glen (30 June 2016).
3685:, accessed 19 November 2018
3182:4th bore of the Elbe Tunnel
2887:. Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012.
2619:Toll roads in Great Britain
2484:
1910:(built 1891–1916), and the
1878:the road proceeded through
1741:
1635:History of roads in Ireland
1378:
748:: historical pavement near
407:borrowed from the Chinese.
403:(AD 538–710), as part of a
329:
158:pre-Columbian South America
10:
4324:
4182:Cambridge University Press
3972:Devoss, David (May 2008).
3641:Proceedings of the Society
3138:Cambridge University Press
2678:Ramsay, William Mitchell.
2464:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2450:Inca Trail to Machu Picchu
2440:
2045:
2039:
1980:
1632:
1628:
1580:
1120:
1023:Built somewhat later, the
971:
966:Palatine Ways of St. James
682:
598:from coastal areas of the
353:, all of which started at
29:
4298:Medieval roads and tracks
4178:History of the Inca realm
3449:Whitehouse, Nicki (ed.),
3084:The Geographical Journal,
2526:History of road transport
2321:
2027:routes of North American
1949:(Darius I) of the first (
1736:
1700:
1685:formed at the end of the
1512:through the mountains to
1483:
1233:. The "Old Way" ran from
1225:in southern England. The
1066:
978:Wittemoor timber trackway
524:
502:by the British rulers of
323:
273:
4278:Ancient roads and tracks
3032:David Arnold (historian)
2917:Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric
2692:Hulbert, Archer Butler.
2541:King's Highway (ancient)
2477:to connect areas of the
2393:and western and central
1930:appeared in the city of
1535:, covered by a layer of
823:trade route in northern
802:became that of Germany.
685:Roman roads in Britannia
666:Peninsula, known as the
312:
190:
57:(c. 484 BC – c. 425 BC).
27:Historical trail or road
3776:Lay, Maxwell G (1992).
3699:. Methuen & Co Ltd.
3560:Roman Ways in the Weald
3264:. Amberley Publishing.
3262:The Romans in 100 Facts
3046:Lay, Maxwell G (1992).
2827:Oxford University Press
2206:. In modern times, the
2048:National Historic Trail
1468:Early British Trackways
1178:transport at the time.
174:
45:and the section of the
4180:. Cambridge, England:
4069:, (c) 1885: Chapter 62
3834:Archer Butler Hulbert
3207:. Brill. p. 146.
2952:. Roads & Kingdoms
2568:Pre-Islamic Arab trade
2536:Jerusalem pilgrim road
2492:Ancient road in Tarsus
2458:
2438:
2358:
2338:route from south-west
2115:
2111:Sunken stretch of the
2023:Some suggest that the
1916:Trans-Siberian Highway
1908:Trans-Siberian Railway
1774:Babinov overland route
1724:
1681:, a series of glacial
1663:
1647:
1473:The Old Straight Track
1194:
1080:
1025:Wittmoor Bog Trackways
962:Santiago de Compostela
942:
931:
907:
844:
811:
770:. It was ruled by the
753:
705:
693:Roman roads in Morocco
560:
541:
458:, through what is now
309:
261:
187:
92:
87:, to the southeast of
69:
58:
3167:82 (2008), pp. 49–59.
2970:Roy, Kaushik (2012).
2885:Encyclopedia of Japan
2685:Abbott, Katharine M.
2660:Way of the Patriarchs
2428:
2403:Saint Paul, Minnesota
2375:British North America
2356:
2304:Eastern United States
2153:Natchez Trace Parkway
2110:
2094:Fort Ancient cultures
1981:Further information:
1766:Siberian River Routes
1708:
1642:
1213:Examples include the
1184:
980:is a log causeway or
744:
700:
689:Roman roads in Africa
549:Oxen Road of Tavastia
547:
532:
304:
256:, China, part of the
251:
182:
133:in the valley of the
75:
66:Wittmoor Bog Trackway
64:
40:
4184:. 1999. p. 60.
3979:Smithsonian Magazine
3260:Duducu, Jem (2015).
3151:Amber in Archaeology
2754:Gabriel, Richard A.
2516:Great Indian Warpath
2415:Hudson's Bay Company
2405:on the Mississippi.
2204:Santa Fe, New Mexico
2132:Nashville, Tennessee
2128:Natchez, Mississippi
1847:the road split near
1603:Eleusinian Mysteries
1593:, was the road from
1359:route that ran from
1221:, running along the
1067:Chlumec u Chabařovic
898:. It is part of the
594:for the transfer of
3811:Alexander the Great
3752:Archaeology Ireland
3588:www.historic-uk.com
3406:Current Archaeology
3357:John W. Bernhardt,
3117:Thames & Hudson
2174:was a 19th-century
2157:Natchez Trace Trail
2082:Great Hopewell Road
1926:Streets paved with
1770:Cherdyn river route
1762:Treaty of Nerchinsk
1666:) converged at the
1565:as the site of the
1563:Ancient Greek world
1165:islands across the
1110: 4500–1800 BC
988:in the district of
917:road that ran from
913:(king's road) is a
860:Thuringian Highland
452:Indian subcontinent
442:Indian subcontinent
217:Great Wall of China
4210:Smithsonianmag.com
3904:American Antiquity
3653:C. Michael Hogan,
3637:W. Douglas Simpson
3608:"The Mariners Way"
3497:on 8 December 2015
3004:The New York Times
2929:Japan Encyclopedia
2732:The New York Times
2439:
2359:
2250:American Civil War
2116:
2029:indigenous peoples
1993:indigenous peoples
1725:
1648:
1524:blocks bound with
1325:that includes the
1195:
1171:Lindholme Trackway
1092: 1800–750 BC
878:, stretching from
754:
752:, northern Germany
706:
701:A Roman street in
652:Schleswig-Holstein
561:
542:
310:
262:
235:Northern Silk Road
188:
93:
70:
59:
4191:978-0-521-63759-6
4144:978-0-631-17677-0
4105:Klein, Daniel B.
4041:978-0-914224-37-2
4007:"The Mojave Road"
3974:"End of the Road"
3823:Britannica online
3614:. 17 March 2021.
3569:978-0-460-07742-2
3461:on 20 August 2014
3330:978-3-931429-24-9
3214:978-90-04-00622-5
2983:978-1-107-01736-8
2808:978-962-217-721-5
2586:Maya civilization
2379:Mississippi River
2302:. Largely in the
2231:indigenous people
2168:American Old West
2102:Newark Earthworks
1843:. After crossing
1542:and had separate
1455:The existence of
919:Frankfurt am Main
876:Franconian Forest
864:Franconian Forest
856:Thuringian Forest
827:that transported
780:Early Middle Ages
764:Barbarian kingdom
608:Mediterranean Sea
169:indigenous people
43:Achaemenid Empire
16:(Redirected from
4315:
4288:Historical roads
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4076:
4070:
4063:Grant, Ulysses,
4061:
4055:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3872:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3846:
3840:
3831:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3747:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3692:
3686:
3676:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3650:
3644:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3526:
3520:
3519:. Ashgate, 2000.
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3490:. Archived from
3485:
3479:Chapman, Henry.
3476:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3457:, archived from
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3430:on 29 April 2011
3426:. Archived from
3416:
3410:
3409:
3401:
3395:
3368:
3362:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3342:
3334:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3288:. Archived from
3282:
3276:
3275:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3242:
3230:
3219:
3218:
3198:
3192:
3175:
3169:
3160:
3154:
3147:
3141:
3126:
3120:
3109:
3103:
3094:
3088:
3079:
3073:
3064:
3058:
3044:
3038:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2945:
2939:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2895:. Archived from
2877:
2871:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2836:
2830:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2785:
2779:
2772:
2763:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2722:
2705:W. L. Westermann
2461:
2443:Inca road system
2367:Red River Colony
2363:Red River Trails
2192:California Trail
2148:Native Americans
1947:Darius the Great
1789:Vladimir Highway
1744:
1738:
1715:Vladimir Highway
1588:
1582:
1488:Improvements in
1373:Dartmouth, Devon
1111:
1108:
1093:
1090:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1041:Harburg, Hamburg
1002:dendrochronology
947:
936:
912:
849:
817:Hanseatic League
814:
792:Treaty of Verdun
577:drainage divides
448:Grand Trunk Road
341:dating from the
336:
335:
332:
326:
325:
284:
275:
165:Red River Trails
129:, a prehistoric
21:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4268:
4267:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4129:
4125:
4115:
4113:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4077:
4073:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4028:
4024:
4015:
4013:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3987:
3970:
3966:
3943:
3939:
3900:
3896:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3858:
3847:
3843:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3817:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3775:
3771:
3748:
3744:
3739:Corlea Trackway
3737:
3733:
3729:Lay (1992), p44
3728:
3724:
3720:Lay (1992), p43
3719:
3715:
3708:
3704:
3693:
3689:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3662:
3651:
3647:
3635:
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3621:
3619:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3592:
3590:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3556:Margary, Ivan D
3553:
3549:
3530:Brayley, Edward
3527:
3523:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3483:
3477:
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3464:
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3176:
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3157:
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3127:
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3091:
3080:
3076:
3065:
3061:
3045:
3041:
3030:
3026:
3017:
3015:
2997:Khanna, Parag.
2995:
2991:
2984:
2968:
2964:
2955:
2953:
2946:
2942:
2915:
2911:
2902:
2900:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2857:
2848:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2786:
2782:
2776:History of Rome
2774:Michael Grant,
2773:
2766:
2753:
2746:
2737:
2735:
2723:
2719:
2670:
2665:
2573:Ridgeway (road)
2520:Native American
2487:
2445:
2423:
2324:
2296:Plank Road Boom
2279:as well as the
2261:
2243:
2225:(also known as
2208:Lincoln Highway
2078:cliff dwellings
2050:
2044:
2038:
1985:
1979:
1924:
1747:European Russia
1737:Сибирский тракт
1703:
1652:Corlea Trackway
1644:Corlea Trackway
1637:
1631:
1486:
1466:, in his books
1453:
1447:walking track.
1441:Fountains Abbey
1425:
1381:
1327:Berkshire Downs
1269:route ran from
1139:Somerset levels
1123:
1118:
1109:
1091:
1071:
1016:with the River
974:
964:. See also the
958:Way of St James
954:Pilgrim's Guide
929:. See also the
868:Central Germany
812:Alte Salzstraße
739:
737:Frankish Empire
695:
681:
644:Viborg, Denmark
590:was an ancient
553:Hämeen Härkätie
527:
444:
351:Edo Five Routes
333:
320:
315:
224:Eurasian Steppe
193:
177:
139:Somerset Levels
35:
32:Fossil trackway
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4321:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4303:Road transport
4300:
4295:
4293:Lists of roads
4290:
4285:
4280:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
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4228:
4227:External links
4225:
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3916:10.2307/279950
3910:(2): 370–375.
3894:
3883:(1/2): 39–69.
3867:
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3790:
3786:978-0813526911
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3731:
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3687:
3679:National Trust
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2523:
2522:trail, in USA.
2513:
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2495:
2488:
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2483:
2441:Main article:
2422:
2419:
2323:
2320:
2260:
2257:
2246:Corduroy roads
2242:
2239:
2196:Santa Fe Trail
2134:, linking the
2100:connected the
2040:Main article:
2037:
2034:
2018:
2017:
1978:
1975:
1923:
1920:
1912:Amur Cart Road
1742:Sibirsky trakt
1729:Siberian Route
1702:
1699:
1633:Main article:
1630:
1627:
1589:), in ancient
1573:The Sacred Way
1485:
1482:
1464:Alfred Watkins
1452:
1449:
1424:
1421:
1380:
1377:
1331:Chiltern Hills
1255:Thomas Beckett
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
973:
970:
807:Old Salt Route
776:Late Antiquity
768:Western Europe
746:Old Salt Route
738:
735:
713:Roman Republic
680:
677:
668:Jyske Højderyg
610:. Prehistoric
526:
523:
504:colonial India
443:
440:
375:, however, do
367:Nagasaki Kaidō
363:Hokuriku Kaidō
337:were roads in
314:
311:
243:Tea Horse Road
192:
189:
176:
173:
120:Persian Empire
96:Historic roads
51:Persian Empire
26:
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3691:
3684:
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3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3655:Elsick Mounth
3649:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3617:
3613:
3612:Mariners Away
3609:
3603:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3571:
3565:
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3551:
3543:
3539:
3535:
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3512:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3393:3-910008-52-6
3390:
3386:
3385:3-8062-1180-9
3382:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3346:
3340:
3332:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3306:
3292:on 2017-10-29
3291:
3287:
3281:
3273:
3271:9781445649702
3267:
3263:
3256:
3247:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3197:
3191:
3190:3-89907-016-X
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3146:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3118:
3114:
3111:Reeves, C.N.
3108:
3102:
3100:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2966:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2934:, p. 255, at
2933:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2921:Goki-shichidō
2918:
2913:
2899:on 2007-08-25
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2865:
2859:
2845:
2844:dsr.nii.ac.jp
2841:
2835:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2810:
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2800:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2777:
2771:
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2761:
2757:
2751:
2749:
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2733:
2728:
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2717:
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2631:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2603:drovers' road
2601:. Australian
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2590:pre-Columbian
2587:
2584:built by the
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:Incense Route
2529:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2421:South America
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:Fort Edmonton
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:Carlton Trail
2329:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2300:United States
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:wooden planks
2270:
2266:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2241:Corduroy road
2238:
2236:
2235:Mojave Desert
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2216:San Francisco
2213:
2212:New York City
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:United States
2121:
2120:Natchez Trace
2114:
2113:Natchez Trace
2109:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2036:United States
2033:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:Great Kanawha
2003:
2002:Thomas Benton
1998:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1977:North America
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1919:
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1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
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1850:
1849:Verkhneudinsk
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:Yekaterinburg
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:Kozmodemyansk
1794:
1790:
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1779:
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1711:Isaak Levitan
1707:
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1620:
1616:
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1600:
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1587:
1578:
1577:Ancient Greek
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
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1556:
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1541:
1538:
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1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1461:archaeologist
1458:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:Mastiles Lane
1434:
1430:
1429:Roman Britain
1423:Roman Britain
1420:
1418:
1417:Roman legions
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:Elsick Mounth
1398:
1397:drovers' road
1395:, an ancient
1394:
1393:Causey Mounth
1390:
1386:
1385:Aberdeenshire
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:Long Causeway
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
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1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:Pilgrims' Way
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1187:Pilgrims' Way
1183:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1116:Great Britain
1113:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:corduroy road
979:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
945:
938:
935:
934:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
910:
903:
901:
897:
894:at the river
893:
889:
885:
882:at the river
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
847:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
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633:
629:
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621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
558:
554:
550:
546:
539:
536:crossing the
535:
531:
522:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:Maurya Empire
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
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378:
374:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
331:
319:
308:Kaidō, Japan
307:
303:
299:
297:
296:gallery roads
293:
289:
285:
279:
271:
267:
259:
255:
250:
246:
244:
240:
236:
233:See also the
231:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
209:Central Asian
206:
202:
198:
185:
181:
172:
170:
166:
161:
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155:
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121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
90:
86:
85:Casal Rotondo
82:
79:
74:
67:
63:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
4213:. Retrieved
4209:
4200:
4177:
4172:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4133:
4126:
4114:. Retrieved
4110:
4100:
4088:. Retrieved
4085:Syracuse.com
4084:
4074:
4064:
4059:
4050:
4031:
4025:
4014:. Retrieved
4010:
4000:
3988:. Retrieved
3983:
3977:
3967:
3953:(6): 52–56.
3950:
3946:
3940:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3835:
3829:
3818:
3810:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3777:
3772:
3758:(2): 26–29.
3755:
3751:
3745:
3734:
3725:
3716:
3705:
3696:
3690:
3674:
3663:
3654:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3620:. Retrieved
3611:
3602:
3591:. Retrieved
3587:
3578:
3559:
3550:
3533:
3524:
3516:
3511:
3499:. Retrieved
3492:the original
3487:
3474:
3463:, retrieved
3459:the original
3454:
3444:
3432:. Retrieved
3428:the original
3414:
3405:
3399:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3358:
3353:
3320:
3314:
3305:
3294:. Retrieved
3290:the original
3280:
3261:
3255:
3246:
3233:
3203:
3196:
3177:
3173:
3164:
3158:
3150:
3145:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3112:
3107:
3098:
3092:
3083:
3077:
3068:
3062:
3047:
3042:
3027:
3016:. Retrieved
3002:
2992:
2972:
2965:
2954:. Retrieved
2943:
2936:Google Books
2930:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2901:. Retrieved
2897:the original
2884:
2875:
2863:
2858:
2847:. Retrieved
2843:
2834:
2829:, 2010), 11.
2822:
2821:Xinru, Liu,
2817:
2793:
2783:
2775:
2755:
2736:. Retrieved
2730:
2720:
2673:Bibliography
2627:Trade routes
2504:Bog of Allen
2468:
2454:Wari culture
2446:
2437:construction
2431:Machu Picchu
2407:
2391:North Dakota
2360:
2325:
2293:
2271:composed of
2262:
2244:
2227:Mohave Trail
2220:
2188:Mormon Trail
2172:Oregon Trail
2165:
2117:
2072:in northern
2070:Chaco Canyon
2054:Tumamoc Hill
2051:
2022:
2019:
1986:
1936:
1928:cobblestones
1925:
1873:
1782:
1759:
1726:
1718:
1687:last Ice Age
1676:
1668:Hill of Tara
1657:
1649:
1571:
1552:
1487:
1471:
1467:
1454:
1426:
1382:
1348:include the
1343:
1318:follows the
1316:Icknield Way
1296:The Ridgeway
1294:
1251:Pilgrims Way
1212:
1196:
1124:
1062:Kulmer Steig
1059:
1045:
1033:Roman Empire
1022:
1004:to 135
994:Lower Saxony
975:
953:
944:Via Tolosana
939:
904:
892:Blankenstein
841:
804:
800:East Francia
796:West Francia
790:. After the
755:
750:Breitenfelde
726:
717:Roman Empire
707:
667:
637:
636:
612:trade routes
585:
562:
559:, in Finland
552:
540:, in Germany
520:
445:
409:
401:Asuka period
397:Gokishichidō
376:
372:
371:
357:(modern-day
316:
281:
263:
232:
228:Steppe Route
221:
194:
162:
150:Roman Empire
143:
124:
95:
94:
4005:Wilcox, L.
3947:Archaeology
3622:18 November
3136:Cambridge,
2919:. (2005). "
2825:(New York:
2655:Mesopotamia
2633:Via Imperii
2609:Sunken lane
2599:Stock route
2593:Mesoamerica
2479:Inca Empire
2459:Camino Real
2291:companies.
2223:Mojave Road
2178:route from
2144:Mississippi
2066:petroglyphs
1922:Middle East
1900:Krasnoyarsk
1880:Yalutorovsk
1845:Lake Baikal
1778:Verkhoturye
1679:Esker Riada
1672:Rathcroghan
1607:Sacred Gate
1586:Hierá Hodós
1494:Middle East
1433:their roads
1409:prehistoric
1300:chalk hills
1223:North Downs
1199:long barrow
1157:, oak, and
1143:Glastonbury
1131:Sweet Track
990:Wesermarsch
709:Roman roads
679:Roman roads
624:Tutankhamen
592:trade route
573:Middle Ages
565:Roman roads
563:Except for
514:to western
512:Afghanistan
508:Khyber Pass
492:Khyber Pass
476:Megasthenes
468:Afghanistan
436:Chūō, Tokyo
260:road system
205:Han dynasty
104:prehistoric
41:The map of
4272:Categories
4215:2015-07-01
4116:7 December
4090:6 December
4016:2013-09-06
3813:, 1973:96.
3593:2017-01-07
3296:2018-11-25
3018:2016-07-19
2956:2016-07-19
2903:2012-11-10
2849:2017-02-22
2738:2012-02-11
2668:References
2641:: linking
2635:. Germany.
2500:. Germany.
2371:Fort Garry
2316:California
2265:plank road
2259:Plank road
2136:Cumberland
2074:New Mexico
2046:See also:
1951:Achaemenid
1939:Royal Road
1865:Great Wall
1720:Vladimirka
1615:Boedromion
1611:Kerameikos
1555:Via Pythia
1548:Roman road
1540:flagstones
1490:metallurgy
1365:Hathersage
1323:escarpment
1287:Canterbury
1271:Winchester
1267:pilgrimage
1259:Canterbury
1227:Harrow Way
1215:Harrow Way
1127:Post Track
1094:) and the
761:post-Roman
721:bridleways
683:See also:
604:Baltic Sea
588:Amber Road
538:Dannevirke
456:Bangladesh
432:Nihonbashi
347:Appian way
343:Edo period
213:Zhang Qian
135:River Brue
127:Post Track
116:Royal Road
114:, and the
112:Amber Road
98:(historic
81:Appian Way
47:Royal Road
4283:Footpaths
4134:The Incas
4011:DesertUSA
3990:August 5,
3932:161162901
3850:Antiquity
3501:20 August
3465:20 August
3339:cite book
3165:Antiquity
3013:0362-4331
2881:"Gokaidō"
2712:Footnotes
2639:Via Maris
2614:Toll road
2554:. Canada.
2512:. Mexico.
2506:, Ireland
2494:, Turkey.
2429:Trail to
2395:Minnesota
2336:fur trade
2312:Manhattan
2281:Northeast
2140:Tennessee
1853:Nerchinsk
1837:Yeniseysk
1646:, Ireland
1581:Ἱερὰ Ὁδός
1544:shoulders
1522:sandstone
1508:in north
1478:neolithic
1457:ley lines
1451:Ley lines
1361:Sheffield
1357:packhorse
1339:Wiltshire
1306:coast to
1302:from the
1275:Hampshire
1231:Stone Age
1193:, England
1191:Guildford
1135:causeways
1104:Stone Age
1100:Neolithic
1073:‹See Tfd›
909:Via Regia
902:network.
872:Thuringia
846:Rennsteig
672:ridgeways
660:watershed
648:Flensburg
632:Silk Road
628:Black Sea
600:North Sea
581:ridgeways
569:geography
197:Silk Road
184:Silk Road
108:Silk Road
55:Herodotus
49:, of the
18:Trackways
3959:41771165
3889:30247663
3764:20559140
3616:Archived
3558:(1948).
3532:(1850).
3451:"Papers"
3239:Page 320
3235:Sketches
3115:London,
3069:i-Medjat
2931:, p. 255
2893:56431036
2791:(2005).
2662:. Israel
2651:Anatolia
2580:: paved
2485:See also
2387:Manitoba
2383:Winnipeg
2340:Manitoba
2308:New York
2289:turnpike
2200:Missouri
2180:Illinois
2090:Hopewell
1867:gate at
1861:Mongolia
1623:Chaidari
1567:Omphalos
1537:basaltic
1413:medieval
1407:area in
1389:Scotland
1379:Scotland
1369:Bideford
1354:Medieval
1308:the Wash
1217:and the
1147:3800s BC
1096:Iron Age
1051:medieval
998:Iron Age
950:Toulouse
915:medieval
888:Eisenach
880:Hörschel
852:ridgeway
833:Lüneburg
821:medieval
794:in 843,
778:and the
715:and the
646:through
639:Hærvejen
602:and the
534:Hærvejen
516:Pakistan
500:Peshawar
496:Calcutta
464:Pakistan
428:highways
412:highways
393:Saikaidō
389:Nankaidō
385:San'indō
381:San'yōdō
379:include
365:and the
306:Kamakura
131:causeway
91:, Italy.
3986:(2): 72
3800:, 1994.
3542:4601837
3434:19 June
3119:, 1990.
2399:Mendota
2348:Alberta
2285:Midwest
2277:Ontario
2176:pioneer
2166:In the
2084:of the
2062:Arizona
2025:portage
2012:to the
2010:Potomac
1989:buffalo
1943:Persian
1896:Achinsk
1857:Kyakhta
1841:Irkutsk
1821:Tobolsk
1787:as the
1751:Siberia
1733:Russian
1629:Ireland
1619:Aegaleo
1609:in the
1599:Eleusis
1506:Knossos
1502:Minoans
1415:times.
1346:England
1335:Norfolk
1312:Norfolk
1279:Farnham
1265:. This
1204:Avebury
1176:wheeled
1167:marshes
1141:, near
1121:England
1047:Hellweg
1029:Hamburg
972:Germany
923:Görlitz
825:Germany
815:of the
788:Germany
774:during
757:Francia
703:Pompeii
664:Jutland
662:of the
656:Hamburg
620:Dnieper
616:Vistula
606:to the
480:Mughals
450:in the
416:railway
292:Sichuan
288:Shaanxi
270:Chinese
254:Sichuan
137:in the
118:of the
83:, near
4308:Trails
4188:
4141:
4038:
3957:
3930:
3924:279950
3922:
3887:
3784:
3762:
3566:
3540:
3391:
3383:
3327:
3268:
3211:
3188:
3054:
3036:p. 106
3011:
2980:
2891:
2805:
2760:Page 9
2334:was a
2330:, the
2328:Canada
2322:Canada
2194:. The
2184:Oregon
2170:, the
2142:, and
2058:Tucson
1971:Turkey
1967:Sardis
1904:Moscow
1876:Tyumen
1869:Kalgan
1829:Kainsk
1817:Tyumen
1809:Kungur
1785:Moscow
1701:Russia
1695:Dublin
1691:Galway
1683:eskers
1664:slighe
1595:Athens
1591:Greece
1559:Delphi
1533:mortar
1530:gypsum
1518:Lebena
1514:Gortyn
1498:Greece
1484:Greece
1405:Mounth
1304:Dorset
1283:Surrey
1277:, via
1235:Seaton
1169:. The
1085:Bronze
1077:German
927:Poland
886:(near
837:Lübeck
819:was a
784:France
772:Franks
691:, and
525:Europe
484:Lahore
283:Shǔdào
280::
278:pinyin
272::
266:Shudao
258:Shudao
237:, the
146:Romans
110:, the
100:trails
4162:. 5.
3955:JSTOR
3928:S2CID
3920:JSTOR
3885:JSTOR
3809:Fox,
3760:JSTOR
3495:(PDF)
3484:(PDF)
2923:" in
2703:" by
2647:Syria
2643:Egypt
2578:Sacbe
2475:Andes
2411:Métis
2267:is a
2130:, to
2086:Adena
2056:near
1963:Syria
1945:king
1892:Tomsk
1884:Ishim
1863:to a
1833:Tomsk
1801:Kazan
1793:Murom
1755:China
1717:, or
1660:Irish
1510:Crete
1445:Dales
1320:chalk
1285:, to
1243:Dover
1239:Devon
1055:lance
1018:Hunte
1010:geest
986:Berne
896:Saale
890:) to
884:Werra
850:is a
831:from
654:) to
596:amber
557:Lieto
555:) at
488:Kabul
460:India
430:from
424:Kyoto
410:Many
373:Kaidō
359:Tokyo
339:Japan
318:Kaidō
313:Japan
290:with
191:China
154:Incas
78:Roman
4186:ISBN
4166:(1).
4139:ISBN
4118:2016
4092:2016
4036:ISBN
3992:2008
3782:ISBN
3624:2018
3564:ISBN
3538:OCLC
3503:2014
3467:2014
3436:2010
3389:ISBN
3381:ISBN
3374:In:
3345:link
3325:ISBN
3266:ISBN
3209:ISBN
3186:ISBN
3052:ISBN
3009:ISSN
2978:ISBN
2889:OCLC
2803:ISBN
2653:and
2582:road
2471:Peru
2435:Inca
2401:and
2361:The
2306:and
2294:The
2283:and
2269:road
2221:The
2190:and
2118:The
2098:Ohio
2092:and
2014:Ohio
1959:Susa
1955:road
1937:The
1898:and
1888:Omsk
1839:and
1825:Tara
1805:Perm
1753:and
1727:The
1677:The
1650:The
1621:and
1553:The
1526:clay
1516:and
1496:and
1470:and
1411:and
1371:and
1352:, a
1329:and
1290:Kent
1263:Kent
1247:Kent
1185:The
1159:lime
1129:and
1125:The
1081:Kulm
1060:The
1014:Hude
976:The
905:The
862:and
842:The
829:salt
805:The
786:and
730:Gaul
618:and
586:The
466:and
446:The
420:Nara
414:and
391:and
330:road
264:The
201:silk
195:The
175:Asia
144:The
125:The
89:Rome
76:The
3912:doi
2588:of
2469:In
2397:to
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2350:.
2346:in
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2326:In
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2202:to
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2096:of
1965:to
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1709:In
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1427:In
1383:In
1363:to
1337:to
1310:in
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1163:fen
1155:ash
1151:oak
1039:in
1012:at
1006:BCE
992:in
960:to
921:to
866:in
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377:not
355:Edo
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