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strip of scrap cloth put on the waist while the waist was made snug by pleating the top of the skirt on the robe. The
Manchus added sable fur skirts, cuffs and collars to Ming dragon robes and trimming sable fur all over them before wearing them. Han Chinese court costume was modified by Manchus through adding a ceremonial big collar (da-ling) or shawl collar (pijian-ling). It was mistakenly thought that the hunting ancestors of the Manchus skin clothes became Qing dynasty clothing, due to the contrast between Ming dynasty clothes unshaped cloth's straight length contrasting to the odd-shaped pieces of Qing dynasty long pao and chao fu. Scholars from the west wrongly thought they were purely Manchu. Chao fu robes from Ming dynasty tombs like the Wanli emperor's tomb were excavated and it was found that Qing chao fu was similar and derived from it. They had embroidered or woven dragons on them but are different from long pao dragon robes which are a separate clothing. Flaired skirt with right side fastenings and fitted bodices dragon robes have been found in Beijing, Shanxi, Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Shandong tombs of Ming officials and Ming imperial family members. Integral upper sleeves of Ming chao fu had two pieces of cloth attached on Qing chao fu just like earlier Ming chao fu that had sleeve extensions with another piece of cloth attached to the bodice's integral upper sleeve. Another type of separate Qing clothing, the long pao resembles Yuan dynasty clothing like robes found in the Shandong tomb of Li Youan during the Yuan dynasty. The Qing dynasty chao fu appear in official formal portraits while Ming dynasty chao fu that they derive from do not, perhaps indicating the Ming officials and imperial family wore chao fu under their formal robes since they appear in Ming tombs but not portraits. Qing long pao were similar unofficial clothing during the Qing dynasty. The Yuan robes had hems flared and around the arms and torso they were tight. Qing unofficial clothes, long pao, derived from Yuan dynasty clothing while Qing official clothing, chao fu, derived from unofficial Ming dynasty clothing, dragon robes. The Ming consciously modeled their clothing after that of earlier Han Chinese dynasties like the Song dynasty, Tang dynasty and Han dynasty. In Japan's Nara city, the Todaiji temple's Shosoin repository has 30 short coats (hanpi) from Tang dynasty China. Ming dragon robes derive from these Tang dynasty hanpi in construction. The hanpi skirt and bodice are made of different cloth with different patterns on them and this is where the Qing chao fu originated. Cross-over closures are present in both the hanpi and Ming garments. The eighth century Shosoin hanpi's variety show it was in vogue at the time and most likely derived from much more ancient clothing.
1096:
in the uplands and forests, raised horses in their stables, and farmed millet and wheat in their fallow fields. They engaged in dances, wrestling and drinking strong liquor as noted during midwinter by the Korean Sin Chung-il when it was very cold. These
Jurchens who lived in the north-east's harsh cold climate sometimes half sunk their houses in the ground which they constructed of brick or timber and surrounded their fortified villages with stone foundations on which they built wattle and mud walls to defend against attack. Village clusters were ruled by beile, hereditary leaders. They fought each other's and dispensed weapons, wives, slaves and lands to their followers in them. This was how the Jurchens who founded the Qing lived and how their ancestors lived before the Jin. Alongside Mongols and Jurchen clans there were migrants from Liaodong provinces of Ming China and Korea living among these Jurchens in a cosmopolitan manner. Nurhaci who was hosting Sin Chung-il was uniting all of them into his own army, having them adopt the Jurchen hairstyle of a long queue and a shaved fore=crown and wearing leather tunics. His armies had black, blue, red, white and yellow flags. These became the Eight Banners, initially capped to 4 then growing to 8 with three different types of ethnic banners as Han, Mongol and Jurchen were recruited into Nurhaci's forces. Jurchens like Nurhaci spoke both their native Tungusic language and Chinese, adopting the Mongol script for their own language unlike the Jin Jurchen's Khitan derived script. They adopted Confucian values and practiced their shamanist traditions.
1605:
quarter is a dismal picture of crumbling walls, decay, indolence and squalor. On the big drill grounds you see the runways along which the horseman gallops and shoots arrows at a target while the Tartar military mandarins look on. These lazy bannermen were tried in the new army but proved flabby and good-for-nothing; they would break down on an ordinary twenty-mile march. Battening on their hereditary pensions they have given themselves up to sloth and vice, and their poor chest development, small weak muscles, and diminishing families foreshadow the early dying out of the stock. Where is there a better illustration of the truth that parasitism leads to degeneration!" Ross spoke highly of the Han and Hui population of Xi'an, Shaanxi and Gansu in general, saying: "After a fortnight of mule litter we sight ancient yellow Sianfu, "the
Western capital," with its third of a million souls. Within the fortified triple gate the facial mold abruptly changes and the refined intellectual type appears. Here and there faces of a Hellenic purity of feature are seen and beautiful children are not uncommon. These Chinese cities make one realize how the cream of the population gathers in the urban centers. Everywhere town opportunities have been a magnet for the élite of the open country."
935:. The Yuan grouped people into different groups based on how recently their state surrendered to the Yuan. Subjects of southern Song were grouped as southerners (nan ren) and also called manzi. Subjects of the Jin dynasty, Western Xia and kingdom of Dali in Yunnan in southern China were classified as northerners, also using the term Han. However the use of the word Han as the name of a class category used by the Yuan dynasty was a different concept from Han ethnicity. The grouping of Jurchens in northern China grouped with northern Han into the northerner class did not mean they were regarded the same as ethnic Han people, who themselves were in two different classes in the Yuan, Han ren and Nan Ren as said by Stephen G. Haw. Also the Yuan directive to treat Jurchens the same as Mongols referred to Jurchens and Khitans in the northwest (not the Jurchen homeland in the northeast), presumably in the lands of Qara Khitai, where many Khitan live but it is a mystery as to how Jurchens were living there. Many Jurchens adopted Mongolian customs, names, and the Mongolian language. As time went on, fewer and fewer Jurchens could recognize their own script. The Jurchen
1180:
7614:
947:) is a Jurchen origin surname, also originating from one of the members of the royal Wanyan clan. It is an extremely rare surname in China, and 1,100 members of the Nian clan live in Nan'an, Quanzhou, they live in Licheng district of Quanzhou, 900 in Jinjiang, Quanzhou, 40 in Shishi city of Quanzhou, and 500 in Quanzhou city itself in Fujian, and just over 100 people in Xiamen, Jin'an district of Fuzhou, Zhangpu and Sanming, as well as 1000 in Laiyang, Shandong, and 1,000 in Kongqiao and Wujiazhuang in Xingtai, Hebei. Some of the Nian from Quanzhou immigrated to Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia. In Taiwan they are concentrated in Lukang township and Changhua city of Changhua county as well as in Dingnien village, Xianne village Fuxing township of Changhua county. There are less than 30,000 members of the Nian clan worldwide, with 9,916 of them in Taiwan, and 3,040 of those in Fuxing township of Changhua county and its most common in Dingnian village.
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10399:
the framework of the Koryŏ and Liao states as reference, since the
Jurchen leaders generally took care to steer a middle course between Koryŏ and Liao, changing sides or absconding whenever that was deemed the best course. As mentioned above, Koryŏ and Liao competed quite fiercely to obtain the allegiance of the Jurchen settlers who in the absence of large armies effectively controlled much of the frontier area outside the Koryŏ and Liao fortifications. These Jurchen communities were expert in handling the tension between Liao and Koryŏ, playing out divide-and-rule policies backed up by threats of border violence. It seems that the relationship between the semi-nomadic Jurchen and their peninsular neighbours bore much resemblance to the relationship between Chinese states and their nomad neighbours, as described by Thomas Barfield.
7457:
7891:). Ranked officials and Han Chinese nobles had two slits in the skirts while Manchu nobles and the Imperial family had four slits in skirts. All first, second and third rank officials as well as Han Chinese and Manchu nobles were entitled to wear nine dragons by the Qing Illustrated Precedents. Qing sumptuary laws only allowed four clawed dragons for officials, Han Chinese nobles and Manchu nobles while the Qing Imperial family, emperor and princes up to the second degree and their female family members were entitled to wear five clawed dragons. However officials violated these laws all the time and wore five clawed dragons and the Spencer Museum's six long pao worn by Han Chinese nobles have five clawed dragons on them.
1601:
Xi'an had bad relations, with the bannermen trying to steal at the markets. Manchu
Lieutenant general Cimbru reported this to Yongzheng emperor in 1729 after he was assigned there. Governor Yue Rui of Shandong was then ordered by the Yongzheng to report any bannerman misbehaving and warned him not to cover it up in 1730 after Manchu bannermen were put in a quarter in Qingzhou. Manchu bannermen from the garrisons in Xi'an and Jingzhou fought in Xinjiang in the 1770s and Manchus from Xi'an garrison fought in other campaigns against the Dzungars and Uyghurs throughout the 1690s and 18th century. In the 1720s Jingzhou, Hangzhou and Nanjing Manchu banner garrisons fought in Tibet.
8250:) is the most highly valued discipline in the Manchu falconry social circle. In the Qing period, giving a gyrfalcon to the royal court in tribute could be met with a considerable reward. There were professional falconers in Ningguta area (today's Heilongjiang province and the northern part of Jilin province). It was a big base of falconry. Beijing's Manchus also like falconry. Compared to the falconry of Manchuria, it is more like an entertainment. Imperial Household Department of Beijing had professional falconers, too. They provided outstanding falcons to the emperor when he went to hunt every fall. Even today, Manchu traditional falconry is well practised in some regions.
1892:. The Japanese Ueda Kyōsuke labeled all 30 million people in Manchuria "Manchus", including Han Chinese, even though most of them were not ethnic Manchu, and the Japanese-written "Great Manchukuo" built upon Ueda's argument to claim that all 30 million "Manchus" in Manchukuo had the right to independence to justify splitting Manchukuo from China. In 1942, the Japanese-written "Ten Year History of the Construction of Manchukuo" attempted to emphasize the right of ethnic Japanese to the land of Manchukuo while attempting to delegitimize the Manchus' claim to Manchukuo as their native land, noting that most Manchus moved out during the Qing dynasty and only returned later.
1092:) Jurchens were sedentary, while hunting and fishing was the way of life of the "Wild Jurchens". Han Chinese society resembled that of the sedentary Jianzhou and Maolian, who were farmers. Hunting, archery on horseback, horsemanship, livestock raising, and sedentary agriculture were all part of the Jianzhou Jurchens' culture. Although Manchus practiced equestrianism and archery on horseback, their immediate progenitors practiced sedentary agriculture. The Manchus also partook in hunting but were sedentary. Their primary mode of production was farming while they lived in villages, forts, and walled towns. Their Jurchen Jin predecessors also practiced farming.
8484:
8204:, the Jurchens who lived in northeast China adopted Mongol culture including wrestling, bökh. In the latter Jin and early Qing period, rulers encouraged the populace, including aristocrats, to practise buku as a feature of military training. At the time, Mongol wrestlers were the most famous and powerful. By the Chongde period, Manchus had developed their own well-trained wrestlers and, a century later, in the Qianlong period, they surpassed Mongol wrestlers. The Qing court established the "Shan Pu Battalion" and chose 200 fine wrestlers divided into three levels. Manchu wrestling moves can be found in today's Chinese wrestling,
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1015:, asked the Ming Empire to send Möngke Temür back but was refused. The Yongle Emperor was determined to wrest the Jurchens out of Korean influence and have China dominate them instead. Korea tried to persuade Möngke Temür to reject the Ming overtures, but was unsuccessful, and Möngke Temür submitted to the Ming Empire. Since then, more and more Jurchen tribes presented tribute to the Ming Empire in succession. The Ming divided them into 384 guards, and the Jurchen became vassals to the Ming Empire. During the Ming dynasty, the name for the Jurchen land was
1550:
the traditional way of life of the
Manchus (as well as various other tribal peoples) in central and northern Manchuria by a variety of means. In particular, they restricted the migration of Han settlers to the region. This had to be balanced with practical needs, such as maintaining the defense of northern China against the Russians and the Mongols, supplying government farms with a skilled work force, and conducting trade in the region's products, which resulted in a continuous trickle of Han convicts, workers, and merchants to the northeast.
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1387:). Factors for the change of name of these people from Jurchen to Manchu include the fact that the term "Jurchen" had negative connotations since the Jurchens had been in a servile position to the Ming dynasty for several hundred years, and it also referred to people of the "dependent class". The change of the name from Jurchen to Manchu was made to hide the fact that the ancestors of the Manchus, the Jianzhou Jurchens, had been ruled by the Chinese. The Qing dynasty carefully hid the two original editions of the books of "
8161:
1609:
1865, the Qing allowed Han civilian men to marry Manchu bannerwomen in all garrisons except the capital garrison of
Beijing. There was no formal law on marriage between people in the different banners like the Manchu and Han banners but it was informally regulated by social status and custom. In northeastern China such as Heilongjiang and Liaoning it was more common for Manchu women to marry Han men since they were not subjected to the same laws and institutional oversight as Manchus and Han in Beijing and elsewhere.
7950:
1496:
7540:, 60–70% of Jurchens used Mongolian script to write letters and 30–40% of Jurchens used Chinese characters. This persisted until Nurhaci revolted against the Ming Empire. Nurhaci considered it a major impediment that his people lacked a script of their own, so he commanded his scholars, Gagai and Eldeni, to create Manchu characters by reference to Mongolian scripts. They dutifully complied with the Khan's order and created Manchu script, which is called "script without dots and circles" (
1916:, who began to include Manchu characters in his fictional works in the 1950s. Between 1982 and 1990, the official count of Manchu people more than doubled from 4,299,159 to 9,821,180, making them China's fastest-growing ethnic minority, but this growth was only on paper, as this was due to people formerly registered as Han applying for official recognition as Manchu. Since the 1980s, thirteen Manchu autonomous counties have been created in Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, and Heilongjiang.
7780:
Qing dynasty, the queue was seen as a submission of loyalty, as it showed who had submitted to the dynasty and who had not. As the Qing dynasty came to an end, the hairstyle shifted from a symbol of loyalty to a symbol of feudalism and this led many men to cut off their cues as a statement of rebellion. These acts gave China a step toward modernization and moved it away from imperial rule as China began to adopt more of
Western culture, including fashion and appearance.
7518:), Heilongjiang Province. Since the 1980s, there has been a resurgence of the Manchu language among the government, scholars and social activists. In recent years, with the help of the governments in Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, many schools started to have Manchu classes. There are also Manchu volunteers in many places of China who freely teach Manchu in the desire to rescue the language. Thousands of non-Manchus have learned the language through these platforms.
1596:
perform cavalry archery unlike
Beijing Manchus. The Qianlong emperor received a memorial staying Xi'an Manchu bannermen still had martial skills although not up to those in the past in a 1737 memorial from Cimbu. By the 1780s, the military skills of Xi'an Manchu bannermen dropped enormously and they had been regarded as the most militarily skilled provincial Manchu banner garrison. Manchu women from the Xi'an garrison often left the walled Manchu garrison and went to
269:
7852:
that the Qing chao fu derived from were just not used in portraits and official paintings but were deemed as high status to be buried in tombs. In some cases the Qing went further than the Ming dynasty in imitating ancient China to display legitimacy with resurrecting ancient
Chinese rituals to claim the Mandate of Heaven after studying Chinese classics. Qing sacrificial ritual vessels deliberately resemble ancient Chinese ones even more than Ming vessels.
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Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based in any real shared culture. It was for pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism," since Nurhaci said to the Mongols: "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat, and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages."
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1483:
defected to the Qing Empire and swelled up the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority within the Banners, making up only 16% in 1648, with Han Bannermen dominating at 75% and Mongol Bannermen making up the rest. It was this multi-ethnic, majority Han force in which Manchus were a minority, which conquered China for the Qing Empire.
8385:) is the most important piece of Manchu literature. It primarily recounts how Nisan Shaman helps revive a young hunter. The story also spread to Xibe, Nanai, Daur, Oroqen, Evenk and other Tungusic peoples. It has four versions: the handwriting version from Qiqihar; two different handwriting versions from Aigun; and the one by the Manchu writer Dekdengge in
7582:). Due to its hurried creation, the script has its defects. Some vowels and consonants were difficult to distinguish. Shortly afterwards, their successor Dahai used dots and circles to distinguish vowels, aspirated and non-aspirated consonants and thus completed the script. His achievement is called "script with dots and circles" or "new Manchu script".
1059:) with less reward from the Ming court than in the time when they were heads of guards – an unpopular development. Subsequently, more and more Jurchens recognised the Ming Empire's declining power due to Esen's invasion. The Zhengtong Emperor's capture directly caused Jurchen guards to go out of control. Tribal leaders, such as
1967:, and Manchus once again form one of the most socioeconomically advanced minorities within China. Manchus generally face little to no discrimination in their daily lives, there is however, a remaining anti-Manchu sentiment amongst Han nationalist conspiracy theorists. It is particularly common with participants of the
7625:. However, after the Mongols extinguished the Jin dynasty, the Manchus started to adopt Mongol culture, including their custom of using only their given name until the end of the Qing dynasty, a practice confounding non-Manchus, leading them to conclude, erroneously, that they simply do not have family names.
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8650:
in the 17th century, although Manchus officially adopted Buddhism and widely adopted Chinese folk religion, Shamanic traditions can still be found in the aspects of soul worship, totem worship, belief in nightmares and apotheosis of philanthropists. Apart from the Shamanic shrines in the Qing palace,
1684:
and the Boxer Rebellion, sustaining massive casualties during the wars and subsequently being driven into extreme suffering and hardship. Much of the fighting in the Boxer Rebellion against the foreigners in defense of Beijing and Manchuria was done by Manchu Banner armies, which were destroyed while
1600:
outside the city and gained bad reputations for their sexual lives. A Manchu from Beijing, Sumurji, was shocked and disgusted by this after being appointed Lieutenant general of the Manchu garrison of Xi'an and informed the Yongzheng emperor what they were doing. Han civilians and Manchu bannermen in
1486:
A mass marriage of Han Chinese officers and officials to Manchu women was organized to balance the massive number of Han women who entered the Manchu court as courtesans, concubines, and wives. These couples were arranged by Prince Yoto and Hong Taiji in 1632 to promote harmony between the two ethnic
10398:
The Jurchen settlements in the Amnok River region had been tributaries of Koryŏ since the establishment of the dynasty, when T'aejo Wang Kŏn heavily relied on a large segment of Jurchen cavalry to defeat the armies of Later Paekche. The position and status of these Jurchen is hard to determine using
8764:
Sunu were devout Catholics, too. In the Jiaqing period, Tong Hengšan and Tong Lan were Catholic Manchu Bannermen. These Manchu Catholics who were proselytized were persecuted by Qing emperors but they steadfastly refused to renounce their faith. There were Manchu Catholics in modern times, too, such
8610:
Originally, Manchus, and their predecessors, were principally Buddhists with Shamanist influences. Every Manchu King started his royal title with Buddha. After the conquest of China in the 17th century, Manchus came into contact with Chinese culture. They adopted Confucianism along with Buddhism and
8491:
Octagonal drum is a type of Manchu folk art that was very popular among bannermen, especially in Beijing. It is said that octagonal drum originated with the snare drum of the Eight-banner military and the melody was made by the banner soldiers who were on the way back home from victory in the battle
8001:
From the middle period of the Qing dynasty, archery became more a form of entertainment in the form of games such as hunting swans, shooting fabric or silk target. The most difficult is shooting a candle hanging in the air at night. Gambling was banned in the Qing dynasty but there was no limitation
7993:
said, "Riding and archery are the most important martial arts of our country". Every generation of the Qing dynasty treasured riding and archery the most. Every spring and fall, from ordinary Manchus to aristocrats, all had to take riding and archery tests. Their test results could even affect their
7521:
Today, in an effort to save Manchu culture from extinction, the older generation of Manchus are spending their time to teach young people; as an effort to encourage learners, these classes are often free. They teach through the Internet and even mail Manchu textbooks for free, all for the purpose of
1842:
Until 1924, the Chinese government continued to pay stipends to Manchu bannermen, but many cut their links with their banners and took on Han-style names to avoid persecution. The official total of Manchus fell by more than half during this period, as they refused to admit their ethnicity when asked
1718:
In the late 19th century and early 1900s, intermarriage between Manchus and Han bannermen in the northeast increased as Manchu families were more willing to marry their daughters to sons from well off Han families to trade their ethnic status for higher financial status. Most intermarriage consisted
1595:
Manchu bannermen from the Xi'an banner garrison were praised for maintaining Manchu culture by Kangxi in 1703. Xi'an garrison Manchus were said to retain Manchu culture far better than all other Manchus at martial skills in the provincial garrisons and they were able to draw their bows properly and
1573:
Select groups of Han Chinese bannermen were mass transferred into Manchu Banners by the Qing, changing their ethnicity from Han Chinese to Manchu. Han Chinese bannermen of Tai Nikan (台尼堪, watchpost Chinese) and Fusi Nikan (撫順尼堪, Fushun Chinese) backgrounds into the Manchu banners in 1740 by order of
1553:
Han Chinese transfrontiersmen and other non-Jurchen origin people who joined the Later Jin very early were put into the Manchu Banners and were known as "Baisin" in Manchu, and not put into the Han Banners to which later Han Chinese were placed in. An example was the Tokoro Manchu clan in the Manchu
1549:
culture, the Qing imperial government viewed the Manchu communities (as well as those of various tribal people) in Manchuria as a place where traditional Manchu virtues could be preserved, and as a vital reservoir of military manpower fully dedicated to the regime. The Qing emperors tried to protect
1491:
allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the Board of Revenue if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners. It was only later in the dynasty that
1147:
Although their Mohe ancestors did not respect dogs, the Jurchens began to respect dogs around the time of the Ming dynasty, and passed this tradition on to the Manchus. It was prohibited in Jurchen culture to use dog skin, and forbidden for Jurchens to harm, kill, or eat dogs. For political reasons,
1095:
Only the Mongols and the northern "wild" Jurchen were semi-nomadic, unlike the mainstream Jiahnzhou Jurchens descended from the Jin dynasty who were farmers that foraged, hunted, herded and harvested crops in the Liao and Yalu river basins. They gathered ginseng root, pine nuts, hunted for came pels
866:
period, but the Jurchens switched allegiance between Liao and Goryeo multiple times, taking advantage of the tension between the two nations; posing a potential threat to Goryeo's border security, the Jurchens offered tribute to the Goryeo court, expecting lavish gifts in return. Before the Jurchens
7779:
in Manchu. During the Qing dynasty, the queue was legally mandated for male Ming Chinese subjects in the Qing Empire. The Ming were to shave their foreheads and begin growing the queue within ten days of the order, if they refused to comply they were executed for treason. Throughout the rest of the
7483:
After the 19th century, most Manchus had perfected Standard Chinese and the number of Manchu speakers was dwindling. Although the Qing emperors emphasized the importance of the Manchu language again and again, the tide could not be turned. After the Qing dynasty collapsed, the Manchu language lost
1697:
By the 19th century, most Manchus in the city garrison spoke only Mandarin Chinese, not Manchu, which still distinguished them from their Han neighbors in southern China, who spoke non-Mandarin dialects. That they spoke Beijing dialect made recognizing Manchus folks relatively easy. It was northern
942:
Many Jurchen families descended from the original Jin Jurchen migrants in Han areas like those using the surnames Wang and Nian 粘 have openly reclaimed their ethnicity and registered as Manchus. Wanyan (完顏) clan members who had changed their surnames to Wang (王) after the Mongol conquest of the Jin
7936:), a thumb ring traditionally made out of reindeer bone, was worn to protect the thumbs of archers. After the establishment of the Qing dynasty in 1644, the fergetun gradually became a form of jewelry, with the most valuable ones made in jade and ivory. High-heeled shoes were worn by Manchu women.
7851:
have clothes resembling the Qing long pao and Tang dynasty hanpi. The evidence from excavated tombs indicates that China had a long tradition of garments that led to the Qing chao fu and it was not invented or introduced by Manchus in the Qing dynasty or Mongols in the Yuan dynasty. The Ming robes
7830:
and cloth when they paid tribute to the Ming dynasty or traded with the Ming. The Manchus modified the Ming robes to be narrow at the sleeves by adding a new fur cuff and by cutting slits in the skirt to make it more slender for falconry, horse riding and archery. The robe's jacket waist had a new
1608:
The Qing dynasty altered its law on intermarriage between Han civilians and Manchu bannermen several times in the dynasty. At the beginning of the Qing dynasty, the Qing allowed Han civilians to marry Manchu women. Then the Qing banned civilians from marrying women from the Eight banners later. In
1217:
When the Jurchens were reorganized by Nurhaci into the Eight Banners, many Manchu clans were artificially created as a group of unrelated people founded a new Manchu clan (mukun) using a geographic origin name such as a toponym for their hala (clan name). The irregularities over Jurchen and Manchu
950:
During the transition between the Ming and Qing Zhang Sunzhen, a civilian official in Nanjing himself remarked that he had a portrait of his ancestors wearing Manchu clothes because his family were Tartars so it was appropriate that he was going to shave his head into the Manchu hairstyle when the
8693:
who was of Mongolian descent started leaning towards Chan Buddhism, the original Chinese form known in Japan as Zen Buddhism. Still, Huangtaiji patronized Tibetan Buddhism extensively and publicly. Huangtaiji patronized Buddhism but sometimes felt Tibetan Buddhism to be inferior to Chan Buddhism.
7902:
The early phase of Manchu clothing succeeded from Jurchen tradition. White was the dominating color.To facilitate convenience during archery, the robe is the most common article of clothing for the Manchu people. Over the robe, a surcoat is usually worn, derived from the military uniform of Eight
1099:
The Qing stationed the "New Manchu" Warka foragers in Ningguta and attempted to turn them into normal agricultural farmers but then the Warka just reverted to hunter gathering and requested money to buy cattle for beef broth. The Qing wanted the Warka to become soldier-farmers and imposed this on
806:
for slaves. Fujiwara Notada, the Japanese governor was killed. In total, 1,280 Japanese were taken prisoner, 374 Japanese were killed and 380 Japanese-owned livestock were killed for food. Only 259 or 270 were returned by Koreans from the 8 ships. The woman Uchikura no Ishime's report was copied
2004:
bondservants, are allowed to register as Manchu in modern China. Liaoning has 5,336,895 Manchu residents which is 51.26% of Manchu population and 12.20% provincial population; Hebei has 2,118,711 which is 20.35% of Manchu people and 70.80% of provincial ethnic minorities. Manchus are the largest
8712:
This explanation of only supporting the "Yellow Hats" Tibetan Buddhists for practical reasons was used to deflect Han criticism of this policy by the Qianlong Emperor, who had the "Lama Shuo" stele engraved in Tibetan, Mongol, Manchu and Chinese, which said: "By patronizing the Yellow Church we
7931:
Manchus have many distinctive traditional accessories. Women traditionally wear three earrings on each ear, a tradition that is maintained by many older Manchu women. Males also traditionally wear piercings, but they tend to only have one earring in their youth and do not continue to wear it as
1152:
chose variously to emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with other peoples like the Mongols. Nurhaci said to the Mongols that "the languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. It is the same with us Manchus (Jušen) and
7825:
A common misconception among Han Chinese was that Manchu clothing was entirely separate from Hanfu. In fact, Manchu clothes were simply modified Ming Hanfu but the Manchus promoted the misconception that their clothing was of different origin. Manchus originally did not have their own cloth or
1604:
For the over 200 years they lived next to each other, Han civilians and Manchu bannermen in Xi'an did not intermarry with each other at all. In a book published in 1911 American sociologist Edward Alsworth Ross wrote of his visit to Xi'an just before the Xinhai revolution:"In Sianfu the Tartar
1911:
that dominated the KMT. In the 1953 census, 2.5 million people identified themselves as Manchu. The Communist government also attempted to improve the treatment of Manchu people; some Manchu people who had hidden their ancestry during the period of KMT rule became willing to reveal their
1706:
both spoke Beijing Mandarin even though Cantonese was spoken at Guangzhou, and the Beijing dialect of Mandarin distinguished the Manchu bannermen at the Xi'an garrison from the local Han people who spoke the Xi'an dialect of Mandarin. Many Bannermen got jobs as teachers, writing textbooks for
1482:
The Qing government differentiated between Han Bannermen and ordinary Han civilians. Han Bannermen were Han Chinese who defected to the Qing Empire up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han
7593:
The southern Tungusic Manchu farming sedentary lifestyle was very different from the nomadic hunter gatherer forager lifestyle of their more northern Tungusic relatives like the Warka, which caused the Qing state to attempt to sedentarize them and adopt the farming lifestyle of the Manchus.
1399:
referred to the Jurchen inhabited lands north of the Korean peninsula, above the rivers Yalu and Tumen to be part of Ming China, as the "superior country" (sangguk) which they called Ming China. The Qing deliberately excluded references and information that showed the Jurchens (Manchus) as
790:
in present-day northeastern China. The Jurchens were sedentary, settled farmers with advanced agriculture. They farmed grain and millet as their cereal crops, grew flax, and raised oxen, pigs, sheep and horses. Their farming way of life was very different from the pastoral nomadism of the
1971:
who subscribe to conspiracy theories about Manchu people, such as the Chinese Communist Party being occupied by Manchu elites hence the better treatment Manchus receive under the People's Republic of China in contrast to their persecution under the KMT's Republic of China rule.
1923:
system is one of the most important ethnic identity of today's Manchu people. So nowadays, Manchus are more like an ethnic coalition which not only contains the descendants of Manchu bannermen, also has a large number of Manchu-assimilated Chinese and Mongol bannermen. However,
1538:, the Qing emperors started to realize the strategic importance of Manchuria and gradually sent Manchus back where they originally came from. But throughout the Qing dynasty, Beijing was the focal point of the ruling Manchus in the political, economic and cultural spheres. The
774:
might refer to an ancestral population of the Manchus. The Mohe practiced pig farming extensively and were mainly sedentary, and also used both pig and dog skins for coats. They were predominantly farmers and grew soybeans, wheat, millet and rice, in addition to hunting.
1585:
A Manchu Bannerman in Guangzhou called Hequan illegally adopted a Han Chinese named Zhao Tinglu, the son of former Han bannerman Zhao Quan, and gave him a new name, Quanheng in order that he be able to benefit from his adopted son receiving a salary as a Banner soldier.
1693:
during the fighting in the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, their cattle and horses then stolen by Russian Cossacks who razed their villages and homes. The clan system of the Manchus in Aigun was obliterated by the despoliation of the area at the hands of the Russian invaders.
8496:. When artists perform, they use their fingers to hit the drumhead and shake the drum to ring the bells. Traditionally, octagonal drum is performed by three people. One is the harpist; one is the clown who is responsible for harlequinade; and the third is the singer.
1578:. It was between 1618 and 1629 when the Han Chinese from Liaodong who later became the Fushun Nikan and Tai Nikan defected to the Jurchens (Manchus). These Han Chinese origin Manchu clans continue to use their original Han surnames and are marked as of Han origin on
985:
The Joseon Koreans tried to deal with the military threat posed by the Jurchen by using both forceful means and incentives, and by launching military attacks. At the same time they tried to appease them with titles and degrees, traded with them, and sought to
8598:) is a form of Manchu storytelling entertainment which is performed in the Manchu language. Different from octagonal drum, ulabun is popular among the Manchu people living in Manchuria. It has two main categories; one is popular folk literature such as the
7724:. For example, Nikan Wailan was a Jurchen leader who was an enemy of Nurhaci. Nikan was also the name of one of the Aisin-Gioro princes and grandsons of Nurhaci who supported Prince Dorgon. Nurhaci's first son was Cuyen, one of whose sons was Nikan.
815:
in addition to Japan viewing the Jurchens as "Tatar" "barbarians" after copying China's barbarian-civilized distinction, may have played a role in Japan's antagonistic views against Manchus and hostility towards them in later centuries such as when
8006:, Manchus gradually neglected the practices of riding and archery, even though their rulers tried their best to encourage Manchus to continue their riding and archery traditions, but the traditions are still kept among some Manchus even nowadays.
8651:
no temples erected for worship of Manchu gods could be found in Beijing. Thus, the story of competition between Shamanists and Lamaists was often heard in Manchuria but the Manchu emperors helped Lamaists or Tibetan Buddhists officially.
1847:'s reign in Manchuria, much better treatment was reported. There was no particular persecution of Manchus. Even the mausoleums of Qing emperors were still allowed to be managed by Manchu guardsmen, as in the past. Many Manchus joined the
1554:
banners which claimed to be descended from a Han Chinese with the surname of Tao who had moved north from Zhejiang to Liaodong and joined the Jurchens before the Qing in the Ming Wanli emperor's era. The Han Chinese Banner Tong 佟 clan of
1734:, even though the Republican revolution he brought about was supported by many reform-minded Manchu officials and military officers. This portrayal dissipated somewhat after the 1911 revolution as the new Republic of China now sought to
1067:, brazenly plundered Ming territory. At about this time, the Jurchen script was officially abandoned. More Jurchens adopted Mongolian as their writing language and fewer used Chinese. The final recorded Jurchen writing dates to 1526.
990:
them by having Jurchens integrate into Korean culture. Their relationship was eventually stopped by the Ming dynasty government who wanted the Jurchens to protect the border. In 1403, Ahacu, chieftain of Huligai, paid tribute to the
943:
dynasty applied successfully to the PRC government for their ethnic group to be marked as Manchu despite never having been part of the Eight Banner system at all during the Qing dynasty. The surname Nianhan (粘罕), shortened to Nian (
1218:
clan origin led to the Qing trying to document and systematize the creation of histories for Manchu clans, including manufacturing an entire legend around the origin of the Aisin-Gioro clan by taking mythology from the northeast.
7480:'s reign. During the Qing dynasty, Manchus at the imperial court were required to speak Standard Manchu or face the emperor's reprimand. This applied equally to the palace presbyter for shamanic rites when performing sacrifice.
8585:
which incorporates octagonal drum are still popular in Chinese society and the new generations. Many famous Chinese monochord performers and crosstalkers were the artists of octagonal drum, such as De Shoushan and Zhang Sanlu.
1620:
province – which at the time included only the northern part of today's Heilongjiang – contributed 67,730 bannermen to the campaign, of whom only 10–20% survived).Those few who returned were demoralized and often disposed to
8492:
of Jinchuan. The drum is composed of wood surrounded by bells. The drumhead is made by wyrmhide with tassels at the bottom. The colors of the tassels are yellow, white, red, and blue, which represent the four colors of the
7484:
its status as a national language and its official use in education ended. Manchus today generally speak Standard Chinese. The remaining skilled native Manchu speakers number less than 100, most of whom are to be found in
8799:
and his troops were in a battle with enemies and almost running out of food. The villagers who lived near the battlefield heard the emergency and came to help. There was no tableware on the battlefield. They had to use
1760:, very few areas of China still had traditional Manchu populations. Among the few regions where such comparatively traditional communities could be found, and where the Manchu language was still widely spoken, were the
7928:). Manchu hats are either formal or casual, formal hats being made in two different styles, straw for spring and summer, and fur for fall and winter. Casual hats are more commonly known as "Mandarin hats" in English.
1959:, there has been a renaissance of Manchu culture and language among the government, scholars and social activities with remarkable achievements. It was also reported that the resurgence of interest also spread among
639:, archives of early 17th century documents, contains the earliest use of Manchu. However, the actual etymology of the ethnic name "Manju" is debatable. According to the Qing dynasty's official historical record, the
8804:
leaves to wrap the rice. Afterwards, they won the battle. So later generations could remember this hardship, Nurhaci made this day the "Food Exhaustion Day". Traditionally on this day, Manchu people eat perilla or
1052:
cooperated with Esen's action, but more were attacked in the Mongol invasion. Many Jurchen chieftains lost their hereditary certificates granted by the Ming government. They had to present tribute as secretariats
7732:
Nowadays, Manchus primarily use Chinese family and given names, but some still use a Manchu family name and Chinese given name, a Chinese family name and Manchu given name or both Manchu family and given names.
17457:
871:
which caused resentment. The Jurchens and their Manchu descendants had Khitan linguistic and grammatical elements in their personal names like suffixes. Many Khitan names had a "ju" suffix. In the year 1114,
12454:
8755:
in China, there were also a considerable number of Manchu Catholics during the Qing dynasty. The earliest Manchu Catholics appeared in the 1650s. In the Yongzheng eras, Depei, the Hošo Jiyan Prince, was a
12621:
9075:
Autonomous counties are shown in bright green. Counties with autonomous townships are in dark green, with the number of Manchu township in each county shown in red (or yellow). So are another 2 pictures.
1582:. The Fushun Nikan became Manchufied and the originally Han banner families of Wang Shixuan, Cai Yurong, Zu Dashou, Li Yongfang, Shi Tingzhu and Shang Kexi intermarried extensively with Manchu families.
12544:
1612:
The policy of artificially isolating the Manchus of the northeast from the rest of China could not last forever. In the 1850s, large numbers of Manchu bannermen were sent to central China to fight the
10359:(Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University). Ohio State University. pp. 163, 164.
2000:, which have over 1,000,000 Manchu residents. However, as mentioned earlier, the modern population of Manchus has been artificially inflated because Han Chinese of the Eight Banner System, including
1123:. They love to be sedentary and sew, and they are skilled in spinning and weaving. As for food, clothing and utensils, they are the same as (those used by) the Chinese. Those living south of the
10085:. Asiatische Forschungen: Monographienreihe zur Geschichte, Kultur und Sprache der Völker Ost- und Zentralasiens. Vol. 121 of Asiatische Forschungen. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 112.
1395:" (Taizu Shilu Tu) in the Qing palace, forbidden from public view because they showed that the Manchu Aisin-Gioro family had been ruled by the Ming dynasty. In the Ming period, the Koreans of
12571:
15331:
Vol. 12, Volume 15 of Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte (illustrated ed.). Aschendorff (Druck und Verlag der Aschendorffschen Buchhandlung).
8200:". The history of Manchu wrestling can be traced back to Jurchen wrestling in the Jin dynasty which was originally from Khitan wrestling; it was very similar to Mongolian wrestling. In the
7590:
The Manchu are often mistakenly labelled a nomadic people, but they were sedentary agricultural people who lived in fixed villages, farmed crops and practiced hunting and mounted archery.
1179:
17521:
1975:
Manchus were subjected to the same one child policy and rules as Han people. Manchus, Koreans, Russians, Hui and Mongols in Inner Mongolia were subjected to restrictions of two children.
7613:
1592:
Manchu bannermen of the capital garrison in Beijing were said to be the worst militarily, unable to draw bows, unable to ride horses and fight properly and losing their Manchu culture.
8815:), on the 13th day of the tenth month of the lunar calendar, which started to be celebrated in late 20th century, is the anniversary of the name creation of Manchu. This day in 1635,
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maintain peace among the Mongols." It seems he was wary of the rising power of the Tibetan Kingdom and its influence over the Mongolians and Manchu public, princes and generals.
1884:, in 1932. Although the nation's name implied a primarily Manchu affiliation, it was actually a completely new country for all the ethnicities in Manchuria, which had a majority
975:
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1589:
Commoner Manchu bannermen who were not nobility were called irgen which meant common, in contrast to the Manchu nobility of the "Eight Great Houses" who held noble titles.
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in the 10–13th centuries, so it was not something new to the rising Manchus in the 16–17th centuries. Qing emperors were always entitled "Buddha". They were regarded as
7705:
Manchus given names are distinctive. Generally, there are several forms, such as bearing suffixes "-ngga", "-ngge" or "-nggo", meaning "having the quality of"; bearing
1100:
them but the Warka simply left their garrison at Ningguta and went back to the Sungari river to their homes to herd, fish and hunt. The Qing accused them of desertion.
7745:
as part of their culture. They adopted the practice of burial from the Han Chinese, but many Manchus continued to cremate their dead. Princes were cremated on pyres.
7536:
The Jurchens, ancestors of the Manchus, had created Jurchen script in the Jin dynasty. After the Jin dynasty collapsed, the Jurchen script was gradually lost. In the
14974:
8521:" is the main libretto of octagonal drum and can be traced back to a type of traditional folk music called the "Manchu Rhythm". Although Zidishu was not created by
1715:, dictionaries issued by the Qing government, were the correct guides to Mandarin pronunciation, rather than the pronunciation of the Beijing and Nanjing dialects.
8434:
1992:
with a population of 10,410,585, which is 9.28% of ethnic minorities and 0.77% of China's total population. Among the provincial regions, there are two provinces,
1253:, "wise and respected khan") from his Khalkha Mongol allies; then, in 1616, he publicly enthroned himself and issued a proclamation naming himself Genggiyen Khan (
14908:
8302:
called it a "national custom". It was one of the most important winter events of the Qing royal household, performed by the "Eight Banner Ice Skating Battalion" (
8196:) is also an important martial art of the Manchu people. Buku, meaning "wrestling" or "man of unusual strength" in Manchu, was originally from a Mongolian word, "
13637:
13490:[There are more than 10 million Manchu people in the country, and less than 100 people can speak Manchu]. People – China. 29 October 2007. Archived from
1206:", which organized Jurchen soldiers into groups of "Bannermen", and ordered his scholar Erdeni and minister Gagai to create a new Jurchen script (later known as
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Standard Chinese which the Manchu Bannermen spoke instead of the local dialect the Han people around the garrison spoke, so that Manchus in the garrisons at
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The traditional hairstyle for Manchu men is shaving the front of their heads while growing the hair on the back of their heads into a single braid called a
17450:
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and are distributed throughout China, forming the fourth largest ethnic group in the country. They are found in 31 Chinese provincial regions. Among them,
13308:
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worship is a typical example. He was considered as the God Protector of the Nation and was sincerely worshipped by Manchus. They called him "Lord Guan" (
8571:
8321:
In the 1930s–1940s, there was a famous Manchu skater in Beijing whose name was Wu Tongxuan, from the Uya clan and one of the royal household skaters in
15373:. Vol. 12, Volume 15 of Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
709:
14609:["Bingxi" was designated as a "national custom" by Qianlong, and the Qing army had eight flag skate camps (5)]. Chinanews.com. 20 January 2010
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adopted Chinese influences in their religion and clothing with Chinese dragons on ceremonial robes, scroll and spiral bird and monster mask designs,
979:
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11890:. Vol. 12 of Studies on China. Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.) (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 175.
9084:
Less than 100 native speakers. Several thousands can speak Manchu as second language through primary education or free classes for adults in China.
8417:). The four versions are similar, but Haišenwei's is the most complete. It has been translated into Russian, Chinese, English and other languages.
10227:
Brown, Delmer Myers; Hall, John Whitney; Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Yamamura, Kōzō; Duus, Peter, eds. (1988).
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Japan and Its East Asian Neighbors: Japan's Perception of China and the Making of Foreign Policy from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Cenutury
1932:
who were considered as part of Eight Banner system under the Qing dynasty were registered as independent ethnic groups by the PRC government as
3419:
14551:
14523:
13461:
12268:[A complete collection of Manchu surnames in search of their roots, a complete record of old Manchu surnames]. 51CTO. 12 February 2016
7998:. The Manchus of the early Qing dynasty had excellent shooting skills and their arrows were reputed to be capable of penetrating two persons.
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10233:. Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan. 耕造·山村 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95.
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on Manchus engaging in archery contests. It was common to see Manchus putting signs in front of their houses to invite challenges. After the
7817:
1661:
after they were moved there in 1644, since Han Chinese were expelled and not allowed to re-enter the inner part of the city. Only after the "
1534:
to serve as garrison troops. There were only 1524 Bannermen left in Manchuria at the time of the initial Manchu conquest. After a series of
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for most of the Qing dynasty. Save for ancestor worship, the gods they consecrated were virtually identical to those of the Han Chinese.
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9066:
The meaning of "daicing" (daiqing) is debatable. It has been reported that the word was imported from Mongolian means "fighting country"
8325:'s regency. He frequently appeared in many of Beijing's skating rinks. Nowadays, there are still Manchu figure skaters; world champions
1070:
The Manchus are sometimes mistakenly identified as nomadic people. The Manchu way of life (economy) was agricultural, farming crops and
16783:
15310:. Paul Bushkovitch, Nicholas Canny, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Arthur Eckstein, Frank Ninkovich, Loren J. Samons. Harvard University Press.
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The majority of the hundreds of thousands of people living in inner Beijing during the Qing were Manchus and Mongol bannermen from the
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12252:[My surname is Yan, and the Manchu nationality is in the yellow flag. May I ask what my full surname might be]. Baidu. 2009.
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13767:[Declination of Manchu Language and Characters in Dandong and Its Effect on Excavation and Protection of Manchu Culture].
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and has many dialects. Standard Manchu originates from the accent of Jianzhou Jurchens and was officially standardized during the
14314:[Chinese luxury goods go abroad, cheongsam and Tang suits are most favored by foreigners (Photo)]. CCTV. 27 November 2011
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Wearing hats is also a part of traditional Manchu culture. Hats are worn by all ages throughout all seasons, which contrasts the
1545:
While the Manchu ruling elite at the Qing imperial court in Beijing and posts of authority throughout China increasingly adopted
13697:
10257:
Adolphson, Mikael S.; Kamens, Edward; Matsumoto, Stacie (2007). Kamens, Edward; Adolphson, Mikael S.; Matsumoto, Stacie (eds.).
8555:. Additionally, there are many works that depict the lives of Bannermen. Aisin-Gioro Yigeng, who was pen named "Helü" and wrote
18324:
17663:
13566:[A high school in Liaoning offers Manchu courses, and the inheritance of Manchu culture attracts attention]. China News
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of Han Bannermen marrying Manchus in areas like Aihun. Han Chinese Bannermen wedded Manchus and there was no law against this.
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has been questioned in recent times because the emperor indicated that he supported the Yellow Church (the Tibetan Buddhist
17825:
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part 1, by Denis C. Twitchett, John K. Fairbank, p. 29
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basin. The southern Tungusic Manchus influenced the northern Tungusic peoples linguistically, culturally, and religiously.
1707:
learning Mandarin and instructing people in Mandarin. In Guangdong, the Manchu Mandarin teacher Sun Yizun advised that the
1633:, and with the imperial and provincial governments in deep financial trouble, parts of Manchuria became officially open to
1194:, a chieftain of the Jianzhou Left Guard who officially considered himself a local representative of imperial power of the
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13590:[Manchu class entered the classroom of Jilin No. 1 Middle School for the first time (photo)]. Sina. 22 March 2012
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Fuliang Shan, Patrick (2015). "Elastic Self-consciousness and the reshaping of Manchu Identity". In Hong, Zhaohui (ed.).
12667:
Research Article Interethnic marriage in Northeast China, 1866–1913 Bijia Chen Cameron Campbell Hao Dong pp. 936–937, 939
1535:
1423:, a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt, who then proclaimed the establishment of the
1020:
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e.g. Nadanju (70 in Manchu), Susai (5 in Manchu), Liošici(67, a Mandarin homophone) and Bašinu(85, a Mandarin homophone)
8795:), on every 26th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar, is another example which was inspired by a story that once
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14528:[Wrestling has a long history and different genres are exquisite]. Dynamic Weekly. 6 March 2012. Archived from
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Association for Asian Studies; Ming Biographical History Project Committee (1976). Goodrich, Luther Carrington (ed.).
10317:. Vol. 1. Robin Jeanne Lewis, Asia Society, Richard W. Bulliet (2, illustrated ed.). Scribner. p. 371.
9817:
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18171:
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13437:[Renmin University's Manchu language training class reopens, the lack of classrooms is the biggest problem].
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The Collection of Early Qing's Historical Sources, Vol. 8 & 9: Records in the Fence; Witness Records of Jianzhou
828:(Ezochi) had a land bridge to Tartary (Orankai) where Manchus lived and thought the Manchus could invade Japan. The
18141:
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15472:. Vol. 85 of Yale historical publications: Miscellany (illustrated, reprint ed.). Yale University Press.
3584:
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145:
8308:) which was a special force trained to do battle on icy terrain. The battalion consisted of 1600 soldiers. In the
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population and was opposed by many Manchus as well as people of other ethnicities who fought against Japan in the
18258:
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10383:
Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918–1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty
3601:
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1757:
545:
529:
13092:
Tamanoi, Mariko Asano (May 2000). "Knowledge, Power, and Racial Classification: The "Japanese" in "Manchuria"".
8210:, which is its most important part. Among many branches, Beijing wrestling adopted most Manchu wrestling moves.
712:'s "etymology of Wuji and Mohe"; Sun Wenliang's "etymology of Manzhe"; "etymology of mangu(n) river" and so on.
17842:
17708:
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17162:
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Research Article Interethnic marriage in Northeast China, 1866–1913 Bijia Chen Cameron Campbell Hao Dong p. 937
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whose baptismal name was "Joseph". His wife was also baptised and named "Maria". At the same time, the sons of
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98:
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1903:), the newborn People's Republic of China officially recognized the Manchu as one of the ethnic minorities as
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13546:[29 Manchu language teachers in Benxi Huanren are on duty]. China News. 20 March 2012. Archived from
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in 1413, at the headquarters of Nurgan. The stele was inscribed in Chinese, Jurchen, Mongolian, and Tibetan.
10755:. Vol. 3 of Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia (annotated ed.). Routledge. p. 3.
10613:. Vol. 2 of Tunguso Sibirica (illustrated, annotated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 138.
7621:
The history of Manchu family names is quite long. Fundamentally, it succeeds the Jurchen family name of the
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Some ethnic names can also be a given name of the Manchus. One of the common first name for the Manchus is
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suffixes "-tai" or "-tu", meaning "having"; bearing the suffix, "-ju", "-boo"; numerals} or animal names.}
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1504:
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and began to summon the Jurchen tribes to pay tribute. At the time, some Jurchen clans were vassals to the
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adults. The Manchu people also have traditional jewelry which evokes their past as hunters. The fergetun (
17952:
17935:
17445:
17420:
17383:
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17005:
12867:. Vol. 61 of Human Relations Area Files: Subcontractor's monograph, HRAF. The Institute. p. 110
8925:
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1742:. In order to blend in, some Manchus switched to speaking the local dialect instead of Standard Chinese.
1680:
and shared their anti-foreign sentiment. The Manchu Bannermen were devastated by the fighting during the
877:
767:
581:
489:
90:
13946:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
12817:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
12773:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
12707:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
10721:
8570:
After the fall of the Qing dynasty, the influence of the octagonal drum gradually reduced. However, the
18335:
17781:
9050:
9042:
8770:
8410:
8402:
8372:
8364:
8291:
8283:
8243:
8235:
8189:
8181:
7982:
7974:
7567:
7559:
7511:
7503:
7277:
1817:
1809:
1785:
1777:
1735:
1472:
1464:
1380:
1372:
1346:
1338:
1306:
1298:
1276:
1268:
1246:
1238:
607:
465:
409:
11432:
The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia
11098:"Presidential Address: Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History"
7410:, a famous painter, calligrapher and also the founder of the Manchu Association of Republic of China.
18391:
18345:
18064:
17993:
17786:
17318:
17243:
17112:
17030:
16769:
13855:. Studies in Environment and History (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 90.
12292:[The Complete List of Concise Manchu Surnames (4)]. Sohu.com. 14 October 2006. Archived from
9018:
Cungšan was considered as Nurhaci's direct ancestor by some viewpoints, but disagreements also exist.
8647:
8545:
7836:
7671:
There were stories of Han migrating to the Jurchens and assimilating into Manchu Jurchen society and
7257:
4857:
4837:
1408:
were not used to source content on Jurchens during Ming rule in the History of Ming because of this.
812:
743:
473:
10365:
7915:, are derived from the Manchu robe and surcoat which are commonly considered as "Chinese elements".
580:
and over 300 Manchu towns and townships. Manchus are the largest minority group in China without an
18266:
18086:
17820:
17791:
17541:
16715:
16034:
14557:
14529:
13471:
12226:"The Tong in Two Worlds: Cultural Identities in Liaodong and Nurgan during the 13th–17th centuries"
8533:
8343:
4477:
1889:
14403:
13852:
Across Forest, Steppe, and Mountain: Environment, Identity, and Empire in Qing China's Borderlands
13247:
12653:
12596:
10971:
Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Volume 1
17862:
17328:
17313:
17147:
17045:
16578:
15933:
12850:. Vol. 3 of Publications (Royal Asiatic Society. North China Branch). Royal Asiatic Society.
10752:
The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseo
8602:, the other is from folk music with an informative and independent plot, and complete structure.
8439:
7876:, using silk and cotton, iron cooking pots, and heated house from China during the Ming dynasty.
7389:
6517:
6497:
6477:
6457:
6437:
6417:
6397:
5717:
5697:
4997:
4977:
4957:
3424:
3341:
1964:
1952:
1681:
1662:
1116:
884:
defeated the Liao dynasty. After the fall of the Liao dynasty, the Jurchens went to war with the
20:
13615:
12860:
8258:
18386:
18243:
18131:
18012:
17837:
17055:
16566:
16294:
16004:
15712:
15642:
13668:"Shenyang Daily: Young Man Teaches Manchu For Free To Rescue the Language (simplified Chinese)"
10974:. International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies. Walter de Gruyter. p. 828.
10360:
8743:
just as the Han Chinese did. The worship of Mongolian and Tibetan gods has also been reported.
8144:
8132:
8120:
3737:
1896:
1405:
881:
867:
overthrew the Khitan, married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls were raped by Liao Khitan envoys
15409:
Norman, Jerry (July–September 2003). "The Manchus and Their Language (Presidential Address)".
15275:
13973:
Han-Mongol Encounters and Missionary Endeavors: A History of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911
13675:
12307:
12199:
8108:
8096:
8084:
8072:
8060:
8048:
8036:
8024:
8012:
1858:
1566:, using this false claim to get themselves transferred to a Manchu banner in the reign of the
18317:
18176:
18136:
17803:
17765:
17653:
17633:
17551:
17350:
17333:
17198:
17167:
17102:
16306:
15683:
14604:
11594:
11271:
10476:
Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: With Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics
10441:
Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: With Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics
10082:
In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)
8722:
7880:
4817:
2457:
1024:
310:
14147:
A World Trimmed with Fur: Wild Things, Pristine Places, and the Natural Fringes of Qing Rule
11701:
10141:
9351:
8781:
Manchus have many traditional holidays. Some are derived from Chinese culture, such as the "
7989:) are significant to the Manchus. They were well-trained horsemen from their teenage years.
7433:
The Manchus implemented measures to "Manchufy" the other Tungusic peoples living around the
1831:
868:
18248:
18215:
18181:
18126:
18006:
17988:
17698:
17628:
17435:
17218:
16745:
16720:
16018:
14583:
13747:
13519:
13418:
12194:
11696:
11627:
11622:
9268:
8872:
8322:
5777:
5277:
5257:
5237:
5217:
1686:
1579:
873:
863:
752:
13547:
10944:
Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
9970:
Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies, Manchu Grammar
8:
18301:
18151:
18091:
18023:
17703:
17556:
17511:
17258:
17137:
17117:
17025:
16687:
13780:
13585:
11545:
9149:
8218:
As a result of their hunting ancestry, Manchus are traditionally interested in falconry.
8197:
6037:
6017:
5997:
5977:
5957:
5937:
5917:
5897:
5877:
5857:
5837:
4677:
4657:
4637:
4617:
4597:
4577:
4557:
4537:
4517:
4497:
2262:
1956:
1727:
1723:
1199:
897:
821:
573:
13721:
13561:
13432:
12657:
12600:
11862:
9611:
60 Years History of the Perishing Ming and Rising Qing, Valuable Colored Picture Edition
9410:
Ruling from the Dragon Throne: Costume of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), Asian Art Series
1637:; within a few decades, the Manchus became a minority in most of Manchuria's districts.
656:
Meng Sen, a scholar of the Qing dynasty, agreed. On the other hand, he thought the name
18396:
18186:
17897:
17892:
17718:
17658:
17648:
17643:
17638:
17462:
17308:
17127:
16616:
16586:
16502:
16080:
16012:
15534:
15526:
15426:
13117:
13109:
12939:
12085:
11960:
11125:
11117:
11024:
11016:
10123:
9946:
9839:
9798:
8801:
8559:, as the representative author. Zidishu involves two acts of singing, which are called
8508:
8458:
7608:
7473:
7428:
7335:
5817:
5797:
2661:
1750:
1034:
829:
720:
152:
58:
13222:]. 满族(清代)历史文化研究文库. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House. pp. 230, 233, 248.
12861:
Chang, Yin-t'ang; University of Washington. Far Eastern and Russian Institute (1956).
10003:
8646:, shaman is the single loan-word from Manchurian into the English language. After the
18196:
18191:
18166:
18111:
18106:
18029:
17977:
17882:
17713:
17618:
17516:
17415:
17378:
17303:
17233:
17203:
17157:
16910:
16648:
16609:
16591:
15804:
15651:
15553:
15547:
15538:
15473:
15445:
15395:
15374:
15353:
15332:
15311:
15251:
15226:
15186:
15161:
15136:
15108:
15083:
15031:
14888:
14861:
14834:
14807:
14681:
14483:
14347:
14243:
14216:
14178:
14151:
14124:
14092:
14049:
14022:
13977:
13950:
13887:
13856:
13829:
13701:
13366:
13316:
13223:
13192:
13161:
13121:
13069:
13034:
12896:
12821:
12741:
12711:
12684:
12577:
12550:
12514:
12487:
12460:
12433:
12406:
12379:
12155:
12092:
12030:
11994:
11964:
11923:
11891:
11842:
11815:
11776:
11749:
11676:
11602:
11573:
11506:
11468:
11436:
11409:
11366:
11339:
11279:
11247:
11220:
11194:
11167:
11129:
11076:
11049:
11028:
10975:
10948:
10897:
10867:
10840:
10806:
10756:
10729:
10702:
10641:
10640:. Vol. 2 of Tunguso Sibirica. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 144.
10614:
10551:
10524:
10490:
10480:
10455:
10445:
10418:
10387:
10318:
10291:
10264:
10234:
10207:
10178:
10151:
10096:
10086:
10059:
10032:
9974:
9906:
9868:
9843:
9697:
9645:
9614:
9580:
9553:
9515:
9471:
9414:
9387:
9327:
9201:
7762:
7700:
7317:
7237:
6337:
6317:
6297:
6277:
6257:
5677:
5657:
5377:
3414:
3051:
2627:
2355:
1862:
1613:
1539:
1428:
1112:
1041:
1000:
928:
889:
667:
627:
450:
15549:
Remote Homeland, Recovered Borderland: Manchus, Manchoukuo, and Manchuria, 1907–1985
14209:
Dusenbury, Mary M.; Bier, Carol (2004). Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of Art (ed.).
11156:
10610:
A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century
1745:
715:
An extensive etymological study from 2022 lends additional support to the view that
18350:
18233:
18156:
18096:
17902:
17623:
17484:
17430:
17273:
17238:
17142:
17067:
17035:
16792:
16666:
16643:
16596:
16513:
16424:
16191:
16181:
16125:
16114:
15787:
15763:
15671:
15516:
15418:
14706:[Guo Degang Deyun Society has something to say 2011.12.04]. 4 December 2011
14637:
14242:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 214.
13776:
13101:
12929:
12660:
12603:
11956:
11952:
11541:
11272:"2 Rival Empires on the Hunt for Sable and People in Seventeenth-Century Manchuria"
11109:
11072:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, Part 2; Parts 1368–1644
11008:
10055:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
9938:
9829:
9790:
8905:
8782:
8752:
8702:
8698:
8684:
8620:
8299:
8003:
7995:
7954:
7888:
7873:
7853:
7477:
7424:
7217:
5497:
5477:
3897:
3857:
3245:
3181:
2889:
2855:
2823:
2759:
1575:
1314:
1071:
650:
635:
493:
447:
417:
334:
302:
286:
15441:
From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-century China
14309:
12247:
10942:
10444:. Vol. 10 of Aetas Manjurica. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 34, 35, 36.
10411:
Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995). Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H. (eds.).
8680:
8160:
7460:"Banjin Inenggi" and Manchu linguistic activity by the government and students in
1673:
646:
18365:
18311:
18161:
18146:
17970:
17425:
17388:
17338:
17298:
17248:
17193:
17062:
16703:
16677:
16638:
16553:
16520:
16507:
16258:
16176:
15817:
15768:
15666:
15467:
15439:
15389:
15368:
15347:
15326:
15305:
15294:
15276:"Manchuria from the Fall of the Yuan to the rise of the Manchu State (1368–1636)"
15201:
15056:
14909:"National Qing History Compilatory Committee: Sunu Research (simplified Chinese)"
14882:
14855:
14828:
14801:
14734:[ Manchu traditional art of speaking - "Uleben" research]. Archived from
14508:[Manchu Archery in Heritage Day]. Manchus.cn. 3 June 2012. Archived from
14237:
14210:
14172:
14145:
14118:
14088:
Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 4: East Asia
14086:
14069:
14043:
14016:
13997:
13971:
13944:
13907:
13850:
12958:
12890:
12862:
12845:
12815:
12771:
12735:
12710:. Studies on Ethnic Groups in China. University of Washington Press. p. 38.
12705:
12678:
12373:
12175:
12149:
12115:
11915:
11885:
11836:
11809:
11770:
11743:
11726:
11670:
11653:
11462:
11430:
11360:
11333:
11241:
11214:
11188:
11070:
11043:
10969:
10918:
10891:
10861:
10750:
10723:
10696:
10635:
10608:
10545:
10474:
10439:
10412:
10381:
10339:
10312:
10285:
10258:
10228:
10172:
10145:
10080:
10053:
10026:
9968:
9574:
9547:
9465:
9408:
9321:
9153:
9028:
8863:
8859:
8806:
8786:
8390:
8348:
8309:
8267:
8223:
8169:
7962:
7717:
7541:
7531:
7489:
7469:
7451:
6217:
6197:
6177:
5757:
5737:
5357:
4797:
4177:
4157:
3309:
3149:
3017:
2953:
2324:
2293:
2169:
1877:
1869:
1848:
1835:
1797:
1765:
1677:
1666:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1542:
noted: "Garrisons are the places of stationed works, Beijing is their homeland."
1515:
1488:
1452:
1401:
1358:
1326:
1284:
1254:
1222:
1207:
1012:
1004:
817:
595:
397:
384:
370:
318:
290:
11338:. Vol. 4 of Göttinger asiatische Forschungen. O. Harrassowitz. p. 22.
10666:"Traditional East Asian Structure from the Perspective of Sino-Korean Relations"
9231:
1353:) to the Manchu. A year later, Hong Taiji proclaimed himself the emperor of the
944:
422:
18228:
18101:
17867:
17830:
17278:
17268:
17208:
16914:
16901:
16725:
16708:
16534:
16479:
16338:
16333:
16276:
16216:
16161:
15979:
15973:
15963:
15874:
15853:
15702:
15697:
14996:
14960:
14827:
Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A (2004).
14735:
14509:
13491:
11534:
Journal of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities (Social Science Edition)
9189:
8920:
8850:
7949:
7907:, the surcoat gained popularity among commoners. The modern Chinese suits, the
7904:
7827:
7706:
7395:
7307:
7287:
7267:
7252:
7247:
6377:
6357:
6237:
6077:
6057:
5317:
5297:
5057:
5037:
5017:
4917:
4317:
4297:
4277:
4257:
4237:
4217:
4197:
4137:
4117:
3877:
3661:
3213:
3115:
2985:
2921:
2593:
2491:
2423:
2389:
2046:
2018:
1989:
1968:
1963:. In modern China, Manchu culture and language preservation is promoted by the
1908:
1739:
1567:
1523:
1124:
1083:
1075:
1049:
992:
967:
936:
893:
779:
763:
737:
619:
513:
485:
461:
437:
16492:
16373:
14942:
14764:
14701:
14212:
Flowers, Dragons & Pine Trees: Asian Textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art
12934:
12917:
12664:
12607:
12225:
10997:"Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty"
10571:
https://www.academia.edu/7542628/The_Semu_ren_in_the_Yuan_Empire_who_were_they
9834:
9818:"The Etymology of "Manchu": A Critical Evaluation of the Riverside Hypothesis"
916:
799:
on the steppes. Most Jurchens raised pigs and stock animals and were farmers.
653:
also supported the point of view and even wrote several poems on the subject.
18380:
18306:
18271:
17887:
17877:
17693:
17084:
16918:
16873:
16818:
16461:
16413:
16385:
16367:
16321:
16315:
16253:
16241:
16131:
15904:
15897:
15891:
15868:
15732:
15721:
14377:
14048:. Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 41, 46.
12378:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press. p. 66.
12293:
11943:
Shuo Wang (Fall 2004). "The Selection of Women for the Qing Imperial Harem".
11599:
Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China
10494:
10459:
10100:
8896:
8576:
8493:
7407:
7297:
5132:
5112:
5077:
3777:
3757:
3717:
3611:
1945:
1920:
1658:
1508:
1203:
1162:
987:
920:
843:
723:
and can be reconstructed to Proto-Tungusic *mamgo 'lower Amur, large river'.
705:
12640:
The Changing Chinese: The Conflict of Oriental and Western Cultures in China
12573:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
12546:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
12510:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
12483:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
12456:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
12429:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
12402:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
12198:
9323:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
8312:, it was reduced to 500 soldiers and transferred to the Jing Jie Battalion (
1495:
18360:
18057:
17999:
17688:
17670:
17526:
16996:
16934:
16887:
16840:
16835:
16813:
16682:
16658:
16622:
16601:
16527:
16497:
16487:
16454:
16439:
16379:
16353:
16268:
16089:
16054:
16042:
15942:
15918:
15911:
15862:
15842:
15828:
15812:
14830:
New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde
14346:]. 满族的这些事儿丛书. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House. pp. 106–107.
14174:
Silken threads: a history of embroidery in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam
12847:
Social Organization of the Manchus: A study of the Manchu Clan Organization
12623:
The Changing Chinese: The Conflict of Oriental and Western Culture in China
11310:
10968:
Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tyron, Darrell T., eds. (1996).
9191:
9006:
8993:
Fengcheng and Beizhen are cities but treated as Manchu autonomous counties.
8887:
8836:
8766:
8676:
8672:
8201:
7861:
7672:
7537:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5067:
5047:
5027:
5007:
4987:
4967:
4947:
4937:
4927:
4907:
4887:
4867:
4847:
4827:
4807:
4787:
4777:
4767:
4757:
4747:
4737:
4727:
4717:
4707:
4697:
4687:
4667:
4647:
4627:
4607:
4587:
4567:
4547:
4527:
4507:
4487:
4467:
2006:
1941:
1937:
1925:
1844:
1825:
1617:
1597:
1440:
1424:
1354:
1195:
1170:
1008:
959:
955:
924:
912:
885:
847:
808:
803:
783:
505:
477:
453:
343:
15241:
15216:
15176:
15151:
15126:
15098:
15073:
15021:
14671:
14473:
14337:
14239:
A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990
13930:
The Qing Dynasty General Chronicle, Clan Lue, Manchu Eight Banners Surname
13877:
13819:
13798:
13638:"iFeng: Jin Biao's 10-Year Dream of Manchu Language (traditional Chinese)"
13386:
13356:
13213:
13182:
13151:
13059:
13024:
12054:
12020:
11984:
11700:
11563:
11532:[An Exploration into the Etymology and Meaning of Daqing Guohao].
11496:
11399:
10830:
10796:
10514:
10414:
China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History
10386:. Vol. 1 of Brill's Korean Studies Library. Brill. pp. 220–221.
10147:
The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan, Volume 1
10058:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 217.
10031:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 416.
9896:
9858:
9687:
9635:
9604:
9505:
9377:
7647:
1843:
by government officials or other outsiders. On the other hand, in warlord
18296:
18017:
17738:
17733:
16944:
16939:
16929:
16881:
16468:
16407:
16395:
16390:
16360:
16231:
16096:
16048:
15968:
15958:
15953:
15835:
15774:
15757:
15745:
15738:
15727:
15677:
15590:
15122:
12533:
YZMaZPZZ (Yongzheng chao Manwen zhupi zouzhe) 1 22 1, Sumurji, YZ7.R7.24.
12355:"Zhao Quan Adds a Salary: Losing Banner Status in Qing Dynasty Guangzhou"
11626:
11467:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 33.
10479:. Vol. 10 of Aetas Manjurica. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 31.
8915:
8868:
8740:
8522:
8386:
8326:
7919:
7869:
7832:
7721:
7659:
7632:, Abkai: Mukvn) which literally means "branch name"; the second, "Hala" (
5137:
5117:
3441:
2200:
1960:
1933:
1929:
1885:
1731:
1546:
1045:
1037:
771:
756:
520:
have over 100,000 Manchu residents. About half of the population live in
347:
339:
330:
13244:"Eras Journal – Tighe, J: Review of "The Manchus", Pamela Kyle Crossley"
12943:
10127:
10115:
10052:
Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; Fairbank, John King, eds. (1994).
1562:
falsely claimed to be related to the Jurchen Manchu Tunggiya 佟佳 clan of
835:
sent a message to Korea via Tsushima offering help to Korea against the
17964:
17808:
17758:
17728:
17571:
16670:
16401:
16346:
16327:
16282:
16201:
16186:
16103:
16069:
16062:
15986:
15691:
15660:
15530:
15430:
14884:
Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China
14580:"Xinhua: How Did Chinese Emperors Award Athletes? (simplified Chinese)"
14074:. Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. 1970. p. 174.
13886:]. Liaohai Publishing House. pp. 31, 100, 115, 167, 181, 280.
13817:
13113:
11916:"Qing Imperial Women: Empresses, Concubines, and Aisin Gioro Daughters"
11464:
Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World
11121:
11097:
11020:
10996:
10573:
p 4 The Semu ren 色目人 in the Yuan Empire – who were they? Stephen G. Haw
9950:
9802:
9778:
8816:
8690:
8582:
8420:
There is also literature written in Chinese by Manchu writers, such as
8206:
7990:
7912:
7857:
7785:
7434:
5637:
5617:
5597:
5272:
5252:
5232:
5212:
5192:
4897:
4892:
4877:
4872:
2231:
1904:
1900:
1444:
1420:
1322:
915:, led Mongol troops against the Jurchens, who were finally defeated by
851:
615:
351:
16965:
12263:
11042:
Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K., eds. (1988).
9973:. Vol. Seven Manchu Grammar. Brill Academic Pub. pp. 13–14.
1060:
492:(1115–1234) in northern China. Manchus form the largest branch of the
484:
were established and ruled by the Manchus, who are descended from the
17753:
17743:
16893:
15993:
15793:
15781:
12312:[The origin of the family name "Yan"]. Sina. 16 December 2009
11597:. In Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Siu, Helen F.; Sutton, Donald S. (eds.).
11045:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
9503:
8882:
8877:
8639:
8631:
8330:
8219:
7908:
7742:
7628:
A Manchu family name usually has two portions: the first is "Mukūn" (
7461:
7197:
7177:
7157:
7137:
7117:
7097:
7077:
7057:
7037:
7017:
6997:
6977:
6957:
6937:
6917:
6897:
6877:
6857:
6837:
6817:
3277:
1873:
1703:
1645:
1436:
1317:
and launched his attack on the Ming dynasty and moved the capital to
859:
701:
528:. There are a number of Manchu autonomous counties in China, such as
469:
457:
268:
15521:
15504:
15422:
13105:
12339:
12151:
A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
11435:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 99–100.
11216:
Transactions, American Philosophical Society (vol. 36, Part 1, 1946)
11113:
11012:
10245:
9942:
9794:
9644:]. 辽宁民族古籍历史类. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House. p. 2.
7753:
7655:
18238:
17983:
17930:
17872:
17748:
17723:
16823:
16761:
16196:
16136:
16109:
9929:
Huang, Pei (June 1990). "New Light on The Origins of The Manchus".
9002:
8757:
8736:
8660:
7848:
7844:
7804:
7688:
7485:
7227:
7207:
7187:
7167:
7147:
7127:
7107:
7087:
7067:
7047:
7027:
7007:
6987:
6967:
6947:
6927:
6907:
6887:
6867:
6847:
6827:
6807:
6797:
6787:
6777:
6767:
6757:
6747:
6737:
6727:
6717:
6707:
6697:
6687:
6677:
6667:
6657:
6647:
6637:
6627:
6617:
6607:
6597:
6587:
6577:
6567:
6557:
6547:
6537:
6527:
6507:
6487:
6467:
6447:
6427:
6407:
6387:
6367:
6347:
6327:
6307:
6287:
6267:
6247:
6227:
6212:
6207:
6192:
6187:
6172:
6167:
6147:
6127:
6107:
6087:
6067:
6047:
6027:
6007:
5987:
5967:
5947:
5927:
5907:
5887:
5867:
5847:
5827:
5807:
5787:
5767:
5747:
5727:
5707:
5687:
5667:
5647:
5627:
5607:
5587:
5577:
5567:
5557:
5547:
5537:
5527:
5517:
5507:
5487:
5467:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5372:
5367:
5352:
5337:
4457:
4437:
4417:
4397:
4377:
4357:
4337:
4097:
4077:
4057:
4037:
4017:
3997:
3977:
3957:
3937:
3917:
3892:
3832:
3812:
3792:
3589:
3572:
3555:
3538:
3521:
3504:
2791:
2693:
2042:
2001:
1993:
1699:
1689:
was assassinated by a Manchu. Thousands of Manchus fled south from
1559:
1527:
1522:
and settled there. A few of them were sent to other places such as
1435:
when the city fell. When Li Zicheng moved against the Ming general
1079:
1064:
963:
825:
807:
down. Traumatic memories of the Jurchen raids on Japan in the 1019
565:
541:
521:
497:
306:
15505:"Manzhou Yuanliu Kao and the Formalization of the Manchu Heritage"
12895:. Vol. 82 of Sinica Leidensia (illustrated ed.). Brill.
9135:
e.g. Ying Batu, Ying Bayan, the sons of a famous Manchu director,
7681:) clan claimed that a Han Chinese founded their clan. The Tohoro (
748:
18223:
16829:
16546:
16248:
16236:
16226:
16206:
16166:
16156:
16151:
16146:
12375:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
11672:
The Manchu era (1644–1912): arts of China's last imperial dynasty
11158:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
11048:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 266.
10728:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 1066.
10206:. Sook Pyo Lee, Suzanne Lee. Homa & Sekey Books. p. 75.
9136:
8796:
8726:
8706:
8518:
7651:
7327:
7312:
7292:
7272:
7232:
7212:
7192:
7172:
7152:
7132:
7112:
7092:
7072:
7052:
7032:
7012:
6992:
6972:
6952:
6932:
6912:
6892:
6872:
6852:
6832:
6812:
6792:
6772:
6752:
6732:
6712:
6692:
6672:
6652:
6632:
6612:
6592:
6572:
6552:
6532:
6512:
6492:
6472:
6452:
6432:
6412:
6392:
6372:
6352:
6332:
6312:
6292:
6272:
6252:
6232:
6157:
6137:
6117:
6112:
6097:
6092:
6072:
6052:
6032:
6012:
5992:
5972:
5952:
5932:
5912:
5892:
5872:
5852:
5832:
5812:
5792:
5332:
5312:
5292:
5177:
5172:
5157:
5152:
4852:
4832:
4812:
4452:
4432:
4412:
4392:
4372:
4352:
4332:
4312:
4292:
4272:
4252:
4232:
4212:
4192:
4172:
4152:
4132:
4112:
4092:
4072:
4052:
4032:
4012:
3992:
3972:
3952:
3932:
3912:
3872:
3852:
3767:
3747:
3727:
3707:
3697:
3689:
3679:
3671:
3560:
3492:
3475:
3458:
3083:
2725:
2559:
2525:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2010:
1913:
1793:
1519:
1448:
1432:
1412:
1191:
1184:
1149:
996:
923:'s daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo was married to Mongol leader
904:
842:
Following the fall of Balhae, the Jurchens became vassals of the
796:
792:
719:
is cognate with words referring to the lower Amur river in other
577:
517:
314:
15346:
Hammond, Kenneth James; Stapleton, Kristin Eileen, eds. (2008).
14803:
The Cambridge History of China: Pt. 1; The Ch'ing Empire to 1800
10550:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94.
8735:). Uttering his name was taboo. In addition, Manchus worshipped
16849:
16808:
16540:
16433:
16211:
16171:
16141:
16119:
16024:
15751:
14400:"Xinhua: Small Fergetun with A High Price (simplified Chinese)"
14084:
10204:
The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism
9103:
8984:), a reference to the ornamentation on traditional Manchu hats.
8975:
8910:
8809:
wraps with rice, scrambled eggs, beef or pork. Banjin Inenggi (
8668:
8664:
7898:
Han Chinese general Zhang Zhiyuan wearing Qing military outfit.
7894:
7783:
Manchu women wore their hair in a distinctive hairstyle called
7741:
The Jurchens and their Manchu descendants originally practiced
7399:
5712:
5692:
5672:
5652:
5632:
5612:
5592:
5572:
5552:
5532:
5512:
5492:
5472:
5072:
5052:
5032:
5012:
4992:
4972:
4952:
4792:
4772:
4752:
4732:
4712:
4692:
4672:
4652:
4632:
4612:
4592:
4572:
4552:
4532:
4512:
4492:
4472:
3837:
3817:
3797:
3543:
3526:
3509:
2034:
1852:
1650:
1555:
1511:
1487:
groups. Also to promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree from the
1404:
to hide their former subservient relationship to the Ming. The
1396:
1321:
after his conquest of Liaodong. In 1635, his son and successor
1318:
1221:
In 1603, Nurhaci gained recognition as the Sure Kundulen Khan (
1120:
1031:
1016:
971:
908:
855:
832:
787:
533:
427:
253:
27:
12683:(illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 91.
10698:
Ming China, 1368–1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
9905:]. 满族(清代)历史文化研究文库. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House.
8525:, it still contains many themes from Chinese stories, such as
1439:, the latter made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the
673:
Another scholar, Chang Shan, thinks Manju is a compound word.
17947:
17506:
16857:
16803:
16560:
16288:
16263:
16221:
15948:
15822:
15292:
10311:
Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1988). Embree, Ainslie Thomas (ed.).
8761:
8499:
7865:
6152:
6132:
5772:
5752:
5732:
5347:
5327:
5307:
5287:
5267:
5247:
5227:
5207:
5187:
5167:
5147:
5127:
5107:
4932:
4912:
4447:
4427:
4407:
4387:
4367:
4347:
4327:
4307:
4287:
4267:
4247:
4227:
4207:
4187:
4167:
4147:
4127:
4107:
4087:
4067:
4047:
4027:
4007:
3987:
3967:
3947:
3927:
3907:
3887:
3867:
3847:
3827:
3807:
3787:
3772:
3752:
3732:
3712:
3656:
3651:
3606:
3594:
3577:
3487:
3470:
3453:
3436:
2038:
2014:
1997:
1761:
1690:
1622:
1563:
1531:
1313:, 後金). Nurhaci then renounced the Ming overlordship with the
525:
509:
501:
481:
238:
13160:]. 国家清史编纂委员会·研究丛刊. Renmin Publishing House. p. 46.
11884:
Watson, Rubie Sharon; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, eds. (1991).
11745:
The Northern Region of Korea: History, Identity, and Culture
10839:]. 歷代史料筆記叢刊·清代史料筆記. Zhonghua Book Company. p. 152.
7636:), represents the name of a person's clan. According to the
1086:
were "semi-agricultural, the Jianzhou Jurchens and Maolian (
962:
in 1368. In 1387, Ming forces defeated the Mongol commander
614:) was adopted as the official name of the people by Emperor
144:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
18117:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
17606:
15469:
Tsʻao Yin and the Kʻang-hsi Emperor: Bondservant and Master
14826:
13191:]. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House. p. 121.
13068:]. 我的前半生. Qunzhong Publishing House. pp. 223–224.
13055:
1881:
1492:
these policies allowing intermarriage were done away with.
896:
came into use in the 1120s. It was mainly derived from the
824:
as a threat to Japan. The Japanese mistakenly thought that
13415:"Ta Kung Pao: Manchu Language and Reviving Manchu Culture"
12361:. Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies, Harvard University.
11841:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 146.
11335:
Sino-Jürčed relations during the Yung-Lo period, 1403–1424
10917:
Buckley Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Anne (1 January 2013).
10595:
Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws
10226:
9549:
the Cambridge History of China, the Ch'ing dynasty to 1800
8638:
and influenced them tremendously over thousands of years.
8318:) originally, literally meaning "chosen agile battalion".
8164:
Manchu wrestlers competed in front of the Qianlong Emperor
7617:
the cover of the Eight Manchu Banners' Surname-Clans' Book
1140:
Sino-Jürčed relations during the Yung-Lo period, 1403–1424
13313:
Fertility, Family Planning and Population Policy in China
13139:. Lexington and Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 39–59.
12061:
Comprehensive History of the Eight Banners, First Edition
12029:]. Heilongjiang Korean Nationality Publishing House.
11991:
The Manchus of Manchurian Frontier Region in Qing Dynasty
9572:
15444:(illustrated, revised ed.). Yale University Press.
14256:
14045:
Two Rulers in One Reign: Dorgon and Shun-chih, 1644–1660
13309:"Chapter 4: The impact of family structure on fertility"
12892:
The Politics of Language in Chinese Education: 1895–1919
11362:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
10256:
9739:[Many Kinds of Conjecture of the Name "Manju"].
9720:[The Research of Ethnic Name "Manju"'s Origin].
9190:
National Census Bureau of Chinese State Council (2012).
1190:
A century after the chaos started in the Jurchen lands,
1023:
under the Yongle Emperor, with Ming forces erecting the
14779:
13769:
Journal of Liaodong University (Social Science Edition)
12680:
Sold People: Traffickers and Family Life in North China
12110:
12108:
11278:. Contemporary Chinese Studies. UBC Press. p. 68.
10150:(reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 134.
10116:"The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors"
10051:
9779:"The Manchus and Their Language (Presidential Address)"
1880:
which was nominally ruled by the deposed Last Emperor,
1653:
dresses in modern reformed uniform of late Qing dynasty
15438:
Spence, Jonathan D.; Wills, John E. Jr., eds. (1979).
14857:
Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West
14680:] (in Chinese). Yingyu Cultural Publishing House.
14177:(illustrated ed.). Harry N. Abrams. p. 148.
13158:
Eight Banner and Qing Dynasty's Political Paper Drafts
11920:
Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History
11069:
Twitchett, Denis C.; Mote, Frederick W., eds. (1998).
10837:
Miscellaneous Discussions Whilst Listening to the Rain
10177:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 102, 101, 100.
8659:
Jurchens, the predecessors of the Manchus adopted the
7675:
may have been an example of this. The Manchu Cuigiya (
7418:
15304:
Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2010). Kagan, Kimberly (ed.).
14204:
14202:
14200:
14198:
14196:
14194:
12658:
http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol38/34/
12601:
http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol38/34/
11655:
Early Manchu Recruitment of Chinese Scholar-officials
11041:
10916:
9384:
Zheng Tianting's Lecture Note of Yuan Dynasty History
7813:
Han and Manchu clothing coexisted during Qing dynasty
1895:
In 1952, after the failure of both Manchukuo and the
1447:, they moved the capital of their new Qing Empire to
982:. Their elites served in the Korean royal bodyguard.
26:"Man people" redirects here. Not to be confused with
14806:. Cambridge University Press. 1978. pp. 64–65.
13746:. Beijing Evening News. 3 March 2013. Archived from
13700:. Beijing Evening News. 3 March 2012. Archived from
12918:"Interethnic Marriage in Northeast China, 1866–1913"
12105:
11219:. American Philosophical Society. 1949. p. 10.
10967:
10920:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
9463:
8826:
7883:
has six long pao robes that belonged to Han Chinese
1003:, defected from paying tribute to Korea, becoming a
18122:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
15082:]. 中国社会科学院民俗学研究书系. China Social Sciences Pres.
14669:
14041:
13942:
13744:"1980s Generation's Rescue Plan of Manchu Language"
13137:
Ethnic China: Identity, Assimilation and Resistance
10198:Kang, Chae-ŏn; Kang, Jae-eun; Lee, Suzanne (2006).
10174:
Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War and Peace, 500–1300
10028:
The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1
9514:]. 中国少数民族简史丛书(修订本). National Publishing House.
9439:
The State Council of the People's Republic of China
8262:
The performance of Manchu palace skaters on holiday
7922:
culture of "Starting to wear hats at 20-year-old" (
1669:, were Han were allowed to re-enter inner Beijing.
14191:
13828:]. Zhonghua Book Company. pp. 1196–1197.
13818:Dahai; First Historical Archives of China (1990).
13466:[Ten Years of Gold Label "Manchu Dream"].
13350:
13348:
13346:
13344:
13342:
13340:
13338:
13336:
13334:
13332:
12916:Chen, Bijia; Campbell, Cameron; Dong, Hao (2018).
12084:
12019:Liu, Jingxian; Zhao, Aping; Zhao, Jinchun (1997).
11978:
11976:
11974:
11155:
8789:. Some are of Manchu origin. Food Exhaustion Day (
1876:, a puppet state in Manchuria, was created by the
15210:]. History Department of Liaoning University.
14670:Dekdengge; Zhang, Huake; Guang, Dingyuan (2007).
14665:
14663:
14661:
14659:
14657:
14655:
14410:
11789:
11572:]. 大学历史丛书. Fujian People's Publishing House.
11456:
11454:
11452:
11276:Empire and Environment in the Making of Manchuria
11193:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 215.
10805:]. Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House.
10725:Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644, Volume 2
10637:A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present
10000:Pandora Web Space (Western Washington University)
1019:. The Jurchens became part of the Ming dynasty's
911:to the Jurchens, rose in Mongolia. Their leader,
630:, although the etymology is not well understood.
18378:
15345:
14112:
14110:
14108:
14014:
13969:
12915:
12839:
12837:
12599:Vol. 38, Article 34, pp. 929–966. 9 March 2018
12143:
12141:
12139:
12137:
12135:
12133:
11772:The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture
10994:
10417:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 27.
9762:[Textual Research of the Name "Manju"].
8819:changed the ethnic name from Jurchen to Manchu.
7398:. There are approximately 12,000 Manchus now in
1855:, a member of the Qing dynasty's imperial clan.
15185:]. Heilongjiang People's Publishing House.
15135:]. 歷代史料筆記叢刊·清代史料筆記. Zhonghua Book Company.
14120:The Board of Rites and the Making of Qing China
13329:
13315:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 64.
13087:
13085:
12809:
12807:
12805:
12803:
12014:
12012:
12010:
11971:
11834:
11808:Naquin, Susan; Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1987).
11494:
10885:
10883:
10694:
9541:
9539:
9537:
9535:
9533:
9531:
7638:Book of the Eight Manchu Banners' Surname-Clans
5444:Liangguantun Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township
1672:Many Manchu Bannermen in Beijing supported the
1443:to the Manchu army. After the Manchus defeated
93:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
17522:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
15030:]. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House.
14761:"The Relation of Manchu Emperors and Buddhism"
14652:
14482:]. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House.
13949:. University of Washington Press. p. 55.
12956:
12950:
12801:
12799:
12797:
12795:
12793:
12791:
12789:
12787:
12785:
12783:
12765:
12763:
12761:
12759:
12757:
11993:]. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House.
11748:. University of Washington Press. p. 19.
11675:. Art Gallery of Greater Victoria. p. 5.
11658:. University of Wisconsin–Madison. p. 10.
11601:. University of California Press. p. 38.
11449:
11365:(reprint ed.). Harvard University Press.
11246:(reprint ed.). Basic Books. p. 422.
10936:
10934:
10932:
10930:
10508:
10506:
10504:
9504:Writing Group of Manchu Brief History (2009).
9499:
9497:
9495:
9493:
9491:
9489:
9487:
9315:
9313:
9311:
9309:
4824:Youyi Daur, Kirgiz and Manchu Ethnic Township
4424:Nanwushijia Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township
1325:changed the name of the Jurchen ethnic group (
1202:and established a military system called the "
876:united the Jurchen tribes and established the
862:, who called upon them during the wars of the
155:to make improvements to the overall structure.
17942:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
17913:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
16981:
16777:
15606:
14796:
14794:
14298:]. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House.
14208:
14105:
14091:. University of Chicago Press. p. 1703.
14078:
13963:
13936:
13792:
13790:
13760:
13409:
13407:
12884:
12882:
12834:
12656:Vol. 38, Article 34, pp. 929–966, 9 Mar 2018
12130:
12048:
12046:
11149:
11147:
11145:
11143:
11141:
11139:
11068:
10659:
10657:
10078:
9867:]. National Publishing House. p. 2.
9822:International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics
9566:
9307:
9305:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9295:
9293:
9291:
9289:
8790:
8730:
8465:
8446:
8427:
8380:
8313:
8303:
7923:
7790:
7682:
7676:
7663:
7641:
7597:
7522:protecting the national cultural traditions.
6244:Babaotun Manchu, Xibe and Korean Ethnic Town
5304:Daquanyuan Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township
1133:
1105:
1087:
1054:
888:, and captured most of northern China in the
661:
19:"Manchu" redirects here. For other uses, see
18402:Ethnic groups officially recognized by China
15028:A Comprehensive Dictionary of Manchu-Chinese
14820:
14755:
14753:
14467:
14465:
14463:
14461:
14459:
14457:
14455:
14453:
14451:
14449:
14447:
14445:
14285:
14283:
14281:
14279:
14277:
14275:
14273:
14271:
14008:
13134:
13082:
13018:
13016:
13014:
13012:
13010:
13008:
13006:
13004:
13002:
13000:
12998:
12996:
12994:
12992:
12990:
12843:
12189:
12187:
12180:(reprint ed.). 經文書局. 1943. p. 780.
12007:
11909:
11907:
11835:Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (2006).
11807:
10923:(3 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 271.
10880:
10373:
10263:. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 376.
9924:
9922:
9681:
9528:
9032:
8394:
8352:
8271:
8227:
8173:
7966:
7826:textiles and the Manchus had to obtain Ming
7545:
7493:
6144:West Liujiazi Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Town
6124:East Liujiazi Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Town
5424:Dongsheng Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township
5404:Shajintai Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township
5384:Liushutun Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township
5264:Tuchengzi Manchu and Korean Ethnic Township
4884:Chengdong Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township
4384:Maolangou Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township
4204:Miaozigou Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township
3704:Huangni Yi, Miao and Manchu Ethnic Township
3466:Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County
3404:
1801:
1769:
1724:Manchus were portrayed as outside colonizers
1685:resisting the invasion. The German Minister
1625:addiction. In 1860, in the aftermath of the
1456:
1362:
1330:
1288:
1258:
1226:
731:
599:
401:
15437:
15225:]. 点校本二十四史·清史稿. Zhonghua Book Compary.
15160:]. 点校本二十四史·清史稿. Zhonghua Book Company.
15121:
15107:]. Xinjiang People's Publishing House.
14860:. University of Chicago Press. p. 20.
14626:
14624:
14443:
14441:
14439:
14437:
14435:
14433:
14431:
14429:
14427:
14425:
14143:
13354:
13236:
12988:
12986:
12984:
12982:
12980:
12978:
12976:
12974:
12972:
12970:
12780:
12754:
12740:. China Connections: Springer. p. 83.
12236:(9). Johns Hopkins University Press: 21–46.
12078:
12076:
12074:
12072:
12070:
12018:
11883:
11075:. Cambridge University Press. p. 258.
10927:
10790:
10788:
10786:
10784:
10782:
10780:
10778:
10776:
10774:
10772:
10688:
10543:
10523:]. 点校本二十四史·清史稿. Zhonghua Book Company.
10512:
10501:
10197:
9962:
9960:
9890:
9888:
9886:
9884:
9679:
9677:
9675:
9673:
9671:
9669:
9667:
9665:
9663:
9661:
9484:
9371:
9369:
5664:Songsantaizi Korean and Manchu Ethnic Town
5324:Xiaoyang Manchu and Korean Ethnic Township
4864:Jiangnan Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township
4364:Pingfang Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township
4304:Baihugou Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township
4284:Xi'achao Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township
3764:Xinhua Miao, Yi and Manchu Ethnic Township
1722:As the end of the Qing dynasty approached,
1283:, "bright khan") of the Later Jin dynasty (
1107:建州毛憐則渤海大氏遺孽,樂住種,善緝紡,飲食服用,皆如華人,自長白山迤南,可拊而治也。
67:Learn how and when to remove these messages
16988:
16974:
16784:
16770:
15620:
15613:
15599:
15367:Hauer, Erich (2007). Corff, Oliver (ed.).
15273:
14887:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 35.
14791:
14727:
14599:
14597:
14595:
14593:
14296:Manchu Traditional Clothes of Qing Dynasty
14085:Donald F. Lach; Edwin J. Van Kley (1998).
13787:
13404:
12879:
12844:Shirokogorov, Sergeĭ Mikhaĭlovich (1924).
12576:. Stanford University Press. p. 177.
12549:. Stanford University Press. p. 224.
12513:. Stanford University Press. p. 289.
12459:. Stanford University Press. p. 281.
12432:. Stanford University Press. p. 280.
12405:. Stanford University Press. p. 282.
12126:(1–2). Society for Qing Studies: 71. 1989.
12043:
12027:General Theory of Manchu Language Research
11982:
11887:Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society
11490:
11488:
11486:
11484:
11393:
11391:
11352:
11136:
10654:
9598:
9596:
9286:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9179:
9177:
9175:
9173:
7394:Manchu people can be found living outside
5084:Chengfu Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township
3744:Anluo Miao, Yi and Manchu Ethnic Township
3724:Jinpo Miao, Yi and Manchu Ethnic Township
1400:subservient to the Ming dynasty, from the
1040:attacked the Ming Empire and captured the
17602:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
15520:
15105:A Comprehensive Manchu-Chinese Dictionary
15044:
14750:
14268:
14150:. Stanford University Press. p. 25.
13884:Eight Manchu Banners' Surname-Clans' Book
12933:
12676:
12184:
12087:The Manchurian Frontier in Chʼing History
12063:]. Northeast Normal University Press.
11942:
11904:
11811:Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century
11775:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 216.
11651:
11557:
11555:
11265:
11263:
10547:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
10364:
10140:
10113:
10107:
9919:
9833:
9579:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 728.
9386:]. 郑天挺历史讲义系列. Zhonghua Book Compary.
9257:(in Simplified Chinese) (1–12): 21. 1997.
7939:
5804:Longwangmiao Manchu and Xibe Ethnic Town
5284:Jindou Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township
4924:Yanjiang Daur and Manchu Ethnic Township
3844:Lingyunce Manchu and Hui Ethnic Township
1156:
189:Learn how and when to remove this message
171:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Ethnic group native to northeastern China
17451:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
15502:
15411:Journal of the American Oriental Society
15391:Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900
15303:
14678:Full Edition of Tale of the Nisan Shaman
14621:
14422:
14035:
13976:. Leuven University Press. p. 339.
13277:
12967:
12223:
12211:United States Government Printing Office
12147:
12067:
11713:United States Government Printing Office
11639:United States Government Printing Office
11525:
11460:
10995:Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000).
10889:
10863:Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents
10794:
10769:
10748:
10701:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 18.
10337:
10287:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 2
10283:
10230:The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2
10002:. Professor Edward Vajda. Archived from
9966:
9957:
9903:Research of Manchu Language and Archives
9881:
9783:Journal of the American Oriental Society
9694:the Lecture Note of Early Manchu History
9685:
9658:
9545:
9366:
9214:
9198:The Data of 2010 China Population Census
8716:
8498:
8482:
8257:
8159:
7948:
7893:
7816:
7808:
7757:Image of a man with the queue hairstyle.
7752:
7748:
7646:), there are 1,114 Manchu family names.
7612:
7585:
7455:
7440:
7402:. Most of them moved to Taiwan with the
5344:Sanhe Manchu and Korean Ethnic Township
1857:
1830:
1744:
1644:
1494:
1178:
1115:and Mao-lin are the descendants of the
782:first appeared in documents of the late
747:
18058:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
16995:
15575:Manchu Association of Republic of China
15296:The Journal of Asian Studies, Volume 46
15250:]. 现代史学家文丛. Zhonghua Book Compary.
14785:
14723:
14721:
14590:
14344:The Research of Manchu Clothing Culture
14235:
14116:
13875:
13283:
13091:
12569:
12542:
12506:
12479:
12452:
12425:
12398:
11481:
11388:
11331:
10940:
10893:The Manchus (The People of Asia Series)
10824:
10822:
10410:
10379:
9593:
9467:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
9406:
9319:
9170:
8776:
7798:
5764:Huolianzhai Hui and Manchu Ethnic Town
3884:Daweihe Hui and Manchu Ethnic Township
3648:Paifang Hui and Manchu Ethnic Township
966:'s resisting forces who settled in the
442:
381:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
18379:
15465:
15408:
15387:
15324:
15293:Association for Asian Studies (1987).
14880:
14331:
14329:
14215:(illustrated ed.). Hudson Hills.
13826:Old Manchu Archive, Translated Version
13717:别让满语文成天书 满语文抢救需靠大众力量[组图]_辽宁_文化
13211:
13031:Jin Qicong Talks About Beijing Manchus
12864:A Regional handbook on Northeast China
12813:
12769:
12729:
12727:
12703:
12371:
12352:
12193:
11814:. Yale University Press. p. 141.
11695:
11621:
11592:
11552:
11428:
11358:
11260:
11186:
11153:
11095:
10663:
10354:
10310:
10170:
9856:
9776:
1507:, almost all the Manchus followed the
1048:. Some Jurchen guards in Jianzhou and
995:of the Ming dynasty. Soon after that,
18356:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
17597:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
16969:
16765:
15594:
15366:
15239:
15214:
14853:
14170:
14004:. Society for Qing Studies: 71. 1989.
13914:. Society for Qing Studies: 70. 1989.
13848:
13796:
12888:
12733:
12052:
11768:
11731:. Augustan Society. 1975. p. 34.
11595:"Ethnicity in the Qing Eight Banners"
11503:Veritable Records of the Qing dynasty
11269:
10024:
9928:
9815:
9696:]. 孟森著作集. Zhonghua Book Company.
9375:
8552:Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio
8423:The Tale of Heroic Sons and Daughters
7944:
7691:'s clan) claimed Han Chinese origin.
7264:Guanjiayingzi Manchu Ethnic Township
6864:Dongxinzhuang Manchu Ethnic Township
4844:Taha Manchu and Daur Ethnic Township
4644:Nongfeng Manchu and Xibe Ethnic Town
4244:Taipingzhuang Manchu Ethnic Township
3686:Changshaoying Manchu Ethnic Township
999:, chieftain of the Odoli clan of the
618:in 1635, replacing the earlier name "
17577:Ministry of Posts and Communications
16791:
15545:
15174:
15149:
14995:(in Chinese (China)). Archived from
14977:(in Chinese (China)). Archived from
14959:(in Chinese (China)). Archived from
14941:(in Chinese (China)). Archived from
14718:
14582:. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from
14402:. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from
14335:
14289:
14262:
13781:10.14168/j.issn.1672-8572.2016.01.13
13363:Divers Knowledges of Manchu language
13306:
13054:
12636:
12619:
12332:"Recent thoughts on the Hanjun flag"
12206:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
11913:
11708:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
11668:
11634:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
11546:10.3969/j.issn.1671-0215.2005.02.005
11239:
10828:
10819:
10633:
10606:
10585:by Rhoads Murphey, Kristin Stapleton
10260:Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries
9894:
9758:Teng, Shaojian (滕绍箴) (April 1996).
9757:
9633:
6744:Xiaozhuangzi Manchu Ethnic Township
5924:Shaohuyingzi Manchu Ethnic Township
4764:Shuangqiaozi Manchu Ethnic Township
2005:ethnic minority in Liaoning, Hebei,
1175:Ethnic identity in the Eight Banners
1127:are apt to be soothed and governed."
892:. During the Jin dynasty, the first
700:There are other hypotheses, such as
464:. They are an officially recognized
231:Regions with significant populations
128:
73:
32:
18325:History of Qing (People's Republic)
16741:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
15349:The Human Tradition in Modern China
15071:
14471:
14326:
13066:First Half of My Life, Full Edition
13022:
12734:Fu, Chonglan; Cao, Wenming (2019).
12724:
12082:
11741:
11397:
11298:
11096:Rawski, Evelyn S. (November 1996).
10896:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 3.
10472:
10437:
9602:
8636:long history in Manchu civilization
8614:
8487:Octagonal drum performance on stage
8155:
7419:Influence on other Tungusic peoples
7354:Manchu autonomous area in Liaoning.
7324:Sungezhuang Manchu Ethnic Township
7164:Yaowangmiao Manchu Ethnic Township
6364:Hengdaohezi Manchu Ethnic Township
6264:Huangqizhai Manchu Ethnic Township
5884:Hongqiangzi Manchu Ethnic Township
4804:Shuishiying Manchu Ethnic Township
4744:Yingchengzi Manchu Ethnic Township
4004:Fujiadianzi Manchu Ethnic Township
3944:Wudaoyingzi Manchu Ethnic Township
1021:Nurgan Regional Military Commission
762:The Manchus are descended from the
13:
18042:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
17411:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
17404:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
17284:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
17108:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
15583:Shenyang Manchu Federation (SYMZF)
15495:
15394:. University of California Press.
15370:Handwörterbuch der Mandschusprache
15199:
15096:
15019:
14416:
14021:. Simon and Schuster. p. 83.
13459:
13268:
13180:
13149:
12820:. University of Washington Press.
12154:. University of California Press.
11983:Zhang, Jie; Zhang, Danhui (2005).
11922:. University of California Press.
11795:
11561:
11190:The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History
10947:. University of California Press.
10859:
9931:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
9573:Endymion Porter Wilkinson (2000).
8557:the sigh of old imperial bodyguard
7821:Han Chinese clothing in early Qing
7662:are considered as "famous clans" (
7204:Erdaowanzi Manchu Ethnic Township
6884:Gaojialing Manchu Ethnic Township
6544:Dawangmiao Manchu Ethnic Township
6284:Shangfeidi Manchu Ethnic Township
5904:Liulonggou Manchu Ethnic Township
5844:Jiudaoling Manchu Ethnic Township
5824:Juliangtun Manchu Ethnic Township
5724:Sishanling Manchu Ethnic Township
5564:Sanjiashan Manchu Ethnic Township
5484:Qidingshan Manchu Ethnic Township
5224:Liangjiazi Manchu Ethnic Township
4444:Guozhangzi Manchu Ethnic Township
4184:Yinjiaying Manchu Ethnic Township
4164:Nantianmen Manchu Ethnic Township
3964:Zhengchang Manchu Ethnic Township
3668:Labagoumen Manchu Ethnic Township
3483:Kuancheng Manchu Autonomous County
1536:border conflicts with the Russians
1078:agriculture in the areas north of
933:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
14:
18413:
18331:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
18172:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
18047:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
17199:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
15568:
13365:]. Wenyuan Publishing House.
13286:"China's State of Warring Styles"
12776:. University of Washington Press.
12353:Porter, David (31 October 2016).
11408:]. Beijing Publishing House.
10079:de Rachewiltz, Igor, ed. (1993).
9993:
9967:Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002).
8746:
8513:, Manchu singer and ulabun artist
8478:
8298:) is another Manchu pastime. The
7736:
7727:
7406:in 1949. One notable example was
7224:Xintaimen Manchu Ethnic Township
7184:Yuantaizi Manchu Ethnic Township
7064:Shahousuo Manchu Ethnic Township
7044:Nandashan Manchu Ethnic Township
6984:Jianchang Manchu Ethnic Township
6584:Gaodianzi Manchu Ethnic Township
6504:Yingcheng Manchu Ethnic Township
6384:Chengping Manchu Ethnic Township
6344:Baiqizhai Manchu Ethnic Township
5544:Guiyunhua Manchu Ethnic Township
4564:Gongzheng Manchu Ethnic Township
4404:Xuzhangzi Manchu Ethnic Township
4144:Bagualing Manchu Ethnic Township
3924:Anchungou Manchu Ethnic Township
3804:Xixiaying Manchu Ethnic Township
3551:Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County
3517:Qingyuan Manchu Autonomous County
3449:Fengning Manchu Autonomous County
3432:Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County
1983:
919:in 1234. The Jurchen Jin emperor
778:In the 10th century AD, the term
697:actually means "intrepid arrow".
48:This article has multiple issues.
18142:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
17458:Articles of Favourable Treatment
17214:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
16746:Immigrant ethnic groups in China
15274:Aisin Gioro, Ulhicun; Jin, Shi.
15183:The Research of Manchu Tradition
14985:
14975:"The Day of Running Out of Food"
14967:
14949:
14931:
14901:
14874:
14847:
14694:
14572:
14544:
14516:
14496:
14392:
14360:
14302:
14229:
14171:Chung, Young Yang Chung (2005).
14164:
14137:
14062:
13990:
13918:
13900:
13869:
13842:
13811:
13754:
13736:
13708:
13690:
13660:
13630:
13602:
13578:
13554:
13534:
13506:
13478:
13453:
13425:
13379:
13300:
13284:Carrico, Kevin (24 March 2017).
13262:
13205:
13174:
13143:
13128:
13047:
12909:
12854:
12697:
12670:
12647:
12630:
12613:
12590:
12563:
12536:
12527:
12500:
12473:
12446:
12419:
12392:
12365:
12346:
12324:
12300:
12280:
12256:
12240:
12217:
12168:
11936:
9857:Li, Yanguang; Guan, Jie (2009).
9734:
9470:. Merriam-Webster. p. 754.
9441:. 26 August 2014. Archived from
9142:
9129:
9126:, a famous Chinese calligrapher.
9109:
9096:
9087:
9078:
9069:
8843:
8829:
8143:
8131:
8119:
8107:
8095:
8083:
8071:
8059:
8047:
8035:
8023:
8011:
7378:Manchu autonomous area in Hebei.
7371:
7366:Manchu autonomous area in Jilin.
7359:
7347:
7244:Manzutun Manchu Ethnic Township
7024:Liutaizi Manchu Ethnic Township
6944:Hongyazi Manchu Ethnic Township
6684:Mingshui Manchu Ethnic Township
6664:Kuanbang Manchu Ethnic Township
6644:Huangjia Manchu Ethnic Township
6524:Xipingpo Manchu Ethnic Township
6304:Xiafeidi Manchu Ethnic Township
6204:Tianshui Manchu Ethnic Township
6184:Shuiquan Manchu Ethnic Township
6164:Jidongyu Manchu Ethnic Township
6084:Wendilou Manchu Ethnic Township
5984:Toudaohe Manchu Ethnic Township
5944:Dadingpu Manchu Ethnic Township
5864:Dizangsi Manchu Ethnic Township
5624:Laohutun Manchu Ethnic Township
5144:Sanjiazi Manchu Ethnic Township
5104:Longshan Manchu Ethnic Township
5044:Lingshan Manchu Ethnic Township
5024:Xiangbai Manchu Ethnic Township
4784:Liaodian Manchu Ethnic Township
4624:Qingling Manchu Ethnic Township
4584:Lianxing Manchu Ethnic Township
4344:Qijiadai Manchu Ethnic Township
4224:Badaying Manchu Ethnic Township
4124:Liangjia Manchu Ethnic Township
4044:Xiaoying Manchu Ethnic Township
3984:Mayingzi Manchu Ethnic Township
3904:Pingfang Manchu Ethnic Township
3824:Dongling Manchu Ethnic Township
3784:Tangquan Manchu Ethnic Township
3585:Huanren Manchu Autonomous County
1665:", during the reign of emperor
822:the unification of Manchu tribes
361:
267:
252:
237:
133:
78:
37:
17189:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
17075:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
13417:. 26 April 2015. Archived from
13355:Aisin Gioro, Yingsheng (2004).
11877:
11855:
11828:
11801:
11762:
11735:
11719:
11689:
11662:
11645:
11615:
11586:
11519:
11422:
11379:
11325:
11292:
11233:
11207:
11180:
11089:
11062:
11035:
10988:
10961:
10941:Wakeman, Frederick Jr. (1986).
10910:
10853:
10742:
10715:
10627:
10600:
10588:
10576:
10564:
10537:
10466:
10431:
10404:
10348:
10331:
10304:
10277:
10250:
10220:
10191:
10164:
10134:
10072:
10045:
10018:
9987:
9850:
9809:
9770:
9751:
9728:
9710:
9627:
9457:
9427:
9413:. Ten Speed Press. p. 76.
9200:]. China Statistics Press.
9060:
9021:
9012:
8996:
8987:
7602:
7304:Caonian Manchu Ethnic Township
7144:Yang'an Manchu Ethnic Township
7104:Weiping Manchu Ethnic Township
7084:Wanghai Manchu Ethnic Township
6964:Jianjin Manchu Ethnic Township
6484:Songshu Manchu Ethnic Township
6444:Jinxing Manchu Ethnic Township
6324:Linfeng Manchu Ethnic Township
6064:Zhen'an Manchu Ethnic Township
6024:Wuliangdian Manchu Ethnic Town
6004:Chefang Manchu Ethnic Township
5584:Yangjia Manchu Ethnic Township
5524:Gaoling Manchu Ethnic Township
5364:Mantang Manchu Ethnic Township
5164:Yangpao Manchu Ethnic Township
4904:Sijiazi Manchu Ethnic Township
4604:Xinxing Manchu Ethnic Township
4524:Tongxin Manchu Ethnic Township
3602:Yitong Manchu Autonomous County
3534:Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County
3500:Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County
2140:(in all 31 provincial regions)
2052:
1988:Most Manchu people now live in
1640:
500:has the largest population and
56:or discuss these issues on the
17843:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
17133:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
15552:. University of Hawaii Press.
15503:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1987).
14993:"the Origin of Banjin Inenggi"
14731:[富育光]满族传统说部艺术——“乌勒本”研考
14144:Schlesinger, Jonathan (2017).
13698:"The Worry of Manchu Language"
13271:The Population of Modern China
13033:]. Zhonghua Book Company.
12677:Ransmeier, Johanna S. (2017).
12637:Ross, Edward Alsworth (1911).
12620:Ross, Edward Alsworth (1911).
12338:. 8 March 2019. Archived from
12224:Crossley, Pamela (June 1983).
12148:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2000).
11957:10.1080/1547402X.2004.11827204
11505:]. Zhonghua Book Compary.
11461:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1991).
11164:University of California Press
10890:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002).
10866:. University of Hawaii Press.
10803:the Wrestling History of China
9613:]. Zhonghua Book Compary.
9552:. Cambridge University Press.
9400:
9340:
9261:
9246:
9156:and Manchu linguistic studies.
8980:
8971:
8944:
8791:
8731:
8540:Romance of the Western Chamber
8466:
8447:
8428:
8381:
8333:are the pre-eminent examples.
8314:
8304:
8253:
7791:
7771:
7694:
7642:
7579:
7575:
7383:
7284:Shijia Manchu Ethnic Township
7124:Wenjia Manchu Ethnic Township
7004:Jiumen Manchu Ethnic Township
6924:Haibin Manchu Ethnic Township
6844:Dazhai Manchu Ethnic Township
6784:Gaotai Manchu Ethnic Township
6724:Wanghu Manchu Ethnic Township
6564:Fanjia Manchu Ethnic Township
6464:Mingde Manchu Ethnic Township
6424:Helong Manchu Ethnic Township
6404:Dexing Manchu Ethnic Township
6044:Baichanmen Manchu Ethnic Town
5964:Toutai Manchu Ethnic Township
5784:Helong Manchu Ethnic Township
5704:Tangtu Manchu Ethnic Township
5604:Santai Manchu Ethnic Township
5504:Taling Manchu Ethnic Township
5244:Jinjia Manchu Ethnic Township
5124:Ershijiazi Manchu Ethnic Town
5064:Fuxing Manchu Ethnic Township
4984:Hongqi Manchu Ethnic Township
4704:Hongqi Manchu Ethnic Township
4664:Yuejin Manchu Ethnic Township
4484:Xingfu Manchu Ethnic Township
4464:Hongqi Manchu Ethnic Township
4264:Jiutun Manchu Ethnic Township
4104:Gangzi Manchu Ethnic Township
3864:Loucun Manchu Ethnic Township
3568:Benxi Manchu Autonomous County
1212:traditional Mongolian alphabet
1134:
1106:
1055:
939:is of paternal Mongol origin.
927:in exchange for relieving the
662:
432:
1:
18277:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
18052:Islam during the Qing dynasty
17908:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
17592:Provincial military commander
17582:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
17567:Imperial Household Department
17394:Preparative Constitutionalism
17098:Sino-Russian border conflicts
15299:. Cambridge University Press.
15266:
15080:The Research of Manchu Ulabun
15053:Zhu Shu Ji Nian, 1879 Edition
15012:
14881:Berger, Patricia Ann (2003).
14480:the Bannermen in Qing Dynasty
13807:]. Zhonghua Book Compary.
12960:Manchuria, Cradle of Conflict
12814:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
12770:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2011).
12704:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2017).
12486:. Stanford University Press.
11945:The Chinese Historical Review
11570:Brief History of Qing Dynasty
10544:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018).
10314:Encyclopedia of Asian History
9546:Peterson, Willard J. (2002).
9464:Merriam-Webster, Inc (2003).
9326:. Stanford University Press.
9163:
8627:Shamanism in the Qing dynasty
8528:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
8336:
6824:Caozhuang Manchu Ethnic Town
6804:Baita Manchu Ethnic Township
6704:Shahe Manchu Ethnic Township
6604:Gejia Manchu Ethnic Township
5744:Xiamatang Manchu Ethnic Town
4544:Xiqin Manchu Ethnic Township
4504:Lequn Manchu Ethnic Township
4324:Liuxi Manchu Ethnic Township
4084:Xigou Manchu Ethnic Township
4064:Datun Manchu Ethnic Township
1978:
1912:ancestry, such as the writer
880:. His brother and successor,
837:1627 Manchu invasion of Korea
786:in reference to the state of
18036:Researches on Manchu Origins
17441:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
17051:Transition from Ming to Qing
17041:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
15509:The Journal of Asian Studies
15466:Spence, Jonathan D. (1988).
15352:. Rowman & Littlefield.
15248:Collection of Minor Research
15203:《清初史料丛刊第八、九种:栅中日录校释、建州见闻录校释》
14728:Fu Yuguang (23 March 2009).
14123:. Univ of California Press.
14042:Adam Yuen-chung Lui (1989).
13943:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2011).
13273:. Plenum Press. p. 595.
13189:Research of Manchu Genealogy
13094:The Journal of Asian Studies
12091:. Harvard University Press.
11102:The Journal of Asian Studies
10120:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
9642:Researches on Manchu Origins
8962:. They are sometimes called
8931:Military of the Qing dynasty
7885:nobility of the Qing dynasty
5684:Lagu Manchu Ethnic Township
5644:Dagushan Manchu Ethnic Town
5204:Dakouqin Manchu Ethnic Town
4944:Suisheng Manchu Ethnic Town
4024:Xidi Manchu Ethnic Township
1167:Transition from Ming to Qing
1074:on farms. Manchus practiced
766:who earlier established the
704:'s "etymology of Jianzhou";
685:) which means "strong," and
645:, the ethnic name came from
642:Researches on Manchu Origins
488:who earlier established the
7:
17936:Changzhou School of Thought
17446:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
17421:Railway Protection Movement
17399:1909 Parliamentary election
17384:British expedition to Tibet
17294:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
17254:Self-Strengthening Movement
17229:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
13220:Ten Papers of Eight Banners
11918:. In Walthall, Anne (ed.).
11728:The Augustan, Volumes 17–20
11309:. p. 1. Archived from
10860:Li, Gertraude Roth (2018).
10795:Jin, Qicong; Kaihe (2006).
10664:Zhang, Feng (March 2008b).
9255:Ethnicity Research (《民族研究》)
9106:(badger) and Arsalan (lion)
8926:Sinicization of the Manchus
8822:
8654:
8605:
8473:
8454:The Collection of Tianyouge
8213:
7525:
7445:
6624:Huangdi Manchu Ethnic Town
6224:Quantou Manchu Ethnic Town
5184:Wulajie Manchu Ethnic Town
4964:Yong'an Manchu Ethnic Town
1427:. The last Ming ruler, the
1411:In 1644, the Ming capital,
1389:Qing Taizu Wu Huangdi Shilu
854:region were tributaries of
660:might stem from Li Manzhu (
10:
18418:
18336:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
17224:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
17163:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
17153:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
17123:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
16885:(controversial, including
15007:
13764:满语满文在丹东地区的衰微及其对满族文化发掘保护的影响
12372:Rawski, Evelyn S. (2001).
12083:Lee, Robert H. G. (1970).
11863:"Summing up Naquin/Rawski"
11769:Smith, Richard J. (2015).
11652:Grossnick, Roy A. (1972).
11274:. In Smith, Norman (ed.).
11187:Allsen, Thomas T. (2011).
11154:Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998).
10380:Breuker, Remco E. (2010).
10025:Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990).
9865:General History of Manchus
9686:Meng (孟), Sen (森) (2006).
9034:
9033:
8810:
8771:Fu Jen Catholic University
8687:and had high attainments.
8624:
8618:
8595:
8396:
8395:
8354:
8353:
8273:
8272:
8229:
8228:
8175:
8174:
7968:
7967:
7933:
7802:
7698:
7633:
7629:
7606:
7598:Names and naming practices
7578:) or "old Manchu script" (
7547:
7546:
7529:
7495:
7494:
7449:
7422:
7413:
7387:
6904:Guojia Manchu Ethnic Town
6104:Youwei Manchu Ethnic Town
4724:Niujia Manchu Ethnic Town
1803:
1802:
1771:
1770:
1756:By the early years of the
1580:Qing lists of Manchu clans
1458:
1457:
1364:
1363:
1332:
1331:
1290:
1289:
1260:
1259:
1228:
1227:
1160:
741:
735:
726:
708:'s "etymology of Manshi";
690:
682:
601:
600:
403:
402:
213:
25:
18:
18346:Names of the Qing dynasty
18289:
18257:
18214:
18207:
18076:
17994:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
17921:
17853:
17774:
17679:
17475:
17366:
17324:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
17319:Gongche Shangshu movement
17264:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
17176:
17113:Chinese Rites controversy
17083:
17013:
17004:
16953:
16799:
16736:
16696:
16631:
16577:
16478:
16423:
16305:
16079:
16033:
16003:
15932:
15884:
15852:
15803:
15711:
15650:
15641:
15628:
14854:Lopez, Donald S. (1999).
14606:“冰嬉”被乾隆定为“国俗” 清军有八旗冰鞋营(5)
14015:Frederic Wakeman (1977).
13970:Patrick Taveirne (2004).
13487:全国现有满族人口1000多万 会说满语者已不足百人
13212:Zhang, Jiasheng (2008a).
12935:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.34
12889:Kaske, Elisabeth (2008).
12737:An Urban History of China
12665:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.34
12608:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.34
12570:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
12543:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
12507:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
12480:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
12453:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
12426:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
12399:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
10749:Di Cosmo, Nicola (2007).
10634:Seth, Michael J. (2010).
10607:Seth, Michael J. (2006).
10355:Mizuno, Norihito (2004).
10171:Batten, Bruce L. (2006).
10114:Schneider, Julia (2011).
9835:10.1163/25898833-00420028
9576:Chinese History: A Manual
9407:Vollmer, John E. (2002).
9320:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
8721:Manchus were affected by
8589:
8546:Legend of the White Snake
7924:
7903:Banners army. During the
7766:
7683:
7677:
7664:
7658:, Šumulu, Tatara, Gioro,
7258:Horqin Right Front Banner
6764:Yejia Manchu Ethnic Town
5464:Shihe Manchu Ethnic Town
5004:Huiqi Manchu Ethnic Town
4684:Lalin Manchu Ethnic Town
3405:Manchu autonomous regions
1616:. (For example, just the
1088:
929:Mongol siege upon Zhongdu
813:Mongol invasions of Japan
802:In 1019, Jurchen pirates
744:Manchuria under Ming rule
732:Origins and early history
480:(1636–1912) dynasties of
468:and the people from whom
421:
329:
324:
301:
296:
285:
280:
265:
250:
235:
230:
225:
220:
211:
18267:Great Qing Treasure Note
18087:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
17797:Administrative divisions
17614:Administrative divisions
17542:Flag of the Qing dynasty
16716:Local ethnic nationalism
15635:recognized ethnic groups
15242:
15240:Zheng, Tianting (2010).
15217:
15202:
15177:
15152:
15133:Xiaoting Various Records
15127:
15099:
15074:
15047:
15022:
15020:An, Shuangcheng (1993).
14957:"Manchu Duanwu Festival"
14939:"Manchu Spring Festival"
14730:
14703:郭德纲 德云社 有话好好说 2011.12.04
14702:
14632:
14605:
14552:
14524:
14504:
14474:
14368:
14338:
14310:
14291:
14117:Keliher, Macabe (2019).
13925:
13878:
13849:Bello, David A. (2016).
13820:
13799:
13763:
13716:
13610:
13586:
13562:
13542:
13514:
13486:
13462:
13433:
13357:
13214:
13183:
13152:
13060:
13025:
12963:. Macmillan. p. 47.
12308:
12288:
12264:
12248:
12055:
12021:
11985:
11593:Elliot, Mark C. (2006).
11564:
11528:
11497:
11495:Various authors (2008).
11406:the Biography of Nurhaci
11400:
11359:Perdue, Peter C (2009).
11301:
11270:Bello, David A. (2017).
10831:
10797:
10695:John W. Dardess (2012).
10597:, by Lynn A. Struve p 64
10515:
10473:Toh, Hoong Teik (2005).
10438:Toh, Hoong Teik (2005).
10340:
10290:. Kodansha. p. 79.
9897:
9859:
9759:
9736:
9717:
9688:
9636:
9605:
9512:Brief History of Manchus
9506:
9435:"Ethnic Groups in China"
9378:
9376:Zheng, Tianting (2009).
9222:
9192:
8937:
8600:Tale of the Nisan Shaman
8534:Dream of the Red Chamber
8344:Tale of the Nisan Shaman
3415:Manchu Autonomous County
1890:Second Sino-Japanese War
1499:The Qing Empire ca. 1820
1200:unify the Jurchen tribes
1183:An imperial portrait of
666:), the chieftain of the
626:was an old term for the
466:ethnic minority in China
246:10,410,585 (2010 census)
17863:Chengde Mountain Resort
17664:Three Eastern Provinces
17314:First Sino-Japanese War
17289:Northern Chinese Famine
17148:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
17046:Qing invasion of Joseon
15325:Dvořák, Rudolf (1895).
14311:中国奢侈品走出国门 旗袍唐装最受老外青睐(图)
14290:Wang, Yunying (1985).
14236:Forsyth, James (1994).
13797:Jiang, Liangqi (1980).
13515:满语"活化石"――"伊兰孛"--文化--人民网
13460:顾然 (12 December 2011).
12957:Owen Lattimore (1932).
11398:Yan, Chongnian (2006).
11332:Serruys, Henry (1955).
11299:萧国亮 (24 January 2007).
9895:Tong, Yonggong (2009).
9816:Hölzl, Andreas (2023).
9735:Feng, Jiasheng (冯家升).
9603:Yan, Chongnian (2008).
9273:Encyclopædia Britannica
8611:discouraged shamanism.
7390:Manchu people in Taiwan
1965:Chinese Communist Party
1682:First Sino-Japanese War
972:Joseon dynasty of Korea
951:queue order was given.
878:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
768:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
589:
21:Manchu (disambiguation)
18244:Great Qing Copper Coin
18132:Convention of Tientsin
18065:Annotated Bibliography
18013:Qing official headwear
17056:Battle of Shanhai Pass
16958:indicate extinct group
16751:Historic ethnic groups
15622:Ethnic groups in China
15388:Naquin, Susan (2000).
15215:Zhang, Tingyu (1974).
14472:Liu, Xiaomeng (2008).
14018:Fall of Imperial China
13761:Feng Yun-ying (2016).
13434:人民大学满语培训班重新开课 缺教室是最大难题
13307:Chen, Feinian (2005).
11865:. University of Oregon
11429:Sneath, David (2007).
9777:Norman, Jerry (2003).
9350:. ZDIC. Archived from
9152:, a famous scholar of
8723:Chinese folk religions
8514:
8488:
8435:Song of Drinking Water
8263:
8165:
7958:
7940:Traditional activities
7899:
7822:
7814:
7775:), which was known as
7758:
7618:
7572:tongki fuka akv hergen
7564:tongki fuka akū hergen
7465:
2089:Ethnic Minorities (%)
1897:Nationalist Government
1868:As a follow-up to the
1865:
1839:
1753:
1654:
1505:conquest of Ming China
1500:
1406:Ming Veritable Records
1187:
1157:Manchu rule over China
1130:
850:. The Jurchens in the
759:
472:derives its name. The
369:This article contains
261:12,000 (2004 estimate)
18318:Draft History of Qing
18177:Treaty of Shimonoseki
17958:performance criticism
17562:Imperial Commissioner
17552:Great Qing Legal Code
17351:Eight-Nation Alliance
17334:Third plague pandemic
17244:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
17168:White Lotus Rebellion
15328:Chinas religionen ...
15200:Yi, Min-hwan (1978).
15175:Yang, Xichun (1988).
15055:]. Archived from
14945:on 17 September 2017.
14505:文化遗产日——香山团城演武厅“访古·论箭”
13998:"Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi"
13908:"Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi"
12249:我姓阎,满族正黄旗,请问我的满姓可能是什么
12195:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
12116:"Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi"
11742:Kim, Sun Joo (2011).
11697:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
11623:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
11001:Environmental History
8717:Chinese folk religion
8502:
8486:
8261:
8163:
7952:
7897:
7881:Spencer Museum of Art
7837:Jin dynasty (266–420)
7820:
7812:
7756:
7749:Traditional hairstyle
7616:
7586:Traditional lifestyle
7459:
7441:Language and alphabet
7388:Further information:
1951:Since the 1980s, the
1861:
1838:soldiers in the 1920s
1834:
1748:
1648:
1503:As a result of their
1498:
1431:, died by suicide by
1182:
1161:Further information:
1103:
1025:Yongning Temple Stele
886:Northern Song dynasty
751:
742:Further information:
325:Related ethnic groups
311:Chinese folk religion
276:1,000 (1997 estimate)
18249:Great Qing Gold Coin
18182:Treaty of Tarbagatai
18127:Convention of Peking
18007:Pentaglot Dictionary
17989:Literary inquisition
17699:Ever Victorious Army
17532:Deliberative Council
17436:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
17389:1905 Batang uprising
17329:Hundred Days' Reform
17219:Small Swords Society
15072:Gao, Hehong (2011).
14999:on 26 February 2018.
14714:– via YouTube.
14071:Serie orientale Roma
13563:辽宁一高中开设满语课 满族文化传承引关注
13023:Jin, Qicong (2009).
12922:Demographic Research
12654:Demographic Research
12597:Demographic Research
12359:Fairbank Center Blog
11838:China: A New History
11669:Till, Barry (2004).
9193:《中国2010年人口普查资料(上中下)》
8964:red-tasseled Manchus
8777:Traditional holidays
8323:Empress Dowager Cixi
8150:Manchu Hunting party
8138:Manchu Hunting party
8126:Manchu Hunting party
8114:Manchu Hunting party
8102:Manchu Hunting party
8090:Manchu Hunting party
8078:Manchu Hunting party
8066:Manchu Hunting party
8054:Manchu Hunting party
8042:Manchu Hunting party
8030:Manchu Hunting party
8018:Manchu Hunting party
7961:Riding and archery (
7799:Traditional garments
1863:Manchukuo Naval flag
1728:Chinese nationalists
1687:Clemens von Ketteler
1479:) in the same year.
958:was replaced by the
864:Later Three Kingdoms
839:. Korea refused it.
693:) means "arrow." So
18302:Anti-Qing sentiment
18152:Treaty of the Bogue
18092:Treaty of Nerchinsk
18024:Complete Tang Poems
17704:Green Standard Army
17587:Provincial governor
17557:Imperial Clan Court
17537:Diplomatic missions
17512:Consultative Bureau
17259:Tongzhi Restoration
17138:Afaqi Khoja revolts
17118:Ten Great Campaigns
17026:Jurchen unification
15307:The Imperial Moment
15150:Song, Lian (1976).
15125:, Jooliyan (1980).
15097:Hu, Zengyi (1994).
14512:on 10 October 2012.
14265:, pp. 64, 183.
14002:Late Imperial China
13912:Late Imperial China
13724:on 28 December 2013
13421:on 8 November 2017.
12230:Ch'ing-shih Wen-t'i
12120:Late Imperial China
11914:Wang, Shuo (2008).
11240:Keay, John (2011).
10338:朝鮮学会; 朝鮮學會 (2006).
10142:Takekoshi, Yosaburō
9150:Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun
9117:Aisin Gioro Qixiang
9027:Aka. Manchu State (
8753:Jesuit missionaries
8377:nixan saman-i bithe
8369:nišan saman i bithe
7847:mountains south in
2092:Regional Percentage
2037:and 3rd largest in
1957:Cultural Revolution
1907:had criticized the
1792:) District and the
1749:First flag used by
1738:Manchus within its
1663:Hundred Days Reform
1148:the Jurchen leader
1135:魏焕《皇明九邊考》卷二《遼東鎮邊夷考》
1125:Ch'ang-pai mountain
858:since the reign of
770:in China. The name
755:, Emperor Taizu of
622:". It appears that
208:
153:editing the article
18187:Treaty of Tientsin
17898:Western Qing tombs
17893:Eastern Qing tombs
17719:Peking Field Force
17463:Manchu Restoration
17356:Declaration of war
17309:Jindandao incident
17128:Lhasa riot of 1750
15546:Shao, Dan (2011).
15059:on 21 January 2021
15045:Anonymous (1879).
14586:on 30 August 2012.
14406:on 9 October 2011.
14336:Zeng, Hui (2010).
13648:on 25 January 2013
13494:on 3 November 2007
13474:on 12 August 2017.
13150:Du, Jiaji (2008).
12309:"闫"姓一支的来历_闫嘉庆_新浪博客
11562:Du, Jiaji (1997).
9996:"Manchu (Jurchen)"
9445:on 23 October 2019
9009:emperors' ancestor
8751:Influenced by the
8644:A History of China
8515:
8489:
8264:
8168:Manchu wrestling (
8166:
7959:
7945:Riding and archery
7900:
7823:
7815:
7759:
7716:, which is also a
7619:
7609:Manchu family name
7466:
7429:Tungusic languages
3372:Active Servicemen
2103:Ethnic Population
1866:
1840:
1754:
1655:
1635:Chinese settlement
1501:
1415:, was sacked by a
1198:, made efforts to
1188:
1007:to China instead.
830:Tokugawa Shogunate
760:
721:Tungusic languages
677:was from the word
206:
97:You can assist by
18374:
18373:
18285:
18284:
18197:Treaty of Whampoa
18192:Treaty of Wanghia
18167:Treaty of Nanking
18137:Li–Lobanov Treaty
18112:Chefoo Convention
18107:Burlingame Treaty
17978:Kangxi Dictionary
17883:Old Summer Palace
17714:Firearm Battalion
17517:Cup of Solid Gold
17471:
17470:
17416:Manchurian plague
17379:Late Qing reforms
17370:(1901–1912)
17304:Sikkim expedition
17234:Panthay Rebellion
17204:Taiping Rebellion
17180:(1801–1900)
17158:Sino-Nepalese War
17103:Dzungar–Qing Wars
17089:(1683–1799)
17017:(1616–1683)
16963:
16962:
16911:Jianzhou Jurchens
16907:Five state tribes
16759:
16758:
15928:
15927:
15048:《竹书纪年(校正,光绪五年刻本)》
14963:on 29 March 2018.
14813:978-0-521-24334-6
14489:978-7-80722-563-8
14098:978-0-226-46769-6
14055:978-0-7315-0654-5
14028:978-0-02-933680-9
13983:978-90-5867-365-7
13956:978-0-295-80412-5
13587:满语课首次进入吉林一中学课堂(图)
13550:on 22 March 2012.
13372:978-7-80060-008-1
13056:Aisin Gioro, Puyi
12827:978-0-295-98040-9
12265:《满族姓氏寻根大全·满族老姓全录》
12200:"Tuan-fang"
12177:清代名人傳略: 1644–1912
12161:978-0-520-23424-6
12098:978-0-674-54775-9
11526:Bao Ming (2005).
11200:978-0-8122-3926-3
11173:978-0-520-92679-0
10903:978-0-631-23591-0
10846:978-7-101-01698-7
10708:978-1-4422-0490-4
10583:A History of Asia
10284:Kōdansha (1983).
9586:978-0-674-00249-4
9559:978-0-521-24334-6
9477:978-0-87779-807-1
9420:978-1-58008-307-2
9333:978-0-8047-4684-7
8769:, the founder of
8648:conquest of China
8572:Chinese monochord
8296:nisume efire efin
8288:nisume efire efin
7701:Manchu given name
7668:) among Manchus.
7474:Tungusic language
7341:
7340:
3617:
3616:
3400:
3399:
2085:in the Population
2013:; 2nd largest in
1758:Republic of China
1740:national identity
1540:Yongzheng Emperor
1429:Chongzhen Emperor
1251:sure kundulen han
1243:sure kundulen han
1138:Translation from
1111:"The (people of)
1042:Zhengtong Emperor
1001:Jianzhou Jurchens
931:(Beijing) in the
668:Jianzhou Jurchens
628:Jianzhou Jurchens
582:autonomous region
524:and one-fifth in
377:rendering support
357:
356:
319:Roman Catholicism
199:
198:
191:
181:
180:
173:
146:layout guidelines
127:
126:
119:
71:
18409:
18392:Tungusic peoples
18351:New Qing History
18234:Qianlong Tongbao
18212:
18211:
18157:Treaty of Canton
18097:Unequal treaties
17903:Fuling Mausoleum
17502:Advisory Council
17431:Wuchang Uprising
17371:
17274:Tianjin Massacre
17239:Second Opium War
17181:
17143:Sino-Burmese War
17090:
17068:Battle of Penghu
17036:Seven Grievances
17018:
17011:
17010:
16990:
16983:
16976:
16967:
16966:
16793:Tungusic peoples
16786:
16779:
16772:
16763:
16762:
16617:Tajiks (Pamiris)
15648:
15647:
15615:
15608:
15601:
15592:
15591:
15587:
15579:
15563:
15542:
15524:
15490:
15488:
15486:
15462:
15460:
15458:
15434:
15405:
15384:
15363:
15342:
15321:
15300:
15289:
15287:
15285:
15280:
15261:
15236:
15211:
15196:
15171:
15146:
15118:
15093:
15068:
15066:
15064:
15041:
15001:
15000:
14989:
14983:
14982:
14981:on 6 March 2016.
14971:
14965:
14964:
14953:
14947:
14946:
14935:
14929:
14928:
14926:
14924:
14915:. Archived from
14913:historychina.net
14905:
14899:
14898:
14878:
14872:
14871:
14851:
14845:
14844:
14824:
14818:
14817:
14798:
14789:
14783:
14777:
14776:
14774:
14772:
14763:. Archived from
14757:
14748:
14747:
14745:
14743:
14725:
14716:
14715:
14713:
14711:
14698:
14692:
14691:
14667:
14650:
14649:
14647:
14645:
14636:. Archived from
14628:
14619:
14618:
14616:
14614:
14601:
14588:
14587:
14576:
14570:
14569:
14567:
14565:
14556:. Archived from
14548:
14542:
14541:
14539:
14537:
14520:
14514:
14513:
14500:
14494:
14493:
14469:
14420:
14414:
14408:
14407:
14396:
14390:
14389:
14387:
14385:
14376:. Archived from
14364:
14358:
14357:
14333:
14324:
14323:
14321:
14319:
14306:
14300:
14299:
14287:
14266:
14260:
14254:
14253:
14233:
14227:
14226:
14206:
14189:
14188:
14168:
14162:
14161:
14141:
14135:
14134:
14114:
14103:
14102:
14082:
14076:
14075:
14066:
14060:
14059:
14039:
14033:
14032:
14012:
14006:
14005:
13994:
13988:
13987:
13967:
13961:
13960:
13940:
13934:
13933:
13922:
13916:
13915:
13904:
13898:
13897:
13876:Hungjeo (2002).
13873:
13867:
13866:
13846:
13840:
13839:
13815:
13809:
13808:
13794:
13785:
13784:
13758:
13752:
13751:
13740:
13734:
13733:
13731:
13729:
13720:. Archived from
13712:
13706:
13705:
13694:
13688:
13687:
13685:
13683:
13674:. Archived from
13664:
13658:
13657:
13655:
13653:
13644:. Archived from
13634:
13628:
13627:
13625:
13623:
13614:. Archived from
13606:
13600:
13599:
13597:
13595:
13582:
13576:
13575:
13573:
13571:
13558:
13552:
13551:
13538:
13532:
13531:
13529:
13527:
13518:. Archived from
13510:
13504:
13503:
13501:
13499:
13482:
13476:
13475:
13470:. Archived from
13457:
13451:
13450:
13448:
13446:
13429:
13423:
13422:
13411:
13402:
13401:
13399:
13397:
13383:
13377:
13376:
13352:
13327:
13326:
13304:
13298:
13297:
13295:
13293:
13288:. China Heritage
13281:
13275:
13274:
13269:Poston, Dudley.
13266:
13260:
13259:
13257:
13255:
13246:. Archived from
13240:
13234:
13233:
13209:
13203:
13202:
13181:Li, Lin (2006).
13178:
13172:
13171:
13147:
13141:
13140:
13132:
13126:
13125:
13089:
13080:
13079:
13051:
13045:
13044:
13020:
12965:
12964:
12954:
12948:
12947:
12937:
12913:
12907:
12906:
12886:
12877:
12876:
12874:
12872:
12858:
12852:
12851:
12841:
12832:
12831:
12811:
12778:
12777:
12767:
12752:
12751:
12731:
12722:
12721:
12701:
12695:
12694:
12674:
12668:
12651:
12645:
12644:
12634:
12628:
12627:
12617:
12611:
12594:
12588:
12587:
12567:
12561:
12560:
12540:
12534:
12531:
12525:
12524:
12504:
12498:
12497:
12477:
12471:
12470:
12450:
12444:
12443:
12423:
12417:
12416:
12396:
12390:
12389:
12369:
12363:
12362:
12350:
12344:
12343:
12328:
12322:
12321:
12319:
12317:
12304:
12298:
12297:
12296:on 4 April 2019.
12284:
12278:
12277:
12275:
12273:
12260:
12254:
12253:
12244:
12238:
12237:
12221:
12215:
12214:
12202:
12191:
12182:
12181:
12172:
12166:
12165:
12145:
12128:
12127:
12112:
12103:
12102:
12090:
12080:
12065:
12064:
12050:
12041:
12040:
12016:
12005:
12004:
11980:
11969:
11968:
11940:
11934:
11933:
11911:
11902:
11901:
11881:
11875:
11874:
11872:
11870:
11859:
11853:
11852:
11832:
11826:
11825:
11805:
11799:
11793:
11787:
11786:
11766:
11760:
11759:
11739:
11733:
11732:
11723:
11717:
11716:
11704:
11693:
11687:
11686:
11666:
11660:
11659:
11649:
11643:
11642:
11630:
11619:
11613:
11612:
11590:
11584:
11583:
11559:
11550:
11549:
11523:
11517:
11516:
11492:
11479:
11478:
11458:
11447:
11446:
11426:
11420:
11419:
11395:
11386:
11383:
11377:
11376:
11356:
11350:
11349:
11329:
11323:
11322:
11320:
11318:
11296:
11290:
11289:
11267:
11258:
11257:
11243:China: A History
11237:
11231:
11230:
11211:
11205:
11204:
11184:
11178:
11177:
11161:
11151:
11134:
11133:
11093:
11087:
11086:
11066:
11060:
11059:
11039:
11033:
11032:
10992:
10986:
10985:
10965:
10959:
10958:
10938:
10925:
10924:
10914:
10908:
10907:
10887:
10878:
10877:
10857:
10851:
10850:
10826:
10817:
10816:
10792:
10767:
10766:
10746:
10740:
10739:
10719:
10713:
10712:
10692:
10686:
10685:
10683:
10681:
10676:on 20 April 2014
10672:. Archived from
10661:
10652:
10651:
10631:
10625:
10624:
10604:
10598:
10592:
10586:
10580:
10574:
10568:
10562:
10561:
10541:
10535:
10534:
10513:Toqto'a (1975).
10510:
10499:
10498:
10470:
10464:
10463:
10435:
10429:
10428:
10408:
10402:
10401:
10377:
10371:
10370:
10368:
10352:
10346:
10345:
10335:
10329:
10328:
10308:
10302:
10301:
10281:
10275:
10274:
10254:
10248:
10244:
10224:
10218:
10217:
10195:
10189:
10188:
10168:
10162:
10161:
10138:
10132:
10131:
10111:
10105:
10104:
10076:
10070:
10069:
10049:
10043:
10042:
10022:
10016:
10015:
10013:
10011:
9991:
9985:
9984:
9964:
9955:
9954:
9926:
9917:
9916:
9892:
9879:
9878:
9854:
9848:
9847:
9837:
9813:
9807:
9806:
9774:
9768:
9767:
9755:
9749:
9748:
9732:
9726:
9725:
9714:
9708:
9707:
9683:
9656:
9655:
9631:
9625:
9624:
9606:《明亡清兴六十年(彩图珍藏版)》
9600:
9591:
9590:
9570:
9564:
9563:
9543:
9526:
9525:
9501:
9482:
9481:
9461:
9455:
9454:
9452:
9450:
9431:
9425:
9424:
9404:
9398:
9397:
9373:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9359:
9354:on 8 August 2010
9344:
9338:
9337:
9317:
9284:
9283:
9281:
9279:
9265:
9259:
9258:
9250:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9239:
9230:. Archived from
9218:
9212:
9211:
9187:
9157:
9146:
9140:
9133:
9127:
9125:
9113:
9107:
9100:
9094:
9091:
9085:
9082:
9076:
9073:
9067:
9064:
9058:
9040:
9039:
9038:
9025:
9019:
9016:
9010:
9000:
8994:
8991:
8985:
8982:
8973:
8948:
8906:Tungusic peoples
8853:
8848:
8847:
8846:
8839:
8834:
8833:
8832:
8814:
8794:
8793:
8734:
8733:
8703:Tibetan Buddhism
8699:Qianlong Emperor
8685:Tibetan Buddhism
8621:Manchu shamanism
8615:Manchu shamanism
8597:
8580:
8512:
8469:
8468:
8462:
8450:
8449:
8443:
8431:
8430:
8400:
8399:
8398:
8384:
8383:
8362:
8361:
8360:
8317:
8316:
8307:
8306:
8300:Qianlong Emperor
8281:
8280:
8279:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8179:
8178:
8177:
8156:Manchu wrestling
8147:
8135:
8123:
8111:
8099:
8087:
8075:
8063:
8051:
8039:
8027:
8015:
7972:
7971:
7970:
7955:Qianlong Emperor
7953:Painting of the
7935:
7927:
7926:
7889:Chinese nobility
7874:Chinese New Year
7794:
7793:
7773:
7768:
7686:
7685:
7680:
7679:
7667:
7666:
7645:
7644:
7635:
7631:
7581:
7577:
7557:
7556:
7555:
7501:
7500:
7499:
7478:Qianlong Emperor
7425:Tungusic peoples
7375:
7363:
7351:
3623:
3622:
3411:
3410:
3396:
3381:
3352:
3320:
3288:
3256:
3224:
3192:
3160:
3141:
3126:
3094:
3062:
3043:
3028:
2996:
2964:
2932:
2900:
2881:
2866:
2834:
2802:
2770:
2751:
2736:
2704:
2672:
2653:
2638:
2619:
2604:
2585:
2570:
2551:
2536:
2517:
2502:
2483:
2468:
2449:
2434:
2415:
2400:
2381:
2366:
2335:
2304:
2273:
2242:
2211:
2180:
2149:
2119:
2059:
2058:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1751:Republican China
1576:Qianlong emperor
1462:
1461:
1460:
1393:Manzhou Shilu Tu
1370:
1369:
1368:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1315:Seven Grievances
1296:
1295:
1294:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1214:as a reference.
1143:
1142:by Henry Serruys
1137:
1136:
1109:
1108:
1091:
1090:
1058:
1057:
710:Ichimura Sanjiro
692:
684:
665:
664:
651:Qianlong Emperor
636:Jiu Manzhou Dang
605:
604:
603:
494:Tungusic peoples
476:(1616–1636) and
444:
434:
425:
407:
406:
405:
383: instead of
365:
364:
335:Tungusic peoples
303:Manchu shamanism
287:Mandarin Chinese
272:
271:
257:
256:
242:
241:
221:Total population
215:
209:
205:
194:
187:
176:
169:
165:
162:
156:
137:
136:
129:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
82:
81:
74:
63:
41:
40:
33:
18417:
18416:
18412:
18411:
18410:
18408:
18407:
18406:
18377:
18376:
18375:
18370:
18366:Willow Palisade
18312:Chuang Guandong
18281:
18253:
18203:
18162:Treaty of Kulja
18147:Treaty of Aigun
18080:
18072:
17971:History of Ming
17923:
17917:
17855:
17849:
17775:Special regions
17770:
17709:Imperial Guards
17675:
17467:
17426:1911 Revolution
17372:
17369:
17362:
17339:Boxer Rebellion
17299:Sino-French War
17249:Amur Annexation
17194:First Opium War
17182:
17179:
17172:
17091:
17088:
17079:
17063:Great Clearance
17019:
17016:
17000:
16994:
16964:
16959:
16949:
16877:(controversial)
16869:(controversial)
16861:(controversial)
16853:(controversial)
16795:
16790:
16760:
16755:
16732:
16704:Han nationalism
16692:
16639:African Chinese
16627:
16573:
16474:
16419:
16301:
16259:Sichuan Mongols
16075:
16029:
15999:
15924:
15880:
15848:
15799:
15707:
15637:
15624:
15619:
15585:
15577:
15571:
15566:
15560:
15522:10.2307/2057101
15498:
15496:Further reading
15493:
15484:
15482:
15480:
15456:
15454:
15452:
15423:10.2307/3217747
15402:
15381:
15360:
15339:
15318:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15269:
15264:
15258:
15244:
15233:
15223:History of Ming
15219:
15204:
15193:
15179:
15168:
15158:History of Yuan
15154:
15143:
15129:
15115:
15101:
15090:
15076:
15062:
15060:
15049:
15038:
15024:
15015:
15010:
15005:
15004:
14991:
14990:
14986:
14973:
14972:
14968:
14955:
14954:
14950:
14937:
14936:
14932:
14922:
14920:
14919:on 23 June 2013
14907:
14906:
14902:
14895:
14879:
14875:
14868:
14852:
14848:
14841:
14825:
14821:
14814:
14800:
14799:
14792:
14784:
14780:
14770:
14768:
14767:on 21 June 2013
14759:
14758:
14751:
14741:
14739:
14732:
14726:
14719:
14709:
14707:
14704:
14700:
14699:
14695:
14688:
14668:
14653:
14643:
14641:
14640:on 2 April 2015
14634:
14630:
14629:
14622:
14612:
14610:
14607:
14603:
14602:
14591:
14578:
14577:
14573:
14563:
14561:
14560:on 4 March 2016
14554:
14550:
14549:
14545:
14535:
14533:
14532:on 9 March 2021
14526:
14522:
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13816:
13812:
13801:
13795:
13788:
13765:
13759:
13755:
13750:on 13 May 2013.
13742:
13741:
13737:
13727:
13725:
13718:
13714:
13713:
13709:
13704:on 13 May 2013.
13696:
13695:
13691:
13681:
13679:
13666:
13665:
13661:
13651:
13649:
13636:
13635:
13631:
13621:
13619:
13618:on 4 March 2016
13612:
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13591:
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13569:
13567:
13564:
13560:
13559:
13555:
13544:
13540:
13539:
13535:
13525:
13523:
13522:on 3 March 2016
13516:
13512:
13511:
13507:
13497:
13495:
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13464:
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13330:
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13301:
13291:
13289:
13282:
13278:
13267:
13263:
13253:
13251:
13250:on 3 March 2011
13242:
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13210:
13206:
13199:
13185:
13179:
13175:
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13106:10.2307/2658656
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11794:
11790:
11783:
11767:
11763:
11756:
11740:
11736:
11725:
11724:
11720:
11702:"Nurhaci"
11694:
11690:
11683:
11667:
11663:
11650:
11646:
11620:
11616:
11609:
11591:
11587:
11580:
11566:
11560:
11553:
11530:
11524:
11520:
11513:
11499:
11493:
11482:
11475:
11459:
11450:
11443:
11427:
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11416:
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11396:
11389:
11384:
11380:
11373:
11357:
11353:
11346:
11330:
11326:
11316:
11314:
11313:on 29 July 2014
11303:
11297:
11293:
11286:
11268:
11261:
11254:
11238:
11234:
11227:
11213:
11212:
11208:
11201:
11185:
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11174:
11152:
11137:
11114:10.2307/2646525
11094:
11090:
11083:
11067:
11063:
11056:
11040:
11036:
11013:10.2307/3985584
10993:
10989:
10982:
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10436:
10432:
10425:
10409:
10405:
10394:
10378:
10374:
10366:10.1.1.839.4807
10353:
10349:
10342:
10336:
10332:
10325:
10309:
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10298:
10282:
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10046:
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10023:
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10007:
9992:
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9965:
9958:
9943:10.2307/2719229
9927:
9920:
9913:
9899:
9893:
9882:
9875:
9861:
9855:
9851:
9814:
9810:
9795:10.2307/3217747
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9022:
9017:
9013:
9001:
8997:
8992:
8988:
8949:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8860:Manchu language
8849:
8844:
8842:
8835:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8812:
8787:Duanwu Festival
8783:Spring Festival
8779:
8749:
8719:
8657:
8629:
8623:
8617:
8608:
8592:
8574:
8506:
8481:
8476:
8456:
8437:
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8216:
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8112:
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8091:
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8079:
8076:
8067:
8064:
8055:
8052:
8043:
8040:
8031:
8028:
8019:
8016:
8004:Qianlong period
7947:
7942:
7807:
7801:
7751:
7739:
7730:
7720:exonym for the
7703:
7697:
7611:
7605:
7600:
7588:
7553:
7551:
7549:
7534:
7532:Manchu alphabet
7528:
7497:
7470:Manchu language
7454:
7452:Manchu language
7448:
7443:
7431:
7423:Main articles:
7421:
7416:
7392:
7386:
7379:
7376:
7367:
7364:
7355:
7352:
7343:
7342:
6218:Liaoyang County
6198:Liaoyang County
6178:Liaoyang County
5358:Dongfeng County
3639:
3634:
3633:Autonomous area
3632:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3379:
3350:
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3254:
3222:
3190:
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2500:
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2117:
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2100:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2055:
1986:
1981:
1878:Empire of Japan
1870:Mukden Incident
1849:Fengtian clique
1836:Fengtian Clique
1678:Boxer Rebellion
1643:
1631:Outer Manchuria
1516:Shunzhi Emperor
1489:Shunzhi Emperor
1433:hanging himself
1402:History of Ming
1366:
1292:
1262:
1232:
1230:
1177:
1159:
1145:
1132:
1072:raising animals
1013:Taejo of Joseon
1005:tributary state
954:The Mongol-led
818:Tokugawa Ieyasu
746:
740:
734:
729:
592:
390:
389:
388:
385:Manchu alphabet
375:Without proper
366:
362:
337:
289:
266:
251:
236:
216:
204:
195:
184:
183:
182:
177:
166:
160:
157:
151:Please help by
150:
138:
134:
123:
112:
106:
103:
96:
83:
79:
42:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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18263:
18261:
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18251:
18246:
18241:
18236:
18231:
18229:Kangxi Tongbao
18226:
18220:
18218:
18209:
18205:
18204:
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18154:
18149:
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18114:
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18102:Boxer Protocol
18094:
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18081:
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17868:Forbidden City
17865:
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17847:
17846:
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17831:General of Ili
17828:
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17817:
17816:
17814:List of ambans
17811:
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17800:
17799:
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17784:
17778:
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17291:
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17279:Margary Affair
17276:
17271:
17269:Mudan incident
17266:
17261:
17256:
17251:
17246:
17241:
17236:
17231:
17226:
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17216:
17211:
17209:Nian Rebellion
17206:
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16915:Haixi Jurchens
16898:
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16726:Zhonghua minzu
16718:
16713:
16712:
16711:
16700:
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16690:
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15569:External links
15567:
15565:
15564:
15559:978-0824834456
15558:
15543:
15515:(4): 761–790.
15499:
15497:
15494:
15492:
15491:
15479:978-0300042771
15478:
15463:
15451:978-0300026726
15450:
15435:
15417:(3): 483–491.
15406:
15401:978-0520923454
15400:
15385:
15380:978-3447055284
15379:
15364:
15359:978-0742554665
15358:
15343:
15338:978-0199792054
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15317:978-0674054097
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15257:978-7101069853
15256:
15237:
15232:978-7101003277
15231:
15212:
15197:
15192:978-7207005984
15191:
15172:
15167:978-7101003260
15166:
15147:
15142:978-7101017519
15141:
15119:
15114:978-7228024049
15113:
15094:
15089:978-7500497127
15088:
15069:
15042:
15037:978-7805273785
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15009:
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15002:
14984:
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14866:
14846:
14840:978-1134362226
14839:
14819:
14812:
14790:
14788:, p. 203.
14778:
14749:
14738:on 6 June 2013
14717:
14693:
14687:978-9868212428
14686:
14651:
14633:李敖记起的北京滑冰老人吴雅氏
14620:
14589:
14571:
14543:
14525:摔跤历史挺悠久不同流派有讲究
14515:
14495:
14488:
14421:
14409:
14391:
14380:on 15 May 2013
14374:zx.chnsway.com
14359:
14353:978-7807229711
14352:
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14267:
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14228:
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14190:
14184:978-0810943308
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14157:978-1503600683
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14130:978-0520300293
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14007:
13989:
13982:
13962:
13955:
13935:
13926:清朝通志·氏族略·满洲八旗姓
13917:
13899:
13893:978-7806691892
13892:
13868:
13862:978-1107068841
13861:
13841:
13835:978-7101005875
13834:
13810:
13805:Donghua Record
13786:
13753:
13735:
13707:
13689:
13678:on 13 May 2013
13659:
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13601:
13577:
13553:
13533:
13505:
13477:
13468:news.ifeng.com
13452:
13441:. 6 March 2012
13424:
13403:
13391:ethnologue.com
13378:
13371:
13328:
13321:
13299:
13276:
13261:
13235:
13229:978-7807226093
13228:
13204:
13198:978-7807221715
13197:
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13166:
13142:
13127:
13100:(2): 248–276.
13081:
13075:978-7501435579
13074:
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13040:978-7101068566
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12908:
12902:978-9004163676
12901:
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12826:
12779:
12753:
12747:978-9811382116
12746:
12723:
12717:978-0295997483
12716:
12696:
12690:978-0674971974
12689:
12669:
12646:
12643:. p. 275.
12629:
12626:. p. 280.
12612:
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12583:978-0804746847
12582:
12562:
12556:978-0804746847
12555:
12535:
12526:
12520:978-0804746847
12519:
12499:
12493:978-0804746847
12492:
12472:
12466:978-0804746847
12465:
12445:
12439:978-0804746847
12438:
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12412:978-0804746847
12411:
12391:
12384:
12364:
12345:
12342:on 3 May 2019.
12323:
12299:
12279:
12255:
12239:
12216:
12213:. p. 780.
12197:, ed. (1943).
12183:
12167:
12160:
12129:
12104:
12097:
12066:
12053:Ortai (1985).
12042:
12036:978-7538907650
12035:
12006:
12000:978-7806448656
11999:
11970:
11951:(2): 212–222.
11935:
11929:978-0520254442
11928:
11903:
11897:978-0520071247
11896:
11876:
11854:
11847:
11827:
11820:
11800:
11798:, p. 113.
11788:
11782:978-1442221949
11781:
11761:
11755:978-0295802176
11754:
11734:
11718:
11715:. p. 598.
11699:, ed. (1943).
11688:
11682:978-0888852168
11681:
11661:
11644:
11628:"Abahai"
11625:, ed. (1943).
11614:
11608:978-0520230156
11607:
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11551:
11518:
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11473:
11448:
11442:978-0231511674
11441:
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11415:978-7200016598
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11372:978-0674042025
11371:
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11345:978-0742540057
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11285:978-0774832922
11284:
11259:
11253:978-0465025183
11252:
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11226:978-1422377192
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11199:
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11135:
11088:
11082:978-0521243339
11081:
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11055:978-0521243322
11054:
11034:
10987:
10981:978-3110134179
10980:
10960:
10954:978-0520048041
10953:
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10909:
10902:
10879:
10873:978-0824822064
10872:
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10845:
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10812:978-7204088096
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10762:978-1135789558
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10735:978-0231038331
10734:
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10687:
10653:
10647:978-0742567177
10646:
10626:
10620:978-0742540057
10619:
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10563:
10557:978-1108636629
10556:
10536:
10529:
10521:History of Jin
10500:
10485:
10465:
10450:
10430:
10423:
10403:
10393:978-9004183254
10392:
10372:
10347:
10330:
10323:
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10296:
10276:
10270:978-0824830137
10269:
10249:
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10213:978-1931907309
10212:
10190:
10184:978-0824842925
10183:
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10092:978-3447033398
10091:
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10065:978-0521243315
10064:
10044:
10038:978-0521243049
10037:
10017:
10006:on 1 June 2010
9986:
9980:978-9004123076
9979:
9956:
9937:(1): 239–282.
9918:
9912:978-7805070438
9911:
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9874:978-7805271965
9873:
9849:
9828:(2): 160–208.
9808:
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9703:978-7101050301
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8981:Hóngyīng Mǎnzú
8950:Also known as
8942:
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8918:
8913:
8908:
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8901:their identity
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8851:History portal
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8310:Jiaqing period
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7803:Main article:
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6378:Tieling County
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3628:Town/Township
3621:
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2531:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2492:Inner Mongolia
2489:
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2484:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2455:
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2450:
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2260:
2256:
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2247:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2225:
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2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2144:
2143:1,332,810,869
2141:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2114:
2113:1,335,110,869
2111:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2019:Inner Mongolia
1990:Mainland China
1985:
1984:Mainland China
1982:
1980:
1977:
1969:Hanfu movement
1930:Sibe Bannermen
1909:Han chauvinism
1824:) District of
1709:Yinyun Chanwei
1642:
1639:
1614:Taiping rebels
1568:Kangxi emperor
1524:Inner Mongolia
1417:peasant revolt
1158:
1155:
1102:
1084:Haixi Jurchens
1076:slash-and-burn
993:Yongle Emperor
937:Yehe Nara clan
894:Jurchen script
882:Wanyan Wuqimai
764:Jurchen people
738:Jurchen people
736:Main article:
733:
730:
728:
725:
591:
588:
514:Inner Mongolia
486:Jurchen people
462:Northeast Asia
379:, you may see
367:
360:
359:
358:
355:
354:
327:
326:
322:
321:
299:
298:
294:
293:
283:
282:
278:
277:
274:
263:
262:
259:
248:
247:
244:
243:Mainland China
233:
232:
228:
227:
223:
222:
218:
217:
212:
202:
197:
196:
179:
178:
141:
139:
132:
125:
124:
86:
84:
77:
72:
46:
45:
43:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18414:
18403:
18400:
18398:
18395:
18393:
18390:
18388:
18387:Manchu people
18385:
18384:
18382:
18367:
18364:
18362:
18359:
18357:
18354:
18352:
18349:
18347:
18344:
18342:
18341:Manchu people
18339:
18337:
18334:
18332:
18329:
18327:
18326:
18322:
18320:
18319:
18315:
18313:
18310:
18308:
18307:Canton System
18305:
18303:
18300:
18298:
18295:
18294:
18292:
18288:
18278:
18275:
18273:
18272:Hubu Guanpiao
18270:
18268:
18265:
18264:
18262:
18260:
18256:
18250:
18247:
18245:
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18240:
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18213:
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18001:
17997:
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17959:
17956:
17955:
17954:
17951:
17949:
17946:
17944:
17943:
17939:
17937:
17934:
17932:
17929:
17928:
17926:
17922:Society &
17920:
17914:
17911:
17909:
17906:
17904:
17901:
17899:
17896:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17888:Summer Palace
17886:
17884:
17881:
17879:
17878:Mukden Palace
17876:
17874:
17871:
17869:
17866:
17864:
17861:
17860:
17858:
17854:Palaces &
17852:
17844:
17841:
17840:
17839:
17836:
17832:
17829:
17827:
17824:
17823:
17822:
17819:
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17795:
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17773:
17767:
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17752:
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17720:
17717:
17715:
17712:
17710:
17707:
17705:
17702:
17700:
17697:
17695:
17694:Eight Banners
17692:
17690:
17687:
17686:
17684:
17682:
17678:
17672:
17669:
17665:
17662:
17660:
17657:
17655:
17652:
17650:
17647:
17645:
17642:
17640:
17637:
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17632:
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17627:
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17617:
17615:
17612:
17608:
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17600:
17598:
17595:
17593:
17590:
17588:
17585:
17583:
17580:
17578:
17575:
17573:
17570:
17568:
17565:
17563:
17560:
17558:
17555:
17553:
17550:
17548:
17547:Grand Council
17545:
17543:
17540:
17538:
17535:
17533:
17530:
17528:
17525:
17523:
17520:
17518:
17515:
17513:
17510:
17508:
17505:
17503:
17500:
17496:
17493:
17491:
17488:
17487:
17486:
17483:
17482:
17480:
17478:
17474:
17464:
17461:
17459:
17456:
17452:
17449:
17447:
17444:
17442:
17439:
17437:
17434:
17432:
17429:
17428:
17427:
17424:
17422:
17419:
17417:
17414:
17412:
17409:
17405:
17402:
17400:
17397:
17396:
17395:
17392:
17390:
17387:
17385:
17382:
17380:
17377:
17376:
17374:
17367:20th century
17365:
17357:
17354:
17353:
17352:
17349:
17345:
17342:
17341:
17340:
17337:
17335:
17332:
17330:
17327:
17325:
17322:
17320:
17317:
17315:
17312:
17310:
17307:
17305:
17302:
17300:
17297:
17295:
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17287:
17285:
17282:
17280:
17277:
17275:
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17267:
17265:
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17245:
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17240:
17237:
17235:
17232:
17230:
17227:
17225:
17222:
17220:
17217:
17215:
17212:
17210:
17207:
17205:
17202:
17200:
17197:
17195:
17192:
17190:
17187:
17186:
17184:
17177:19th century
17175:
17169:
17166:
17164:
17161:
17159:
17156:
17154:
17151:
17149:
17146:
17144:
17141:
17139:
17136:
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17131:
17129:
17126:
17124:
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17119:
17116:
17114:
17111:
17109:
17106:
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17099:
17096:
17095:
17093:
17086:
17082:
17076:
17073:
17069:
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17065:
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17049:
17047:
17044:
17042:
17039:
17037:
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17029:
17027:
17024:
17023:
17021:
17012:
17009:
17007:
17003:
16998:
16991:
16986:
16984:
16979:
16977:
16972:
16971:
16968:
16957:
16952:
16946:
16943:
16941:
16938:
16936:
16933:
16931:
16928:
16926:
16923:
16920:
16919:Wild Jurchens
16916:
16912:
16908:
16904:
16903:
16899:
16896:
16895:
16890:
16889:
16884:
16883:
16879:
16876:
16875:
16871:
16868:
16867:
16863:
16860:
16859:
16855:
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16851:
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16842:
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16837:
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16827:
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16810:
16807:
16805:
16802:
16801:
16798:
16794:
16787:
16782:
16780:
16775:
16773:
16768:
16767:
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16752:
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16727:
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16714:
16710:
16707:
16706:
16705:
16702:
16701:
16699:
16695:
16689:
16686:
16684:
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16679:
16676:
16674:
16672:
16668:
16664:
16660:
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16655:
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16650:
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16637:
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16634:
16630:
16624:
16621:
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16618:
16614:
16612:
16611:
16607:
16603:
16600:
16599:
16598:
16595:
16593:
16590:
16588:
16585:
16584:
16582:
16580:
16579:Indo-European
16576:
16568:
16565:
16564:
16563:
16562:
16558:
16556:
16555:
16551:
16549:
16548:
16544:
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16511:
16509:
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16504:
16501:
16499:
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16486:
16485:
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16477:
16471:
16470:
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16463:
16459:
16457:
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16441:
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16428:
16426:
16422:
16416:
16415:
16411:
16409:
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16403:
16399:
16397:
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16392:
16389:
16387:
16384:
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16377:
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16365:
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16340:
16337:
16335:
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16329:
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16323:
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16310:
16308:
16304:
16296:
16293:
16292:
16291:
16290:
16286:
16284:
16281:
16279:
16278:
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16270:
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16242:Upper Mongols
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15934:Austroasiatic
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14867:0-226-49310-5
14863:
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14836:
14833:. Routledge.
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14419:, p. 44.
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13543:本溪桓仁29名满语教师上岗
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13439:chinanews.com
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11302:明代汉族与女真族的马市贸易
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10829:Fuge (1984).
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9994:Vajda, E. J.
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9718:《族称Manju词源探析》
9713:
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9634:Agui (1988).
9630:
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9234:on 2 May 2017
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9228:manchusoc.org
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8960:Banner people
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8897:Eight Banners
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8536:
8535:
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8524:
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8510:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8495:
8494:Eight Banners
8485:
8471:
8463:
8460:
8455:
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8441:
8436:
8425:
8424:
8418:
8416:
8412:
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8332:
8328:
8324:
8319:
8311:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8269:
8266:Ice skating (
8260:
8251:
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8237:
8225:
8221:
8211:
8209:
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7976:
7964:
7956:
7951:
7937:
7929:
7921:
7916:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7905:Kangxi period
7896:
7892:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7877:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7839:era tombs in
7838:
7834:
7829:
7819:
7811:
7806:
7796:
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7319:
7316:
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7311:
7309:
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7299:
7298:Harqin Banner
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5743:
5742:
5739:
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5722:
5719:
5718:Fushun County
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5698:Fushun County
5696:
5694:
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3849:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3635:Municipality
3630:
3626:Manchu Ethnic
3625:
3624:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:South Central
2261:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2099:Regional Rank
2098:
2091:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1921:Eight Banners
1917:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1713:Kangxi Zidian
1710:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:Eight Banners
1652:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1509:prince regent
1506:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:daiqing gurun
1382:
1378:
1377:daicing gurun
1374:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1286:
1282:
1281:genggiyen han
1278:
1274:
1273:genggiyen han
1270:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:Manchu script
1205:
1204:Eight Banners
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:Eight Banners
1154:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
948:
946:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:Wanyan Yongji
918:
914:
910:
906:
903:In 1206, the
901:
899:
898:Khitan script
895:
891:
890:Jin–Song wars
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
810:
805:
800:
798:
794:
789:
785:
781:
776:
773:
769:
765:
758:
754:
750:
745:
739:
724:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
706:Zhang Binglin
703:
698:
696:
688:
680:
676:
671:
669:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
643:
638:
637:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
597:
587:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
452:
449:
445:
439:
435:
429:
424:
419:
415:
411:
399:
395:
386:
382:
378:
374:
372:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
332:
328:
323:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
292:
288:
284:
279:
275:
270:
264:
260:
255:
249:
245:
240:
234:
229:
224:
219:
210:
201:
193:
190:
175:
172:
164:
154:
148:
147:
142:This article
140:
131:
130:
121:
118:
110:
100:
94:
92:
87:This article
85:
76:
75:
70:
68:
61:
60:
55:
54:
49:
44:
35:
34:
29:
22:
18361:Treaty ports
18340:
18323:
18316:
18290:Other topics
18063:
18056:
18034:
18022:
18005:
18000:Peiwen Yunfu
17998:
17976:
17969:
17940:
17689:Beiyang Army
17671:Zongli Yamen
17527:Da-Qing Bank
17344:Red Lanterns
16997:Qing dynasty
16955:
16924:
16900:
16892:
16888:Heishui Mohe
16886:
16880:
16872:
16864:
16856:
16848:
16828:
16665:
16659:Kaifeng Jews
16615:
16608:
16559:
16552:
16545:
16533:
16526:
16519:
16512:
16467:
16460:
16453:
16447:
16446:
16432:
16412:
16400:
16378:
16366:
16359:
16352:
16345:
16326:
16314:
16287:
16275:
16124:
16102:
16095:
16088:
16068:
16061:
16047:
16017:
16005:Austronesian
15992:
15985:
15978:
15941:
15917:
15910:
15903:
15896:
15873:
15861:
15841:
15834:
15827:
15792:
15780:
15773:
15756:
15744:
15737:
15720:
15713:Lolo-Burmese
15690:
15676:
15659:
15643:Sino-Tibetan
15630:
15586:(in Chinese)
15578:(in Chinese)
15548:
15512:
15508:
15483:. Retrieved
15468:
15455:. Retrieved
15440:
15414:
15410:
15390:
15369:
15348:
15327:
15306:
15295:
15282:. Retrieved
15247:
15222:
15207:
15182:
15157:
15132:
15104:
15079:
15061:. Retrieved
15057:the original
15052:
15027:
14997:the original
14987:
14979:the original
14969:
14961:the original
14951:
14943:the original
14933:
14921:. Retrieved
14917:the original
14912:
14903:
14883:
14876:
14856:
14849:
14829:
14822:
14802:
14786:Wakeman 1986
14781:
14769:. Retrieved
14765:the original
14740:. Retrieved
14736:the original
14708:. Retrieved
14696:
14677:
14672:
14642:. Retrieved
14638:the original
14611:. Retrieved
14584:the original
14574:
14562:. Retrieved
14558:the original
14546:
14534:. Retrieved
14530:the original
14518:
14510:the original
14498:
14479:
14412:
14404:the original
14394:
14382:. Retrieved
14378:the original
14373:
14362:
14343:
14316:. Retrieved
14304:
14295:
14258:
14238:
14231:
14211:
14173:
14166:
14146:
14139:
14119:
14087:
14080:
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14044:
14037:
14017:
14010:
14001:
13992:
13972:
13965:
13945:
13938:
13929:
13920:
13911:
13902:
13883:
13871:
13851:
13844:
13825:
13813:
13804:
13772:
13768:
13756:
13748:the original
13738:
13726:. Retrieved
13722:the original
13710:
13702:the original
13692:
13680:. Retrieved
13676:the original
13671:
13662:
13652:23 September
13650:. Retrieved
13646:the original
13641:
13632:
13620:. Retrieved
13616:the original
13604:
13592:. Retrieved
13580:
13568:. Retrieved
13556:
13548:the original
13536:
13524:. Retrieved
13520:the original
13508:
13496:. Retrieved
13492:the original
13480:
13472:the original
13467:
13455:
13443:. Retrieved
13438:
13427:
13419:the original
13394:. Retrieved
13390:
13381:
13362:
13312:
13302:
13290:. Retrieved
13279:
13270:
13264:
13252:. Retrieved
13248:the original
13238:
13219:
13207:
13188:
13176:
13157:
13145:
13136:
13130:
13097:
13093:
13065:
13049:
13030:
12959:
12952:
12925:
12921:
12911:
12891:
12869:. Retrieved
12863:
12856:
12846:
12816:
12772:
12736:
12706:
12699:
12679:
12672:
12649:
12639:
12632:
12622:
12615:
12592:
12572:
12565:
12545:
12538:
12529:
12509:
12502:
12482:
12475:
12455:
12448:
12428:
12421:
12401:
12394:
12374:
12367:
12358:
12348:
12340:the original
12335:
12326:
12314:. Retrieved
12302:
12294:the original
12282:
12270:. Retrieved
12258:
12242:
12233:
12229:
12219:
12204:
12176:
12170:
12150:
12123:
12119:
12086:
12060:
12026:
11990:
11948:
11944:
11938:
11919:
11886:
11879:
11867:. Retrieved
11857:
11837:
11830:
11810:
11803:
11791:
11771:
11764:
11744:
11737:
11727:
11721:
11706:
11691:
11671:
11664:
11654:
11647:
11641:. p. 2.
11632:
11617:
11598:
11588:
11569:
11537:
11533:
11521:
11502:
11463:
11431:
11424:
11405:
11381:
11361:
11354:
11334:
11327:
11315:. Retrieved
11311:the original
11306:
11294:
11275:
11242:
11235:
11215:
11209:
11189:
11182:
11157:
11105:
11101:
11091:
11071:
11064:
11044:
11037:
11004:
11000:
10990:
10970:
10963:
10943:
10919:
10912:
10892:
10862:
10855:
10836:
10802:
10751:
10744:
10724:
10717:
10697:
10690:
10678:. Retrieved
10674:the original
10670:All Academic
10669:
10636:
10629:
10609:
10602:
10590:
10578:
10566:
10546:
10539:
10520:
10475:
10468:
10440:
10433:
10413:
10406:
10397:
10382:
10375:
10356:
10350:
10333:
10313:
10306:
10286:
10279:
10259:
10252:
10229:
10222:
10203:
10193:
10173:
10166:
10146:
10136:
10119:
10109:
10081:
10074:
10054:
10047:
10027:
10020:
10008:. Retrieved
10004:the original
9999:
9989:
9969:
9934:
9930:
9902:
9898:《满语文与满文档案研究》
9864:
9852:
9825:
9821:
9811:
9786:
9782:
9772:
9763:
9753:
9744:
9740:
9730:
9721:
9712:
9693:
9641:
9629:
9610:
9575:
9568:
9548:
9511:
9466:
9459:
9447:. Retrieved
9443:the original
9438:
9429:
9409:
9402:
9383:
9356:. Retrieved
9352:the original
9342:
9322:
9276:. Retrieved
9272:
9263:
9254:
9253:"Research".
9248:
9236:. Retrieved
9232:the original
9227:
9216:
9197:
9144:
9131:
9111:
9098:
9089:
9080:
9071:
9062:
9054:
9046:
9023:
9014:
9007:Qing dynasty
9003:Möngke Temür
8998:
8989:
8979:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8946:
8888:Qing dynasty
8837:China portal
8780:
8767:Ying Lianzhi
8750:
8720:
8711:
8701:'s faith in
8696:
8689:
8658:
8643:
8630:
8609:
8599:
8593:
8569:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8550:
8544:
8538:
8532:
8526:
8516:
8490:
8452:
8433:
8421:
8419:
8414:
8406:
8376:
8368:
8342:
8340:
8320:
8295:
8287:
8265:
8247:
8239:
8217:
8205:
8202:Yuan dynasty
8193:
8185:
8167:
8000:
7994:rank in the
7986:
7978:
7960:
7930:
7917:
7901:
7878:
7828:dragon robes
7824:
7784:
7782:
7776:
7770:
7760:
7740:
7731:
7713:
7711:
7707:Mongol style
7704:
7673:Nikan Wailan
7670:
7637:
7627:
7620:
7603:Family names
7592:
7589:
7571:
7563:
7538:Ming dynasty
7535:
7520:
7515:
7507:
7482:
7467:
7432:
7393:
5093:Shuangyashan
5088:Heilongjiang
5068:Heilongjiang
5048:Heilongjiang
5028:Heilongjiang
5008:Heilongjiang
4988:Heilongjiang
4968:Heilongjiang
4948:Heilongjiang
4928:Heilongjiang
4908:Heilongjiang
4888:Heilongjiang
4868:Heilongjiang
4848:Heilongjiang
4828:Heilongjiang
4808:Heilongjiang
4788:Heilongjiang
4768:Heilongjiang
4748:Heilongjiang
4728:Heilongjiang
4708:Heilongjiang
4688:Heilongjiang
4668:Heilongjiang
4648:Heilongjiang
4628:Heilongjiang
4608:Heilongjiang
4588:Heilongjiang
4568:Heilongjiang
4548:Heilongjiang
4528:Heilongjiang
4508:Heilongjiang
4488:Heilongjiang
4468:Heilongjiang
3378:
3349:
3317:
3285:
3253:
3221:
3189:
3157:
3123:
3091:
3059:
3025:
2993:
2961:
2929:
2897:
2863:
2831:
2799:
2767:
2733:
2701:
2669:
2666:104,320,459
2635:
2601:
2567:
2533:
2499:
2465:
2458:Heilongjiang
2431:
2397:
2363:
2332:
2329:192,981,185
2301:
2270:
2267:375,984,133
2239:
2236:392,862,229
2208:
2205:164,823,663
2177:
2174:109,513,129
2146:
2116:
2053:Distribution
2007:Heilongjiang
1987:
1974:
1950:
1948:, and Sibe.
1918:
1894:
1867:
1845:Zhang Zuolin
1841:
1826:Heilongjiang
1821:
1813:
1789:
1781:
1755:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1696:
1671:
1656:
1641:Modern times
1618:Heilongjiang
1611:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1572:
1552:
1544:
1502:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1468:
1441:Shanhai Pass
1425:Shun dynasty
1410:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1355:Qing dynasty
1350:
1342:
1310:
1302:
1280:
1272:
1250:
1242:
1220:
1216:
1210:) using the
1196:Ming dynasty
1189:
1171:Qing dynasty
1146:
1139:
1131:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1069:
1029:
1009:Yi Seong-gye
997:Möngke Temür
984:
960:Ming dynasty
956:Yuan dynasty
953:
949:
941:
925:Genghis Khan
913:Genghis Khan
902:
874:Wanyan Aguda
848:Liao dynasty
841:
809:Toi invasion
804:raided Japan
801:
784:Tang dynasty
777:
761:
716:
714:
699:
694:
686:
678:
674:
672:
657:
655:
640:
634:
632:
623:
611:
593:
586:
506:Heilongjiang
454:ethnic group
441:
431:
413:
393:
391:
368:
203:Ethnic group
200:
185:
167:
161:January 2024
158:
143:
113:
107:January 2024
104:
91:copy editing
89:may require
88:
64:
57:
51:
50:Please help
47:
18297:Aisin Gioro
18259:Paper money
18018:Qing poetry
17739:Wuwei Corps
17734:Shuishiying
17495:Family tree
16905:(including
16503:Fuyu Kyrgyz
15485:1 September
15123:Aisin Gioro
13153:《八旗与清朝政治论稿》
13061:《我的前半生(全本)》
13026:《金启孮谈北京的满族》
12289:简明满族姓氏全录(四)
11986:《清代东北边疆的满族》
10122:(41): 389.
10010:16 February
9737:《满洲名称之种种推测》
9120: [
9055:manju gurun
9047:manju gurun
9043:Möllendorff
8869:Manchu name
8741:Kitchen God
8575: [
8523:Han Chinese
8507: [
8457: [
8438: [
8403:Möllendorff
8387:Vladivostok
8365:Möllendorff
8327:Zhao Hongbo
8284:Möllendorff
8254:Ice skating
8236:Möllendorff
8182:Möllendorff
7975:Möllendorff
7920:Han Chinese
7833:Han dynasty
7722:Han Chinese
7695:Given names
7623:Jin dynasty
7560:Möllendorff
7504:Möllendorff
7384:Other areas
5138:Gongzhuling
5118:Gongzhuling
4678:Shuangcheng
4658:Shuangcheng
4638:Shuangcheng
4618:Shuangcheng
4598:Shuangcheng
4578:Shuangcheng
4558:Shuangcheng
4538:Shuangcheng
4518:Shuangcheng
4498:Shuangcheng
3640:Prefecture
3442:Qinhuangdao
3282:28,846,170
3250:44,567,797
3218:65,700,762
3154:36,894,217
3120:59,500,468
3088:46,023,761
3056:54,426,891
3022:25,712,101
2990:57,237,727
2958:45,966,766
2926:25,575,263
2894:80,417,528
2860:37,327,379
2828:78,660,941
2796:21,815,815
2764:34,748,556
2698:23,019,196
2632:95,792,719
2598:94,029,939
2564:12,938,693
2530:19,612,368
2496:24,706,291
2462:38,313,991
2428:27,452,815
2394:71,854,210
2360:43,746,323
2298:96,646,530
2096:Population
2080:Population
2070:Population
1961:Han Chinese
1810:Möllendorff
1778:Möllendorff
1732:Sun Yat-sen
1598:hot springs
1465:Möllendorff
1391:" and the "
1373:Möllendorff
1339:Möllendorff
1311:aisin gurun
1303:aisin gurun
1299:Möllendorff
1269:Möllendorff
1239:Möllendorff
988:acculturate
917:Ögedei Khan
869:as a custom
757:Jurchen Jin
608:Möllendorff
490:Jin dynasty
410:Möllendorff
338:Especially
331:Han Chinese
18381:Categories
17965:Four Wangs
17856:mausoleums
17809:Golden Urn
17782:Inner Asia
17759:Xiang Army
17729:Hushenying
17654:Liangguang
17634:Liangjiang
17572:Lifan Yuan
17477:Government
16709:chauvinism
16688:Pakistanis
16671:Chaoxianzu
16283:Sogwo Arig
16202:Muumyangan
16187:Khishigten
16035:Hmong-Mien
15987:Vietnamese
15631:Underlined
15267:In English
15075:《满族说部传承研究》
15013:In Chinese
14339:《满族服饰文化研究》
14249:0521477719
14222:1555952380
13879:《八旗满洲氏族通谱》
13672:syd.com.cn
13463:金标的十年"满语梦"
13322:1134349769
12385:0520228375
11529:大清国号词源词义试探
11474:0691008779
11108:(4): 834.
11007:(4): 504.
10486:3447051965
10451:3447051965
10424:0791422739
10324:0684188988
10297:0870116223
10240:0521223539
10157:0415323797
9789:(3): 484.
9724:(1). 2009.
9449:26 October
9164:References
8817:Hong Taiji
8762:Doro Beile
8691:Hong Taiji
8642:states in
8625:See also:
8337:Literature
8207:shuai jiao
7991:Huangtaiji
7987:niyamniyan
7979:niyamniyan
7969:ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠨᡳᠶᠠᠨ
7913:Tangzhuang
7858:Amur river
7786:liangbatou
7435:Amur River
7318:Liangcheng
5638:Wafangdian
5618:Wafangdian
5598:Wafangdian
5273:Jilin City
5253:Jilin City
5233:Jilin City
5213:Jilin City
5193:Jilin City
4893:Mudanjiang
4873:Mudanjiang
3375:2,300,000
3346:3,002,165
3314:8,671,485
3186:5,626,723
2730:6,301,350
2148:10,387,958
2118:10,410,585
2083:Percentage
2076:Percentage
1979:Population
1905:Mao Zedong
1851:, such as
1828:Province.
1445:Li Zicheng
1421:Li Zicheng
1323:Hong Taiji
1113:Chien-chou
968:Haixi area
852:Yalu River
616:Hong Taiji
594:"Manchu" (
456:native to
451:East Asian
438:Wade–Giles
352:Jaegaseung
226:10,682,263
99:editing it
53:improve it
18397:Manchuria
17787:Manchuria
17754:Huai Army
17744:Yong Ying
17629:Shaan-Gan
17085:High Qing
17031:Later Jin
16894:Sumo Mohe
16587:Armenians
16508:Ili Turks
16104:Dongxiang
15788:Qixingmin
15684:subgroups
15672:Chuanqing
15633:: the 56
15539:162618002
15063:12 August
14318:28 August
14263:Yang 1988
13821:《满文老档 译著》
13642:ifeng.com
13445:27 August
13396:27 August
13292:28 August
13122:161103830
12316:27 August
12272:27 August
11965:151328254
11869:27 August
11130:162388379
11029:143541438
10495:0931-282X
10460:0931-282X
10361:CiteSeerX
10101:0571-320X
9844:257527009
9689:《满洲开国史讲义》
9379:《郑天挺元史讲义》
8956:Bannermen
8883:Manchukuo
8878:Manchuria
8640:John Keay
8632:Shamanism
8583:crosstalk
8561:dongcheng
8415:haixenwei
8407:haišenwei
8397:ᡥᠠᡳᡧᡝᠨᠸᡝᡳ
8331:Tong Jian
8220:Gyrfalcon
7909:Cheongsam
7843:, to the
7743:cremation
7648:Gūwalgiya
7462:Changchun
7218:Jianchang
7198:Xingcheng
7178:Xingcheng
7158:Xingcheng
7138:Xingcheng
7118:Xingcheng
7098:Xingcheng
7078:Xingcheng
7058:Xingcheng
7038:Xingcheng
7018:Xingcheng
6998:Xingcheng
6978:Xingcheng
6958:Xingcheng
6938:Xingcheng
6918:Xingcheng
6898:Xingcheng
6878:Xingcheng
6858:Xingcheng
6838:Xingcheng
6818:Xingcheng
4818:Ang'angxi
3356:<0.01
3278:Chongqing
2662:Guangdong
2399:2,118,711
2365:5,336,895
2325:Southwest
2294:Northwest
2210:3,002,873
2179:6,951,280
2170:Northeast
2078:in Manchu
1874:Manchukuo
1704:Guangzhou
1574:the Qing
1437:Wu Sangui
1117:family Ta
1030:In 1449,
860:Wang Geon
702:Fu Sinian
574:Fengcheng
558:Kuancheng
474:Later Jin
470:Manchuria
458:Manchuria
281:Languages
273:Hong Kong
59:talk page
18239:Hongqian
18208:Currency
18078:Treaties
17984:Kaozheng
17931:Booi Aha
17873:Hetu Ala
17826:Timeline
17821:Xinjiang
17792:Mongolia
17749:Chu Army
17724:New Army
17681:Military
17619:Viceroys
16902:Jurchens
16824:Negidals
16678:Macanese
16649:Japanese
16610:Russians
16592:Iranians
16488:Altaians
16425:Tungusic
16197:Khuuchid
16192:Khorchin
16182:Kharchin
16137:Abaganar
16110:Hamnigan
16081:Mongolic
16013:Filipino
15818:Gyalrong
15457:10 March
15284:10 March
15100:《新满汉大词典》
14742:18 March
14710:18 March
14644:18 March
14613:18 March
14564:18 March
14536:18 March
14475:《清代八旗子弟》
14292:《清代满族服饰》
13728:18 March
13622:18 March
13611:中国民族报电子版
13594:18 March
13570:18 March
13526:18 March
13498:18 March
13387:"Manchu"
13254:27 April
13184:《满族宗谱研究》
13058:(2007).
12944:26457068
12871:10 March
12056:《八旗通志初集》
12022:《满语研究通论》
10680:18 April
10144:(2004).
10128:23496214
9766:: 70–77.
9760:《满洲名称考述》
9358:18 March
9348:"qí rén"
9278:18 March
9269:"Manchu"
9223:中華民國滿族協會
9049:,
9041:,
8892:emperors
8864:alphabet
8823:See also
8758:Catholic
8739:and the
8737:Cai Shen
8681:Mañjuśrī
8661:Buddhism
8655:Buddhism
8606:Religion
8594:Ulabun (
8474:Folk art
8409:,
8401:,
8371:,
8363:,
8290:,
8282:,
8248:xongkoro
8242:,
8240:šongkoro
8234:,
8214:Falconry
8188:,
8180:,
7996:nobility
7981:,
7973:,
7934:ᡶᡝᡵᡤᡝᡨᡠᠨ
7854:Tungusic
7849:Xinjiang
7845:Tianshan
7805:Qizhuang
7689:Duanfang
7687:) clan (
7643:八旗滿洲氏族通譜
7566:,
7558:,
7526:Alphabet
7516:ilan bou
7510:,
7508:ilan boo
7502:,
7486:Sanjiazi
7446:Language
7278:Songshan
7238:Lianshan
7228:Liaoning
7208:Liaoning
7188:Liaoning
7168:Liaoning
7148:Liaoning
7128:Liaoning
7108:Liaoning
7088:Liaoning
7068:Liaoning
7048:Liaoning
7028:Liaoning
7008:Liaoning
6988:Liaoning
6968:Liaoning
6948:Liaoning
6928:Liaoning
6908:Liaoning
6888:Liaoning
6868:Liaoning
6848:Liaoning
6828:Liaoning
6808:Liaoning
6798:Suizhong
6788:Liaoning
6778:Suizhong
6768:Liaoning
6758:Suizhong
6748:Liaoning
6738:Suizhong
6728:Liaoning
6718:Suizhong
6708:Liaoning
6698:Suizhong
6688:Liaoning
6678:Suizhong
6668:Liaoning
6658:Suizhong
6648:Liaoning
6638:Suizhong
6628:Liaoning
6618:Suizhong
6608:Liaoning
6598:Suizhong
6588:Liaoning
6578:Suizhong
6568:Liaoning
6558:Suizhong
6548:Liaoning
6538:Suizhong
6528:Liaoning
6508:Liaoning
6488:Liaoning
6468:Liaoning
6448:Liaoning
6428:Liaoning
6408:Liaoning
6388:Liaoning
6368:Liaoning
6348:Liaoning
6328:Liaoning
6308:Liaoning
6288:Liaoning
6268:Liaoning
6248:Liaoning
6228:Liaoning
6213:Liaoyang
6208:Liaoning
6193:Liaoyang
6188:Liaoning
6173:Liaoyang
6168:Liaoning
6148:Liaoning
6128:Liaoning
6108:Liaoning
6088:Liaoning
6068:Liaoning
6048:Liaoning
6028:Liaoning
6008:Liaoning
5988:Liaoning
5968:Liaoning
5948:Liaoning
5928:Liaoning
5908:Liaoning
5888:Liaoning
5868:Liaoning
5848:Liaoning
5828:Liaoning
5818:Donggang
5808:Liaoning
5798:Donggang
5788:Liaoning
5768:Liaoning
5748:Liaoning
5728:Liaoning
5708:Liaoning
5688:Liaoning
5678:Qianshan
5668:Liaoning
5658:Qianshan
5648:Liaoning
5628:Liaoning
5608:Liaoning
5588:Liaoning
5578:Zhuanghe
5568:Liaoning
5558:Zhuanghe
5548:Liaoning
5538:Zhuanghe
5528:Liaoning
5518:Zhuanghe
5508:Liaoning
5488:Liaoning
5468:Liaoning
5458:Kangping
5453:Shenyang
5448:Liaoning
5438:Kangping
5433:Shenyang
5428:Liaoning
5418:Kangping
5413:Shenyang
5408:Liaoning
5398:Kangping
5393:Shenyang
5388:Liaoning
5378:Dongling
5373:Shenyang
5368:Liaoning
5353:Liaoyuan
5338:Meihekou
4458:Pingquan
4438:Pingquan
4418:Pingquan
4398:Pingquan
4378:Pingquan
4358:Pingquan
4338:Pingquan
4178:Xinglong
4158:Xinglong
4098:Luanping
4078:Luanping
4058:Luanping
4038:Luanping
4018:Luanping
3998:Luanping
3978:Luanping
3958:Luanping
3938:Luanping
3918:Luanping
3893:Langfang
3833:Tangshan
3813:Tangshan
3793:Tangshan
3631:Province
3590:Liaoning
3573:Liaoning
3556:Liaoning
3539:Liaoning
3522:Liaoning
3505:Liaoning
3420:Province
3052:Zhejiang
2792:Xinjiang
2694:Shanghai
2628:Shandong
2356:Liaoning
2043:Shandong
1994:Liaoning
1816:,
1808:,
1784:,
1776:,
1730:such as
1700:Jingzhou
1560:Liaoning
1528:Xinjiang
1514:and the
1471:,
1463:,
1379:,
1371:,
1345:,
1337:,
1305:,
1297:,
1275:,
1267:,
1261:ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ
1245:,
1237:,
1231:ᡴᡠᠨᡩᡠᠯᡝᠨ
1080:Shenyang
1065:Wang Gao
974:such as
964:Naghachu
826:Hokkaido
795:and the
647:Mañjuśrī
606:,
566:Kuandian
554:Weichang
550:Qingyuan
542:Fengning
538:Qinglong
522:Liaoning
498:Liaoning
448:Tungusic
446:) are a
408:,
333:, other
307:Buddhism
297:Religion
18224:Zhiqian
18216:Coinage
17953:Economy
17924:culture
17659:Yun-Gui
17649:Min-Zhe
17644:Sichuan
17639:Huguang
17485:Emperor
17006:History
16956:Italics
16925:Manchus
16830:Duchers
16819:Oroqens
16697:Related
16667:Koreans
16644:Indians
16597:Nepalis
16567:Western
16547:Uyghurs
16448:Manchus
16339:Tai Nua
16334:Tai Lue
16307:Kra–Dai
16295:Eastern
16277:Monguor
16249:Onnigud
16237:Torghut
16227:Khoshut
16217:Dzungar
16207:Naimans
16177:Khalkha
16167:Jalaids
16157:Chahars
16152:Buryats
16147:Baarins
16126:Mongols
16115:Kangjia
16019:Gaoshan
15875:Tibetan
15854:Tibetic
15805:Qiangic
15764:Laomian
15703:Waxiang
15698:Longjia
15652:Sinitic
15531:2057101
15431:3217747
15178:《满族风俗考》
15023:《满汉大词典》
15008:Sources
14923:21 June
14771:21 June
14553:新华网吉林频道
14417:Yi 1978
14384:28 July
13682:19 June
13114:2658656
12928:: 953.
11796:Hu 1994
11401:《努尔哈赤传》
11317:25 July
11307:ARTX.cn
11122:2646525
11021:3985584
10798:《中国摔跤史》
10344:. 朝鮮學會.
10246:Alt URL
9951:2719229
9803:3217747
9764:《民族研究》
9741:《东方杂志》
9722:《满语研究》
9637:《满洲源流考》
9238:6 March
9137:Ying Da
8968:Chinese
8921:Jurchen
8807:cabbage
8802:perilla
8797:Nurhaci
8727:Guan Yu
8707:Gelukpa
8565:xicheng
8519:Zidishu
8230:ᡧᠣᠩᡴᠣᡵᠣ
7957:hunting
7841:Yingban
7777:soncoho
7652:Niohuru
7414:Culture
7328:Tianjin
7313:Ulanqab
7293:Chifeng
7273:Chifeng
7253:Hinggan
7233:Huludao
7213:Huludao
7193:Huludao
7173:Huludao
7153:Huludao
7133:Huludao
7113:Huludao
7093:Huludao
7073:Huludao
7053:Huludao
7033:Huludao
7013:Huludao
6993:Huludao
6973:Huludao
6953:Huludao
6933:Huludao
6913:Huludao
6893:Huludao
6873:Huludao
6853:Huludao
6833:Huludao
6813:Huludao
6793:Huludao
6773:Huludao
6753:Huludao
6733:Huludao
6713:Huludao
6693:Huludao
6673:Huludao
6653:Huludao
6633:Huludao
6613:Huludao
6593:Huludao
6573:Huludao
6553:Huludao
6533:Huludao
6513:Tieling
6493:Tieling
6473:Tieling
6453:Tieling
6433:Tieling
6413:Tieling
6393:Tieling
6373:Tieling
6353:Tieling
6338:Kaiyuan
6333:Tieling
6318:Kaiyuan
6313:Tieling
6298:Kaiyuan
6293:Tieling
6278:Kaiyuan
6273:Tieling
6258:Kaiyuan
6253:Tieling
6233:Tieling
6158:Zhangwu
6138:Zhangwu
6118:Linghai
6113:Jinzhou
6098:Linghai
6093:Jinzhou
6078:Heishan
6073:Jinzhou
6058:Heishan
6053:Jinzhou
6033:Jinzhou
6013:Jinzhou
5993:Jinzhou
5973:Jinzhou
5953:Jinzhou
5933:Jinzhou
5913:Jinzhou
5893:Jinzhou
5873:Jinzhou
5853:Jinzhou
5833:Jinzhou
5813:Dandong
5793:Dandong
5498:Jinzhou
5478:Jinzhou
5333:Tonghua
5313:Tonghua
5293:Tonghua
5198:Longtan
5178:Hunchun
5173:Yanbian
5158:Hunchun
5153:Yanbian
5058:Wangkui
5038:Wangkui
5018:Wangkui
4898:Ning'an
4878:Ning'an
4853:Qiqihar
4833:Qiqihar
4813:Qiqihar
4778:Wuchang
4758:Wuchang
4738:Wuchang
4718:Wuchang
4698:Wuchang
4478:Nangang
4453:Chengde
4433:Chengde
4413:Chengde
4393:Chengde
4373:Chengde
4353:Chengde
4333:Chengde
4318:Longhua
4313:Chengde
4298:Longhua
4293:Chengde
4278:Longhua
4273:Chengde
4258:Longhua
4253:Chengde
4238:Longhua
4233:Chengde
4218:Longhua
4213:Chengde
4198:Longhua
4193:Chengde
4173:Chengde
4153:Chengde
4138:Chengde
4133:Chengde
4118:Chengde
4113:Chengde
4093:Chengde
4073:Chengde
4053:Chengde
4033:Chengde
4013:Chengde
3993:Chengde
3973:Chengde
3953:Chengde
3933:Chengde
3913:Chengde
3878:Laishui
3873:Baoding
3853:Baoding
3768:Guizhou
3748:Guizhou
3728:Guizhou
3708:Guizhou
3698:Huairou
3690:Beijing
3680:Huairou
3672:Beijing
3662:Feidong
3643:County
3561:Dandong
3493:Chengde
3476:Chengde
3459:Chengde
3246:Jiangxi
3182:Qinghai
3084:Guangxi
2890:Sichuan
2856:Shaanxi
2824:Jiangsu
2760:Guizhou
2726:Ningxia
2560:Tianjin
2535:336,032
2526:Beijing
2501:452,765
2467:748,020
2433:866,365
2272:120,424
2241:122,861
2073:Manchu
2065:Region
2031:Shaanxi
2027:Ningxia
2023:Tianjin
2011:Beijing
1914:Lao She
1822:qiqigar
1814:cicigar
1804:ᠴᡳᠴᡳᡤᠠᡵ
1794:Qiqihar
1736:include
1676:in the
1667:Guangxu
1649:Prince
1520:Beijing
1449:Beijing
1419:led by
1413:Beijing
1192:Nurhaci
1185:Nurhaci
1150:Nurhaci
1061:Cungšan
980:Huligai
909:vassals
905:Mongols
820:viewed
797:Khitans
793:Mongols
780:Jurchen
727:History
620:Jurchen
578:Beizhen
570:Huanren
518:Beijing
443:Man-tsu
418:Chinese
394:Manchus
315:Atheism
17838:Taiwan
17014:Early
16999:topics
16935:Nanais
16874:Shiwei
16850:Sushen
16841:Orochs
16836:Udeges
16814:Solons
16809:Evenks
16683:Nivkhs
16632:Others
16623:Wakhis
16554:Uzbeks
16541:Tuvans
16521:Kyrgyz
16514:Kazakh
16480:Turkic
16462:Oroqen
16434:Evenks
16414:Zhuang
16386:Qabiao
16368:Maonan
16322:Buyang
16316:Bouyei
16212:Oirats
16172:Jaruud
16162:Gorlos
16142:Aohans
16120:Khatso
16025:Utsuls
15980:Ta'ang
15905:Jingpo
15898:Derung
15885:Others
15869:Sherpa
15769:Laopin
15752:Kucong
15722:Achang
15667:Caijia
15556:
15537:
15529:
15476:
15448:
15429:
15398:
15377:
15356:
15335:
15314:
15254:
15229:
15189:
15164:
15139:
15128:《啸亭杂录》
15111:
15086:
15034:
14891:
14864:
14837:
14810:
14684:
14673:尼山薩滿全傳
14486:
14350:
14246:
14219:
14181:
14154:
14127:
14095:
14052:
14025:
13980:
13953:
13932:].
13890:
13859:
13832:
13369:
13358:《满语杂识》
13319:
13226:
13215:《八旗十论》
13195:
13164:
13120:
13112:
13072:
13037:
12942:
12899:
12824:
12744:
12714:
12687:
12580:
12553:
12517:
12490:
12463:
12436:
12409:
12382:
12158:
12095:
12033:
11997:
11963:
11926:
11894:
11845:
11818:
11779:
11752:
11679:
11605:
11576:
11565:《清朝简史》
11509:
11471:
11439:
11412:
11369:
11342:
11282:
11250:
11223:
11197:
11170:
11128:
11120:
11079:
11052:
11027:
11019:
10978:
10951:
10900:
10870:
10843:
10832:《听雨丛谈》
10809:
10759:
10732:
10705:
10644:
10617:
10554:
10527:
10493:
10483:
10458:
10448:
10421:
10390:
10363:
10321:
10294:
10267:
10237:
10210:
10181:
10154:
10126:
10099:
10089:
10062:
10035:
9977:
9949:
9909:
9871:
9860:《满族通史》
9842:
9801:
9700:
9648:
9617:
9583:
9556:
9518:
9507:《满族简史》
9474:
9417:
9390:
9330:
9204:
9154:Khitan
9104:Dorgon
9031::
9029:Manchu
8978::
8976:pinyin
8970::
8911:Sushen
8813:ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ
8811:ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᠨ
8785:" and
8709:sect)
8669:Goryeo
8665:Balhae
8634:has a
8596:ᡠᠯᠠᠪᡠᠨ
8590:Ulabun
8451:) and
8393::
8391:Manchu
8351::
8349:Manchu
8274:ᠨᡳᠰᡠᠮᡝ
8270::
8268:Manchu
8226::
8224:Manchu
8172::
8170:Manchu
7965::
7963:Manchu
7862:Udeghe
7772:biànzi
7718:Manchu
7656:Hešeri
7554:ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ
7544::
7542:Manchu
7492::
7490:Manchu
7464:, 2011
7400:Taiwan
6518:Xifeng
6498:Xifeng
6478:Xifeng
6458:Xifeng
6438:Xifeng
6418:Xifeng
6398:Xifeng
5758:Nanfen
5738:Nanfen
5713:Fushun
5693:Fushun
5673:Anshan
5653:Anshan
5633:Dalian
5613:Dalian
5593:Dalian
5573:Dalian
5553:Dalian
5533:Dalian
5513:Dalian
5493:Dalian
5473:Dalian
5278:Yongji
5258:Yongji
5238:Yongji
5218:Yongji
5133:Siping
5113:Siping
5078:Suibin
5073:Hegang
5053:Suihua
5033:Suihua
5013:Suihua
4998:Beilin
4993:Suihua
4978:Beilin
4973:Suihua
4958:Beilin
4953:Suihua
4798:Acheng
4793:Harbin
4773:Harbin
4753:Harbin
4733:Harbin
4713:Harbin
4693:Harbin
4673:Harbin
4653:Harbin
4633:Harbin
4613:Harbin
4593:Harbin
4573:Harbin
4553:Harbin
4533:Harbin
4513:Harbin
4493:Harbin
4473:Harbin
3898:Wen'an
3838:Zunhua
3818:Zunhua
3798:Zunhua
3778:Jinsha
3758:Jinsha
3738:Qianxi
3718:Dafang
3612:Siping
3544:Fushun
3527:Fushun
3510:Anshan
3388:23.46
3380:22,627
3310:Hainan
3150:Fujian
3093:11,159
3061:11,271
3035:12.54
3027:11,741
3018:Shanxi
2995:12,899
2963:13,490
2954:Yunnan
2931:14,206
2899:15,920
2865:16,291
2833:18,074
2801:18,707
2769:23,086
2735:24,902
2703:25,165
2671:29,557
2637:46,521
2603:55,493
2577:25.23
2569:83,624
2543:41.94
2475:54.41
2441:39.64
2407:70.80
2404:20.35
2376:12.20
2373:80.34
2370:51.26
2334:57,785
2303:82,135
2218:32.38
2215:28.84
2187:68.13
2184:66.77
2153:99.83
2110:Total
2035:Shanxi
1955:after
1953:reform
1946:Oroqen
1853:Xi Qia
1800::
1798:Manchu
1768::
1766:Manchu
1674:Boxers
1651:Zaitao
1556:Fushun
1512:Dorgon
1477:beging
1469:beging
1455::
1453:Manchu
1397:Joseon
1365:ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ
1361::
1359:Manchu
1329::
1327:Manchu
1319:Mukden
1287::
1285:Manchu
1257::
1255:Manchu
1225::
1223:Manchu
1173:, and
1121:Po-hai
1082:. The
1035:taishi
1032:Mongol
1017:Nurgan
1011:, the
856:Goryeo
844:Khitan
833:bakufu
811:, the
788:Balhae
679:mangga
658:Manchu
649:. The
598::
596:Manchu
546:Yitong
534:Xiuyan
530:Xinbin
440::
430::
428:pinyin
420::
400::
398:Manchu
371:Manchu
344:Nanais
291:Manchu
258:Taiwan
207:Manchu
28:Nanman
18030:Queue
17948:Dibao
17804:Tibet
17624:Zhili
17507:Amban
16945:Oroks
16940:Ulchs
16930:Sibes
16897:etc.)
16882:Mohes
16858:Yilou
16804:Evens
16721:Minzu
16602:Daman
16561:Yugur
16535:Tatar
16528:Salar
16498:Dolan
16469:Sibes
16455:Nanai
16440:Solon
16380:Mulao
16354:Gelao
16289:Yugur
16264:Sunud
16254:Ordos
16222:Khoid
16132:Abaga
16090:Bonan
16055:Hmong
16043:Gejia
15974:Pakan
15954:Kunge
15949:Bolyu
15943:Blang
15919:Tujia
15912:Lhoba
15863:Monpa
15843:Qiang
15829:Nakhi
15823:Mosuo
15813:Baima
15535:S2CID
15527:JSTOR
15427:JSTOR
15279:(PDF)
15246:[
15243:《探微集》
15221:[
15206:[
15181:[
15156:[
15131:[
15103:[
15078:[
15051:[
15026:[
14676:[
14478:[
14369:辽宁省政协
14342:[
14294:[
13928:[
13882:[
13824:[
13803:[
13800:《东华录》
13775:(1).
13361:[
13218:[
13187:[
13156:[
13118:S2CID
13110:JSTOR
13064:[
13029:[
12940:JSTOR
12336:bazww
12059:[
12025:[
11989:[
11961:S2CID
11568:[
11540:(2).
11501:[
11498:《清实录》
11404:[
11126:S2CID
11118:JSTOR
11025:S2CID
11017:JSTOR
10835:[
10801:[
10519:[
10124:JSTOR
9947:JSTOR
9901:[
9863:[
9840:S2CID
9799:JSTOR
9747:(17).
9692:[
9640:[
9609:[
9510:[
9382:[
9196:[
9148:e.g.
9124:]
9115:e.g.
9102:e.g.
9051:Abkai
9037:ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
9035:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
8958:, or
8938:Notes
8873:clans
8579:]
8511:]
8504:Akšan
8461:]
8442:]
8429:儿女英雄传
8411:Abkai
8382:尼山萨满传
8373:Abkai
8359:ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ
8355:ᠨᡳᡧᠠᠨ
8305:八旗冰鞋营
8292:Abkai
8276:ᡝᡶᡳᡵᡝ
8244:Abkai
8190:Abkai
7983:Abkai
7870:Nanai
7866:Ulchi
7860:like
7763:queue
7714:Nikan
7630:ᠮᡠᡴᡡᠨ
7576:无圈点满文
7568:Abkai
7548:ᡨᠣᠩᡴᡳ
7512:Abkai
7472:is a
6153:Fuxin
6133:Fuxin
5773:Benxi
5753:Benxi
5733:Benxi
5348:Jilin
5328:Jilin
5308:Jilin
5288:Jilin
5268:Jilin
5248:Jilin
5228:Jilin
5208:Jilin
5188:Jilin
5168:Jilin
5148:Jilin
5128:Jilin
5108:Jilin
5098:Youyi
4938:Sunwu
4933:Heihe
4918:Aihui
4913:Heihe
4448:Hebei
4428:Hebei
4408:Hebei
4388:Hebei
4368:Hebei
4348:Hebei
4328:Hebei
4308:Hebei
4288:Hebei
4268:Hebei
4248:Hebei
4228:Hebei
4208:Hebei
4188:Hebei
4168:Hebei
4148:Hebei
4128:Hebei
4108:Hebei
4088:Hebei
4068:Hebei
4048:Hebei
4028:Hebei
4008:Hebei
3988:Hebei
3968:Hebei
3948:Hebei
3928:Hebei
3908:Hebei
3888:Hebei
3868:Hebei
3848:Hebei
3828:Hebei
3808:Hebei
3788:Hebei
3773:Bijie
3753:Bijie
3733:Bijie
3713:Bijie
3657:Hefei
3652:Anhui
3607:Jilin
3595:Benxi
3578:Benxi
3488:Hebei
3471:Hebei
3454:Hebei
3437:Hebei
3391:1.05
3385:0.24
3365:11th
3362:0.02
3359:0.03
3342:Tibet
3330:0.04
3327:0.26
3324:0.04
3319:3,750
3298:0.02
3295:0.24
3292:0.04
3287:4,571
3266:0.01
3263:2.95
3260:0.05
3255:4,942
3234:0.01
3231:0.12
3228:0.07
3223:7,566
3214:Hunan
3202:0.14
3199:0.30
3196:0.08
3191:8,029
3173:10th
3170:0.02
3167:1.05
3164:0.08
3159:8,372
3136:0.01
3133:2.15
3130:0.08
3125:8,516
3116:Anhui
3107:12th
3104:0.02
3101:0.07
3098:0.11
3075:13th
3072:0.02
3069:0.93
3066:0.11
3038:0.05
3032:0.11
3006:0.02
3003:0.52
3000:0.12
2986:Hubei
2977:24th
2974:0.03
2971:0.09
2968:0.13
2942:0.06
2939:0.59
2936:0.14
2922:Gansu
2913:10th
2910:0.02
2907:0.32
2904:0.15
2876:0.04
2873:8.59
2870:0.16
2844:0.02
2841:4.70
2838:0.17
2815:10th
2812:0.09
2809:0.14
2806:0.18
2783:18th
2780:0.07
2777:0.19
2774:0.22
2746:0.40
2743:1.12
2740:0.24
2714:0.11
2711:9.11
2708:0.24
2682:0.03
2679:1.43
2676:0.28
2648:0.05
2645:6.41
2642:0.45
2614:0.06
2611:4.95
2608:0.53
2594:Henan
2580:0.65
2574:0.80
2546:1.71
2540:3.23
2512:2.14
2509:8.96
2506:4.35
2478:1.95
2472:7.19
2444:3.16
2438:8.32
2424:Jilin
2410:2.95
2390:Hebei
2345:0.03
2342:0.15
2339:0.56
2314:0.08
2311:0.40
2308:0.79
2283:0.03
2280:0.39
2277:1.16
2252:0.03
2249:3.11
2246:1.18
2221:1.82
2201:North
2190:6.35
2159:0.78
2156:9.28
2138:Total
2129:0.77
2126:9.28
2068:Total
2062:Rank
2047:Anhui
2039:Henan
2015:Jilin
1998:Hebei
1942:Nanai
1938:Evenk
1926:Solon
1818:Abkai
1790:aihvn
1786:Abkai
1782:aihūn
1772:ᠠᡳᡥᡡᠨ
1762:Aigun
1691:Aigun
1623:opium
1564:Jilin
1532:Tibet
1473:Abkai
1459:ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ
1381:Abkai
1367:ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
1351:juxen
1347:Abkai
1343:jušen
1333:ᠵᡠᡧᡝᠨ
1307:Abkai
1293:ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
1291:ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ
1277:Abkai
1247:Abkai
1050:Haixi
976:Odoli
846:-led
753:Aguda
717:manju
695:Manju
683:ᠮᠠᠩᡤᠠ
624:manju
612:manju
602:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
562:Benxi
526:Hebei
510:Jilin
502:Hebei
482:China
433:Mǎnzú
414:manju
404:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
373:text.
348:Ulchi
340:Sibes
214:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
17766:Navy
17607:Ejen
17490:List
16866:Wuji
16654:Jews
16493:Äynu
16408:Yang
16396:Shan
16374:Nùng
16347:Dong
16269:Urad
16232:Olot
16097:Daur
16049:Miao
15969:Mang
15959:Khmu
15892:Deng
15836:Pumi
15775:Lisu
15758:Lahu
15746:Jino
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