1338:), as the second administrative capital of the Dehli Sultanate. He ordered a forced migration of the Muslim population of Dehli, including his royal family, the nobles, Syeds, Sheikhs and 'Ulema to settle in Daulatabad. The purpose of transferring the entire Muslim elite to Daulatabad was to enroll them in his mission of world conquest. He saw their role as propagandists who would adapt Islamic religious symbolism to the rhetoric of empire, and that the Sufis could by persuasion bring many of the inhabitants of the Deccan to become Muslim. Tughluq cruelly punished the nobles who were unwilling to move to Daulatabad, seeing their non-compliance of his order as equivalent to rebellion. According to Ferishta, when the Mongols arrived in Punjab, the Sultan returned the elite back to Delhi, although Daulatabad remained as an administrative centre. One result of the transfer of the elite to Daulatabad was the nobility's hatred of the Sultan, which remained in their minds for a long time. The other result was that he managed to create a stable Muslim elite and result in the growth of the Muslim population of Daulatabad who did not return to Dehli. Muhammad bin Tughlaq's adventures in the Deccan region also marked campaigns of destruction and desecration of Hindu and Jain temples, for example the
2078:. He himself fell ill in 1384. By then, Muslim nobility who had installed Firuz Shah Tughluq to power in 1351 had died out, and their descendants had inherited the wealth and rights to extract taxes from non-Muslim peasants. Khan Jahan II, a wazir in Delhi, was the son of Firuz Shah Tughluq's favorite wazir Khan Jahan I, and rose in power after his father died in 1368. The young wazir was in open rivalry with Muhammad Shah, the son of Firuz Shah Tughluq. The wazir's power grew as he appointed more amirs and granted favors. He persuaded the Sultan to name his great-grandson as his heir. Then Khan Jahan II tried to convince Firuz Shah Tughlaq to dismiss his only surviving son. Instead of dismissing his son, the Sultan dismissed the wazir. The crisis that followed led to first civil war, arrest and execution of the wazir, followed by a rebellion and civil war in and around Delhi. Muhammad Shah too was expelled in 1387. The Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq died in 1388. Tughluq Khan assumed power, but died in conflict. In 1389, Abu Bakr Shah assumed power, but he too died within a year. The civil war continued under Sultan Muhammad Shah, and by 1390, it had led to the seizure and execution of all Muslim nobility who were aligned, or suspected to be aligned to Khan Jahan II.
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2367:) under contract. The contract would require that the na'ib shall have the right to forcefully collect taxes from non-Muslim peasants and local economy, and deposit a fixed sum of tribute and taxes to Sultan's treasury on a periodic basis. The contract allowed the na'ib to keep a certain amount of taxes they collected from peasants as their income, but the contract required any excess tax and seized property collected from non-Muslims to be split between na'ib and Sultan in a 20:80 ratio. (Firuz Shah changed this to 80:20 ratio.) The na'ib had the right to keep soldiers and officials to help extract taxes. After contracting with Sultan, the na'ib would enter into subcontracts with Muslim amirs and army commanders, each granted the right over certain villages to force collect or seize produce and property from
1240:
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2097:. In 1394, Hindus in Lahore region and northwest South Asia (now Pakistan) had re-asserted self-rule. Muhammad Shah amassed an army to attack them, with his son Humayun Khan as the commander-in-chief. While preparations were in progress in Delhi in January 1394, Sultan Muhammad Shah died. His son, Humayun Khan assumed power but was murdered within two months. The brother of Humayun Khan, Nasir-al-din Mahmud Shah assumed power – but he enjoyed little support from Muslim nobility, the wazirs and amirs. The Sultanate had lost command over almost all eastern and western provinces of already shrunken Sultanate. Within Delhi, factions of Muslim nobility formed by October 1394, triggering the second civil war.
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2507:
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2379:, promising enormous sums of annual tribute while entering the contract in 1377. He then attempted to force collect the amount deploying his coterie of Muslim amirs, but failed. Even the amount he did manage to collect, he paid nothing to Delhi. Shamsaldin Damghani and Muslim nobility of Gujarat then declared rebellion and separation from Delhi Sultanate. However, the soldiers and peasants of Gujarat refused to fight the war for the Muslim nobility. Shamsaldin Damghani was killed. During the reign of Muhammad Shah Tughlaq, similar rebellions were very common. His own nephew rebelled in Malwa in 1338; Muhammad Shah Tughlaq attacked Malwa, seized his nephew, and then
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1082:
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1294:(non-Muslims) were required to pay crop taxes by giving up half or more of their harvested crop. These sharply higher crop and land tax led entire villages of Hindu farmers to quit farming and escape into jungles; they refused to grow anything or work at all. Many became robber clans. Famines followed. The Sultan responded with bitterness by expanding arrests, torture and mass punishments, killing people as if he was "cutting down weeds". Historical documents note that Muhammad bin Tughluq was cruel and severe not only with non-Muslims, but also with certain sects of
2122:
89:
1602:, noted that all those who were in service of Muhammad were dismissed and executed by Firoz Shah. In his second book, Barni states that Firuz Shah was the mildest sovereign since the rule of Islam came to Delhi. Muslim soldiers enjoyed the taxes they collected from Hindu villages they had rights over, without having to constantly go to war as in previous regimes. Other court historians such as 'Afif record a number of conspiracies and assassination attempts on Firoz Shah Tughlaq, such as by his first cousin and the daughter of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
2340:
4751:
the beautiful temple to the ground. The roof was covered with rubies and emeralds, in short, it was the holy place of the Hindus, which Malik dug up from its foundations with the greatest care, while heads of idolaters fell to the ground and blood flowed in torrents. The
Musulmans destroyed all the lings (idols). Many gold and valuable jewels fell into the hands of the Musulmans who returned to the royal canopy in April 1311. Malik Kafur and the Musulmans destroyed all the temples at Birdhul, and placed in the plunder in the public treasury."
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and subdue these lands. However, before he could begin the attack on
Persian lands in the second year of preparations, the plunder he had collected from Indian subcontinent had emptied, provinces were too poor to support the large army, and the soldiers refused to remain in his service without pay. For the attack on China, Muhammad bin Tughlaq sent 100,000 soldiers, a part of his army, over the Himalayas. However, Hindus closed the passes through the Himalayas and blocked the passage for retreat.
65:
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in the years after the base metal coin experiment. Tughlaq introduced token coinage of brass and copper to augment the silver coinage which only led to increasing ease of forgery and loss to the treasury. Also, the people were not willing to trade their gold and silver for the new brass and copper coins. Consequently, the sultan had to withdraw the lot, "buying back both the real and the counterfeit at great expense until mountains of coins had accumulated within the walls of
Tughluqabad."
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and gave to his visitors gifts of far greater value in return. Ibn
Battuta met Muhammad bin Tughluq, presenting him with gifts of arrows, camels, thirty horses, slaves and other goods. Muhammad bin Tughlaq responded by giving Ibn Battuta with a welcoming gift of 2,000 silver dinars, a furnished house and the job of a judge with an annual salary of 5,000 silver dinars that Ibn Battuta had the right to keep by collecting taxes from two and a half Hindu villages near Delhi.
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demand for one year taxes in advance and a threat of seizure of all property of her family and Abohar people. The kingdom was suffering from famines, and could not meet the ransom demand. The princess, after learning about ransom demands against her family and people, offered herself in sacrifice if the army would stop the misery to her people. Sipah Rajab and the Sultan accepted the proposal. Sipah Rajab and Naila were married and Firoz Shah was their first son.
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walls. After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers. Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century.
1636:
1422:(ministers), extremely severe with his opponents, and took decisions that caused economic upheaval. For example, after his expensive campaigns to expand Islamic empire, the state treasury was empty of precious metal coins. So he ordered minting of coins from base metals with face value of silver coins – a decision that failed because ordinary people minted counterfeit coins from base metal they had in their houses.
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fire, driving nails into hands and feet, among others. The Sunni Sultan also wrote that he did not tolerate attempts by
Rafawiz Shia Muslim and Mahdi sects from proselytizing people into their faith, nor did he tolerate Hindus who tried to rebuild their temples after his armies had destroyed those temples. As punishment, wrote the Sultan, he put many Shias, Mahdi and Hindus to death (
1459:), court advisors, wazirs, governors, district officials and others in his service by awarding them the right to force collect taxes on Hindu villages, keep a portion and transfer rest to his treasury. Those who failed to pay taxes were hunted and executed. Muhammad bin Tughlaq died in March 1351 while trying to chase and punish people for rebellion and their refusal to pay taxes in
1181:). His first attempt was a failure. Four months later, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq sent large army reinforcements for his son asking him to attempt plundering Arangal and Tilang again. This time Jauna Khan succeeded. Arangal fell, was renamed to Sultanpur, and all plundered wealth, state treasury and captives were transferred from the captured kingdom to Delhi Sultanate.
1223:) built without foundation and designed to collapse, making it appear as an accident. Historic documents state that the Sufi preacher and Jauna Khan had learnt through messengers that Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq had resolved to remove them from Delhi upon his return. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, along with Mahmud Khan, died inside the collapsed
1219:, which he did over 1324–1325, after placing Delhi under control of his son Ulugh Khan, and then leading his army to Lukhnauti. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq succeeded in this campaign. As he and his favourite son Mahmud Khan were returning from Lukhnauti to Delhi, Jauna Khan schemed to kill him inside a wooden structure (
1433:
imposed on them. The economic experiments of
Muhammad bin Tughlaq resulted in a collapsed economy, and nearly a decade long famine followed that killed numerous people in the countryside. The historian Walford chronicled Delhi and most of India faced severe famines during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's rule,
1390:
from the Delhi
Sultanate. In 1338 his own nephew rebelled in Malwa, whom he attacked, caught and flayed alive. By 1339, the eastern regions under local Muslim governors and southern parts led by Hindu kings had revolted and declared independence from Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad bin Tughlaq did not have
1282:
During
Muhammad bin Tughluq's rule, the Delhi Sultanate temporarily expanded to most of the Indian subcontinent, its peak in terms of geographical reach. He attacked and plundered Malwa, Gujarat, Mahratta, Tilang, Kampila, Dhur-samundar, Mabar, Lakhnauti, Chittagong, Sunarganw and Tirhut. His distant
2207:
Muslim traveller, left extensive notes on the
Tughlaq dynasty in his travel memoirs. Ibn Battuta arrived in India through the mountains of Afghanistan, in 1334, at the height of the Tughlaq dynasty's geographic empire. On his way, he learnt that Sultan Muhammad Tughluq liked gifts from his visitors,
1661:
The first civil war broke out in 1384 four years before the death of aging Firoz Shah
Tughlaq, while the second civil war started in 1394 six years after Firoz Shah was dead. The Islamic historians Sirhindi and Bihamadkhani provide the detailed account of this period. These civil wars were primarily
1594:
replaced him and assumed the throne. His rule lasted 37 years. His father Sipah Rajab had become infatuated with a Hindu princess named Naila. She initially refused to marry him. Her father refused the marriage proposal as well. Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Sipah Rajab then sent in an army with a
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and Irak (Babylon and Persia) as well as China to bring these regions under Sunni Islam. For Khurasan attack, a cavalry of over 300,000 horses were gathered near Delhi, for a year at state treasury's expense, while spies claiming to be from Khurasan collected rewards for information on how to attack
1124:
After Alauddin Khalji's death from illness in 1316, a series of palace arrests and assassinations followed, with Khusro Khan coming to power in June 1320, after killing the licentious son of Alauddin Khalji, Mubarak Khalji, initiating a massacre of all members of the Khalji family and reverting from
4750:
Amir Khusru, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 67-92; Quote - "The Rai again escaped him, and he ordered a general massacre at Kandur. He heard that in Brahmastpuri there was a golden idol. (He found it). He then determined on razing
1454:
During his reign, state revenues collapsed from his policies. To cover state expenses, Muhammad bin Tughlaq sharply raised taxes on his ever-shrinking empire. Except in times of war, he did not pay his staff from his treasury. Ibn Battuta noted in his memoir that Muhammad bin Tughlaq paid his army,
2267:
On the fourteen day, the Sultan sent him food, but he (Sheikh Shinab al-Din) refused to eat it. When the Sultan heard this he ordered that the sheikh should be fed human excrement . spread out the sheikh on his back, opened his mouth and made him drink it (the excrement). On the following day, he
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and other Islamic buildings. Firuz Shah Tughlaq is credited with patronizing Indo-Islamic architecture, including the installation of lats (ancient Hindu and Buddhist pillars) near mosques. The irrigation canals continued to be in use through the 19th century. After Feroz died in 1388, the Tughlaq
1627:
tax. He also vastly expanded the number of slaves in his service and those of amirs (Muslim nobles). Firoz Shah Tughlaq reign was marked by reduction in extreme forms of torture, eliminating favours to select parts of society, but an increased intolerance and persecution of targeted groups. After
1609:
An educated sultan, Firoz Shah left a memoir. In it he wrote that he banned torture in practice in Delhi Sultanate by his predecessors, tortures such as amputations, tearing out of eyes, sawing people alive, crushing people's bones as punishment, pouring molten lead into throats, putting people on
2327:
Ibn Battuta's memoir records that he fathered a child each with two slave girls, one from Greece and one he purchased during his stay in Delhi Sultanate. This was in addition to the daughter he fathered by marrying a Muslim woman in India. Ibn Battuta also records that Muhammad Tughlaq sent along
2168:
The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world. After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city
1614:). Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, his court historian, also recorded Firoz Shah Tughlaq burning a Hindu Brahmin alive for converting Muslim women to infidelity. In his memoirs, Firoz Shah Tughlaq lists his accomplishments to include converting Hindus to Sunni Islam by announcing an exemption from taxes and
2239:
Not a week passed without the spilling of much Muslim blood and the running of streams of gore before the entrance of his palace. This included cutting people in half, skinning them alive, chopping off heads and displaying them on poles as a warning to others, or having prisoners tossed about by
1643:
Firuz Shah suffered from bodily infirmities, and his rule was considered by his court historians as more merciful than that of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. When Firuz Shah came to power, India was suffering from a collapsed economy, abandoned villages and towns, and frequent famines. He undertook many
3945:
flag, as well as various banners with figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion. "Large banners were carried with the army. In the beginning the sultans had only two colours : on the right were black flags, of Abbasid colour; and on the left they carried their own colour, red, which was
2289:
Ibn Batutta wrote that Sultan's officials demanded bribes from him while he was in Delhi, as well as deducted 10% of any sums that Sultan gave to him. Towards the end of his stay in Tughluq dynasty court, Ibn Battuta came under suspicion for his friendship with a Sufi Muslim holy man. Both Ibn
2251:
The Sultan was far too ready to shed blood. He punished small faults and great, without respect of persons, whether men of learning, piety or high station. Every day hundreds of people, chained, pinioned, and fettered, are brought to this hall, and those who are for execution are executed, for
1149:
and officials of Khalji dynasty who had rendered him a service and helped him come to power. He punished those who had rendered service to Khusro Khan, his predecessor. He lowered the tax rate on Muslims that was prevalent during Khalji dynasty, but raised the taxes on Hindus, wrote his court
6096:"… One of his followers was Timur of the Barlas tribe. This Mongol tribe had settled in the valley of Kashka Darya, intermingling with the Turkish population, adopting their religion (Islam) and gradually giving up its own nomadic ways, like a number of other Mongol tribes in Transoxania …"
1450:
which was not able to fight in the hills. Nearly all his 100,000 soldiers perished in 1333 and were forced to retreat. The high mountain weather and lack of retreat destroyed that army in the Himalayas. The few soldiers who returned with bad news were executed under orders of the Sultan.
2093:) joined the rebellion in 1390. Sultan Muhammad Shah attacked Hindus rebelling near Delhi and southern Doab in 1392, with mass executions of peasants, and razing Etawah to the ground. However, by then, most of India had transitioned to a patchwork of smaller Muslim Sultanates and
1605:
Firoz Shah Tughlaq tried to regain the old kingdom boundary by waging a war with Bengal for 11 months in 1359. However, Bengal did not fall, and remained outside of Delhi Sultanate. Firuz Shah Tughlaq was somewhat weak militarily, mainly because of inept leadership in the army.
6064:"... We know definitely that the leading clan of the Barlas tribe traced its origin to Qarchar Barlas, head of one of Chaghadai's regiments ... These then were the most prominent members of the Ulus Chaghadai: the old Mongolian tribes - Barlas, Arlat, Soldus and Jalayir ..."
1231:. Another official historian, Al-Badāʾunī ʻAbd al-Kadir ibn Mulūk-Shāh, makes no mention of lightning bolt or weather, but explains the cause of structural collapse to be the running of elephants; Al-Badaoni includes a note of the rumour that the accident was pre-planned.
2374:
This system of tax extraction from peasants and sharing among Muslim nobility led to rampant corruption, arrests, execution and rebellion. For example, in the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq, a Muslim noble named Shamsaldin Damghani entered into a contract over the iqta' of
2104:, few kilometers from the first Sultan seat of power in late 1394. The two Sultans claimed to be rightful ruler of South Asia, each with a small army, controlled by a coterie of Muslim nobility. Battles occurred every month, duplicity and switching of sides by
4166:
Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it
1283:
campaigns were expensive, although each raid and attack on non-Muslim kingdoms brought new looted wealth and ransom payments from captured people. The extended empire was difficult to retain, and rebellions all over Indian subcontinent became routine.
1653:
dynasty's power continued to fade, and no more able leaders came to the throne. Firoz Shah Tughlaq's death created anarchy and disintegration of kingdom. In the years preceding his death, internecine strife among his descendants had already erupted.
2294:(The Sultan) had the holy man's beard plucked out hair by hair, then banished him from Delhi. Later the Sultan ordered him to return to court, which the holy man refused to do. The man was arrested, tortured in the most horrible way, then beheaded.
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for those who convert, and by lavishing new converts with presents and honours. Simultaneously, he raised taxes and jizya, assessing it at three levels, and stopping the practice of his predecessors who had historically exempted all Hindu
4595:
Here is a great sultan, powerful and very rich: the sultan has seven hundred elephants and a hundred thousand horsemen under his command. He also has countless foot soldiers. In this part of the land there is a lot of gold and precious
3892:
2165:) defeated four armies of the Sultanate. During the invasion, Sultan Mahmud Khan fled before Tamerlane as he entered Delhi. For eight days Delhi was plundered, its population massacred, and over 100,000 prisoners were killed as well.
1365:
Revolts against Muhammad bin Tughlaq began in 1327, continued over his reign, and over time the geographical reach of the Sultanate shrunk particularly after 1335. The Indian Muslim soldier Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan, a native of
6269:
4274:
These included the Mamluk dynasty of greater Egypt and Central Asia (1206-1290), the Turko-Afghan Khalji dynasty (1290- 1320), the Turko-Indian Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1414), the Sayyid dynasty of Multan (Punjab, Pakistan;
1154:, so that they might not be blinded by wealth or afford to become rebellious. He built a city six kilometers east of Delhi, with a fort considered more defensible against the Mongol attacks, and called it Tughlakabad.
2262:
In the Tughlaq dynasty, the punishments were extended even to Muslim religious figures who were suspected rebellion. For example, Ibn Battuta mentions Sheikh Shinab al-Din, who was imprisoned and tortured as follows:
2215:. He noted the seven-year famine from 1335, which killed thousands upon thousands of people near Delhi, while the Sultan was busy attacking rebellions. He was tough both against non-Muslims and Muslims. For example,
4462:
2534:
996:
The ancestry of the dynasty is debated among modern historians because the earlier sources provide different information regarding it. However, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq is usually considered to be of
1470:
Historians have attempted to determine the motivations behind Muhammad bin Tughlaq's behavior and his actions. Some state Tughlaq tried to enforce orthodox Islamic observance and practice, promote
1125:
Islam. However, he lacked the support of the Muslim nobles and aristocrats of the Delhi Sultanate. Delhi's aristocracy invited Ghazi Malik, then the governor in Punjab under the Khaljis, to lead a
5727:"Interpretation of the most ancient of inscriptions on the pillar called lat of Feroz Shah, near Delhi, and of the Allahabad, Radhia and Mattiah pillar, or lat inscriptions which agree therewith"
3837:
2324:) for trade of both foreign and Indian slaves. This market flourished under the reign of all Sultans of the Tughlaq dynasty, particularly Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad Tughlaq and Firoz Tughlaq.
2506:
2290:
Battuta and the Sufi Muslim were arrested. While Ibn Battuta was allowed to leave India, the Sufi Muslim was killed as follows according to Ibn Battuta during the period he was under arrest:
3926:...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602–962/1206–1555).
2336:
The Tughlaq dynasty experienced many revolts by Muslim nobility, particularly during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's reign but also during rule of later monarchs such as Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
5239:
1425:
Ziauddin Barni, a historian in Muhammad bin Tughlaq's court, wrote that the houses of Hindus became a coin mint and people in Hindustan provinces produced fake copper coins worth
88:
977:, but this is doubtful. Literary, numismatic and epigraphic evidence makes it clear that Tughlaq was not an ancestral designation, but the personal name of the dynasty's founder
2462:
1227:
in 1325, while his eldest son watched. One official historian of the Tughlaq court gives an alternate fleeting account of his death, as caused by a lightning bolt strike on the
4288:
At the turn of the 15th century, Punjab lay under the reign of the Indo-Turkic Tughlaq Dynasty. However, the Delhi Sultanate, as the empire was called, had started floundering
2441:
The Sultans of the Tughlaq dynasty, particularly Firoz Shah Tughlaq, patronized many construction projects and are credited with the development of Indo-Islamic architecture.
3830:
1278:
A map showing the expansion of Delhi Sultanate from 1320 (dark green) to 1330. The map also shows the location of the new temporary capital under Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
420:
406:
392:
378:
364:
350:
336:
322:
297:
283:
3823:
1590:
After Muhammad bin Tughluq died, a collateral relative, Mahmud Ibn Muhammad, ruled for less than a month. Thereafter, Muhammad bin Tughluq's 45-year-old nephew
6506:
2554:
5067:
The Sultan created Daulatabad as the second administrative centre. A contemporary writer has written that the Empire had two capitals - Delhi and Daulatabad.
5422:
6501:
4946:
3946:
derived from Ghor. Qutb-u'd-din Aibak's standards bore the figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion; Firuz Shah's flags also displayed a dragon." in
2522:
1113:
slave who had been forcibly converted to Islam and then served the Delhi Sultanate as the general of its army for some time. Khusro Khan, along with
5224:
2415:
and asserted control over Rajputana. The Tughlaq power continued to decline until they were finally overthrown by their former governor of Multan,
1662:
between different factions of Sunni Islam aristocracy, each seeking sovereignty and land to tax dhimmis and extract income from resident peasants.
985:
to describe the entire dynasty as a matter of convenience, but to call it the Tughlaq dynasty is inaccurate, as none of the dynasty's kings used
5537:, pp. 70–72; Quote: "In 1335-42, during a severe famine and death in the Delhi region, the Sultanate offered no help to the starving residents."
2399:
further weakened the Tughlaq empire and allowed several regional chiefs to become independent, resulting in the formation of the sultanates of
2065:
2872:
2569:
6516:
1290:
rivers, the Sultan increased the land tax rate on non-Muslims by tenfold in some districts, and twentyfold in others. Along with land taxes,
2074:
Firuz Shah Tughluq's favorite grandson died in 1376. Thereafter, Firuz Shah sought and followed Sharia more than ever, with the help of his
6045:
Bihamadkhani, Muhammad (date unclear, estim. early 15th century) Ta'rikh-i Muhammadi, Translator: Muhammad Zaki, Aligarh Muslim University
2318:
Each military campaign and raid on non-Muslim kingdoms yielded loot and seizure of slaves. Additionally, the Sultans patronized a market (
5604:
Vincent A Smith, The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, Oxford University Press, Chapter 2, pp. 236–242
1668:
2211:
In his memoirs about the Tughlaq dynasty, Ibn Batutta recorded the history of Qutb complex which included Quwat al-Islam Mosque and the
2081:
While the civil war was in progress, predominantly Hindu populations of Himalayan foothills of north India had rebelled, stopped paying
6306:
I.H. Siddiqui (2012), Recording the Progress of Indian History: Symposia Papers of the Indian History Congress, Saiyid Jafri (Editor),
5210:
1061:
2447:
903:
560:
5409:
Richards J. F. (1974), The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia, Journal of South Asian Studies, 4(1), pp. 91–109
5620:
Ross Dunn (1989), The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century, University of California Press, Berkeley,
5134:
5050:
3976:, also "On the right of the Sultan was carried the black standard of the Abbasids and on the left the red standard of Ghor." in
1525:
1239:
6424:
Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 287–373
6327:
Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 340–341
6188:
H. Gibb (1956), The Travels of Ibn Battuta, Vols. I, II, III, Hakluyt Society, Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 693–709
5997:
Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 367–371
5881:
Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 365–366
5818:
Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 290–292
5805:
Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 271–273
5587:
Chandra, Satish (1997). Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals. New Delhi, India: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 101–102.
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5786:
5432:
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4132:
4107:
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3969:
2313:
1165:, a city near Delhi with a fort, to protect the Delhi Sultanate from Mongol attacks. Above is the Tughlaq fort, now in ruins.
6111:
4912:
Ziauddin Barani, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 609-611
6434:
6339:
6245:
5501:
Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 239-242
4831:
Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 233-234
4795:
Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 229-231
4763:
Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 214-218
2108:
became commonplace, and the civil war between the two Sultan factions continued through 1398, till the invasion by Timur.
1025:
Peter Jackson suggested that Tughlaq was of Mongol stock and a follower of the Mongol chief Alaghu. The Moroccan traveler
5578:
Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 241–243
5039:
Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 236–238
4997:
Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 235–240
4978:
Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 236–237
4329:
2359:
The Tughlaqs had attempted to manage their expanded empire by appointing family members and Muslim aristocracy as na'ib (
5649:
5624:
5466:
4886:
Ibn Battuta, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 609-611
1349:
6511:
6360:
6311:
6027:
5898:
5592:
5534:
5403:
4691:
4442:
4033:
5241:
Kusumāñjali:New Interpretation of Indian Art & Culture : Sh. C. Sivaramamurti Commemoration Volume · Volume 2
1485:
At the time of Muhammad bin Tughlaq's death, the geographic control of Delhi Sultanate had shrunk to the north of the
1012:, which seems to be the official position of the genealogy of the Sultan, although this can be dismissed as flattery.
6393:
6285:
6232:
6155:
6091:
5366:
5341:
5317:
5193:
5144:
5117:
5090:
5060:
4539:
4472:
4356:
4238:
4200:
4183:
3887:
1799:
5868:, Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 - The History of India, Cornell University Archives, pp. 377–381
5183:
5483:
5107:
4304:
W. Haig (1958), The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, pp 153-163
2819:
2796:
1644:
infrastructure projects including an irrigation canal connecting Yamuna-Ghaggar and Yamuna-Sutlej rivers, bridges,
766:
756:
1262:, and Vincent Smith, Ghiyasuddin was killed by his eldest son Jauna Khan in 1325. Jauna Khan ascended to power as
5449:
3514:
1129:
in Delhi and remove Khusro Khan. In 1320, Ghazi Malik launched an attack and killed Khusro Khan to assume power.
17:
5151:
The primary result of the transfer of the capital to Daulatabad was the hatred of the people towards the Sultan.
5978:
4060:
813:
736:
3583:
3576:
1067:
896:
803:
6355:
Samuel Lee (translator), Ibn Battuta - The Travels of Ibn Battuta: in the Near East, Asia and Africa, 2010,
4609:
He was mistakenly identified as Christian because of the Christian mission established in Kollam since 1329.
6444:
William McKibben (1994), The Monumental Pillars of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq. Ars orientalis, Vol. 24, pp. 105–118
2750:
2727:
1403:. Despite this, he was elderly and had no interest in ruling, and as a result, he stepped down in favor of
6421:
6324:
6297:"nak̲h̲k̲h̲ās", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Editors: P.J. Bearmanet al, Brill, The Netherlands
5994:
5878:
5815:
5802:
5575:
5498:
5036:
4994:
4975:
4909:
4883:
4828:
4792:
4760:
4747:
4615:
3949:
5968:
4050:
2278:
2148:
4963:
5831:, Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 - The History of India, Cornell University Archives
2681:
64:
5726:
4567:
Massing, Jean Michel; Albuquerque, Luís de; Brown, Jonathan; González, J. J. Martín (1 January 1991).
4529:
2482:
1215:(Bengal) invited Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq to extend his coup and expand eastwards into Bengal by attacking
6462:(1970). "The Tughluqs: Sultan Ghiyasuddin Tughluq". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.).
5715:
The History of India as told by its own historians, Volume 3, Cornell University Archives, pp 352-353
2436:
1888:
1357:
1081:
6496:
6075:
5748:
5208:
3778:
3424:
3403:
2773:
2344:
1396:
889:
746:
6433:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) By Satish Chandra p. 210
6372:
James Brown (1949), The History of Islam in India, The Muslim World, Volume 39, Issue 1, pp. 11–25
4660:
Cartography between Christian Europe and the Arabic-Islamic World, 1100-1500: Divergent Traditions
6383:
5865:
5828:
5712:
3851:
3432:
2575:
1335:
1086:
2355:, is considered to be the earliest example of Tughluq architecture, built between 1320 and 1324.
2328:
with his emissaries, both slave boys and slave girls as gifts to other countries such as China.
1598:
The court historian Ziauddin Barni, who served both Muhammad Tughlaq and the first six years of
1207:
copy of 1326 Tughlaq dynasty lost original. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms. R.1032.
6459:
3729:
3594:
3395:
2619:
2469:
2180:, as his viceroy at Delhi. Initially, Khizr Khan could only establish his control over Multan,
1788:
1404:
1343:
1188:
1138:
978:
939:
684:
647:
481:
168:
6199:
5915:
5847:
5290:
5019:
4928:
4811:
4729:
4658:
4428:
6107:
5667:
4568:
3979:
3959:
3308:
2494:
2391:
The provinces of Deccan, Bengal, Sindh and Multan had become independent during the reign of
1879:
1850:
1216:
302:
5512:
2218:
1286:
He raised taxes to levels where people refused to pay any. In India's fertile lands between
6059:
4630:
4195:
Edmund Wright (2006), A Dictionary of World History, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press,
3082:
2658:
2396:
2392:
1447:
1378:
originated in southern India as a direct response to attacks from the Delhi Sultanate. The
1263:
1244:
990:
950:
696:
580:
570:
180:
1556:
The Tughlaq dynasty is remembered for its architectural patronage. The famous fortress of
204:
Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah / Abu Bakr Shah / Muhammad Shah / Mahmud Tughlaq / Nusrat Shah
8:
4616:"Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia"
3562:
3172:
1928:
1734:
1379:
1375:
1200:
954:
617:
590:
343:
120:
4634:
5890:
5694:
5276:
A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, by Richard M. Eaton p.50
4865:
4396:
4076:
3856:
3679:
3550:
2513:
2121:
2031:
1832:
1599:
1591:
1573:
1565:
1547:
706:
540:
385:
192:
2339:
1274:
1097:
of 1375. The captions are informative, and several of the location names are accurate.
6469:
6389:
6356:
6307:
6281:
6280:
Ibn Batutta, Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354, Translated by H Gibb, Routledge,
6228:
6227:
Ibn Batutta, Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354, Translated by H Gibb, Routledge,
6205:
6151:
6087:
6023:
5974:
5938:
5894:
5782:
5588:
5530:
5428:
5399:
5362:
5337:
5313:
5218:
5189:
5140:
5113:
5086:
5056:
4857:
4773:
4687:
4664:
4574:
4535:
4508:
4468:
4438:
4388:
4352:
4244:
4217:
4196:
4179:
4155:
4128:
4103:
4056:
4029:
3985:
3965:
3938:
3538:
3304:
3235:
2841:
2541:
2408:
2400:
2101:
2040:
2013:
1977:
1810:
1408:
1371:
1259:
1204:
520:
490:
413:
399:
357:
5546:
Domenic Marbaniang, "The Corrosion of Gold in Light of Modern Christian Economics",
2130:
1169:
In 1321, he sent his eldest son Jauna Khan, later known as Muhammad bin Tughlaq, to
1126:
6201:
Visualizing the Past in Italian Renaissance Art: Essays in Honor of Brian A. Curran
5310:
Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century
4638:
4434:
4405:
3917:
3656:
3526:
3349:
3252:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3118:
3073:
3064:
3047:
2560:
2545:
2473:
2453:
2051:
1995:
1968:
1917:
1821:
1723:
1581:
1557:
1514:
1438:
1212:
1162:
921:
850:
637:
550:
329:
116:
5685:
McKibben, William Jeffrey (1994). "The Monumental Pillars of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq".
4737:, Frowde - Publisher to the Oxford University, London, 23rd Edition, pages 123-124
6463:
6343:
6145:
5653:
5628:
5164:
4705:
4346:
4281:
4267:
4149:
3921:
3715:
3413:
3226:
3217:
3199:
3136:
3109:
3100:
2837:
2424:
2404:
2282:
2144:
2022:
1959:
1948:
1870:
1411:. As a result, the Deccan had become an independent and competing Muslim kingdom
1151:
1118:
1022:
lady of the Punjab. However this lacks confirmation by contemporary authorities.
1018:
states that Tughluq's father was a Turco-Mongol slave of Balban and his mother a
931:
627:
466:
371:
94:
6336:
6249:
5923:, Frowde - Publisher to the Oxford University, London, 23rd Edition, pp. 126–127
4842:
4505:
A comprehensive history of medieval India: twelfth to the mid-eighteenth century
4373:
4643:
3942:
3736:
3335:
3325:
3208:
3190:
3181:
3127:
3091:
2885:
2861:
2420:
2177:
1908:
1861:
1841:
1770:
1712:
1383:
1382:
liberated southern India from the Delhi Sultanate. In 1336 Kapaya Nayak of the
1102:
1001:
784:
608:
315:
288:
33:
1330:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq chose the city of Deogiri in present-day Indian state of
6490:
5646:
5621:
5082:
Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center
4861:
4772:
Mohammad Arshad (1967), An Advanced History of Muslim Rule in Indo-Pakistan,
4392:
3877:
3803:
3792:
3642:
3385:
2984:
2231:
1986:
1939:
1743:
1577:
1486:
1479:
1414:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq was an intellectual, with extensive knowledge of Quran,
1339:
1094:
1090:
860:
726:
530:
73:
6473:
4531:
The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture c. 1000–c. 1500
5920:
5852:
5672:
5517:
5295:
5169:
5024:
4933:
4816:
4734:
4710:
3766:
3478:
3445:
3374:
2939:
2704:
2158:
2004:
1899:
1779:
1628:
the death of his heir in 1376, Firuz Shah started strict implementation of
1443:
1391:
the resources or support to respond to the shrinking kingdom. By 1347, the
1361:
A base metal coin of Muhammad bin Tughlaq that led to an economic collapse.
1312:
1287:
1034:
997:
870:
841:
716:
657:
254:
5668:
The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record
4777:
4548:
4077:"Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies – Archaeological Survey of India"
2089:
taxes to Sultan's officials. Hindus of southern Doab region of India (now
2069:
Main South Asian polities in 1400, towards the end of the Tughlaq dynasty.
1157:
949:
dynasty expanded its territorial reach through a military campaign led by
5209:
Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Devin J. Stewart.
4467:. Royalty in Medieval India. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 8.
4424:
3417:
2903:
2299:
2200:
1576:
decided otherwise and had it installed near a mosque. The meaning of the
1331:
1114:
1106:
1030:
1026:
946:
132:
6468:. Vol. 5. The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
5424:
Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization
5136:
The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture
5109:
The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture
5052:
The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture
4896:
4869:
4486:
4484:
4464:
History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06, the Delhi Sultanate
4400:
4312:
4310:
4240:
The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India
4125:
The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India
4100:
The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India
2188:. Soon he started his campaign against the Tughlaq dynasty, and entered
1639:
Wazirabad mosque, near Delhi, was built during Firoz Shah Tughlaq reign.
1507:
1316:, and other Muslim officials. His court historian Ziauddin Barni noted,
5848:
The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911
5698:
5291:
The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911
4929:
The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911
3754:
3703:
3630:
3490:
2416:
2212:
2173:
2143:'s invasion of India in 1397-1399, and painting of Timur defeating the
2094:
1418:, poetry and other fields. He was deeply suspicious of his kinsmen and
1320:
Not a day or week passed without spilling of much Musalman blood, (...)
1174:
1019:
1009:
793:
451:
4507:(First impression ed.). India: Pearson India Education Services.
4348:
The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526)Polity, Economy, Society and Culture
3502:
1141:– thus starting and naming the Tughlaq dynasty. He rewarded all those
1004:
origins. Tughlaq's court poet Badr-i Chach attempted to find a royal
27:
Third Muslim dynasty which ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1320 to 1413
6465:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)
5656:
Travels of Ibn Battuta: 1334-1341, University of California, Berkeley
4899:, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Vol. 86, No. 4448, pp 324-325
4481:
4409:
4307:
3961:
Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag
3618:
3466:
3290:
3266:
3038:
2948:
2162:
1537:
1178:
1041:
1005:
953:, and reached its zenith between 1330 and 1335. It ruled most of the
823:
510:
500:
142:
6022:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 305–311.
5937:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 305–310.
5781:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 296–309.
4055:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.3 (j).
3905:
1568:. The Sultanate initially wanted to use the pillar to make a mosque
1121:, to expand the Sultanate and plunder non-Muslim kingdoms in India.
3691:
3360:
3262:
2975:
2912:
2352:
2181:
2100:
Tartar Khan installed a second Sultan, Nasir-al-din Nusrat Shah in
1635:
1387:
1015:
970:
446:
216:
5957:
Agha Mahdi Husain (1963), Tughluq Dynasty, Thacker Spink, Calcutta
3280:
5267:
Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India by Jl Mehta p. 97
4266:
Kimberly Klimek; Pamela Troyer; Sarah Davis-Secord; Bryan Keene,
3667:
3454:
3029:
2993:
2957:
2930:
2921:
2894:
2583:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2204:
1645:
1620:
1569:
1464:
1400:
1367:
1295:
37:
4269:
Global Medieval Contexts 500 – 1500: Connections and Comparisons
1353:
Muhammad Tughlak orders his brass coins to pass for silver, 1330
6083:
5713:
Tarikh I Firozi Shahi - Records of Court Historian Sams-i-Siraj
5336:(Vol 7 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1999. p. 7.
4603:
4566:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2579:
2348:
2090:
2086:
2075:
1752:
1649:
1629:
1561:
1543:
1392:
1300:
1291:
1192:
1170:
1076:
1072:
149:
6346:
The Travels of Ibn Battuta, University of California, Berkeley
5647:
Ibn Battuta's Trip: Chapter 7 - Delhi, capital of Muslim India
5398:
M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context,
4843:"Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul"
4374:"Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul"
6198:
Anderson, Jennifer Cochran; Dow, Douglas N. (22 March 2021).
3937:
Note: other sources describe the use of two flags: the black
3606:
3294:
3276:
2966:
2845:
2516:'s tomb with adjoining Madrassa, in Hauz Khas Complex, Delhi.
2412:
2223:
2189:
2185:
2140:
2082:
1615:
1471:
1460:
1430:
1426:
1258:
According to many historians such as Ibn Battuta, al-Safadi,
1110:
1045:
935:
441:
106:
4945:
Elliot and Dowson, Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí of Ziauddin Barani,
4686:
Holt et al. (1977), The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol 2,
3954:. Kashmiri Bazar Lahore: SH. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF. p. 143.
2728:
Abu Bakr Khan ibn Zafar Khan ibn Fateh Khan ibn Feroze Shah
2105:
1761:
1674:
1415:
1306:
5973:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 39, 147.
2195:
2172:
It is believed that before his departure, Timur appointed
973:
claims that it is an Indian corruption of the Turkic term
71:
Flag of the Tughlaq dynasty according to the contemporary
5385:(Part 2 ed.). Harvard University. 1910. p. 314.
4949:. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3), London, Trübner & Co
4178:
Lombok, E.J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol 5,
3893:
the depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas
6337:
Insights into Ibn Battuta's Ideas of Women and Sexuality
5383:
Government Gazette The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
4147:
2151:, in the winter of 1397–1398 (painting dated 1595–1600).
993:
called himself the son of Tughlaq Shah ("bin Tughlaq").
1478:('Warrior for the Path of God') under the influence of
1105:
ruled the Delhi Sultanate before 1320. Its last ruler,
938:
when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne under the title of
6458:
5165:
Temple Desecration and Muslim States in Medieval India
4554:
4490:
4316:
3875:
Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the
1040:
tribe of Turks, who lived in the hilly region between
6020:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
5935:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
5829:
Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi - Memoirs of Firoz Shah Tughlak
5779:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
5550:, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Bangalore: CFCC), August 2013, p. 66
4026:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
2563:
remains next to the Feroz Shah Kotla Cricket Stadium.
2319:
2307:
2157:
The lowest point for the dynasty came in 1398, when
5750:
Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India no.52
5642:
5640:
5638:
5636:
4947:
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians
4460:
4331:
An Advanced History of Muslim Rule in Indo-Pakistan
4283:
Sikhs: A Story of a People, Their Faith and Culture
1117:, had led numerous military campaigns on behalf of
5359:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE
5237:
4028:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
2411:. The Rajput states also expelled the governor of
1137:After assuming power, Ghazi Malik renamed himself
6131:Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, conqueror of the world
5855:, Chapter 2, pp. 249–251, Oxford University Press
5464:
5298:, Chapter 2, pp. 242–248, Oxford University Press
3981:The Dhvaja, Standards and Flags of India: A Study
2876:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
2732:ابو بکر خان ابن ظفر خان ابن فتح خان ابن فیروز شاہ
1191:leading his troops in the capture of the city of
6488:
6174:, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 125–8
5909:
5907:
5866:Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi - Autobiographical memoirs
5633:
5481:
4936:, Chapter 2, pp 236-242, Oxford University Press
4723:
4721:
4719:
1161:Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ordered the construction of
934:in medieval India. Its reign started in 1320 in
6013:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5468:Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom
4334:. the University of Michigan. 1967. p. 94.
2840:under two Sultans; one in the east (Orange) at
2252:torture tortured, and those for beating beaten.
920:(also known as the Tughluq or Tughluk dynasty;
6017:
5932:
5926:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5776:
5307:
4527:
4408:and his successors were contemporaries of the
4243:. Princeton University Press. pp. 41–42.
4151:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
4127:. Princeton University Press. pp. 41–42.
4102:. Princeton University Press. pp. 41–42.
4023:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3910:Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie
2331:
2285:depicting the court of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq.
2273:Ibn Battuta, Travel Memoirs (1334-1341, Delhi)
2245:Ibn Battuta, Travel Memoirs (1334-1341, Delhi)
2240:elephants with swords attached to their tusks.
6507:States and territories disestablished in 1414
6143:
6122:
5904:
5675:, 3rd Series, Volume 9, Nos. 21-22, pp. 13–15
5334:Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates
5132:
5105:
5078:
5048:
4840:
4716:
4371:
4344:
3831:
1407:, another Afghan, who was the founder of the
897:
6000:
5966:
5757:
5284:
5282:
5223:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5030:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4048:
3951:The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi
2430:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6385:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800
6197:
5834:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5571:
5569:
5563:(New Delhi: Harper Perennial, 2000), p. 269
4682:
4680:
4593:The caption for the Sultan of Delhi reads:
4423:
3998:
3984:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 94.
2836:The coloured rows signify the splitting of
2705:Tughluq Khan ibn Fateh Khan ibn Feroze Shah
1085:, identified as Christian due to the early
1008:genealogy for the dynasty from the line of
93:Territory under the Tughlaq dynasty of the
6502:States and territories established in 1320
6112:"The Indian Empire: Timur's invasion 1398"
5724:
5513:The Famines of the World: Past and Present
5471:. Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. 59–60.
5361:. Cambridge University Press. p. 87.
5188:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 82.
5013:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4449:The founder of this new Turkish dynasty...
3964:. Cambridge University Press. p. 36.
3838:
3824:
2823:
2820:Nusrat Khan ibn Fateh Khan ibn Feroze Shah
2814:
2800:
2791:
2777:
2768:
2754:
2745:
2731:
2722:
2708:
2699:
2685:
2676:
2662:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2623:
2614:
1437:Muhammad bin Tughlaq planned an attack on
1386:defeated the Tughlaq army and reconquered
926:
904:
890:
97:, 1330–1335. The empire shrank after 1335.
6184:
6182:
6180:
6164:
5279:
5181:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4915:
4663:. BRILL. 17 June 2021. pp. 176–178.
4642:
4570:Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration
4412:sultans; both dynasties were Turco-Mongol
4069:
3977:
2528:Feroze Shah Kotla ruins, painted in 1802.
1560:reused an old Buddhist pillar erected by
1531:West gate of Feroz Shah Kotla, circa 1800
1446:'s Prithvi Chand II defeated the army of
1203:, a member of the Tughluq court. Ca.1410
930:) was the third dynasty to rule over the
6409:
6080:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
5684:
5607:
5566:
5529:Judith Walsh, A Brief History of India,
5447:
5389:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4677:
4599:The caption for the southern king reads:
4502:
4300:
4298:
4189:
4141:
2844:& the other in the west (Yellow) at
2338:
2277:
2217:
1634:
1356:
1348:
1273:
1238:
1183:
1156:
1060:
1029:states with reference to the Sufi saint
989:as a surname: only Ghiyath al-Din's son
969:is not certain. The 16th-century writer
6128:
6068:
6041:
6039:
5465:Husaini (Saiyid.), Abdul Qadir (1960).
5156:
5000:
4798:
4788:
4786:
4237:Eaton, Richard Maxwell (8 March 2015).
4123:Eaton, Richard Maxwell (8 March 2015).
4098:Eaton, Richard Maxwell (8 March 2015).
3947:
2811:Sultan Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq
2788:Sultan Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah Tughluq
2196:Ibn Battuta's memoir on Tughlaq dynasty
2176:, the future founder of the succeeding
1269:
14:
6489:
6177:
6106:
5420:
5254:Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund,
4981:
4841:ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011).
4623:International Cartographic Association
4613:
4372:ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011).
2363:) of Iqta' (farming provinces,
2049:
2038:
1984:
1946:
1937:
1926:
1915:
1886:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1819:
1808:
1132:
1089:there, and the Catholic mission under
123:(Language of elites and lingua franca)
6381:
6375:
6048:
5916:A Brief History of the Indian Peoples
5485:Hindu Muslim Communalism, a Panchnama
5020:A Brief History of the Indian Peoples
4952:
4730:A Brief History of the Indian Peoples
4706:The Oxford Student's History of India
4417:
4295:
4236:
4214:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History
4122:
4097:
3903:
2634:Sultan Muhammad Adil bin Tughluq Shah
2314:Turkish slaves in the Delhi Sultanate
2257:Ibn Battuta, Chapter XV Rihla (Delhi)
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1966:
1906:
1897:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1797:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1701:
1692:
1492:
6517:14th-century establishments in India
6036:
5893:, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent,
5711:HM Elliot & John Dawson (1871),
5356:
4783:
4528:Surender Singh (30 September 2019).
4430:Islam in South Asia: A Short History
4205:
1975:
1957:
1786:
1721:
1710:
1683:
1672:
1325:Ziauddin Barni, Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi
6427:
5421:McCann, Michael W. (15 July 1994).
4713:, Oxford University Press, pp 81-82
4211:
4148:Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (2008),
3957:
2709:تغلق خان ابن فتح خان ابن فیروز شاہ
2302:, Travel Memoirs (1334-1341, Delhi)
2230:), capital of the Tughlaqs, in the
2111:
1584:) was unknown in Firuz Shah's time.
1482:of Syria. Others suggest insanity.
1177:of Arangal and Tilang (now part of
925:
32:For the play by Girish Karnad, see
24:
3948:Qurashi, Ishtiyaq Hussian (1942).
2871:
2824:نصرت خان ابن فتح خان ابن فیروز شاہ
2696:Sultan Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah
2611:Sultan Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah
25:
6528:
6482:
6420:Elliot and Dowson (Translators),
6323:Elliot and Dowson (Translators),
5993:Elliot and Dowson (Translators),
5877:Elliot and Dowson (Translators),
5814:Elliot and Dowson (Translators),
5801:Elliot and Dowson (Translators),
5548:Journal of Contemporary Christian
4908:Elliot and Dowson (Translators),
4882:Elliot and Dowson (Translators),
4746:Elliot and Dowson (Translators),
4216:. Primus Books. pp. 90–102.
2308:Slavery under the Tughlaq dynasty
1093:since 1329), in the contemporary
981:. Historians use the designation
6438:
6366:
6349:
6330:
6317:
6300:
6291:
6274:
6263:
6238:
6221:
6191:
6137:
6100:
5970:A Historical atlas of South Asia
5967:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
4052:A Historical atlas of South Asia
4049:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
3886:
2765:Sultan Ala-ud-din Sikandar Shah
2568:
2553:
2533:
2521:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2461:
2446:
2129:
2120:
1667:
1536:
1524:
1506:
1080:
1066:
1056:
767:Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq
757:Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq
418:
404:
390:
376:
362:
348:
334:
320:
295:
281:
87:
63:
6451:
6116:The Imperial Gazetteer of India
5987:
5960:
5951:
5884:
5871:
5858:
5821:
5808:
5795:
5741:
5718:
5705:
5678:
5659:
5598:
5581:
5553:
5540:
5523:
5504:
5492:
5475:
5458:
5441:
5427:. University of Chicago Press.
5414:
5375:
5350:
5326:
5301:
5270:
5261:
5248:
5231:
5202:
5175:
5126:
5099:
5072:
5042:
4969:
4939:
4902:
4889:
4876:
4834:
4822:
4766:
4754:
4740:
4697:
4651:
4587:
4560:
4521:
4496:
4454:
4365:
4338:
4322:
4257:
4230:
4172:
2815:سلطان ناصر الدین نصرت شاہ تغلق
2792:سلطان ناصر الدین محمود شاہ تغلق
2419:, resulting in the rise of the
1249:
36:. For the Indian magazine, see
5731:Journal of the Asiatic Society
5308:Ahmed Farooqui, Salma (2011).
5133:Aniruddha Ray (4 March 2019).
5106:Aniruddha Ray (4 March 2019).
5049:Aniruddha Ray (4 March 2019).
4503:Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011).
4116:
4091:
4042:
3978:Thapliyal, Uma Prasad (1938).
3931:
3897:
3869:
1429:to pay the tribute, taxes and
1033:that Tughluq belonged to the "
737:Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
13:
1:
6216:detail of elephant near Delhi
6170:Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006).
6147:Medieval Islamic Civilization
3958:Jha, Sadan (8 January 2016).
3882:
3862:
2862:History of the Turkic peoples
2797:Mahmud Shah ibn Muhammad Shah
2751:Muhammad Shah ibn Feroze Shah
2192:victoriously on 6 June 1414.
1656:
78:
6246:"The Travels of Ibn Battuta"
4461:Khalid Ahmad Nizami (1997).
2682:Malik Feroze ibn Malik Rajab
2638:سلطان محمد عادل بن تغلق شاہ
1564:in the 3rd century BCE, the
1513:Tentative reconstruction of
1370:in North India, founded the
1234:
1065:Sultan of Delhi (top, flag:
1048:, and were in fact Mongols.
7:
6118:. Vol. 2. p. 366.
5665:George Roy Badenoc (1901),
5238:M. S. Nagaraja Rao (1987).
5027:, 23rd Edition, pp. 124-127
4809:William Lowe (Translator),
4555:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1970
4491:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1970
4317:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1970
3668:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
3515:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation
2853:
2470:Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah
2386:
2332:Muslim nobility and revolts
2320:
2149:Nasir Al-Din Mahmud Tughluq
10:
6533:
6150:. Routledge. p. 812.
6108:Hunter, Sir William Wilson
6060:Cambridge University Press
6056:The rise and rule of Timur
5901:, Brill Academic, pp 20-23
5510:Cornelius Walford (1878),
4644:10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018
3922:10.29091/9783954909537/009
3275:Chief gods and goddesses:
2769:سلطان علاءالدین سکندر شاہ
2673:Sultan Feroze Shah Tughluq
2434:
2311:
1632:throughout his dominions.
1397:revolted under Ismail Mukh
1266:, and ruled for 26 years.
1211:The Muslim aristocracy in
1051:
965:The etymology of the word
31:
6512:Muslim dynasties of India
6388:. Yale University Press.
6062:, Cambridge 1989, p. 28:
5753:. 1937. p. Plate II.
5482:Jayanta Gaḍakarī (2000).
5258:, (Routledge, 1986), 188.
4819:, Volume 1, pages 296-301
4614:Liščák, Vladimír (2017).
4573:. Yale University Press.
3696:11th century–13th century
2700:سلطان غیاث الدین تغلق شاہ
2615:سلطان غیاث الدین تغلق شاہ
2591:
2437:Indo-Islamic architecture
2431:Indo-Islamic Architecture
2423:as the new rulers of the
2364:
2360:
1087:Saint Thomas Christianity
960:
434:
260:
250:
246:
236:
226:
222:
212:
208:
198:
186:
174:
162:
158:
148:
138:
128:
112:
102:
86:
60:
55:
45:
6382:Bloom, Jonathan (1995).
6129:Marozzi, Justin (2004).
5312:. Pearson. p. 150.
5185:Essays on Medieval India
3779:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
3425:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
3404:Western Turkic Khaganate
3350:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
2659:Malik Fakhr-ud-din Jauna
2345:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam
1476:al-Mujahid fi sabilillah
1298:. He routinely executed
747:Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah
6086:Regional Office, 1998,
6018:Jackson, Peter (2003).
5933:Jackson, Peter (1999).
5913:William Hunter (1903),
5777:Jackson, Peter (1999).
5017:William Hunter (1903),
4966:Encyclopædia Britannica
4897:DELHI: A STORY IN STONE
4727:William Hunter (1903),
4602:Here rules the king of
4280:
4265:
4212:Sen, Sailendra (2013).
4024:Jackson, Peter (2003).
3852:List of Sunni dynasties
3433:Second Turkic Khaganate
2755:محمد شاہ ابن فیروز شاہ
2576:Hilal Khan Ghazi Mosque
1075:" ruler of the city of
957:for this brief period.
6460:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
6204:. BRILL. p. 125.
6144:Josef W. Meri (2005).
5652:24 August 2014 at the
5627:24 August 2014 at the
5079:Carl W. Ernst (1992).
4884:Travels of Ibn Battuta
4345:Aniruddha Ray (2019).
3595:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
3396:First Turkic Khaganate
2877:
2801:محمود شاہ ابن محمد شاہ
2686:ملک فیروز ابن ملک رجب
2356:
2305:
2286:
2276:
2260:
2248:
2235:
1640:
1463:(now in Pakistan) and
1362:
1354:
1344:Thousand Pillar Temple
1340:Swayambhu Shiva Temple
1328:
1279:
1255:
1208:
1189:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
1166:
1098:
940:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
685:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
648:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah
238:• Disestablished
169:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
6342:13 March 2014 at the
4812:Muntakhabu-t-tawārīkh
3906:"On the Timurid flag"
3704:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
3336:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
2875:
2488:Tughlaqabad fort wall
2476:, Tughlaqabad, Delhi.
2456:, Tughlaqabad, Delhi.
2383:him alive in public.
2342:
2292:
2281:
2265:
2249:
2237:
2221:
1648:(religious schools),
1638:
1360:
1352:
1318:
1277:
1242:
1217:Shamsuddin Firoz Shah
1187:
1160:
1064:
303:Eastern Ganga Dynasty
113:Common languages
6422:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi
6325:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi
5995:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi
5879:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi
5864:Firoz Shah Tughlak,
5827:Firoz Shah Tughlak,
5816:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi
5803:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi
5576:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi
5499:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi
5357:Wink, André (2020).
5211:"Jalal al-Din Ahsan"
5037:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi
4995:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi
4976:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi
4964:Muḥammad ibn Tughluq
4895:Henry Sharp (1938),
4829:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi
4793:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi
4761:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi
4557:, pp. 460, 461.
3904:Kadoi, Yuka (2010).
2742:Sultan Muhammad Shah
2719:Sultan Abu Bakr Shah
2677:سلطان فیروز شاہ تغلق
2393:Muhammad bin Tughlaq
2066:class=notpageimage|
1580:on the pillars (the
1448:Muhammad bin Tughluq
1374:in South India. The
1270:Muhammad bin Tughluq
1264:Muhammad bin Tughlaq
1245:Muhammad bin Tughluq
991:Muhammad bin Tughluq
951:Muhammad bin Tughluq
697:Muhammad bin Tughluq
581:Muiz ud din Qaiqabad
571:Ghiyas ud din Balban
181:Muhammad ibn Tughluq
6172:The Delhi Sultanate
5725:Prinsep, J (1837).
4910:Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháh
4856:: 230, 258 Fig.56.
4635:2018PrICA...1...69L
3584:Eastern Kara-Khanid
3577:Western Kara-Khanid
3563:Kara-Khanid Khanate
2548:), painted in 1802.
2514:Feroze Shah Tughlaq
1550:in Feroz Shah Kotla
1380:Vijayanagara Empire
1376:Vijayanagara Empire
1139:Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
1133:Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
955:Indian subcontinent
942:and ended in 1413.
591:Shamsuddin Kayumars
344:Vijayanagara Empire
228:• Established
6270:Per painting label
6074:M.S. Asimov &
5891:Annemarie Schimmel
5256:A History of India
5182:Raj Kumar (2003).
3941:flag, and the red
3680:Khwarazmian Empire
3551:Karluk Yabgu State
3289:Epics and heroes:
2878:
2357:
2287:
2236:
1641:
1600:Firoz Shah Tughlaq
1592:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
1574:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
1566:Delhi-Topra pillar
1548:Delhi-Topra pillar
1493:Feroz Shah Tughluq
1409:Bahmanid Sultanate
1363:
1355:
1280:
1256:
1209:
1167:
1099:
707:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
541:Muiz ud din Bahram
386:Khandesh Sultanate
193:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
6211:978-90-04-44777-6
5944:978-0-521-40477-8
5845:Vincent A Smith,
5788:978-0-521-40477-8
5448:Suvorova (2000).
5434:978-0-226-55571-3
5288:Vincent A Smith,
4926:Vincent A Smith,
4670:978-90-04-44603-8
4580:978-0-300-05167-4
4514:978-81-317-3202-1
4250:978-1-4008-6815-5
4223:978-9-38060-734-4
4161:978-0-08-087774-7
4134:978-1-4008-6815-5
4109:978-1-4008-6815-5
3991:978-81-7018-092-0
3971:978-1-107-11887-4
3857:Persianate states
3848:
3847:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3755:Qarlughid Kingdom
3721:
3709:
3697:
3685:
3673:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3619:Pecheneg Khanates
3612:
3600:
3568:
3556:
3544:
3539:Oghuz Yabgu State
3532:
3520:
3508:
3503:Türgesh Khaganate
3496:
3484:
3472:
3460:
3437:
3429:
3408:
3400:
3366:
3341:
3316:
3315:
3243:
3242:
3055:
3054:
2866:
2832:
2831:
2723:سلطان ابو بکر شاہ
2397:invasion of Timur
2228:"ciutat de delly"
1474:in South Asia as
1372:Madurai Sultanate
1288:Ganges and Yamuna
914:
913:
879:
878:
832:
831:
775:
774:
666:
665:
599:
598:
561:Nasiruddin Mahmud
521:Rukn ud din Firuz
491:Qutb al-Din Aibak
460:
459:
430:
429:
426:
425:
414:Jaunpur Sultanate
400:Gujarat Sultanate
358:Bahmani Sultanate
308:
307:
200:• 1388–1413
188:• 1351–1388
176:• 1325–1351
164:• 1320–1325
16:(Redirected from
6524:
6477:
6445:
6442:
6436:
6431:
6425:
6418:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6379:
6373:
6370:
6364:
6353:
6347:
6334:
6328:
6321:
6315:
6304:
6298:
6295:
6289:
6278:
6272:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6252:on 13 March 2014
6248:. Archived from
6242:
6236:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6195:
6189:
6186:
6175:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6133:. HarperCollins.
6126:
6120:
6119:
6104:
6098:
6072:
6066:
6052:
6046:
6043:
6034:
6033:
6015:
5998:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5964:
5958:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5930:
5924:
5911:
5902:
5888:
5882:
5875:
5869:
5862:
5856:
5843:
5832:
5825:
5819:
5812:
5806:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5774:
5755:
5754:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5722:
5716:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5682:
5676:
5663:
5657:
5644:
5631:
5618:
5605:
5602:
5596:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5564:
5561:India: A History
5557:
5551:
5544:
5538:
5527:
5521:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5418:
5412:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5305:
5299:
5286:
5277:
5274:
5268:
5265:
5259:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5222:
5214:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5179:
5173:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5046:
5040:
5034:
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4525:
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4500:
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4488:
4479:
4478:
4458:
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4435:Brill Publishers
4421:
4415:
4414:
4406:Muhammad Tughluq
4378:
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4186:, pp 30, 129-130
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3770:
3758:
3719:
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3695:
3683:
3671:
3657:Sultanate of Rum
3646:
3634:
3631:Ghaznavid Empire
3622:
3610:
3598:
3566:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3527:Uyghur Khaganate
3518:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3458:
3455:Khazar Khaganate
3435:
3427:
3406:
3398:
3364:
3339:
3331:
3330:
3326:Pre-14th century
3303:Major concepts:
3258:
3257:
3253:Turkic Mythology
3070:
3069:
3065:Turkic Languages
3048:Crimean Karaites
2985:Cherniye Klobuki
2891:
2890:
2865:pre–14th century
2864:
2858:
2857:
2825:
2816:
2802:
2793:
2779:
2770:
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2747:
2733:
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2687:
2678:
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2655:
2647:
2639:
2625:
2616:
2596:
2595:
2572:
2561:Feroz Shah Kotla
2557:
2546:Feroz Shah Kotla
2537:
2525:
2509:
2500:Tughlaqabad Fort
2497:
2485:
2474:Tughlaqabad Fort
2472:'s Mausoleum in
2465:
2454:Tughlaqabad Fort
2450:
2366:
2362:
2323:
2303:
2274:
2258:
2246:
2161:invader, Timur (
2133:
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2112:Timur's Invasion
2060:
2058:
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1558:Feroz Shah Kotla
1540:
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1515:Feroz Shah Kotla
1510:
1500:Feroz Shah Kotla
1467:(now in India).
1334:(renaming it to
1326:
1253:
1252: 1325–1351
1251:
1243:Gold coinage of
1201:Ikhtisān-i Dabir
1084:
1070:
929:
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851:Bahlul Khan Lodi
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638:Shihabuddin Omar
614:
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551:Ala ud din Masud
487:
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474:Ruling dynasties
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3898:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3844:
3815:
3814:
3744:Tughlaq dynasty
3716:Delhi Sultanate
3414:Tokhara Yabghus
3375:Tiele (Gaoche)
3340:202 BCE–13th CE
3328:
3318:
3317:
3261:Belief system:
3255:
3245:
3244:
3200:Karachay-Balkar
3067:
3057:
3056:
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2856:
2838:Delhi Sultanate
2822:
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2805:1394–1412/1413
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2425:Delhi Sultanate
2389:
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2283:Mughal painting
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1327:
1324:
1272:
1248:
1237:
1173:to plunder the
1152:Ziauddin Barani
1135:
1119:Alauddin Khalji
1079:(bottom, flag:
1073:King of Colombo
1059:
1054:
963:
932:Delhi Sultanate
918:Tughlaq dynasty
910:
881:
880:
844:
834:
833:
787:
777:
776:
689:
678:
676:Tughlaq dynasty
668:
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467:Delhi Sultanate
456:
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372:Malwa Sultanate
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95:Delhi Sultanate
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28:
23:
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18:Tughlaq Dynasty
15:
12:
11:
5:
6530:
6520:
6519:
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6509:
6504:
6499:
6484:
6483:External links
6481:
6479:
6478:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6437:
6426:
6408:
6394:
6374:
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6076:C. E. Bosworth
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6029:978-0521543293
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5687:Ars Orientalis
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5593:978-8124105221
5580:
5565:
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5535:978-0816083626
5522:
5503:
5491:
5488:. p. 140.
5474:
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5404:978-9004177581
5388:
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5247:
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5201:
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5118:
5098:
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5085:. SUNY Press.
5071:
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4888:
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4739:
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4696:
4692:978-0521291378
4676:
4669:
4650:
4606:, a Christian.
4586:
4579:
4559:
4547:
4540:
4520:
4513:
4495:
4493:, p. 461.
4480:
4473:
4453:
4444:978-9004168596
4443:
4416:
4364:
4357:
4337:
4321:
4319:, p. 460.
4306:
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4286:, p. 22,
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4035:978-0521543293
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3747:
3740:
3737:Khalji dynasty
3733:
3730:Mamluk dynasty
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3722:
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3710:
3699:
3698:
3692:Kerait Khanate
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2886:Turkic peoples
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2746:سلطان محمد شاہ
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2715:
2714:
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2663:ملک فخر الدین
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2603:
2602:Personal Name
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2435:Main article:
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2421:Sayyid Dynasty
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2242:
2197:
2194:
2178:Sayyid dynasty
2138:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2095:Hindu kingdoms
2064:
2063:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1555:
1554:
1542:
1535:
1534:
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1523:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1384:Musunuri Nayak
1322:
1271:
1268:
1236:
1233:
1197:Basātin al-uns
1175:Hindu kingdoms
1134:
1131:
1103:Khalji dynasty
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
962:
959:
912:
911:
909:
908:
901:
894:
886:
883:
882:
877:
876:
873:
867:
866:
863:
857:
856:
853:
845:
840:
839:
836:
835:
830:
829:
826:
820:
819:
816:
810:
809:
806:
800:
799:
796:
788:
785:Sayyid dynasty
783:
782:
779:
778:
773:
772:
769:
763:
762:
759:
753:
752:
749:
743:
742:
739:
733:
732:
729:
723:
722:
719:
713:
712:
709:
703:
702:
699:
693:
692:
687:
679:
674:
673:
670:
669:
664:
663:
660:
654:
653:
650:
644:
643:
640:
634:
633:
630:
624:
623:
620:
612:
609:Khalji dynasty
607:
606:
603:
602:
597:
596:
593:
587:
586:
583:
577:
576:
573:
567:
566:
563:
557:
556:
553:
547:
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543:
537:
536:
533:
527:
526:
523:
517:
516:
513:
507:
506:
503:
497:
496:
493:
485:
482:Mamluk dynasty
480:
479:
476:
475:
471:
470:
458:
457:
455:
454:
449:
444:
438:
436:
432:
431:
428:
427:
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423:
416:
410:
409:
402:
396:
395:
388:
382:
381:
374:
368:
367:
360:
354:
353:
346:
340:
339:
332:
326:
325:
318:
316:Sayyid dynasty
309:
306:
305:
300:
292:
291:
289:Khalji dynasty
286:
274:
273:
268:
258:
257:
252:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
214:
213:Historical era
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
190:
187:
184:
183:
178:
175:
172:
171:
166:
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159:
156:
155:
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140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
92:
84:
83:
70:
62:
61:
58:
57:
53:
52:
49:
46:
34:Tughlaq (play)
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6529:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6457:
6456:
6441:
6435:
6430:
6423:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6397:
6395:9780300064650
6391:
6387:
6386:
6378:
6369:
6363:, pp. 151–155
6362:
6358:
6352:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6333:
6326:
6320:
6314:, pp. 443–448
6313:
6309:
6303:
6294:
6288:, pp. 208–209
6287:
6286:9780415344739
6283:
6277:
6271:
6266:
6251:
6247:
6241:
6234:
6233:9780415344739
6230:
6224:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6203:
6202:
6194:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6173:
6167:
6159:
6157:9780415966900
6153:
6149:
6148:
6140:
6132:
6125:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6097:
6093:
6092:92-3-103467-7
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6051:
6042:
6040:
6031:
6025:
6021:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6004:
5996:
5990:
5982:
5976:
5972:
5971:
5963:
5954:
5946:
5940:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5919:, p. 126, at
5918:
5917:
5910:
5908:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5880:
5874:
5867:
5861:
5854:
5851:, p. 217, at
5850:
5849:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5830:
5824:
5817:
5811:
5804:
5798:
5790:
5784:
5780:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5752:
5751:
5744:
5737:(2): 600–609.
5736:
5732:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5708:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5662:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5601:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5577:
5572:
5570:
5562:
5556:
5549:
5543:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5519:
5515:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5495:
5487:
5486:
5478:
5470:
5469:
5461:
5453:
5452:
5444:
5436:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5417:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5384:
5378:
5370:
5368:9781108417747
5364:
5360:
5353:
5345:
5343:9780521563215
5339:
5335:
5329:
5321:
5319:9789332500983
5315:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5294:, p. 217, at
5293:
5292:
5285:
5283:
5273:
5264:
5257:
5251:
5243:
5242:
5234:
5226:
5220:
5212:
5205:
5197:
5195:9788171416837
5191:
5187:
5186:
5178:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5148:
5146:9781000007299
5142:
5139:. Routledge.
5138:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5119:9781000007299
5115:
5112:. Routledge.
5111:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5092:9781438402123
5088:
5084:
5083:
5075:
5068:
5064:
5062:9781000007299
5058:
5055:. Routledge.
5054:
5053:
5045:
5038:
5033:
5026:
5023:, p. 124, at
5022:
5021:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4996:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4977:
4972:
4965:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4948:
4942:
4935:
4932:, p. 217, at
4931:
4930:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4911:
4905:
4898:
4892:
4885:
4879:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4825:
4818:
4815:, p. 296, at
4814:
4813:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4762:
4757:
4749:
4748:Tarikh-I Alai
4743:
4736:
4733:, p. 123, at
4732:
4731:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4681:
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4640:
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4628:
4624:
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4607:
4605:
4597:
4590:
4582:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4563:
4556:
4551:
4543:
4541:9781000760682
4537:
4534:. Routledge.
4533:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4476:
4474:9788121507332
4470:
4466:
4465:
4457:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4360:
4358:9781000007299
4354:
4351:. Routledge.
4350:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4289:
4285:
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4270:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4252:
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4242:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4202:
4201:9780192807007
4198:
4192:
4185:
4184:90-04-09796-1
4181:
4175:
4168:
4163:
4157:
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4152:
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3927:
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3907:
3900:
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3889:
3880:
3879:
3878:Catalan Atlas
3872:
3868:
3858:
3855:
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3849:
3841:
3836:
3834:
3829:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3806:
3805:
3804:Ottoman State
3801:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:Bahri dynasty
3790:
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3788:
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3643:Seljuk Empire
3640:
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3446:Sabiri People
3443:
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2599:Titular Name
2598:
2597:
2585:
2581:
2578:, located in
2577:
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2566:
2562:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2540:West Gate of
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2268:was beheaded.
2264:
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2232:Catalan Atlas
2229:
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2220:
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2209:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2184:and parts of
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2079:
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2059:
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2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
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1934:
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1596:
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1578:Brahmi script
1575:
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1559:
1549:
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1527:
1516:
1509:
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1487:Narmada river
1483:
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1480:Ibn Taymiyyah
1477:
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1104:
1096:
1095:Catalan Atlas
1092:
1091:Jordan Catala
1088:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1057:Rise to power
1049:
1047:
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1007:
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888:
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884:
874:
872:
869:
868:
864:
862:
861:Sikandar Lodi
859:
858:
854:
852:
849:
848:
843:
838:
837:
827:
825:
822:
821:
817:
815:
814:Muhammad Shah
812:
811:
807:
805:
802:
801:
797:
795:
792:
791:
786:
781:
780:
770:
768:
765:
764:
760:
758:
755:
754:
750:
748:
745:
744:
740:
738:
735:
734:
730:
728:
727:Abu Bakr Shah
725:
724:
720:
718:
715:
714:
710:
708:
705:
704:
700:
698:
695:
694:
688:
686:
683:
682:
677:
672:
671:
661:
659:
656:
655:
651:
649:
646:
645:
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
629:
626:
625:
621:
619:
616:
615:
610:
605:
604:
594:
592:
589:
588:
584:
582:
579:
578:
574:
572:
569:
568:
564:
562:
559:
558:
554:
552:
549:
548:
544:
542:
539:
538:
534:
532:
531:Razia Sultana
529:
528:
524:
522:
519:
518:
514:
512:
509:
508:
504:
502:
499:
498:
494:
492:
489:
488:
483:
478:
477:
473:
472:
469:
468:
464:
463:
453:
450:
448:
445:
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440:
439:
437:
435:Today part of
433:
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415:
412:
411:
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401:
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387:
384:
383:
375:
373:
370:
369:
361:
359:
356:
355:
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345:
342:
341:
333:
331:
328:
327:
319:
317:
314:
313:
310:
304:
301:
294:
293:
290:
287:
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
259:
256:
253:
249:
245:
242:February 1413
241:
235:
231:
225:
221:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
197:
194:
191:
185:
182:
179:
173:
170:
167:
161:
157:
153:
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
96:
90:
85:
76:
75:
74:Catalan Atlas
66:
59:
54:
44:
39:
35:
30:
19:
6464:
6452:Bibliography
6440:
6429:
6401:25 September
6399:. Retrieved
6384:
6377:
6368:
6351:
6332:
6319:
6302:
6293:
6276:
6265:
6254:. Retrieved
6250:the original
6240:
6223:
6215:
6200:
6193:
6171:
6166:
6146:
6139:
6130:
6124:
6115:
6102:
6095:
6079:
6070:
6063:
6055:
6050:
6019:
5989:
5969:
5962:
5953:
5934:
5928:
5921:Google Books
5914:
5886:
5873:
5860:
5853:Google Books
5846:
5823:
5810:
5797:
5778:
5749:
5743:
5734:
5730:
5720:
5707:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5673:Google Books
5671:, p. 13, at
5666:
5661:
5600:
5583:
5560:
5555:
5547:
5542:
5525:
5518:Google Books
5511:
5506:
5494:
5484:
5477:
5467:
5460:
5454:. p. 3.
5450:
5443:
5423:
5416:
5391:
5382:
5377:
5358:
5352:
5333:
5328:
5309:
5303:
5296:Google Books
5289:
5272:
5263:
5255:
5250:
5240:
5233:
5204:
5184:
5177:
5170:Google Books
5163:
5158:
5150:
5135:
5128:
5108:
5101:
5081:
5074:
5066:
5051:
5044:
5032:
5025:Google Books
5018:
4971:
4941:
4934:Google Books
4927:
4904:
4891:
4878:
4853:
4849:
4836:
4824:
4817:Google Books
4810:
4768:
4756:
4742:
4735:Google Books
4728:
4711:Google Books
4704:
4699:
4659:
4653:
4626:
4622:
4601:
4594:
4589:
4569:
4562:
4550:
4530:
4523:
4504:
4498:
4463:
4456:
4448:
4429:
4419:
4404:
4384:
4380:
4367:
4347:
4340:
4330:
4324:
4287:
4282:
4273:
4268:
4259:
4239:
4232:
4213:
4207:
4191:
4174:
4165:
4154:, Elsevier,
4150:
4143:
4124:
4118:
4099:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4079:. Asi.nic.in
4071:
4051:
4044:
4025:
3980:
3960:
3950:
3933:
3925:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3876:
3871:
3802:
3791:
3777:
3767:Golden Horde
3765:
3753:
3743:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3714:
3702:
3690:
3678:
3666:
3655:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3582:
3575:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3513:
3501:
3489:
3479:Kangar Union
3477:
3465:
3453:
3444:
3411:
3384:
3373:
3359:
3348:
3334:
2835:
2810:
2787:
2774:Humayun Khan
2764:
2741:
2718:
2695:
2672:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2610:
2440:
2390:
2373:
2358:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2293:
2288:
2266:
2261:
2250:
2238:
2227:
2210:
2199:
2171:
2167:
2159:Turco-Mongol
2156:
2099:
2080:
2073:
2053:
1930:VIJAYANAGARA
1890:
1790:
1736:PHAGMODRUPAS
1703:
1694:
1685:
1660:
1642:
1624:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1484:
1475:
1469:
1456:
1453:
1436:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1364:
1329:
1319:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1285:
1281:
1257:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1196:
1168:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1123:
1100:
1038:
1024:
1014:
998:Turko-Mongol
995:
986:
982:
974:
966:
964:
944:
917:
915:
871:Ibrahim Lodi
842:Lodi dynasty
804:Mubarak Shah
717:Tughluq Khan
675:
658:Khusrau Khan
465:
271:Succeeded by
270:
265:
72:
29:
6054:B.F. Manz,
5693:: 105–118.
5559:John Keay,
5516:, p. 3, at
4425:Jamal Malik
4083:14 November
3418:Turk Shahis
3365:71 BC–?? AD
3083:Azerbaijani
2904:Oghuz Turks
2620:Ghazi Malik
2321:al-nakhkhās
2300:Ibn Battuta
2201:Ibn Battuta
1803:GOVERNORATE
1332:Maharashtra
1195:, from the
1163:Tughlakabad
1115:Malik Kafur
1107:Khusro Khan
1071:) and the "
1031:Rukn-e-Alam
1027:Ibn Battuta
979:Ghazi Malik
947:Indo-Turkic
927:تغلق شاهیان
266:Preceded by
133:Sunni Islam
119:(official)
6491:Categories
6256:2014-08-24
6094:, p. 320:
5980:0226742210
5520:, pp. 9–10
4780:, pp 90-92
4694:, pp 11-15
4275:1414-1451)
4062:0226742210
3956:, also in
3863:References
3491:Turk Shahi
3173:Karakalpak
2828:1394–1398
2778:ھمایوں خان
2759:1390–1394
2736:1389–1390
2713:1388–1389
2690:1351–1388
2667:1325–1351
2642:Ulugh Khan
2628:1320–1325
2417:Khizr Khan
2312:See also:
2213:Qutb Minar
2174:Khizr Khan
1705:(TUGHLAQS)
1676:South Asia
1657:Civil wars
1405:Zafar Khan
1336:Daulatabad
1150:historian
1010:Bahram Gur
794:Khizr Khan
618:Jalaluddin
452:Bangladesh
139:Government
4862:0732-2992
4778:297321674
4410:Jalayirid
4393:0732-2992
3808:1299–1922
3783:1250–1517
3771:1242–1502
3759:1224–1266
3720:1206–1526
3708:1136–1225
3684:1077–1231
3672:1067–1239
3647:1037–1194
3467:Xueyantuo
3309:Grey wolf
3291:Ergenekon
3267:Shamanism
3039:Krymchaks
2949:Kutrigurs
2842:Firozabad
2650:Juna Khan
2544:(present
2542:Firozabad
2163:Tamerlane
2102:Firozabad
2044:SULTANATE
1961:JAISALMER
1952:SULTANATE
1921:SULTANATE
1891:NAGVANSIS
1825:SULTANATE
1814:SULTANATE
1727:SULTANATE
1696:SULTANATE
1313:Qalandars
1296:Musalmans
1235:Patricide
1213:Lakhnauti
1205:Jalayirid
1179:Telangana
1042:Turkestan
1006:Sassanian
875:1517–1526
865:1489–1517
855:1451–1489
828:1445–1451
824:Alam Shah
818:1434–1445
808:1421–1434
798:1414–1421
771:1394–1413
761:1394–1398
741:1390–1393
731:1389–1390
721:1388–1389
711:1351–1388
701:1325–1351
690:1320–1325
652:1316–1320
632:1296–1316
622:1290–1296
585:1287–1290
575:1266–1287
565:1246–1266
555:1242–1246
545:1240–1242
535:1236-1240
515:1211–1236
511:Iltutmish
505:1210–1211
501:Aram Shah
495:1206–1210
143:Sultanate
129:Religion
56:1320–1413
6474:31870180
6340:Archived
6235:, p. 203
6110:(1909).
5650:Archived
5625:Archived
5622:Excerpts
5219:cite web
5172:, (2004)
4870:23350289
4850:Muqarnas
4427:(2008).
4401:23350289
4381:Muqarnas
3635:963–1186
3623:860–1091
3611:856–1335
3599:848–1036
3567:840–1212
3543:750–1055
3519:743–1035
3459:618–1048
3386:Göktürks
3361:Dingling
3263:Tengrism
3236:Krymchak
2976:Kipchaks
2913:Saragurs
2854:See also
2646:الغ خان
2624:غازی ملک
2387:Downfall
2353:Pakistan
2297:—
2271:—
2255:—
2243:—
2222:City of
2205:Moroccan
2182:Dipalpur
1872:SUGAUNAS
1823:KHANDESH
1725:SHAH MIR
1646:madrasas
1621:Brahmins
1455:judges (
1439:Khurasan
1388:Warangal
1342:and the
1323:—
1304:(Shia),
1109:, was a
1016:Ferishta
971:Firishta
628:Alauddin
447:Pakistan
251:Currency
217:Medieval
5699:4629462
5451:Masnavi
5406:, Brill
4631:Bibcode
4604:Colombo
4596:stones.
4387:: 231.
3939:Abbasid
3916:: 148.
3555:756–940
3531:744–840
3507:699–766
3495:665-850
3483:659–750
3471:628–646
3436:682–744
3428:581–650
3407:581–657
3399:552–581
3164:Qasgqai
3155:Chuvash
3146:Bashkir
3119:Turkmen
3074:Turkish
3030:Dolgans
2994:Uyghurs
2958:Karluks
2931:Bulgars
2922:Utigurs
2895:Onogurs
2654:جنا خان
2584:Gujarat
2512:Sultan
2468:Sultan
2409:Jaunpur
2401:Gujarat
2377:Gujarat
2369:dhimmis
2234:(1375).
2139:Map of
2042:JAUNPUR
2015:AMARKOT
1988:KARAULI
1863:KAMATAS
1852:EASTERN
1834:TOMARAS
1812:BAHMANI
1801:GUJARAT
1714:TIMURID
1678:1400 CE
1650:mosques
1612:siyasat
1570:minaret
1465:Gujarat
1368:Kaithal
1301:Sayyids
1292:dhimmis
1052:History
1035:Qarauna
987:Tughlaq
983:Tughlaq
975:Qutlugh
967:Tughlaq
922:Persian
121:Hindavi
117:Persian
103:Capital
47:Tughlaq
38:Thuglak
6472:
6392:
6359:
6310:
6284:
6231:
6208:
6154:
6090:
6084:UNESCO
6026:
5977:
5941:
5897:
5785:
5697:
5591:
5533:
5431:
5402:
5365:
5340:
5316:
5192:
5143:
5116:
5089:
5059:
4868:
4860:
4776:
4690:
4667:
4577:
4538:
4511:
4471:
4441:
4399:
4391:
4355:
4247:
4220:
4199:
4182:
4167:Hindwi
4158:
4131:
4106:
4059:
4032:
3988:
3968:
3943:Ghurid
3885:1375:
3227:Karaim
3218:Gagauz
3137:Kyrgyz
3110:Uyghur
3101:Kazakh
3021:Yakuts
3012:Kumyks
3003:Tatars
2605:Reign
2592:Rulers
2580:Dholka
2395:. The
2381:flayed
2349:Multan
2203:, the
2091:Etawah
2087:Kharaj
2076:wazirs
2056:states
2054:Tribal
2006:SIROHI
1979:MARWAR
1932:EMPIRE
1919:BENGAL
1910:CHUTIA
1854:GANGAS
1843:TWIPRA
1791:KALMAT
1781:KANGRA
1772:KUMAON
1754:MARYUL
1745:SAMMAS
1716:EMPIRE
1630:Sharia
1562:Ashoka
1544:Ashoka
1444:Kangra
1427:crores
1420:wazirs
1401:Afghan
1393:Deccan
1193:Tirhut
1171:Deogir
1143:maliks
1077:Kollam
1002:Turkic
961:Origin
154:
150:Sultan
81:1375).
5695:JSTOR
5395:See:
4866:JSTOR
4846:(PDF)
4629:: 5.
4619:(PDF)
4397:JSTOR
4377:(PDF)
3607:Qocho
3305:Sheka
3295:Asena
3281:Ülgen
3277:Kayra
3209:Tuvan
3191:Kumyk
3182:Sakha
3128:Tatar
3092:Uzbek
2967:Kimek
2940:Sabir
2846:Delhi
2782:1394
2413:Ajmer
2405:Malwa
2365:اقطاع
2224:Delhi
2190:Delhi
2186:Sindh
2141:Timur
2106:amirs
2083:Jizya
2033:MEWAT
2024:VAGAD
1997:AMBER
1970:MEWAR
1950:MALWA
1941:REDDI
1881:MALLA
1687:DELHI
1625:jizya
1623:from
1616:jizya
1472:jihad
1461:Sindh
1431:jizya
1399:, an
1307:Sufis
1260:Isami
1229:kushk
1225:kushk
1221:kushk
1147:amirs
1111:Hindu
1046:Sindh
936:Delhi
442:India
107:Delhi
6470:OCLC
6403:2017
6390:ISBN
6357:ISBN
6308:ISBN
6282:ISBN
6229:ISBN
6206:ISBN
6152:ISBN
6088:ISBN
6024:ISBN
5975:ISBN
5939:ISBN
5895:ISBN
5783:ISBN
5589:ISBN
5531:ISBN
5429:ISBN
5400:ISBN
5363:ISBN
5338:ISBN
5314:ISBN
5225:link
5190:ISBN
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5114:ISBN
5087:ISBN
5057:ISBN
4858:ISSN
4774:OCLC
4688:ISBN
4665:ISBN
4575:ISBN
4536:ISBN
4509:ISBN
4469:ISBN
4439:ISBN
4389:ISSN
4353:ISBN
4245:ISBN
4218:ISBN
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4180:ISBN
4156:ISBN
4129:ISBN
4104:ISBN
4085:2010
4057:ISBN
4030:ISBN
3986:ISBN
3966:ISBN
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3279:and
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2407:and
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