35:
62:
332:
250:, or in English, an "ounce". Before the adoption of the metric system, many systems of troy weights were in use in various parts of Europe, among them Holland troy, Paris troy, etc. Their values varied from one another by up to several percentage points. Troy weights were first used in England in the 15th century and were made official for gold and silver in 1527. The British Imperial system of weights and measures (also known as
20:
178:, related to the alternate form 'tron' which also means market or the place of weighing. From this, Watson suggests that 'troy' derives from the manner of weighing by balance precious goods such as bullion or drugs; in contrast to the word 'avoirdupois' used to describe bulk goods such as corn or coal, sometimes weighed in ancient times by a kind of
345:
269:
on May 19, 1828. The
British Imperial troy ounce (known more commonly simply as the imperial troy ounce) was based on, and virtually identical with, the pre-1824 British troy ounce and the pre-1707 English troy ounce. (1824 was the year the British Imperial system of weights and measures was adopted;
303:
grains for an ounce avoirdupois). The
British Empire abolished the 12-ounce troy pound in the 19th century. It has been retained, though rarely used, in the American system. Larger amounts of precious metals are conventionally counted in hundreds or thousands of troy ounces, or in kilograms.
1998:
The French livre contained, in the time of
Charlemagne, a pound, Troyes weight, of silver of a known finess. The fair of Troyes in Champaign was at that time frequented by all the nations of Europe, and the weights and measures of so famous a market were generally known and
473:. One pennyweight weighs 24 grains, and 20 pennyweights make one troy ounce. Because there were 12 troy ounces in the old troy pound, there would have been 240 pennyweights to the pound (mass) – just as there were 240 pennies in the
289:(milligrams). The only troy weight in widespread use is the British Imperial troy ounce and its American counterpart. Both are based on a grain of 0.06479891 gram (exact, by definition), with 480 grains to a troy ounce (compared with
456:
The Dutch troy system is based on a mark of 8 ounces, the ounce of 20 engels (pennyweights), the Engel of 32 as. The mark was rated as 3,798 troy grains or 246.084 grammes. The divisions are identical to the tower system.
278:.) Troy ounces have been used in England since the early 15th century, and the English troy ounce was officially adopted for coinage in 1527. Before that time, various sorts of troy ounces were in use on the continent.
335:
Chart comparing the mass (in grams) of tower, Troy, merchant, avoirdupois and London pounds. Each colored block represents one of that system's ounces (gold=Troy, blue= avoirdupois, purple=tower)
453:
or about 1.09714 ounces avoirdupois or about 9.7% more. The Troy ounce for trading precious metals is considered to be sufficiently approximated by 31.10 g in EU directive 80/181/EEC
104:
system, but the troy ounce is heavier than the avoirdupois ounce, and the troy pound is lighter than the avoirdupois pound. One troy ounce (oz t) equals exactly 31.1034768 grams.
2591:
3281:
2391:
261:
The troy ounce in modern use is essentially the same as the
British Imperial troy ounce (1824–1971), adopted as an official weight standard for
2636:
513:
for penny can be recognized in the form of
British pre-decimal pennies, in which pounds, shillings, and pence were indicated using the symbols
2586:
2161:
2205:
3158:
2905:
2630:
2229:(2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology.
3183:
100:(24 grains), the troy ounce (20 pennyweights), and the troy pound (12 troy ounces). The troy grain is equal to the grain unit of the
2117:
2277:. NBS Special Publication. Vol. 447. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. p. 20.
670:
137:
3178:
2895:
2715:
2088:
1918:
Expeditions to
Prussia and the Holy Land Made by Henry Earl of Derby (afterwards King Henry IV.) in the Years 1390-1 and 1392-3
1765:
245:
3214:
3209:
3163:
2814:
2804:
2705:
2311:
2026:
2236:
2143:
3219:
2789:
2727:
2384:
2265:
2230:
2180:
3153:
2940:
2218:
2342:
A new
English dictionary on historical principles: founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society
3193:
3168:
3021:
2769:
121:
3077:
2201:
National
Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds.
3047:
3011:
2920:
2658:
2596:
3133:
3118:
3072:
2950:
2925:
2910:
2870:
2794:
2377:
2362:. J. Brotherton, A. Bettesworth and C. Hitch, G. Strahan, W. Mears, R. Ware, E. Symon, and J. Clark. p. 307.
3128:
3113:
3103:
3093:
3031:
3001:
2971:
2935:
2860:
2779:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2441:
2244:
3123:
3098:
3062:
3026:
3006:
2996:
2981:
2976:
2966:
2875:
2799:
2700:
2431:
2421:
1745:
308:
120:
is first attested in 1390, describing the weight of a platter, in an account of the travels in Europe of the
3188:
3108:
3067:
3057:
2986:
2890:
2829:
2824:
2784:
2774:
2764:
2759:
2663:
2565:
2560:
2479:
2474:
2436:
663:
399:
2523:
3016:
2991:
2930:
2880:
2865:
2855:
2819:
2710:
2673:
2642:
2513:
307:
Troy ounces have been and are still often used in precious metal markets in countries that otherwise use
34:
3052:
2900:
2834:
2732:
2678:
2668:
320:
143:
3271:
2945:
2484:
1850:
474:
323:
beginning in 1982; since 2016, the use of troy ounces has been replaced by integer numbers of grams.
316:
3266:
1964:
275:
175:
2202:
2157:
2066:
1922:
209:, in northeastern France. English troy weights were nearly identical to the troy weight system of
2508:
2459:
1822:
1692:
656:
282:
1857:
The received opinion is that it took its name from a weight used at the fair of Troyes in France
3276:
2215:
Specifications, Tolerances, and Other
Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices
266:
2357:
2340:
254:) was established in 1824, prior to which the troy weight system was a subset of pre-Imperial
2400:
2043:
1991:
1874:
190:
201:
The origin of the troy weight system is unknown. Although the name probably comes from the
147:
127:
8:
3173:
2693:
2624:
2109:
2014:
1940:
1714:
151:
2060:
1916:
1816:
573:. A grain is 20 mites, a mite is 24 droits, a droit is 20 perits, a perit is 24 blanks.
2688:
2464:
1942:
British weights and measures as described in the laws of
England from Anglo-Saxon times
1912:
1781:
433:
grams. Since the ounce avoirdupois is defined as 437.5 grains, a troy ounce is exactly
271:
85:
61:
2345:. Philological Society (Great Britain). 1891. p. 675 – via Clarendon Press.
2080:
2278:
2247:
2022:
1972:
1946:
1883:
179:
116:
where English merchants traded at least as early as the early 9th century. The name
2720:
112:
Troy weight is generally supposed to take its name from the French market town of
2885:
2240:
2222:
2209:
2139:
2019:
British Weights and Measures: A History from Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century
1812:
1785:
202:
2269:
348:
The standard British troy pound manufactured in 1758; it bears the abbreviation
3235:
2809:
2426:
2286:
2213:
2188:
1869:
478:
251:
217:
89:
160:"—which the Public Record Commissioners translate as "troy weight". The word
3260:
2683:
2555:
2495:
2282:
1887:
540:
286:
262:
255:
77:
66:
1976:
3240:
2528:
2518:
2503:
1950:
1709:
1704:
534:
395:
233:
221:
93:
2839:
2570:
2369:
2251:
2233:
1729:
1724:
1719:
482:
466:
101:
97:
216:
Many aspects of the troy weight system were indirectly derived from the
2184:
2062:
Outlines of the evolution of weights and measures and the metric system
1846:
1818:
Outlines of the Evolution of Weights and Measures and the Metric System
331:
285:. This was long used in medicine, but has been largely replaced by the
213:. (The Bremen troy ounce had a mass of 480.8 British Imperial grains.)
509:, the ancient Roman coin that equates loosely to a penny. The symbol
409:
344:
312:
227:
47:
39:
2271:
Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: A brief history
402:
agreement of 1 July 1959, the grain measure is defined as precisely
505:
1892:...the great fairs established for all Europe the weight-standard
569:, were legalized by Act of Parliament dated 17 July 1649 entitled
69:
silver bar weighing 1,000 troy ounces (83 troy pounds; 31 kg)
3245:
557:
of an avoirdupois pound (and thus a little under 65 milligrams).
372:
grams). (An avoirdupois pound is approximately 21.53% heavier at
358:
The troy pound (lb t) consists of twelve troy ounces and thus is
51:
193:; the earliest reference to the modern troy weights is in 1414.
2915:
1772:
kg (453.59237 g, 453592.37 mg), one grain weighs 453592.37/7000
1764:
Because an avoirdupois pound weighs 7000 grains and a pound is
544:
210:
206:
183:
113:
55:
1993:
An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
1971:. Vol. 6. Oxford: English Dialect Society. p. 250.
543:
use the same measure of mass called a grain (historically of
350:
81:
43:
27:
1880:
Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English
19:
2110:"Börse Frankfurt: Aktien, Kurse, Charts und Nachrichten"
1855:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. June 2012.
1821:. New York and London: The Macmillan Company. p.
2203:"Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement"
386:
grams), and consists of sixteen avoirdupois ounces).
224:
used bronze bars of varying weights as currency. An
3282:
Customary units of measurement in the United States
38:One-troy-ounce (480 gr; 31 g) samples of
1882:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 3566.
1873:
2312:"Consolidated TEXT: 31980L0181 — EN — 13.06.2020"
1807:
1805:
319:has previously used troy measurements in minting
88:in the 15th century and is primarily used in the
3258:
2266:"8. Refinement of values for the yard and pound"
2021:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 28–9.
1996:. Vol. 1. London: T. Hamilton. p. 35.
130:(1844–1916) proposes an alternative etymology:
2045:The Universal Cambist and Commercial Instructor
571:An Act touching the monies and coins of England
281:The troy ounce and grain were also part of the
2359:The Present State of Great Britain and Ireland
2073:
1802:
1732:, a traditional unit of mass equal to exactly
2385:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2058:
726:
711:
693:
664:
2333:
2009:
2007:
1841:
1839:
1811:
243:
237:
225:
161:
155:
135:
2399:
2392:
2378:
2304:
2168:
671:
657:
1934:
1932:
1868:
1695:but with different further subdivisions.
2004:
1836:
729:
343:
330:
92:industry. The troy weight units are the
60:
33:
18:
539:There is no specific 'troy grain'. All
326:
3259:
2263:
2257:
1963:
1938:
1929:
1768:as having a mass of exactly 0.45359237
720:
477:. However, prior to 1526, the English
354:("pound") and the letter "T" for troy.
2373:
2355:
2349:
2324:
2318:
2041:
2013:
1989:
1911:
413:. Thus one troy ounce = 480 grains ×
2195:
2120:from the original on 1 November 2015
460:
389:
339:
2140:"Units of Measure - The Perth Mint"
1945:. London: John Murray. p. 82.
1784:, but this would be an example of
138:Tractatus de Ponderibus et Mensuris
13:
2422:International System of Units (SI)
1921:. London: Camden Society. p.
1815:; Wade, Herbert Treadwell (1906).
398:. Since the implementation of the
132:The Assize of Weights and Measures
14:
3293:
2065:. The Macmillan company. p.
2264:Judson, Lewis V. (March 1976) .
2164:from the original on 2016-05-06.
2146:from the original on 2015-09-24.
1691:The troy system was used in the
220:. Before they used coins, early
2150:
2132:
2102:
2091:from the original on 2008-02-26
2052:
1758:
154:, thus before 1307, specifies "
2035:
1983:
1969:The English Dialect Dictionary
1957:
1939:Watson, Charles Moore (1910).
1905:
1862:
576:
560:
168:The English Dialect Dictionary
1:
2432:US customary units (USCS/USC)
1795:
1746:United States customary units
528:
309:International System of Units
232:("heavy bronze") weighed one
1751:
609:Troy ounce (20 pennyweights)
400:international yard and pound
189:Troy weight referred to the
166:refers to markets. Wright's
107:
7:
2085:WordNet 3.0, Dictionary.com
1698:
723:
595:Troy pound (12 troy ounces)
565:Mint masses, also known as
10:
3298:
2048:. Vol. 1. p. 20.
1776:mg (or nominally 64.79891
679:
532:
196:
144:statutes of uncertain date
3228:
3202:
3146:
3086:
3040:
2959:
2848:
2651:
2617:
2610:
2579:
2548:
2541:
2494:
2485:English Engineering Units
2452:
2414:
2407:
2254:. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
2158:"Do grams or ounces win?"
1852:Oxford English Dictionary
1582:
1579:
1550:
1426:
1354:
1254:
1162:
1059:
964:
835:
737:
717:
714:
705:
702:
699:
696:
688:
685:
682:
651:
270:1707 was the year of the
146:from the reign of either
26:is a traditional unit of
2087:. Princeton University.
394:A troy ounce weighs 480
276:Kingdom of Great Britain
2524:Quantum chromodynamical
2114:www.boerse-frankfurt.de
2042:Kelly, Patrick (1811).
475:original pound-sterling
84:that originated in the
16:System of units of mass
2637:centimetre–gram–second
2401:Systems of measurement
2325:Kelly, Patric (1835).
2059:Hallock, Wade (1906).
355:
336:
317:People's Bank of China
244:
238:
226:
162:
156:
136:
70:
58:
31:
3159:Biblical and Talmudic
2625:metre–kilogram–second
495:of a troy pound. The
347:
334:
218:Roman monetary system
64:
37:
22:
2015:Zupko, Ronald Edward
1990:Smith, Adam (1809).
1693:apothecaries' system
327:Units of measurement
283:apothecaries' system
236:. One twelfth of an
128:Charles Moore Watson
2356:Miege, Guy (1738).
1782:significant figures
1715:Conversion of units
648:
157:troni ponderacionem
2631:metre–tonne–second
2427:UK imperial system
2239:2022-12-25 at the
2221:2016-08-23 at the
2208:2016-06-17 at the
2181:"Units of measure"
646:
390:Troy ounce (oz t)
356:
340:Troy pound (lb t)
337:
274:which created the
265:coinage by act of
86:Kingdom of England
71:
59:
32:
3254:
3253:
3142:
3141:
2606:
2605:
2597:Foot–pound–second
2537:
2536:
2514:Heaviside–Lorentz
2327:Universal Cambist
2225:. NIST Handbook.
2028:978-0-299-07340-4
1913:Smith, L. Toulmin
1689:
1688:
644:
643:
640:0.06479 891
629:1.55517 384
601:373.24172 16
547:), each weighing
481:was based on the
461:Pennyweight (dwt)
3289:
3272:Systems of units
2721:Mesures usuelles
2615:
2614:
2546:
2545:
2412:
2411:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2285:. Archived from
2276:
2261:
2255:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2187:. Archived from
2177:
2166:
2165:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1877:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1813:Hallock, William
1809:
1789:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1762:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1435:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1265:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1093:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1011:
1005:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
988:
982:
980:
979:
976:
973:
959:
957:
956:
953:
950:
937:
935:
934:
931:
928:
916:
914:
913:
910:
907:
903:
898:
890:
884:
882:
881:
878:
875:
871:
864:
858:
856:
855:
852:
849:
845:
830:
824:
822:
821:
818:
815:
807:
801:
799:
798:
795:
792:
784:
778:
776:
775:
772:
769:
761:
755:
753:
752:
749:
746:
673:
666:
659:
649:
645:
618:
615:31.10347 68
604:
581:
580:
567:moneyers' masses
556:
555:
551:
541:Imperial systems
525:, respectively.
494:
493:
489:
452:
451:
447:
442:
441:
437:
432:
431:
428:
422:
421:
418:
412:
407:
385:
384:
378:
377:
371:
370:
364:
363:
353:
311:(SI), except in
302:
301:
297:
294:
249:
241:
231:
165:
159:
141:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3267:Precious metals
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3224:
3198:
3138:
3082:
3036:
2955:
2844:
2647:
2602:
2575:
2533:
2490:
2448:
2403:
2398:
2368:
2367:
2354:
2350:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2274:
2262:
2258:
2241:Wayback Machine
2223:Wayback Machine
2210:Wayback Machine
2200:
2196:
2191:on 7 June 2019.
2179:
2178:
2169:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2057:
2053:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2012:
2005:
1988:
1984:
1962:
1958:
1937:
1930:
1910:
1906:
1870:Partridge, Eric
1867:
1863:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1786:false precision
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:legally defined
1763:
1759:
1754:
1742:of a troy ounce
1738:
1734:
1733:
1701:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1546:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1433:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1263:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1091:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
991:
986:
977:
974:
971:
970:
968:
954:
951:
948:
947:
945:
932:
929:
926:
925:
923:
911:
908:
905:
904:
901:
899:
896:
888:
879:
876:
873:
872:
869:
867:
862:
853:
850:
847:
846:
843:
841:
828:
819:
816:
813:
812:
810:
805:
796:
793:
790:
789:
787:
782:
773:
770:
767:
766:
764:
759:
750:
747:
744:
743:
741:
677:
647:English pounds
616:
602:
579:
563:
553:
549:
548:
537:
531:
491:
487:
486:
463:
449:
445:
444:
439:
435:
434:
429:
426:
424:
419:
416:
414:
405:
403:
392:
382:
380:
375:
373:
368:
366:
361:
359:
349:
342:
329:
315:. However, the
299:
295:
292:
290:
203:Champagne fairs
199:
170:lists the word
134:(also known as
110:
90:precious metals
76:is a system of
17:
12:
11:
5:
3295:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3236:Absolute scale
3232:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2621:
2619:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2365:
2348:
2332:
2317:
2303:
2292:on 3 June 2011
2256:
2194:
2167:
2149:
2131:
2101:
2072:
2051:
2034:
2027:
2003:
1982:
1965:Wright, Joseph
1956:
1928:
1904:
1861:
1835:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1526:
1520:
1503:
1500:
1483:
1480:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1402:
1399:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1333:
1330:
1313:
1310:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1230:
1227:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1184:
1181:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1141:
1138:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1012:
1006:
989:
983:
966:
963:
960:
943:
939:
938:
920:
917:
894:
891:
885:
865:
859:
839:
834:
831:
825:
808:
802:
785:
779:
762:
756:
739:
736:
732:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
691:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
676:
675:
668:
661:
653:
642:
641:
638:
635:
631:
630:
627:
624:
620:
619:
613:
610:
606:
605:
599:
596:
592:
591:
590:Grams (exact)
588:
585:
578:
575:
562:
559:
533:Main article:
530:
527:
479:pound sterling
462:
459:
423:grams/grain =
391:
388:
341:
338:
328:
325:
252:Imperial units
242:was called an
198:
195:
142:), one of the
109:
106:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3294:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Units of mass
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:List articles
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:South America
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:North America
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:South African
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:Luxembourgian
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2643:gravitational
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:Apothecaries'
2458:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2361:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2307:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1787:
1783:
1780:mg to seven
1767:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1744:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1576:
1556:
1553:
1544:
1527:
1521:
1504:
1501:
1484:
1481:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1403:
1400:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1357:
1351:
1334:
1331:
1314:
1311:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1231:
1228:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1185:
1182:
1165:
1159:
1142:
1139:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1013:
1007:
990:
984:
967:
961:
944:
941:
940:
921:
918:
895:
892:
886:
866:
860:
840:
838:
832:
826:
809:
803:
786:
780:
763:
757:
740:
734:
733:
708:
692:
674:
669:
667:
662:
660:
655:
654:
650:
639:
636:
633:
632:
628:
625:
622:
621:
614:
611:
608:
607:
600:
597:
594:
593:
589:
586:
583:
582:
574:
572:
568:
558:
546:
542:
536:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:
502:
498:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
458:
454:
411:
401:
397:
387:
352:
346:
333:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
288:
287:metric system
284:
279:
277:
273:
268:
264:
263:United States
259:
257:
256:English units
253:
248:
247:
240:
235:
230:
229:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
194:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
174:as meaning a
173:
169:
164:
158:
153:
149:
145:
140:
139:
133:
129:
125:
123:
122:Earl of Derby
119:
115:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
68:
67:Good Delivery
63:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
25:
21:
3184:Mesopotamian
3078:Puerto Rican
2475:Astronomical
2469:
2358:
2351:
2341:
2335:
2326:
2320:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2287:the original
2270:
2259:
2226:
2214:
2197:
2189:the original
2152:
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2113:
2104:
2093:. Retrieved
2084:
2081:"Troy Ounce"
2075:
2061:
2054:
2044:
2037:
2018:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1968:
1959:
1941:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1879:
1864:
1856:
1851:
1826:. Retrieved
1817:
1760:
1710:Carat (mass)
1705:Bullion coin
1690:
1255:
1060:
900:9,955
836:
735:Avoirdupois
570:
566:
564:
538:
535:Grain (mass)
522:
518:
514:
510:
504:
500:
496:
470:
464:
455:
393:
357:
306:
280:
272:Act of Union
260:
215:
200:
191:Tower system
188:
171:
167:
131:
126:
117:
111:
73:
72:
23:
3048:Costa Rican
3012:Seychellois
2921:Singaporean
2716:Traditional
2571:Metrication
2509:Geometrised
2465:Avoirdupois
1896:, whence...
1730:Tola (unit)
1725:Mark (unit)
1720:Fluid ounce
1332:= 1.171875
623:Pennyweight
577:Conversions
561:Mint masses
503:stands for
485:, which is
483:tower pound
467:pennyweight
321:Gold Pandas
182:called the
102:avoirdupois
98:pennyweight
74:Troy weight
3261:Categories
3134:Venezuelan
3119:Paraguayan
3073:Nicaraguan
2951:Vietnamese
2926:Sri Lankan
2911:Philippine
2871:Indonesian
2795:Portuguese
2689:Winchester
2592:Comparison
2542:Background
2480:Electrical
2185:Perth Mint
2095:2008-01-10
1847:"troy, n."
1796:References
1424:= 14.0625
529:Troy grain
469:symbol is
410:milligrams
24:Troy ounce
3129:Uruguayan
3114:Colombian
3104:Brazilian
3094:Argentine
3032:Tanzanian
3002:Mauritian
2972:Ethiopian
2936:Taiwanese
2906:Pakistani
2886:Mongolian
2861:Cambodian
2780:Norwegian
2750:Icelandic
2745:Hungarian
2738:Byzantine
2694:Exchequer
2442:Hong Kong
2329:. London.
2283:610190761
2234:0271-4027
1999:esteemed.
1888:250202885
1828:14 August
1752:Footnotes
1640:≈ 1.0717
1635:≈ 1.1431
1630:≈ 1.4289
1625:≈ 1.3396
1620:≈ 1.1023
1558:16
1554:≈ 0.9331
1405:14
1382:15
1378:≈ 0.8748
1375:= 0.9375
1312:≈ 0.9643
1292:Merchant
1233:11
1210:12
1206:≈ 0.6998
1160:= 0.9375
1140:≈ 0.7714
1066:12
1038:13
1034:≈ 0.7465
962:≈ 0.8229
868:15
842:14
833:≈ 0.9072
313:East Asia
239:aes grave
228:aes grave
180:steelyard
148:Henry III
108:Etymology
48:aluminium
40:germanium
3215:Obsolete
3210:Humorous
3164:Egyptian
3124:Peruvian
3099:Bolivian
3063:Honduran
3027:Tunisian
3007:Moroccan
2997:Malagasy
2982:Eritrean
2977:Egyptian
2967:Algerian
2896:Nepalese
2876:Japanese
2810:Scottish
2800:Romanian
2701:Estonian
2611:Historic
2587:Overview
2556:Overview
2453:Specific
2252:58927093
2237:Archived
2219:Archived
2206:Archived
2162:Archived
2144:Archived
2124:28 April
2118:Archived
2089:Archived
2017:(1977).
1977:63381077
1967:(1898).
1915:(1894).
1875:"Trojan"
1872:(1958).
1699:See also
1658:≈ 17.15
1653:≈ 16.08
1648:≈ 17.64
1577:≈ 16.46
1482:≈ 1.029
1401:≈ 15.43
1252:= 11.25
1229:≈ 12.34
1057:≈ 13.17
758:= 1.2152
703:Merchant
506:denarius
379:grains (
365:grains (
267:Congress
152:Edward I
3246:Modulor
3220:Unusual
3189:Persian
3147:Ancient
3109:Chilean
3068:Mexican
3058:Haitian
2987:Guinean
2891:Myanmar
2830:Swedish
2825:Spanish
2815:Serbian
2805:Russian
2785:Ottoman
2775:Maltese
2765:Latvian
2760:Italian
2706:Finnish
2684:English
2664:Cypriot
2659:Cornish
2566:History
2561:Outline
2496:Natural
2437:Chinese
2415:General
2408:Current
2296:30 June
2212:(PDF).
1951:4566577
1737:⁄
1684:
1672:
1664:10,974
1615:Metric
1609:
1597:
1589:10,240
1573:
1541:
1529:
1518:
1506:
1502:= 1.25
1498:
1486:
1478:
1466:
1462:London
1456:
1444:
1420:
1397:
1371:
1359:
1352:= 1.25
1348:
1336:
1328:
1316:
1308:
1296:
1286:
1274:
1248:
1225:
1203:= 0.75
1199:
1187:
1179:
1167:
1156:
1144:
1136:
1124:
1114:
1102:
1085:= 12.8
1081:
1053:
1027:
1015:
1004:
992:
981:
969:
958:
946:
936:
924:
915:
883:
861:= 14.58
857:
823:
811:
800:
788:
777:
765:
754:
742:
709:Metric
689:Metric
686:Grains
683:Ounces
680:Pounds
552:⁄
490:⁄
448:⁄
438:⁄
381:453.592
367:373.241
298:⁄
197:History
176:balance
52:rhenium
30:weight.
3241:N-body
3179:Indian
3154:Arabic
3017:Somali
2992:Libyan
2960:Africa
2931:Syrian
2881:Korean
2866:Indian
2856:Afghan
2820:Slovak
2790:Polish
2728:German
2711:French
2674:Danish
2652:Europe
2618:Metric
2549:Metric
2529:Stoney
2519:Planck
2504:Atomic
2281:
2250:
2025:
1975:
1949:
1894:Troyes
1886:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1667:= 500
1436:9,600
1269:≈ 350
1266:7,680
1183:= 0.8
1120:Tower
1094:8,192
1031:= 0.8
1008:= 0.85
893:7,000
827:= 0.97
724:Tower
718:Tower
706:London
587:Grains
545:barley
521:, and
425:31.103
408:
404:64.798
396:grains
222:Romans
211:Bremen
207:Troyes
184:auncel
114:Troyes
96:, the
56:osmium
3229:Other
3194:Roman
3174:Hindu
3169:Greek
3053:Cuban
2941:Tatar
2901:Omani
2840:Welsh
2835:Swiss
2755:Irish
2733:Greek
2679:Dutch
2669:Czech
2639:(CGS)
2633:(MTS)
2627:(MKS)
2599:(FPS)
2580:UK/US
2290:(PDF)
2275:(PDF)
1661:7,716
1592:≈ 467
1586:7,200
1545:= 1.0
1439:≈ 437
1430:6,750
1260:5,400
1097:≈ 373
1088:5,760
985:= 1.0
942:Troy
919:≈ 454
887:= 15.
712:Avdp.
700:Tower
694:Avdp.
652:Unit
634:Grain
598:5,760
440:437.5
415:0.064
246:uncia
234:pound
163:troni
94:grain
78:units
2946:Thai
2916:Pegu
2849:Asia
2487:(US)
2470:Troy
2298:2012
2279:OCLC
2248:OCLC
2245:OCLC
2231:ISSN
2126:2018
2023:ISBN
1973:OCLC
1947:OCLC
1898:Troy
1884:OCLC
1830:2012
1522:= 1.
804:= 1.
781:= 1.
721:Troy
715:Troy
697:Troy
584:Unit
554:7000
465:The
172:troi
118:troy
82:mass
54:and
44:iron
28:gold
2067:119
1923:100
1900:...
1583:16
1580:15
1427:15
1050:175
955:175
949:144
806:037
783:296
751:144
745:175
730:kg
612:480
501:dwt
499:in
471:dwt
450:175
446:192
436:480
427:476
417:798
376:000
362:760
291:437
205:at
186:.
150:or
80:of
3263::
2268:.
2243:.
2227:44
2183:.
2170:^
2160:.
2142:.
2116:.
2112:.
2083:.
2006:^
1931:^
1890:.
1878:.
1849:.
1838:^
1823:34
1804:^
1788:.)
1670:=
1643:1
1606:15
1595:≈
1570:35
1564:16
1551:1
1538:15
1532:16
1475:35
1469:36
1453:16
1442:≈
1417:16
1368:16
1362:15
1355:1
1325:64
1319:75
1305:28
1299:27
1283:20
1272:≈
1256:12
1222:35
1216:12
1163:1
1153:16
1147:15
1133:35
1127:27
1100:≈
1061:12
1044:29
1001:75
995:64
978:15
972:16
965:1
933:11
922:≈
854:12
837:16
820:36
814:35
797:27
791:28
774:27
768:35
738:1
626:24
517:,
492:16
488:15
443:=
430:80
420:91
406:91
383:37
369:72
258:.
124:.
65:A
50:,
46:,
42:,
2393:e
2386:t
2379:v
2314:.
2300:.
2128:.
2098:.
2069:.
2031:.
1979:.
1953:.
1925:.
1832:.
1739:8
1735:3
1681:2
1678:/
1675:1
1603:/
1600:7
1567:/
1560:+
1547:6
1535:/
1524:3
1515:3
1512:/
1509:4
1495:4
1492:/
1489:5
1472:/
1450:/
1447:7
1434:0
1414:/
1411:1
1407:+
1394:7
1391:/
1388:3
1384:+
1365:/
1345:4
1342:/
1339:5
1322:/
1302:/
1280:/
1277:7
1264:0
1245:4
1242:/
1239:1
1235:+
1219:/
1212:+
1196:4
1193:/
1190:3
1176:5
1173:/
1170:4
1150:/
1130:/
1111:8
1108:/
1105:3
1092:0
1078:5
1075:/
1072:4
1068:+
1047:/
1040:+
1024:5
1021:/
1018:4
1010:3
998:/
987:6
975:/
952:/
930:/
927:5
912:9
909:/
906:5
902:+
897:0
889:5
880:9
877:/
874:5
870:+
863:3
851:/
848:7
844:+
829:2
817:/
794:/
771:/
760:7
748:/
727:g
672:e
665:t
658:v
637:1
617:0
603:0
550:1
523:d
519:s
515:£
511:d
497:d
374:7
360:5
351:℔
300:2
296:1
293:+
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