Mid-Atlantic accent

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England which was becoming defined in the 1920s as "RP" or "Received Pronunciation". World English, then, was a creation of speech teachers, and boldly labeled as a class-based accent: the speech of persons variously described as "educated," "cultivated," or "cultured"; the speech of persons who moved in rarefied social or intellectual circles; and the speech of those who might aspire to do so.

110:, these accents were also then used by some stage and film actors in the early 20th century, particularly in their performances of classical plays. The prestige of Mid-Atlantic speech had largely ended by 1950, presumably as a result of cultural and demographic changes in the United States following the Second World War. 578:'s extension program in New York City from 1918 to around the time of his death in 1935, who championed a version of the accent that, for the first time, was standardized with an extreme and conscious level of phonetic consistency. Calling his new standard "World English", Tilly mostly attracted a following of 1955:

distinction exists for some speakers, particularly those following the 20th-century American Theatre Standard in the vein of Skinner, but not necessarily in aristocratic speakers trained before that time or outside of the entertainment industry, like Franklin Roosevelt, who indeed shows a merger. The

591:

World English was a speech pattern that very specifically did not derive from any regional dialect pattern in England or America, although it clearly bears some resemblance to the speech patterns that were spoken in a few areas of New England, and a very considerable resemblance ... to the pattern in

596:

From the 1920s to 1940s, the Mid-Atlantic accent was a popular affectation onstage and in other forms of high culture in North America. According to Knight, Americans had the tendency to perceive World English as sounding British, which Tilly's students sometimes acknowledged and other times denied.

485:

After the accent's decline following the end of World War II, this American version of a "posh" accent has all but disappeared even among the American upper classes, as Americans have increasingly dissociated from the speaking styles of the East Coast elite; if anything, the accent is now subject to

1859:

Mid-Atlantic monophthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt, from Urban (2021). Here /ɑː/ includes the vowels of PALM and LOT and /ɔː/ includes the vowels of THOUGHT and CLOTH. The vowel /ɜː/ is pronounced as a rhotic vowel. The FLEECE, GOOSE, FOOT, THOUGHT and PALM vowels are pronounced as

582:

and New York City public-school teachers, and his goal was to popularize his standard of a "proper" American pronunciation for teaching in public schools and using in one's public life. While he did not specifically work with actors himself, some of his prominent students ended up doing so.

1122:

The Mid-Atlantic accent was carefully taught as a model of "correct" English in American elocution classes before 1945 and it was also taught for use in American theatre into the 1960s, after which it fell out of vogue. It is still taught to actors for use in playing historical characters.

268:

lockjaw", named for the stereotypical clenching of the speaker's jaw muscles to achieve an exaggerated enunciation quality. The related term "boarding-school lockjaw" has also been used to describe the accent once considered a characteristic of elite New England boarding-school culture.

424: 427: 2225:

s" are distinguished, with the former being pronounced as and the latter as either or . This is done in General American, as well, but in the Mid-Atlantic accent, the same distinction means the retention of historic in weak preconsonantal positions (as in RP), so

102:, "its earliest advocates bragged that its chief quality was that no Americans actually spoke it unless educated to do so". The late 19th century first produced recordings of and commentary about such accents associated with the Northeastern elite and their private 425: 587:, Tilly and his adherents emphatically promoted World English, and its slight variations taught in classes of theatre and oratory, helping to eventually define the Mid-Atlantic pronunciation of American classical actors for decades. According to Dudley Knight: 117:, was also known in Canada, existing for a century before waning in the 1950s. More generally, "mid-Atlantic accent" may refer to any accent, including more recent ones, with a perceived mixture of American and British characteristics. 1050:

Although it has disappeared as a standard of high society and high culture, the Transatlantic accent has still been heard in some media in the 21st century for the sake of historical, humorous, or other stylistic reasons.

182:

describe that non-rhoticity, "following Received Pronunciation, was taught as a model of correct, international English by schools of speech, acting, and elocution in the United States up to the end of World War II".

3595:"The t after n is often silent in American pronunciation. Instead of saying internet Americans will frequently say 'innernet.' This is fairly standard speech and is not considered overly casual or sloppy speech." 2692: 3181: 5200:-ful regions presumably reflects both formal dramatic training and the generally high prestige of this feature in the early twentieth century" (455); "Rogers, Kelly, and Shearer produce an quality in 3760:-ful regions presumably reflects both formal dramatic training and the generally high prestige of this feature in the early twentieth century" (455); "Rogers, Kelly, and Shearer produce an quality in 2214:

do not undergo advancing, being pronounced farther back as , and , respectively, like in conservative and Northern varieties of American English; the latter two are also similar to conservative RP.

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Early recordings of prominent Americans born in the middle of the 19th century provide some insight into their adoption (or not) of a carefully employed non-rhotic Mid-Atlantic speaking style.

2736:. This keeps the distinction observed in rhotic accents like General American, but not made in RP. Also, some New Englanders, particularly in Eastern New England, could pronounce the vowel in 213:

that does not align with the rhotic accents normally documented in Ohio and Central New York State at the time; both men even use the distinctive and especially archaic affectation of a "

2248:, which are typical of several accents, both British and North American, do not occur. For example, the vowels in "hull" and "bull" are kept distinct, the former as and the latter as . 567:, and acting. Therefore, this upper-class Boston accent also may have contributed to the sound then becoming popular among the wider Northeastern elite and in the American theatre. 4424: 4926: 3731: 620:

and which she described as the appropriate American pronunciation for "classics and elevated texts". She vigorously drilled her students in learning the accent at the

732:

often used the accent in his performances, being from Missouri but attending elite Northeastern schools for high school and college, and also being British-trained.

597:

The codification of such an accent particularly for theatrical training is credited to several disciples of Tilly, notably including Margaret Prendergast McLean and

1926:

before nasals, the vowel is not necessarily tensed in this environment in Mid-Atlantic accents. Skinner and other theatrical teachers intensely discouraged tensing.

4322: 3153:, as well as in some Canadian and Southern United States accents, and sporadically across the Mid-West and the West. However, it is rarely heard in contemporary 30:

This article is about the cultivated accent blending American and British English. For the native dialect of the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, see

507: 7192: 4192: 470: 5562: 7132: 4802: 364:. This includes just over half who were raised specifically in New York (most of them New York City) and five of whom were educated specifically at the 7328: 2564: 2238: 7358: 1009:

all speak with a Mid-Atlantic accent, with the latter two characters voiced by the aforementioned Kelsey Grammer and David Hyde Pierce, respectively.

516:, for example, stated that Williamson "speaks in a beguiling mid-Atlantic accent that makes her sound as if she has walked straight off the set of a 3732:"That Weirdo Announcer-Voice Accent: Where It Came From and Why It Went Away. Is your language rhotic? How to find out, and whether you should care" 5527: 2638:

in traditional Received Pronunciation. Speakers outside the American theatre like Franklin Roosevelt and the Boston Brahmins indeed often merged

5287:"Tom Lehrer Is Not Dead! He Just Wants You to Think He Is. | The American Spectator | Politics Is Too Important To Be Taken Seriously" 1903:. It is only lowered from the near-open vowel to the fully open vowel . It was most consistently a feature of the New England upper class, the 7333: 503: 499: 5473: 4466: 4253: 3570:

A similar but unrelated feature occurred in RP. As one attempt of middle-class RP speakers to make themselves sound polished, words in the

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rry are all pronounced as , commonly known as a schwa. Thus inventory is pronounced , rather than General American or rapidly-spoken RP .

4898: 933: 1126:

A codified version of the Mid-Atlantic accent for the American theatre, advocated by voice coaches like Margaret Prendergast McLean and

532:, when the 20th century began, "American actors in classical plays all spoke with English accents", due to the high prestige of English 221:, McKinley's successor from an affluent district of New York City, who used a cultivated non-rhotic accent but with the addition of the 87:, as well as related accents in the early half of the 20th century taught at American schools of acting, which incorporated features of 7343: 7227: 6200: 775:, who arrived in the United States from England aged 16, had an accent that is often popularly described as "Mid-Atlantic", though his 601:. McLean, by the late 1920s, was one of the most influential speech teachers for East Coast actors, publishing her text on the accent, 134:

in the United States focused primarily on song-like intonation, lengthily and tremulously uttered vowels (including overly articulated

4542:"Listen to Samuel Eliot Morison, 1936 - Harvard Voices by Harvard University in Harvard Voices playlist online for free on SoundCloud" 3285:

is heard in many of the very earliest recordings of Mid-Atlantic speakers born in the mid-19th century, likely for dramatic effect in

658:

beginning in the late 1920s. Hollywood studios encouraged actors to learn this accent into the 1940s. For instance, in the 1952 movie

217:" at times when R is pronounced, often when between vowels. This tapped articulation is additionally sometimes heard in recordings of 4296: 5421: 4212: 662:, the Skinner-like elocution coach who entreats Lina Lamont to use "round tones" is attempting to teach her American stage speech. 240:, Massachusetts, a similar accent, in the late 19th century and early 20th century, was associated with the local urban elite: the 5274:

My dad was born in Queens but affected this mid-Atlantic accent. The old neighborhood accent only came out when he got mad at us.

4789: 3779: 3168:

can be pronounced as a glottal stop, , only if it is followed by a consonant in either the same word or the following word. Thus

5192:, 95(4), 441-484: "Kelly was from Philadelphia. Rogers, from Independence, Missouri, and Shearer, from Montreal, are about half 3752:, 95(4), 441-484: "Kelly was from Philadelphia. Rogers, from Independence, Missouri, and Shearer, from Montreal, are about half 146:—the standard accent of the British upper class—as evidenced in recorded public speeches of the time. One of these qualities is 3810: 3372:. This is more like RP than General American. At times, the vowels in the latter words can be reduced to a schwa. However, "bec 98:

A Mid-Atlantic accent was never the widespread or typical accent of any region; rather, according to voice and drama professor

2428:

is vocalized to , commonly known as schwa, while the long vowel itself is laxed. However, when preceded by a short vowel, the

449:

but rather a Mid-Atlantic one. One of Roosevelt's most frequently heard speeches has a non-rhotic pronunciation of words like

7277: 7062: 6108: 5976: 5633: 5593: 5320: 5118: 4767: 4733: 4699: 4665: 4625: 4591: 4518: 4351: 4073: 3699: 3274:

in all contexts, more like General American than RP. However, Skinner explicitly discouraged darker articulations for actors.

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completed in 1953. Scourby was often employed as a voice actor and narrator in advertisements and in media put out by the

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Furthermore, the popularity of a Mid-Atlantic sound was indirectly inspired by the Australian phonetician William Tilly (

95:

of British English. Consequently, this speaking style also became associated with certain Hollywood actors in that era.

5487: 6883: 5179:

Anderegg, Michael. “Orson Welles, Shakespeare, and Popular Culture.” Columbia University Press. New York. 2015. (p. 15)

2084:

vowel . This also extends to "i", "y", and sometimes "e", "ie", and "ee" in other positions in words. For example, the

473:

of the words "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself"; this pronunciation of R is also famously recorded in his

6100: 6070: 6048: 6015: 5907: 5091: 5052: 4126: 3649: 5768: 5666: 3897: 1085:

adopts a highly theatrical Mid-Atlantic accent throughout the character's many animation and video game appearances.

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Strategery: How George W. Bush Is Defeating Terrorists, Outwitting Democrats, and Confounding the Mainstream Media

6930: 6726: 6039: 5286: 4239: 3530: 2987: 2510: 197:, who grew up in Ohio and Michigan in a family of modest means, both used natural rhotic accents. Yet presidents 171: 139: 4229: 3186:. However, Skinner recommended avoiding the glottal stop altogether; she also recommended a "lightly aspirated" 7247: 6687: 6193: 5501: 1063: 859:) noticeably speaks with a deep bass tone and a Mid-Atlantic accent to suggest his position of high authority; 605:, in 1928. Edith Skinner rose to prominence in the 1930s and 1940s, best known for her own instructional text, 374:

Examples of individuals described as having a cultivated New England accent or "Boston Brahmin accent" include

187: 4308: 4090: 7287: 6980: 6942: 5188:

Boberg, Charles (2020). "Diva diction: Hollywood’s leading ladies and the rise of General American English".

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Boberg, Charles (2020). "Diva diction: Hollywood’s leading ladies and the rise of General American English".

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Classically Speaking: Dialects for Actors : Neutral American, Classical American, Standard British (RP)

4872: 3951:"mid-Atlantic accent – meaning of mid-Atlantic accent in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English – LDOCE" 748:

was an American stage, film, and voice actor who continues to be well-known for his recording of the entire

222: 7282: 6935: 6755: 6572: 6393: 3015: 2994: 1093: 3617: 3282: 3271: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3207: 3195: 3187: 3165: 3161: 3142: 2631: 2624: 2503: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2410: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2375: 2245: 2240: 2124: 2120: 2059: 2043: 1830: 1806: 1778: 1755: 1728: 1705: 1677: 1670: 1642: 1618: 1590: 1566: 1527: 1501: 1477: 1451: 1427: 1377: 1337: 1309: 1287: 1252: 1212: 1205: 1176: 1130:("Good Speech" as she called it), was once widely taught in acting schools of the early mid-20th century. 209:, who attended private schools, clearly employed a non-rhotic, upper-class, Mid-Atlantic quality in their 151: 138:), and a booming resonance. Moreover, since at least the mid-19th century, upper-class communities on the 6658: 6648: 6246: 6213: 6209: 5395: 3080: 3047: 962: 876: 753: 639: 545: 277:

Wealthy or highly educated Americans known for being life-long speakers of a Mid-Atlantic accent include

163: 92: 5303: 4820: 7338: 7242: 6957: 6815: 6226: 5899: 3089: 3001: 2909: 2893: 970: 465:, all of which distinguishes it from other forms of surviving non-rhotic speech in the United States. " 361: 318: 245: 81: 6178: 4411: 4258: 3932: 2740:

more fronted: . However, in the mid-20th century and later, this came to be associated with non-elite

7348: 7222: 6748: 6706: 6677: 6609: 6577: 6186: 3022: 2026:

vowel. However, speakers trained before the Theatre Standard, like Franklin Roosevelt, indeed show a

912: 728:, defying roles typically cast for black actors, also consistently spoke with a Mid-Atlantic accent. 510:

in June 2019, was widely discussed and sometimes described as a Mid-Atlantic accent. An article from

298: 253: 69: 3914: 6947: 6901: 6800: 6773: 6738: 6633: 6504: 3541: 2444: 974: 579: 114: 6147: 1872: 260:, other terms for the local Transatlantic pronunciation and accompanying facial behavior include " 7159: 6992: 6810: 6785: 6091: 3847: 3691: 3621: 3546: 3008: 2927: 2916: 2900: 2464: 900: 768: 733: 584: 466: 391: 365: 353: 322: 80:. Most commonly, it refers to accents of the late 19th century to mid-20th century spoken by the 2252: 1864: 1091:

employs a Mid-Atlantic accent as James Patrick March, a ghostly serial killer from the 1920s on

174:, although precisely how varied by exact location, social class, and other demographic factors. 7074: 7052: 6856: 6553: 6522: 6400: 5367: 4657: 3868: 3551: 3154: 3146: 2819: 2524: 2290: 2256:

F1/F2 values of Franklin D. Roosevelt's Mid-Atlantic vowels in hertz according to Urban (2021).

2127:

do not undergo Canadian raising and are pronounced as and , respectively, in all environments.

1892: 533: 491: 278: 143: 107: 88: 6970: 5108: 4723: 4508: 4341: 3289:. However, it was rare in speakers born after that time, and Skinner disapproved of its usage. 2496:"Marry" is pronounced with a different vowel altogether. See further in the bullet list below. 7272: 7057: 6952: 6665: 6599: 6353: 6343: 6338: 4757: 4581: 4392: 4367: 4234: 4177: 4150: 4116: 3950: 3843:

Knight, Dudley. "Standard Speech". In: Hampton, Marian E. & Barbara Acker (eds.) (1997).

3119: 3058: 2862: 2851: 2809: 2528: 702: 628:. As used by actors, the Mid-Atlantic accent is also known by various other names, including 615: 541: 438: 375: 290: 230: 167: 7265: 4927:"Marianne Williamson is a superstar in the world of woo. Is she also the next US president?" 4687: 4583:

The revolutionary imagination: the poetry and politics of John Wheelwright and Sherry Mangan

1876:

Mid-Atlantic centering diphthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt, from Urban (2021).

6694: 6587: 6527: 6405: 6378: 6295: 4494: 2934: 2532: 1929: 1142: 916: 908: 838: 383: 379: 352:(though, as the lone non-Northeasterner in this list, her accent was consistently rhotic), 147: 84: 31: 5000: 2585:

are distinguished, the former being realized as and the latter as , like conservative RP.

1855: 8: 7353: 7122: 7114: 7012: 6975: 6861: 6846: 6721: 6711: 6638: 6477: 3583: 2980: 2945: 1997: 1881: 1868:

Mid-Atlantic closing diphthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt from Urban (2021).

1104: 928: 829: 814: 718: 678: 575: 553: 495: 265: 190: 5258: 4209: 360:. Except for Child, all of these example speakers were raised, educated, or both in the 7182: 7149: 7084: 7067: 6922: 6743: 6290: 6280: 6059: 5745: 5396:"Aristocratic Villains And English-Speaking Nazis: Why Hollywood Loves Clichéd Accents" 5372: 4650: 2875: 2814: 1029:

Actors working in the late 20th century who sometimes dipped into this accent included

805: 789: 764: 249: 218: 6173: 6172:, in which two Boston Brahmin academics talk about their accents while sitting in the 5623: 5214: 7187: 7172: 7144: 7104: 6896: 6833: 6582: 6358: 6322: 6140: 6096: 6066: 6044: 6011: 5903: 5629: 5152: 5114: 5087: 5048: 4763: 4729: 4695: 4661: 4621: 4587: 4514: 4347: 4122: 4069: 4017: 3695: 3645: 2834: 2824: 1964: 1109: 1082: 1058:

uses the Mid-Atlantic accent in playing the flamboyant, fussy, upper-class character

1038: 1000: 893: 745: 725: 670: 399: 357: 326: 294: 6878: 5650: 5337: 3118:

distinction: The Mid-Atlantic accent showed some vestigial resistance to the modern

1107:

uses a unique, comedic accent as the character of Moira Rose in the Canadian sitcom

724:, likely due to its high prestige in their era and their formal dramatic schooling. 7307: 7260: 7212: 7139: 7047: 7037: 7032: 7022: 6868: 6841: 6699: 6619: 6564: 6462: 6444: 6431: 6268: 6263: 6168: 5528:"American Horror Story Just Gave Us a Glimpse of Leonardo DiCaprio’s Next Big Role" 5012: 3815: 3524: 3307:) being pronounced as or as ("i" as in "did"), without any particular preference. 2804: 2764: 2750: 2677: 2663: 2542: 2418: 2280: 2203: 2189: 2175: 2161: 2147: 2133: 2116: 2008: 1915: 950: 924: 856: 749: 625: 415: 411: 395: 337:(though her accent is unique, with not entirely consistent Mid-Atlantic features), 302: 206: 202: 198: 73: 5142: 779:

was a more natural and unconscious mixture of both British and American features.

7177: 7079: 7017: 6987: 6795: 6670: 6491: 6467: 6439: 6410: 6383: 6348: 6235: 5811: 5769:

https://assets2.merriam-webster.com/mw/static/pdf/help/guide-to-pronunciation.pdf

5081: 5042: 4689: 4615: 4216: 4063: 3898:"Some Canadians used to speak with a quasi-British accent called Canadian Dainty" 3685: 3639: 3286: 2842: 2829: 1098: 1055: 1030: 978: 872: 825: 741: 682: 564: 487: 486:

ridicule in American popular culture. The clipped, non-rhotic English accents of

446: 403: 371:

in Massachusetts: Franklin Roosevelt, Harriman, Acheson, Alsop, and Auchincloss.

314: 310: 286: 241: 226: 210: 131: 77: 6135: 5744:

E. Flemming & S. Johnson. Rosa's Roses: Reduced Vowels in American English,

4193:"How Dean Acheson Won the Cold War: Statesmanship, Morality, and Foreign Policy" 7252: 7167: 7127: 7027: 6851: 6604: 6509: 6499: 6415: 6217: 6086: 5448: 5363: 5232: 4020:. Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis, 2021(4), 227-245. 2886: 2076:), "Charlie", "sherry", "coffee" is not tensed and is thus pronounced with the 1904: 1034: 954: 938: 889: 694: 537: 345: 334: 5847: 4490: 798:'s character identifies her as a "lockjawed prep princess" from Connecticut's 7322: 7302: 7217: 6873: 6790: 6731: 6643: 6594: 6472: 6454: 6157: 6113: 6034: 5891: 5156: 5016: 4903: 4284: 4047:

Presidential Voices. Speaking Styles from George Washington to George W. Bush

3150: 2741: 2285: 2052: 1127: 1059: 966: 946: 920: 868: 864: 860: 795: 729: 714: 710: 643: 598: 549: 529: 474: 368: 330: 261: 233:

also employed a non-rhotic Mid-Atlantic accent, though without the tapped R.

214: 194: 179: 175: 99: 3206:, as it is by some Americans. Generally, Skinner advocated for articulating 477:, for example, in the phrase "naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan". 406:(though he was actually a life-long member of the New York City elite), and 6805: 6653: 6532: 6152: 4899:"Marianne Williamson connects in a way that regular pols can't, like Trump" 4555: 4311:

Los Angeles Public Library Online (28 December 2012). Retrieved 2013-11-25.

3278: 3214: 2720:

are distinguished, the former being realized as and the latter as . Hence

2607:

are distinguished, the former being realized as and the latter as . Hence

1005: 996: 833: 737: 698: 690: 686: 674: 647: 512: 387: 341: 306: 52: 6163: 5628:. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Applause Theatre Book Publishers. 756:

with his refined Mid-Atlantic accent considered desirable for such roles.

717:

developed a Mid-Atlantic accent, including (variable) non-rhoticity and a

5799: 4396: 4018:"Franklin D. Roosevelt and the American Theatre Standard: The low vowels" 3933:"mid-Atlantic (adjective) definition and synonyms – Macmillan Dictionary" 3687:

Singing and communicating in English: a singer's guide to English diction

2406: 2015: 1990:

vowel, respectively) are distinguished, with the latter being pronounced

1088: 1072: 982: 958: 852: 706: 666: 651: 349: 338: 257: 4297:

With Mailer's death, U.S. loses a colorful writer and character – SFGate

6716: 6208: 4755: 4688:

Larry Gelbart; Museum of Television and Radio (New York, N.Y.) (1996).

4652:

Counsel for the situation: shaping the law to realize America's promise

4647: 2398: 1991: 1069:, which depicts enormous class divisions in a futuristic North America. 1014: 942: 904: 821: 772: 760: 517: 407: 282: 135: 5983: 5545:

A Dialect Coach Breaks Down Moira Rose's Bonkers Schitt's Creek Accent

609:, published in 1942. These speech teachers referred to this accent as 150:, sometimes called "R-dropping", in which speakers delete the phoneme 6273: 5426: 3780:

From the Archives: Behind the Accent with Dialect Coach Jessica Drake

3536: 2787: 2414: 2402: 1923: 1520: 992: 847: 560: 506:, has a unique accent that, following her participation in the first 458: 5940: 5928: 5916: 5823: 2680: 763:

lampooned the accent in a 1945 satirical tribute to his alma mater,

113:

A similar accent that resulted from different historical processes,

6300: 5952: 5697: 5605: 5603: 3901: 3266: 3245: 3239: 3191: 3174: 1907:, but also promoted by theatrical teachers like McLean and Skinner. 776: 4402:

program, episode airing on 19 November 1984. Retrieved 2017-05-15.

3915:"Mid-Atlantic definition and meaning – Collins English Dictionary" 7237: 7232: 7042: 6388: 6315: 6310: 2790: 2386: 884: 655: 5600: 4759:

Do you speak American?: a companion to the PBS television series

4230:"Kate Hudson and Gigi Hadid Are All About These Customized Bags" 665:

Examples of actors known for publicly using this accent include

162:), which is also shared by the traditional regional dialects of 6305: 6285: 6065:(Second ed.). New York: Applause Theatre Book Publishers. 6057:

Skinner, Edith; Monich, Timothy (1990). Mansell, Lilene (ed.).

5399: 5204:

words out of respect for the British or Boston standard" (465).

4847:"Marianne Williamson's Weirdest, Most Wonderful Debate Moments" 4343:

Grace & Power: The Private World of the Kennedy White House

4299:. Articles.sfgate.com (11 November 2007). Retrieved 2011-06-18. 3764:

words out of respect for the British or Boston standard" (465).

1077: 237: 5563:"Language Mystery: When Did Americans Stop Sounding This Way?" 4648:

William Thaddeus Coleman; Donald T. Bliss (26 October 2010).

3137:

could be pronounced slightly differently; words spelled with

2753: 2206: 2192: 2164: 2150: 72:

of English that are perceived as blending features from both

5196:-less. Adoption of /r/ vocalization by these actresses from 3756:-less. Adoption of /r/ vocalization by these actresses from 2767: 2436:

are typically only distinguished by the presence/absence of

740:, affected the Mid-Atlantic accent, despite having a native 571: 130:

In the 19th century and into the early 20th century, formal

5767:

Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary: Pronunciation Guide

2440:. The following distinctions are examples of this concept: 2178: 2136: 1045: 986: 882:

An example of this accent appears in the television sitcom

782: 4031:

You Talkin' to Me?: The Unruly History of New York English

3641:

Vox Popular: The Surprising Life of Language in the Media

2666: 2545: 2261:

American, British and Mid-Atlantic low vowels comparison

2108:

able". Some Boston Brahmins, however, did sometimes show

1911: 1026:

both speak with pronounced Locust Valley Lockjaw accents.

441:, who came from a privileged New York City family, has a 1899:

vowel does not retract and merge with the back vowel of

548:, had already absorbed notable features from RP such as 6109:"How a Fake British Accent Took Old Hollywood by Storm" 5835: 3884: 3882: 2007:: Like contemporary RP, but unlike conservative RP and 1113:, which the press has sometimes labeled "Mid-Atlantic". 1022:(an affluent former governor of New York) and his wife 888:

used by the snobbish Crane brothers, who are played by

142:

increasingly adopted many of the phonetic qualities of

4285:

Louis Auchincloss, the Last of the Gentlemen Novelists

3145:). The distinction is a feature found in conservative 2646:

and their vowel was often more diphthongal than in RP.

842:; they both employed the Locust Valley lockjaw accent. 559:, when Boston was the American center for training in 5716: 5215:"Lane, Hamlisch among Theater Hall of Fame inductees" 4219:. Gothamist (25 February 2008). Retrieved 2011-06-18. 6056: 5989: 5958: 5946: 5934: 5922: 5878: 5853: 5829: 5817: 5805: 5793: 5789: 5787: 5746:

http://web.mit.edu/flemming/www/paper/rosasroses.pdf

5733: 5703: 5609: 5422:"Are all of Disney's female villains kinda British?" 5067: 4803:

The Rise and Fall of Katharine Hepburn's Fake Accent

4756:

Robert MacNeil; William Cran; Robert McCrum (2005).

4061: 3879: 3714: 1960:

vowel is also used in words like "watch" and "quad".

903:

villains speak either with an English accent (e.g.,

4821:"Marianne Williamson Explains Her Magical Thinking" 523: 193:, who attended public school in Ohio, and inventor 6058: 4649: 4506: 4339: 4309:Empress of fashion : a life of Diana Vreeland 4273:Jacqueline Kennedy: First Lady of the New Frontier 3281:articulation of post-consonantal or inter-vocalic 2432:is elided. Therefore, tense and lax vowels before 2011:, Theatre Standard promoted that the words in the 875:) also use this accent when switching to a formal 49:This article includes inline links to audio files. 5784: 5474:"AI is Now Resurrecting Dead Audiobook Narrators" 5321:"10 Examples of the Made-Up Transatlantic Accent" 5106: 4613: 4467:"The First American Anti-Nazi Film, Rediscovered" 2660:are distinguished, with the former pronounced as 528:According to the vocal coach and drama professor 7320: 5190:American Speech: A Quarterly of Linguistic Usage 4681: 4641: 3811:"Why Did William F. Buckley Jr. talk like that?" 3750:American Speech: A Quarterly of Linguistic Usage 3210:with some degree of aspiration in most contexts. 1887:: The Mid-Atlantic accent commonly exhibits the 808:used the accent in portraying wealthy Bostonian 6027:An introduction to the pronunciation of English 4180:. New York Media, LLC – via Google Books. 3293: 705:. Despite the accents of their native regions, 6033: 5756: 5560: 5488:"Cracked Investigates: Frasier Crane's Accent" 5100: 5086:. University of California Press. p. 25. 4068:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 25–26. 3981: 3729: 3385:-ary, -ery, -ory, -mony, -ative, -bury, -berry 3202:is not pronounced similarly or identically to 1947:vowel may be rounded, like RP. Therefore, the 836:, a millionaire couple on the 1960s TV series 6194: 5975:harvp error: no target: CITEREFFletcher2013 ( 5592:harvp error: no target: CITEREFFletcher2013 ( 4617:George C. Homans: history, theory, and method 4210:New York City Accents Changing with the Times 3299:Skinner approved of the -day suffix (e.g. Mon 3233:. Mid-Atlantic also lacks palatalization, so 321:(who began affecting it permanently while at 6552: 5685: 5304:"Philip French's screen legends: Cary Grant" 4579: 4049:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 144–148. 2553:, which is distinct from the vowels of both 5717:"Uusfilologinen yhdistys | www.ufy.fi" 5502:"What Happened to the Mid-Atlantic Accent?" 5175: 5173: 4762:. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 50–. 4721: 4607: 4500: 4320: 2405:is used, but Skinner openly disapproved of 2046:in words such as "all", "salt", and "malt". 736:noted that his father, actor and performer 51:If you have trouble playing the files, see 7228:Comparison of American and British English 6201: 6187: 5869:, Barron's Education Series, Inc., p. 36. 5419: 4715: 4694:. Harry N. Abrams Publishers. p. 14. 4513:. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 154. 4464: 4197:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 4088: 4041: 4039: 2381:In a Mid-Atlantic accent, the postvocalic 7329:Culture of the Northeastern United States 6166:, a segment of the 1986 documentary film 4994: 4992: 4792:by Franklin Delano Roosevelt (sound file) 4333: 4149:Murphy, Charles J.V. (30 December 1946). 4091:"On TV, Buckley Led Urbane Debating Club" 4012: 4010: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3725: 3723: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3644:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 241–2. 3261:). All of this mirrors (conservative) RP. 3249:(the first variant versus the second one 3129:. In other words, the consonants spelled 536:(RP). Early in this century, the wealthy 7359:Upper class culture in the United States 6921: 6106: 6005: 5970: 5691: 5679: 5587: 5170: 5113:. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 171. 4573: 4176:LLC, New York Media (2 September 1991). 4114: 4057: 4055: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 2409:. In Mid-Atlantic accents, intervocalic 2251: 2217:No weak vowel merger: The vowels in "Ros 1871: 1863: 1854: 1046:Performed examples in 21st-century media 783:Performed examples in 20th-century media 650:before becoming largely transplanted to 422: 414:since his early adulthood toward a more 6037:; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), 5999: 5621: 5213:Rawson, Christopher (28 January 2009). 5140: 5079: 5073: 5040: 4896: 4890: 4870: 4656:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 4425:"The New York Review of Books turns 50" 4036: 3683: 3633: 3631: 2034:split, with the latter aligning to the 624:(now, Carnegie Mellon) and, later, the 14: 7321: 6024: 5779: 5648: 5387: 5362: 5256: 4998: 4989: 4422: 4148: 3970: 3891: 3866: 3853: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3720: 3658: 3265: 3244: 3238: 3194:typical of American speakers whenever 3173: 2062:at the end of words such as "happy" ( 923:) or a Transatlantic accent (notably, 504:2024 Democratic presidential candidate 248:, particularly including its affluent 154:except before a vowel sound (thus, in 7334:Culture of the Southern United States 6182: 5890: 5841: 5655:. Internet Archive. New York, Dutton. 5649:McLean, Margaret Prendergast (1952). 5107:Robert Blumenfeld (1 December 2002). 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 4844: 4507:Barbara W. Tuchman (31 August 2011). 4340:Sally Bedell Smith (15 August 2011). 4089:Konigsberg, Eric (29 February 2008). 4052: 3987: 3943: 3925: 3830: 3778:Tham, Su Fang (2018; updated 2021). " 3637: 2623:. This does not precisely agree with 1994:and longer than the former, like RP. 1256: 1180: 445:accent, though it is not an ordinary 431:Excerpt of FDR's "Fear Itself" speech 106:education. With their (limited) high 7298:Non-native pronunciations of English 5990:Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990) 5959:Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990) 5947:Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990) 5935:Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990) 5923:Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990) 5872: 5854:Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990) 5830:Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990) 5818:Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990) 5806:Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990) 5734:Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990) 5704:Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990) 5669:. New York, Dutton. 3 November 2023. 5610:Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990) 5257:Riedel, Michael (10 December 2010). 5230: 4924: 4873:"Take Marianne Williamson Seriously" 4620:. Paradigm Publishers. p. vii. 4287:, New York Magazine (5 January 2005) 3907: 3808: 3628: 3615: 3557: 2485:also has an opener variant of than 2373: 1166:Franklin D. Roosevelt's realization 810:Major Charles Emerson Winchester III 6040:The Atlas of North American English 5879:Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990 5794:Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990 5068:Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990 4818: 4728:. Regnery Publishing. p. 103. 4449:"Her voice sounded like money ... " 4246: 4175: 4065:English Historical Sociolinguistics 3867:Safire, William (18 January 1987). 3809:Tsai, Michelle (28 February 2008). 3789: 3767: 3715:Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990 2424:When preceded by a long vowel, the 272: 24: 6080: 5023: 4121:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. 3618:"Oh, That Old-Timey Movie Accent!" 3387:: The first vowel in the endings - 3198:appears between vowels. Likewise, 2058:: Like conservative RP, the vowel 1101:as March's accomplice, Miss Evers. 1012:In the animated television series 25: 7370: 7344:English language in North America 6129: 6107:Nosowitz, Dan (27 October 2016). 5727: 5420:Mallenbaum, Carly (30 May 2014). 5310:. London. Retrieved 18 June 2011. 5041:Skinner, Edith (1 January 1990). 4897:Schmitz, Matthew (31 July 2019). 4423:Tucker, Neely (6 November 2013). 4323:"C.Z. Guest: The Rich Fight Back" 4190: 3845:The Vocal Vision: Views on Voice. 3102: 3095: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3046: 3035: 3028: 3021: 3014: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2964: 2957: 2933: 2926: 2915: 2908: 2899: 2892: 2874: 2861: 2850: 654:beginning in the mid-1910s, with 5964: 5884: 5859: 5773: 5761: 5750: 5738: 5561:Fallows, James (8 August 2011). 5393: 5141:Sweeney, Louise (31 July 1980). 4691:Stand-up comedians on television 4614:A. Javier Treviño (April 2006). 3589: 2763: 2749: 2676: 2662: 2541: 2202: 2188: 2174: 2160: 2146: 2132: 1891:split of RP. However, unlike in 1669:Vowels historically followed by 622:Carnegie Institute of Technology 524:Theatrical and cinematic accents 120: 41: 6160:is interviewed about the accent 5709: 5673: 5659: 5642: 5615: 5581: 5554: 5537: 5520: 5494: 5480: 5466: 5441: 5413: 5356: 5330: 5313: 5297: 5279: 5250: 5224: 5207: 5182: 5134: 5061: 4980: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4944: 4918: 4864: 4838: 4812: 4795: 4783: 4749: 4722:Bill Sammon (1 February 2006). 4586:. UNC Press Books. p. 93. 4548: 4534: 4484: 4458: 4442: 4416: 4412:"Robert B. Silvers (1929–2017)" 4405: 4386: 4360: 4314: 4302: 4290: 4278: 4266: 4222: 4203: 4184: 4169: 4142: 4108: 4082: 4023: 3961: 3564: 3531:Atlas of North American English 1943:is unrounded, while the "o" in 140:East Coast of the United States 7248:English-based creole languages 6144:featuring Mid-Atlantic English 5757:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 4871:Pareene, Alex (28 June 2019). 4465:Greenhouse, Emily (May 2013). 3982:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 3742: 3730:Fallows, James (7 June 2015). 3708: 3609: 851:film franchise, the character 13: 1: 7288:List of English-based pidgins 6043:, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, 5867:Mastering the American Accent 5551:. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. 5148:The Christian Science Monitor 4925:Arwa, Mahdawi (2 July 2019). 4238:. 17 May 2017. Archived from 4062:Milla, Robert McColl (2012). 3383:Polysyllabic words ending in 2781: 2674:and the latter pronounced as 225:once notably associated with 7283:Linguistic purism in English 5327:. Retrieved 10 October 2023. 5110:Accents: A Manual for Actors 4845:Stieb, Matt (28 June 2019). 4346:. Aurum Press. p. 103. 3602: 3294:Other pronunciation patterns 1117: 1094:American Horror Story: Hotel 642:began in the early 1900s in 613:, which Skinner also called 68:, is a nickname for various 7: 6384:London & Thames Estuary 6006:Fletcher, Patricia (2005). 5820:, p. 125-126, 177–178. 5259:"You don't know Jack (yet)" 5233:"Milford Academy - History" 5047:. Hal Leonard Corporation. 4115:Eckhardt, Jason C. (1991). 3937:www.macmillandictionary.com 3518: 2712:distinction: The vowels in 2652:distinction: The vowels in 2595:distinction: The vowels in 2577:distinction: The vowels in 2230:t" does not rhyme with "abb 794:(1958), the accent used by 754:National Geographic Society 546:Eastern New England English 498:, a self-help author and a 366:independent boarding school 10: 7375: 7243:English as a lingua franca 6025:Gimson, Alfred C. (1962). 5900:Cambridge University Press 4959:Knight, 1997, pp. 157–158. 4321:Sally Quinn (1 May 1977). 4033:. Oxford University Press. 3574:set were shifted from the 2502:Other distinctions before 2119:: Like RP, the diphthongs 2042:vowel is also used before 585:Linguistic prescriptivists 480: 362:Northeastern United States 319:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis 246:New York metropolitan area 125: 29: 7223:Broad and general accents 7205: 7158: 7133:regional and occupational 7113: 7100: 7093: 7005: 6966: 6914: 6892: 6832: 6764: 6629: 6618: 6563: 6545: 6518: 6490: 6453: 6430: 6369: 6331: 6254: 6245: 6234: 6225: 6029:. Foreign Language Study. 5856:, pp. 194, 202, 250. 5526:Robinson, Joanna (2015). 5083:Overhearing Film Dialogue 3919:www.collinsdictionary.com 3684:LaBouff, Kathryn (2007). 3475: 3440: 3310:Instead of the unrounded 3108: 3065: 3063: 3043: 3041: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2939: 2923: 2921: 2905: 2880: 2869: 2867: 2856: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2389:or vocalized. The vowels 2366: 2358: 2355: 2341: 2327: 2319: 2305: 2299: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 1914:: While most dialects of 1860:diphthongs, respectively 1834: 1810: 1759: 1709: 1668: 1622: 1594: 1570: 1531: 1519: 1505: 1481: 1455: 1431: 1404: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1341: 1336: 1291: 1271: 1251: 1240: 1238: 1211: 1209: 1204: 1175: 1170: 1152: 1147: 1140: 1133: 630:American Theatre Standard 580:English-language learners 494:were vestigial examples. 469:" appears in Roosevelt's 299:Alice Roosevelt Longworth 5543:Feller, Madison (2020) " 5017:10.1215/01610775-25-1-78 3875:– via NYTimes.com. 3542:General American English 3141:are pronounced as "hw" ( 2080:vowel , rather than the 879:in political situations. 508:2020 presidential debate 5622:Skinner, Edith (1990). 5221:. Retrieved 2011-06-18. 5219:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 5080:Kozloff, Sarah (2000). 4999:Mufson, Daniel (1994). 4497:. Retrieved 2017-05-15. 4259:Encyclopædia Britannica 4016:Urban, Mateusz (2021). 3848:Hal Leonard Corporation 3692:Oxford University Press 3547:Linguistic prescription 3225:, and optionally after 2786:A table containing the 2506:include the following: 769:Fight Fiercely, Harvard 457:, along with a falling 392:John Brooks Wheelwright 354:Cornelius Vanderbilt IV 6401:Received Pronunciation 6092:Do You Speak American? 6061:Speak with Distinction 5667:"Good american speech" 5625:Speak with distinction 5291:The American Spectator 5044:Speak with Distinction 5001:"The Falling Standard" 4801:Taylor, Trey (2013). " 3552:Received Pronunciation 2291:Received Pronunciation 2257: 2022:vowel rather than the 1877: 1869: 1861: 1075:'s vocal portrayal of 611:Good (American) Speech 607:Speak with Distinction 594: 534:Received Pronunciation 492:William F. Buckley Jr. 432: 279:William F. Buckley Jr. 144:Received Pronunciation 89:Received Pronunciation 6595:Multicultural Toronto 6153:The Brian Lehrer Show 5865:Mojsin, Lisa (2009), 5449:"Mid-Atlantic Accent" 4986:Knight, 1997, p. 161. 4977:Knight, 1997, p. 160. 4968:Knight, 1997, p. 163. 4950:Knight, 1997, p. 159. 4580:Alan M. Wald (1983). 4235:The New York Observer 4215:11 April 2010 at the 4151:"W. Averell Harriman" 4029:White, E. J. (2020). 3967:Knight, 1997, p. 159. 3888:Knight, 1997, p. 171. 3638:Queen, Robin (2015). 3352:; and when stressed, 2523:distinction: Like in 2255: 2088:vowel is used in "cit 1875: 1867: 1858: 1160:According to Skinner 703:Westbrook Van Voorhis 677:, the Canadian actor 634:American stage speech 589: 574:Tilley), teaching in 542:Boston, Massachusetts 439:Franklin D. Roosevelt 430: 410:, who has noticeably 376:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 231:Franklin D. Roosevelt 229:. His distant cousin 6756:Western Pennsylvania 6136:Early radio episodes 6000:General bibliography 5808:, pp. 113, 300. 5652:Good american speech 5490:. 12 September 2020. 4495:Treaty of Versailles 4045:Metcalf, A. (2004). 3616:Drum, Kevin (2011). 3164:: the alveolar stop 2385:is typically either 1163:According to McLean 603:Good American Speech 599:Edith Warman Skinner 384:Samuel Eliot Morison 380:Charles Eliot Norton 323:Miss Porter's School 170:, and some areas of 166:(including Boston), 85:American upper class 66:Transatlantic accent 53:Knowledge Media help 32:Philadelphia English 18:Transatlantic accent 7293:Mid-Atlantic accent 6884:Trinidad and Tobago 5366:(18 January 1987). 4790:Pearl Harbor speech 4556:"Harry Grew Crosby" 4429:The Washington Post 4400:Washington Politics 4368:"How to Talk Fancy" 4327:The Washington Post 4178:"New York Magazine" 3955:www.ldoceonline.com 3694:. pp. 241–42. 3584:U and non-U English 3314:vowel, the rounded 3270:, may be heard for 3175:[ˈɡɹeɪʔfɫ̩] 3151:New England English 2798: 2797:Consonant phonemes 2473:distinction: Hence 2453:distinction: Hence 2262: 1149:Mid-Atlantic accent 679:Christopher Plummer 660:Singin' in the Rain 618:(American) Standard 576:Columbia University 496:Marianne Williamson 475:Pearl Harbor speech 412:reduced this accent 191:William Howard Taft 164:Eastern New England 62:Mid-Atlantic accent 6816:Pennsylvania Dutch 6148:"Puhfect Together" 6089:and William Cran, 5896:Accents of English 5373:The New York Times 5344:. 16 December 2008 5237:Milfordacademy.org 4275:, Barbara A. Perry 4095:The New York Times 3873:The New York Times 3578:vowel back to the 3264:A "dark L" sound, 3221:only occurs after 3172:can be pronounced 2796: 2260: 2258: 1878: 1870: 1862: 1143:English diaphoneme 899:Many 20th-century 806:David Ogden Stiers 765:Harvard University 433: 250:Westchester County 219:Theodore Roosevelt 104:preparatory-school 7339:Dialect levelling 7316: 7315: 7201: 7200: 7001: 7000: 6910: 6909: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6749:Pacific Northwest 6610:Standard Canadian 6541: 6540: 6486: 6485: 6426: 6425: 6141:The Guiding Light 5992:, pp. 348–9. 5844:, pp. 228–9. 5635:978-1-55783-047-0 5231:McDonald, Shawn. 5120:978-0-87910-967-7 4769:978-0-385-51198-8 4735:978-1-59698-002-0 4701:978-0-8109-4467-1 4667:978-0-8157-0488-1 4627:978-1-59451-191-2 4593:978-0-8078-1535-9 4520:978-0-307-79811-4 4491:Henry Cabot Lodge 4353:978-1-84513-722-9 4254:"John F. Kennedy" 4118:The Cosmic Yankee 4075:978-0-7486-4181-9 3701:978-0-19-531138-9 3558:Explanatory notes 3516: 3515: 3326: 3160:Pronunciation of 3112: 3111: 3061: 2983: 2948: 2889: 2845: 2696: 2539:is pronounced as 2371: 2370: 2244:: Mergers before 2070: 1853: 1852: 1039:David Hyde Pierce 1001:Cecil Terwilliger 971:Professor Ratigan 894:David Hyde Pierce 877:speaking register 839:Gilligan's Island 812:on the TV series 746:Alexander Scourby 726:Roscoe Lee Browne 671:Katharine Hepburn 428: 400:Elliot Richardson 358:Gloria Vanderbilt 327:Louis Auchincloss 295:Eleanor Roosevelt 16:(Redirected from 7366: 7349:Standard English 7213:English language 7098: 7097: 6919: 6918: 6902:Falkland Islands 6801:General American 6774:African-American 6627: 6626: 6561: 6560: 6550: 6549: 6252: 6251: 6243: 6242: 6232: 6231: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6180: 6179: 6169:American Tongues 6150:, an episode of 6125: 6123: 6121: 6095:(Talese, 2004). 6076: 6064: 6053: 6030: 6021: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5782: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5598: 5597: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5558: 5552: 5541: 5535: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5334: 5328: 5317: 5311: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5269: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5228: 5222: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5143:"TAMMY – GRIMES" 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5038: 5021: 5020: 4996: 4987: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4960: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4877:The New Republic 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4819:Saraiya, Sonia. 4816: 4810: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4655: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4504: 4498: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4462: 4456: 4451:(JUL 17, 2008). 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4420: 4414: 4409: 4403: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4226: 4220: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4157:. pp. 57–66 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4059: 4050: 4043: 4034: 4027: 4021: 4014: 3985: 3979: 3968: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3911: 3905: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3864: 3851: 3841: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3806: 3787: 3776: 3765: 3763: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3738:. Washington DC. 3727: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3681: 3656: 3655: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3613: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3582:vowel. Also see 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3525:American English 3419: 3418: 3379: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3317: 3313: 3284: 3273: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3248: 3242: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3209: 3197: 3190:in place of the 3189: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3177: 3167: 3163: 3144: 3106: 3099: 3092: 3083: 3074: 3057: 3050: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3018: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2979: 2968: 2961: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2919: 2912: 2903: 2896: 2885: 2878: 2865: 2854: 2841: 2799: 2795: 2793:is given below: 2774: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2760: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2626: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2505: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2412: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2377: 2281:General American 2263: 2259: 2247: 2242: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2126: 2122: 2117:Canadian raising 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2061: 2055: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2014: 2009:General American 1989: 1985: 1974:: The vowels in 1921: 1916:American English 1902: 1898: 1890: 1832: 1808: 1780: 1757: 1730: 1707: 1679: 1672: 1644: 1620: 1592: 1568: 1529: 1503: 1479: 1453: 1429: 1379: 1339: 1311: 1289: 1254: 1214: 1207: 1178: 1138: 1137: 1105:Catherine O'Hara 1020:Franklin Sherman 975:Jonathan Freeman 951:Betty Lou Gerson 925:Lucille La Verne 857:James Earl Jones 750:King James Bible 626:Juilliard School 429: 416:General American 396:George C. Homans 303:Averell Harriman 273:Example speakers 252:suburbs and the 227:New York accents 223:coil-curl merger 207:Central New York 203:Grover Cleveland 199:William McKinley 153: 93:prestige variety 45: 44: 21: 7374: 7373: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7197: 7154: 7109: 7089: 6997: 6993:Solomon Islands 6962: 6906: 6888: 6820: 6811:New York Latino 6786:American Indian 6766: 6760: 6621: 6614: 6555: 6537: 6523:Channel Islands 6514: 6482: 6449: 6422: 6365: 6327: 6237: 6221: 6207: 6174:Boston Athenæum 6132: 6119: 6117: 6083: 6081:Further reading 6073: 6051: 6018: 6002: 5997: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5974: 5971:Fletcher (2013) 5969: 5965: 5957: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5902:. p. 247. 5898:. Vol. 1. 5889: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5785: 5778: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5728: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5692:Fletcher (2005) 5690: 5686: 5680:Fletcher (2005) 5678: 5674: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5601: 5591: 5588:Fletcher (2013) 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5569:. Washington DC 5559: 5555: 5542: 5538: 5525: 5521: 5511: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5418: 5414: 5404: 5402: 5392: 5388: 5378: 5376: 5364:Safire, William 5361: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5319:Minker, Kenny. 5318: 5314: 5302: 5298: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5267: 5265: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5229: 5225: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5139: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5039: 5024: 4997: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4817: 4813: 4800: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4578: 4574: 4564: 4562: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4505: 4501: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4463: 4459: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4406: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4338: 4334: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4242:on 17 May 2008. 4228: 4227: 4223: 4217:Wayback Machine 4208: 4204: 4191:Kagan, Robert. 4189: 4185: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4060: 4053: 4044: 4037: 4028: 4024: 4015: 3988: 3980: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3880: 3865: 3854: 3842: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3807: 3790: 3784:FilmIndependent 3777: 3768: 3761: 3747: 3743: 3728: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3682: 3659: 3652: 3636: 3629: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3521: 3377: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3296: 3287:public speaking 3254: 3251: 3250: 3246:[dʒuːk] 3240:[djuːk] 3179: 3178: 2784: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2748: 2747:Distinction of 2693: 2690: 2689: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2661: 2643: 2639: 2544: 2540: 2397:do not undergo 2379: 2239:mergers before 2205: 2201: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2173: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2131: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2053: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2012: 1987: 1983: 1919: 1905:Boston Brahmins 1900: 1896: 1888: 1544: 1136: 1120: 1099:Mare Winningham 1056:Elizabeth Banks 1048: 1031:Edward Herrmann 1024:Eleanor Sherman 873:Natalie Portman 826:Natalie Schafer 785: 777:specific accent 742:New York accent 734:Patrick Cassidy 683:Sally Kellerman 640:American cinema 565:public speaking 526: 488:George Plimpton 483: 447:New York accent 437:U.S. President 435: 434: 423: 404:George Plimpton 315:John F. Kennedy 311:George Plimpton 287:H. P. Lovecraft 275: 242:Boston Brahmins 211:public speeches 132:public speaking 128: 123: 115:Canadian dainty 78:British English 58: 57: 56: 46: 42: 35: 28: 27:American accent 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7372: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7255: 7253:Englishisation 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7164: 7162: 7160:Southeast Asia 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7125: 7119: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7075:South Atlantic 7072: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7009: 7007: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6973: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6927: 6925: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6857:Cayman Islands 6854: 6849: 6844: 6838: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6770: 6768: 6767:ethno-cultural 6762: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6558: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6496: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6436: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6403: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6381: 6375: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6359:Stoke-on-Trent 6356: 6351: 6341: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6266: 6260: 6258: 6249: 6240: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6218:Modern English 6206: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6164:"A Dying Race" 6161: 6145: 6131: 6130:External links 6128: 6127: 6126: 6104: 6087:Robert MacNeil 6082: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6071: 6054: 6049: 6035:Labov, William 6031: 6022: 6016: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5982: 5963: 5951: 5949:, p. 292. 5939: 5937:, p. 247. 5927: 5925:, p. 308. 5915: 5908: 5892:Wells, John C. 5883: 5871: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5832:, p. 182. 5822: 5810: 5798: 5783: 5772: 5760: 5749: 5737: 5726: 5708: 5706:, p. 130. 5696: 5684: 5672: 5658: 5641: 5634: 5614: 5599: 5580: 5553: 5536: 5519: 5493: 5479: 5465: 5453:All the Tropes 5440: 5412: 5386: 5355: 5342:Seattle Weekly 5329: 5312: 5296: 5278: 5249: 5223: 5206: 5181: 5169: 5133: 5119: 5099: 5092: 5072: 5060: 5053: 5022: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4917: 4889: 4863: 4837: 4811: 4794: 4782: 4768: 4748: 4734: 4714: 4700: 4680: 4666: 4640: 4626: 4606: 4592: 4572: 4547: 4533: 4519: 4499: 4483: 4471:The New Yorker 4457: 4441: 4415: 4404: 4385: 4359: 4352: 4332: 4313: 4301: 4289: 4277: 4265: 4245: 4221: 4202: 4183: 4168: 4141: 4127: 4107: 4081: 4074: 4051: 4035: 4022: 3986: 3969: 3960: 3942: 3924: 3906: 3904:, 1 July 2017. 3890: 3878: 3852: 3829: 3788: 3766: 3741: 3719: 3707: 3700: 3657: 3650: 3627: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3588: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3527: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3488: 3487: 3484: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3381: 3308: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3275: 3262: 3237:is pronounced 3217:: Dropping of 3213:Resistance to 3211: 3158: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3100: 3093: 3086: 3084: 3077: 3075: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3033: 3026: 3019: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2962: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2913: 2906: 2904: 2897: 2890: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2848: 2846: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2775:in words like 2745: 2742:Boston accents 2703: 2647: 2586: 2562: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2462: 2378: 2374:Vowels before 2372: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2250: 2249: 2235: 2215: 2128: 2113: 2049: 2048: 2047: 1961: 1927: 1908: 1851: 1850: 1835: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1811: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1760: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1710: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1666: 1665: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1623: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1595: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1482: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1432: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1342: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1292: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1257: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1217: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1135: 1132: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1110:Schitt's Creek 1102: 1086: 1070: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1035:Kelsey Grammer 1027: 1010: 990: 955:Cruella de Vil 939:Eleanor Audley 897: 890:Kelsey Grammer 880: 843: 819: 803: 784: 781: 695:William Powell 544:, a subset of 525: 522: 482: 479: 421: 420: 346:Robert Silvers 335:Diana Vreeland 274: 271: 236:In and around 176:Sociolinguists 127: 124: 122: 119: 47: 40: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7371: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7273:International 7271: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6953:Torres Strait 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6688:North-Central 6686: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6666:New York City 6664: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6600:Ottawa Valley 6598: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6551: 6548: 6544: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6517: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6394:Multicultural 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6354:Black Country 6352: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6344:West Midlands 6342: 6340: 6339:East Midlands 6337: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6197: 6192: 6190: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6158:William Labov 6155: 6154: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6116: 6115: 6114:Atlas Obscura 6110: 6105: 6102: 6101:0-385-51198-1 6098: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6074: 6072:1-55783-047-9 6068: 6063: 6062: 6055: 6052: 6050:3-11-016746-8 6046: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6019: 6017:9781412041218 6013: 6009: 6004: 6003: 5991: 5986: 5978: 5973:, p. 339 5972: 5967: 5961:, p. 66. 5960: 5955: 5948: 5943: 5936: 5931: 5924: 5919: 5911: 5909:0-521-22919-7 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5880: 5875: 5868: 5862: 5855: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5788: 5781: 5780:Gimson (1962) 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5694:, p. 339 5693: 5688: 5682:, p. 338 5681: 5676: 5668: 5662: 5654: 5653: 5645: 5637: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5618: 5611: 5606: 5604: 5595: 5589: 5584: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5534:. Condé Nast. 5533: 5529: 5523: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5489: 5483: 5475: 5469: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5416: 5401: 5397: 5394:Lane, James. 5390: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5368:"On Language" 5365: 5359: 5343: 5339: 5338:"Auntie Mame" 5333: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5275: 5264: 5263:New York Post 5260: 5253: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5176: 5174: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5137: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5103: 5095: 5093:9780520924024 5089: 5085: 5084: 5076: 5069: 5064: 5056: 5054:9781557830470 5050: 5046: 5045: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4993: 4983: 4974: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4906: 4905: 4904:New York Post 4900: 4893: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4852: 4851:Intelligencer 4848: 4841: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4791: 4786: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4752: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4718: 4703: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4684: 4669: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4644: 4629: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4610: 4595: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4576: 4561: 4560:The AFS Story 4557: 4551: 4543: 4537: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4503: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4355: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4281: 4274: 4269: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4225: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4130: 4128:9780838634158 4124: 4120: 4119: 4111: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4077: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4058: 4056: 4048: 4042: 4040: 4032: 4026: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3983: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3885: 3883: 3874: 3870: 3869:"On Language" 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3850:. pp. 174–77. 3849: 3846: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3759: 3755: 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