74:
29:
112:
86:
1503:
506:
claimed that if China's claims on Taiwan are about territorial integrity then it should also take back land from Russia signed over by the last
Chinese dynasty in the 19th century, mentioning the treaty.
952:
1567:
983:
2123:
440:
rivers were to be open exclusively to both
Chinese and Russian ships. The territory bounded on the west by the Ussuri, on the north by the Amur, and on the east and south by the
325:. While the Qing government initially refused to recognize the validity of the treaty, the Russian gains under the Treaty of Aigun was affirmed as part of the 1860 Sino-Russian
1401:
957:
2162:
726:
860:
1496:
2167:
2003:
920:
444:
was to be jointly administered by Russia and Chinaāa "condominium" arrangement similar to that which the
British and Americans had agreed upon for the
1842:
670:
2447:
1582:
834:
321:
from the Qing dynasty to the
Russian Empire. Russia received over 600,000 square kilometers (231,660 sq mi) of what became known as
1987:
1958:
1577:
1033:
967:
428:
The resulting treaty established a border between the
Russian and Chinese Empires along the Amur River. (Chinese and Manchu residents of the
1659:
2492:
2442:
1198:
1540:
1647:
1632:
1334:
2477:
2370:
1709:
1002:
361:
watershed, encouraging
Russians to go there and settle, and slowly developing a strong military presence in the Amur region.
2482:
2401:
1642:
766:
610:
572:
429:
408:. The Qing government initially refused to ratify the treaty and considered the treaty invalid, but in 1860 the Sino-Russian
1871:
1622:
1535:
1259:
1444:
1274:
827:
384:
control over the Amur from past settlement. Muraviev seized the opportunity when it was clear that China was losing the
2457:
2087:
1456:
1329:
1153:
2376:
2217:
2092:
1449:
1026:
988:
900:
638:
2467:
2187:
2304:
1547:
1234:
1120:
962:
674:
388:, and threatened China with a war on a second front. The Qing dynasty agreed to enter negotiations with Russia.
301:. Negotiations began after China was threatened with war on a second front by Governor-General of the Far East
1888:
1754:
1522:
1269:
1208:
1178:
1168:
820:
161:
2437:
2322:
2097:
1953:
1637:
1627:
1612:
1607:
1439:
1389:
1369:
1309:
1143:
797:
175:
2081:
1859:
1726:
1592:
1486:
1096:
1086:
1019:
1998:
1981:
1491:
1466:
1429:
1339:
1299:
1051:
807:
2462:
2381:
1827:
678:
602:
564:
456:
The inhabitants along the Amur, Sungari, and Ussuri rivers were to be allowed to trade with each other.
2432:
2391:
2110:
2039:
1832:
1364:
1289:
1158:
1076:
2487:
2312:
2132:
1866:
1837:
1587:
936:
865:
397:
369:
350:
302:
90:
1908:
1374:
1359:
1193:
1091:
752:
242:
34:
2472:
2452:
2289:
2177:
2058:
1883:
1101:
910:
2363:
2222:
2182:
1849:
1811:
1699:
1679:
1597:
1396:
1379:
1244:
1213:
1148:
905:
596:
558:
2294:
2261:
2227:
2172:
2052:
2034:
1744:
1674:
1481:
1264:
890:
885:
782:
409:
326:
8:
2347:
2197:
2137:
2069:
1749:
1602:
1557:
1304:
1183:
1163:
1071:
855:
484:
404:, both military governors of the area, signed the treaty on May 28, 1858, in the town of
346:
338:
310:
37:
in the 19th century. Territory ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Aigun is shown in yellow.
2232:
1943:
1938:
1764:
1704:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1508:
1354:
1173:
880:
468:
136:
524:
28:
2242:
2237:
2212:
2157:
2152:
2075:
2023:
1928:
1759:
1664:
1562:
1461:
1424:
1349:
1279:
1249:
1203:
895:
762:
634:
606:
568:
495:
401:
365:
306:
274:
78:
756:
432:
would be allowed to remain, under the jurisdiction of Manchu government.) The Amur,
2396:
2279:
2202:
2142:
1948:
1669:
1530:
1476:
1319:
1284:
1188:
1113:
1081:
802:
700:
460:
445:
385:
282:
228:
198:
128:
2411:
2357:
2207:
2016:
1471:
1434:
1384:
1344:
1294:
1239:
1108:
870:
792:
787:
727:"If China wants Taiwan it should also take back land from Russia, president says"
464:
354:
322:
298:
132:
2274:
2147:
1913:
1876:
1324:
1314:
1254:
915:
488:
449:
314:
270:
116:
111:
85:
2426:
2386:
2352:
2317:
1933:
1923:
1739:
1130:
433:
342:
294:
2406:
2103:
2045:
1734:
1716:
1572:
1042:
503:
441:
278:
205:
73:
2342:
2063:
1784:
1779:
104:
812:
2010:
1854:
1804:
1774:
1617:
318:
1011:
364:
From 1850 to 1864, when China was heavily involved in suppressing the
1799:
1789:
377:
290:
58:
2284:
2029:
1976:
1918:
1794:
1769:
560:
The Sino-Japanese War of 1894ā1895: perceptions, power, and primacy
528:
413:
381:
373:
631:
International
Rivalry and Secret Diplomacy in East Asia, 1896-1950
2269:
412:
affirmed
Russian gains under the Treaty of Aigun and also ceded
499:
437:
417:
341:(1762ā1796), Russia had desired to become a naval power in the
281:
of China. It established much of the modern border between the
266:
1993:
1552:
1003:
Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and
Friendly Cooperation (2001)
452:. (Russia gained sole control of this land two years later.)
405:
286:
54:
652:
650:
467:
copies of the text, and the
Chinese would retain Manchu and
2163:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
1652:
984:
Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (1950)
358:
647:
474:
All restrictions on trade to be lifted along the border.
372:
camped tens of thousands of troops on the borders of
210:
2168:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
598:China and international law: the boundary disputes
525:"Russia and China end 300 year old border dispute"
487:in the 1920s, the treaty has been denounced as an
345:. It gradually achieved its goals by annexing the
998:Russian Federation and People's Republic of China
2424:
1568:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
1988:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
1959:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
1027:
828:
247:
233:
180:
166:
761:(6th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford UP.
313:(1689) by transferring the land between the
977:Soviet Union and People's Republic of China
751:
656:
624:
622:
1034:
1020:
835:
821:
590:
588:
586:
584:
27:
1648:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
842:
724:
668:
1497:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
968:Treaty of Friendship and Alliance (1945)
619:
494:In September 2024, the President of the
2104:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
1041:
628:
581:
483:In China, especially after the rise of
368:, and Governor-General of the Far East
2448:Treaties involving territorial changes
2425:
478:
349:and establishing the naval outpost of
2402:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
1643:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
1015:
816:
594:
556:
430:Sixty-Four Villages East of the River
1623:Ministry of Posts and Communications
930:Russian Empire and Republic of China
725:Blanchard, Ben (September 2, 2024).
718:
633:. Taylor & Francis. p. 19.
552:
550:
548:
546:
16:1858 treaty between Russia and China
2371:History of Qing (People's Republic)
953:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Peking (1924)
13:
2443:19th century in the Russian Empire
2088:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
1457:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1450:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
1330:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
1154:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
946:Soviet Union and Republic of China
669:Bissinger, Sally (June 26, 1969).
380:, preparing to make legal Russian
14:
2504:
2377:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
2218:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
2093:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
1245:DograāTibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
662:
543:
2188:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
1504:Articles of Favourable Treatment
1260:Red Turban Rebellion (1854ā1856)
110:
84:
72:
1235:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
1121:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
745:
675:Radio Liberty research bulletin
305:when China was suppressing the
293:(the ancestral homeland of the
2493:ChinaāRussian Empire relations
2478:Treaties of the Russian Empire
1889:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
1179:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
693:
671:"The Sino-Soviet Border Talks"
517:
211:
181:
167:
1:
2323:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
2098:Islam during the Qing dynasty
1954:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
1638:Provincial military commander
1628:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
1613:Imperial Household Department
1440:Preparative Constitutionalism
1144:Sino-Russian border conflicts
798:Sino-Russian border conflicts
510:
332:
2483:Treaties of the Qing dynasty
2082:Researches on Manchu Origins
1487:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
1097:Transition from Ming to Qing
1087:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
7:
1982:Changzhou School of Thought
1492:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
1467:Railway Protection Movement
1445:1909 Parliamentary election
1430:British expedition to Tibet
1340:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
1300:Self-Strengthening Movement
1275:NepalāTibet War (1855ā1856)
808:Western imperialism in Asia
776:
353:in 1740, naval outposts in
248:
10:
2509:
2382:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
1270:Miao Rebellion (1854ā1873)
1209:Miao Rebellion (1795ā1806)
1199:Battle of Ngį»c Hį»i-Äį»ng Äa
1169:Miao Rebellion (1735ā1736)
963:Non-Aggression Pact (1937)
958:Khabarovsk Protocol (1929)
866:Kyakhta (1727, 1768, 1792)
603:Greenwood Publishing Group
565:Cambridge University Press
459:The Russians would retain
423:
391:
2392:Names of the Qing dynasty
2335:
2303:
2260:
2253:
2122:
2040:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
1967:
1899:
1820:
1725:
1521:
1412:
1370:Dungan Revolt (1895ā1896)
1365:Gongche Shangshu movement
1310:Dungan Revolt (1862ā1877)
1222:
1159:Chinese Rites controversy
1129:
1059:
1050:
997:
976:
945:
929:
848:
255:
241:
234:
227:
222:
204:
197:
192:
188:
174:
160:
155:
151:
146:
124:
98:
65:
50:
42:
26:
2313:Great Qing Treasure Note
2133:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
1843:Administrative divisions
1660:Administrative divisions
1588:Flag of the Qing dynasty
937:Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)
849:Russian and Qing empires
420:region to the Russians.
351:Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
162:Traditional Chinese
1909:Chengde Mountain Resort
1710:Three Eastern Provinces
1360:First Sino-Japanese War
1335:Northern Chinese Famine
1194:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
1092:Qing invasion of Joseon
989:Border Agreement (1991)
901:Saint Petersburg (1881)
705:EncyclopƦdia Britannica
629:Elleman, Bruce (2019).
595:Tzhou, Byron N (1990).
176:Simplified Chinese
2290:Great Qing Copper Coin
2178:Convention of Tientsin
2111:Annotated Bibliography
2059:Qing official headwear
1102:Battle of Shanhai Pass
400:and the Qing official
2458:ChinaāRussia treaties
2364:Draft History of Qing
2223:Treaty of Shimonoseki
2004:performance criticism
1608:Imperial Commissioner
1598:Great Qing Legal Code
1397:Eight-Nation Alliance
1380:Third plague pandemic
1290:PuntiāHakka Clan Wars
1214:White Lotus Rebellion
916:Boxer Protocol (1901)
843:Sino-Russian treaties
753:Riasanovsky, Nicholas
2438:History of Manchuria
2295:Great Qing Gold Coin
2228:Treaty of Tarbagatai
2173:Convention of Peking
2053:Pentaglot Dictionary
2035:Literary inquisition
1745:Ever Victorious Army
1578:Deliberative Council
1482:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1435:1905 Batang uprising
1375:Hundred Days' Reform
1265:Small Swords Society
783:Convention of Peking
681:on February 26, 2012
410:Convention of Peking
396:The Russian general
327:Convention of Peking
2468:ChinaāRussia border
2348:Anti-Qing sentiment
2198:Treaty of the Bogue
2138:Treaty of Nerchinsk
2070:Complete Tang Poems
1750:Green Standard Army
1633:Provincial governor
1603:Imperial Clan Court
1583:Diplomatic missions
1558:Consultative Bureau
1305:Tongzhi Restoration
1184:Afaqi Khoja revolts
1164:Ten Great Campaigns
1072:Jurchen unification
758:A History of Russia
557:Paine, SCM (2003).
531:. November 10, 1997
485:Chinese nationalism
479:Perception in China
471:copies of the text.
347:Kamchatka Peninsula
339:Catherine the Great
337:Since the reign of
311:Treaty of Nerchinsk
35:ChinaāRussia border
23:
2233:Treaty of Tientsin
1944:Western Qing tombs
1939:Eastern Qing tombs
1765:Peking Field Force
1509:Manchu Restoration
1402:Declaration of war
1355:Jindandao incident
1174:Lhasa riot of 1750
309:. It reversed the
289:by ceding much of
277:, official of the
21:
2463:Boundary treaties
2420:
2419:
2331:
2330:
2243:Treaty of Whampoa
2238:Treaty of Wanghia
2213:Treaty of Nanking
2183:LiāLobanov Treaty
2158:Chefoo Convention
2153:Burlingame Treaty
2024:Kangxi Dictionary
1929:Old Summer Palace
1760:Firearm Battalion
1563:Cup of Solid Gold
1517:
1516:
1462:Manchurian plague
1425:Late Qing reforms
1416:(1901–1912)
1350:Sikkim expedition
1280:Panthay Rebellion
1250:Taiping Rebellion
1226:(1801–1900)
1204:Sino-Nepalese War
1149:DzungarāQing Wars
1135:(1683–1799)
1063:(1616–1683)
1009:
1008:
891:Tarbagatai (1864)
768:978-0-19-503361-8
701:"Treaty of Aigun"
612:978-0-275-93462-0
574:978-0-521-81714-1
496:Republic of China
366:Taiping Rebellion
307:Taiping Rebellion
259:
258:
249:Aygunskiy dogovor
235:ŠŠ¹Š³ŃŠ½ŃŠŗŠøŠ¹ Š“Š¾Š³Š¾Š²Š¾Ń
218:
217:
199:Standard Mandarin
142:
141:
2500:
2433:Unequal treaties
2397:New Qing History
2280:Qianlong Tongbao
2258:
2257:
2203:Treaty of Canton
2143:Unequal treaties
1949:Fuling Mausoleum
1548:Advisory Council
1477:Wuchang Uprising
1417:
1320:Tianjin Massacre
1285:Second Opium War
1227:
1189:Sino-Burmese War
1136:
1114:Battle of Penghu
1082:Seven Grievances
1064:
1057:
1056:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1013:
1012:
856:Nerchinsk (1689)
837:
830:
823:
814:
813:
803:Unequal Treaties
772:
739:
738:
736:
734:
722:
716:
715:
713:
711:
697:
691:
690:
688:
686:
677:. Archived from
666:
660:
657:Riasanovsky 2000
654:
645:
644:
626:
617:
616:
592:
579:
578:
554:
541:
540:
538:
536:
521:
446:Oregon Territory
386:Second Opium War
370:Nikolay Muraviev
303:Nikolay Muraviev
297:), now known as
283:Russian Far East
251:
237:
236:
214:
213:
190:
189:
184:
183:
170:
169:
144:
143:
115:
114:
91:Nikolay Muravyov
89:
88:
77:
76:
31:
24:
20:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2488:May 1858 events
2423:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2412:Willow Palisade
2358:Chuang Guandong
2327:
2299:
2249:
2208:Treaty of Kulja
2193:Treaty of Aigun
2126:
2118:
2017:History of Ming
1969:
1963:
1901:
1895:
1821:Special regions
1816:
1755:Imperial Guards
1721:
1513:
1472:1911 Revolution
1418:
1415:
1408:
1385:Boxer Rebellion
1345:Sino-French War
1295:Amur Annexation
1240:First Opium War
1228:
1225:
1218:
1137:
1134:
1125:
1109:Great Clearance
1065:
1062:
1046:
1040:
1010:
1005:
993:
972:
941:
925:
881:Tientsin (1858)
844:
841:
793:Outer Manchuria
788:Amur Annexation
779:
769:
748:
743:
742:
732:
730:
723:
719:
709:
707:
699:
698:
694:
684:
682:
667:
663:
655:
648:
641:
627:
620:
613:
593:
582:
575:
555:
544:
534:
532:
523:
522:
518:
513:
481:
426:
394:
355:Russian America
335:
323:Outer Manchuria
299:Northeast China
263:Treaty of Aigun
147:Treaty of Aigun
109:
83:
71:
38:
33:Changes to the
22:Treaty of Aigun
17:
12:
11:
5:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2275:Kangxi Tongbao
2272:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2148:Boxer Protocol
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1914:Forbidden City
1911:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1877:General of Ili
1874:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1860:List of ambans
1857:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1325:Margary Affair
1322:
1317:
1315:Mudan incident
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
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911:Peking (1898)
909:
907:
906:Moscow (1896)
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902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
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886:Peking (1860)
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733:September 23,
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640:9781317328155
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357:and near the
356:
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296:
295:Manchu people
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230:
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212:ĆihĆŗn tiĆ”oyuÄ
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56:
53:
49:
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36:
30:
25:
19:
2407:Treaty ports
2369:
2362:
2336:Other topics
2192:
2109:
2102:
2080:
2068:
2051:
2046:Peiwen Yunfu
2044:
2022:
2015:
1986:
1735:Beiyang Army
1717:Zongli Yamen
1573:Da-Qing Bank
1390:Red Lanterns
1043:Qing dynasty
876:Aigun (1858)
875:
871:Kulja (1851)
757:
746:Bibliography
731:. Retrieved
720:
708:. Retrieved
704:
695:
683:. Retrieved
679:the original
664:
630:
597:
559:
533:. Retrieved
519:
504:Lai Ching-te
493:
482:
442:Sea of Japan
427:
395:
363:
336:
279:Qing dynasty
269:between the
265:was an 1858
262:
260:
243:Romanization
223:Russian name
206:Hanyu Pinyin
156:Chinese name
46:May 28, 1858
18:
2343:Aisin Gioro
2305:Paper money
2064:Qing poetry
1785:Wuwei Corps
1780:Shuishiying
1541:Family tree
861:Bura (1727)
66:Signatories
2427:Categories
2011:Four Wangs
1902:mausoleums
1855:Golden Urn
1828:Inner Asia
1805:Xiang Army
1775:Hushenying
1700:Liangguang
1680:Liangjiang
1618:Lifan Yuan
1523:Government
685:August 14,
535:August 14,
511:References
333:Background
319:Amur River
1833:Manchuria
1800:Huai Army
1790:Yong Ying
1675:Shaan-Gan
1131:High Qing
1077:Later Jin
729:. Reuters
469:Mongolian
378:Manchuria
291:Manchuria
137:Mongolian
59:Manchuria
2285:Hongqian
2254:Currency
2124:Treaties
2030:Kaozheng
1977:Booi Aha
1919:Hetu Ala
1872:Timeline
1867:Xinjiang
1838:Mongolia
1795:Chu Army
1770:New Army
1727:Military
1665:Viceroys
777:See also
755:(2000).
529:BBC News
416:and the
414:Primorye
398:Muraviev
382:de facto
374:Mongolia
317:and the
125:Language
51:Location
2270:Zhiqian
2262:Coinage
1999:Economy
1970:culture
1705:Yun-Gui
1695:Min-Zhe
1690:Sichuan
1685:Huguang
1531:Emperor
1052:History
710:May 12,
461:Russian
448:in the
434:Sungari
424:Effects
392:Signing
343:Pacific
229:Russian
129:Russian
99:Parties
61:, China
1884:Taiwan
1060:Early
1045:topics
765:
637:
609:
571:
500:Taiwan
465:Manchu
438:Ussuri
436:, and
418:Ussuri
402:Yishan
275:Yishan
267:treaty
133:Manchu
117:Russia
79:Yishan
43:Signed
2076:Queue
1994:Dibao
1850:Tibet
1670:Zhili
1553:Amban
406:Aigun
287:China
105:China
55:Aigun
1812:Navy
1653:Ejen
1536:List
763:ISBN
735:2024
712:2021
687:2010
635:ISBN
607:ISBN
569:ISBN
537:2010
463:and
376:and
359:Amur
285:and
273:and
261:The
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168:ē¦ēæę¢ē“
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703:.
673:.
649:^
621:^
601:.
583:^
567:.
563:.
545:^
527:.
502:)
491:.
329:.
135:,
131:,
57:,
1035:e
1028:t
1021:v
836:e
829:t
822:v
771:.
737:.
714:.
689:.
643:.
615:.
577:.
539:.
498:(
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