42:
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stations, which may not have been able to compete with cable TV but which were essential for delivering local news and other essential information. Meanwhile, consumers who had signed up for cable service would have no further need for their antennas, which were previously the only means to pick up
489:
The case landed back at the
District of Columbia District Court in 1995 for further investigation of impacts on consumers and cable companies. That court then reached the same conclusion that it had in 1993, with evidence that the impacts of the must-carry regulations were purely economic with no
529:
by only requiring those stations to be added to an existing cable network that likely had space available, and allowing consumer choice on which channels to watch was not unduly restrictive for cable operators. Therefore, the must-carry regulations were constitutional and did not infringe on the
542:
After the
Supreme Court's final ruling in 1997 on the constitutionality of must-carry cable regulations, the enforcement of such regulations by the FCC was deemed essential in prolonging the viability of local television channels in an unfavorable media landscape, while cable networks rapidly
473:
rules were benefits to local communities and whether they were burdensome for cable TV operators, with the assumption that those operators have free speech rights as well. The
Supreme Court found the analysis of these matters, by both the District Court and by Congress when writing the
364:
regulations, required cable operators to include all relevant local broadcast stations in their offerings to an area's consumers, and to dedicate up to one-third of their channels for this purpose if necessary. This was done to promote localism in television content as required by the
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rights. In 1993 the
District Court rejected those arguments and held that the must-carry rules were a type of economic regulation in which Congress employed "its regulatory powers over the economy to impose order upon a market in dysfunction." Under a less demanding
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analysis for non-content-based regulations, the
District Court held that the preservation of local broadcasting was an important governmental interest, and that the must-carry provisions were acceptably tailored to serve that interest.
6020:
5065:
355:
Typically, cable television network operators voluntarily carried local stations because they were popular with consumers, but those channels took up space on the cable network that could be dedicated to more profitable channels. The
384:. The companies alleged that they exercised free speech via their content delivery choices, and the must-carry rules requiring them to provide television channels that they would not carry otherwise were a form of unconstitutional
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2123:
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1167:
1234:
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1661:
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analysis to determine if the companies' free speech rights were violated. This time, the
Supreme Court ruled in favor of the government. Under strict scrutiny, preservation of local television was found to be a
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of mass media content. Furthermore, courts had also determined that cable television operators had obligations to local communities due to the burdens of building network infrastructure.
4905:
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3195:
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327:, 520 U.S. 180 (1997), the Supreme Court held that must-carry rules for cable television companies were not restrictions of their free speech rights because the U.S. government had a
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3044:
4729:
3859:
584:
475:
357:
318:
497:
Turner
Broadcasting System once again appealed to the Supreme Court, again with a compelled speech argument regardless of the additional evidence compiled by the District Court.
6386:
4873:
2305:
1338:
1210:
562:, and others found the court's examination of the economic impacts on local and national media markets to be insufficient. The case was influential throughout the era in which
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rights when determining what channels and content to carry on their networks, but demurred on whether the must-carry rules at issue were restrictions of those rights. After a
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2019:
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expanded in capacity and being required to carry local channels became less of a technological burden. These developments were particularly important for the viability of
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3822:
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216:(Part I); Rehnquist, Blackmun, O'Connor, Scalia, Souter, Thomas, Ginsburg (Parts II–A and II–B); Rehnquist, Blackmun, Stevens, Souter (Parts II–C, II–D, and III–A)
5585:
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analysis for non-content-based regulations, the
District Court held that the government had an important interest in preserving local broadcast TV channels.
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4126:
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1258:
438:
had been violated. This in turn required a more complex examination of whether requiring a cable company to carry a TV station against its will was a type of
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5105:
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579:
83:
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1314:
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1082:
1007:
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443:
393:
306:
266:
125:
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4030:
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1114:
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6206:
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1709:
639:
734:
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618:
5539:
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1135:
405:
Turner
Broadcasting System appealed that decision. Statutory provisions for cases involving federal regulations allowed a direct appeal to the
763:
Valcke, Peggy (Spring 2006). "The Future of Must-Carry: From Must-Carry to a
Concept of Universal Service in the Info-Communications Sector".
430:
ruling, the court focused primarily on whether the rules were a content-based regulation requiring a strict scrutiny analysis to determine if
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4721:
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6246:
6162:
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4187:
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3258:
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Frieden, Rob (Spring 2006). "Analog and Digital Must-Carry Obligations of Cable and Satellite Television Operators in the United States".
6055:
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5446:
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4150:
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3012:
3004:
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1058:
17:
5748:
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1618:
998:
6630:
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4921:
3774:
2972:
447:
801:
Lung, Albert N. (November 2000). "Must-Carry Rules in the Transition to Digital Television: A Delicate Constitutional Balance".
6459:
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1151:
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6410:
5272:
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4348:
4276:
2422:
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1634:
1575:
442:. Government attempts to require a media outlet to publish content against its will were deemed unconstitutional under the
6187:
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6359:
6108:
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3790:
3733:
3203:
2313:
1503:
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3915:
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1803:
1693:
1159:
406:
284:
46:
820:
Laughner, Nissa; Brown, Justin (April 2006). "Cable Operators' Fifth Amendment Claims Applied to Digital Must-Carry".
388:. Furthermore, the companies argued that the must-carry rules were a type of content-based regulation that required a
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analysis to determine if the government's interest in molding the television marketplace outweighed the companies'
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2115:
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1175:
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significant burden on content or the free speech rights of cable companies. Again exercising a less demanding
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1218:
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2139:
991:
959:
547:
in the United States, which was unlikely to be financially viable in the cable-dominated marketplace.
486:
the case to that court for further fact-finding on the economic and speech implications of the statute.
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2642:
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65:
Turner Broadcasting System, Incorporated, et al., Appellants v. Federal Communications Commission, et al.
331:
in enabling the distribution of media content from multiple sources and in preserving local television.
6004:
5344:
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1971:
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314:
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3838:
3428:
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3129:
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2550:
2509:
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1963:
1939:
984:
5836:
5288:
4261:
3459:
2764:
2743:
2719:
2525:
2003:
463:
344:
159:
861:
Lopatka, John E; Vita, Michael G. (1998). "The Must-Carry Decisions: Bad Law, Bad Economics".
5676:
5438:
4567:
2780:
2493:
2469:
2252:
2107:
907:
566:
was the dominant format for consumer television, but its applicability for later digital and
491:
398:
75:
932:
369:, and to maintain the viability of local broadcasters. The rules were to be enforced by the
4652:
4596:
4479:
3867:
3491:
3475:
3250:
3174:
2892:
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1987:
1911:
1535:
1511:
1250:
1021:
8:
6125:
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6036:
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4375:
3627:
3523:
3242:
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2545:
1779:
1191:
976:
544:
522:
516:
argument, the Supreme Court analyzed the must-carry regulations under the more demanding
328:
187:
914:
452:(1974). However, that case involved newspapers, and the Supreme Court had also ruled in
6335:
6265:
6146:
6071:
5828:
5783:
5515:
5462:
5336:
5264:
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4332:
4203:
3515:
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3105:
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2868:
2852:
2820:
2658:
2485:
2374:
2051:
2035:
2027:
2011:
1822:
1795:
1745:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
1527:
1410:
1355:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
1074:
842:
Hazlett, Thomas W. (2000). "Digitizing 'Must-Carry' under Turner Broadcasting v. FCC".
782:
Brown, Justin (Fall 2005). "Digital Must-Carry & the Case for Public Television".
6543:
5945:
5684:
5320:
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4704:
4531:
4383:
4142:
4107:
3782:
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3579:
3306:
3028:
2964:
2884:
2727:
2625:
1862:
1487:
1418:
1378:
1242:
1050:
1042:
657:
550:
However, many legal commentators were unconvinced by the Supreme Court's stance that
376:
Soon after the statute's passage, various cable television companies, represented by
348:
151:
143:
6519:
6222:
5601:
5483:
5430:
5379:
5363:
5248:
5136:
4946:
Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy
4612:
4423:
4063:
3749:
3619:
3507:
3274:
2698:
2337:
2321:
2179:
2059:
1995:
1955:
1830:
1362:
1098:
880:
Aaron, Harris J. (June 2000). "I Want My MTV: The Debate over Digital Must-Carry".
563:
555:
526:
513:
479:
439:
385:
340:
305:, 512 U.S. 622 (1994), the Supreme Court held that cable television companies were
296:
78:
6495:
6238:
5764:
5700:
5662:
5523:
5454:
5113:
4636:
4543:
4166:
4003:
3987:
3963:
3215:
3187:
3145:
3113:
2557:
2501:
2240:
1979:
1931:
1886:
1838:
1653:
1519:
1495:
1458:
950:
567:
517:
389:
183:
171:
6551:
5625:
5609:
4503:
4391:
4268:
2619:
2216:
1736:
1551:
1226:
195:
163:
458:(1969) that the FCC had greater economic authority over television due to the
426:
In the Supreme Court's first review of the must-carry rules, now known as the
6604:
3343:
2537:
2366:
317:
to a lower court for fact-finding on the economic effects of the then-recent
6284:
5499:
5280:
5089:
4793:
4178:
4134:
3450:
2099:
2043:
175:
6575:
5403:
2710:
469:
These conflicting precedents necessitated an updated analysis of whether
968:
5872:
5667:
4866:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
3799:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
2433:
551:
470:
411:
361:
343:
in the 1980s, regulators became concerned about the viability of older
288:
121:
4914:
Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois
2330:
Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania
482:
the 1993 District Court ruling that upheld the must-carry rules, and
4826:
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission
6488:
Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.
6344:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
3807:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
2438:
459:
4882:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee
902:
Text of Turner Broadcasting v. Federal Communications Commission,
4858:
Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio
4762:
Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council
3702:
Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association
3045:
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland
5002:
Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co.
4669:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
2068:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
585:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court
3932:
Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth
3815:
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.
656:. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. pp. 480–542.
41:
5050:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4560:
U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers
4488:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4472:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
4325:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4317:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
1267:
Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty
248:
O'Connor, joined by Scalia, Ginsburg; Thomas (Parts I and III)
4994:
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States
2020:
Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.
1347:
Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan
6435:
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party
4730:
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations
3718:
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee
3392:
City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC
6568:
BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board
5066:
Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA
4874:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico
1718:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano
224:
Kennedy (Part III–B), joined by Rehnquist, Blackmun, Souter
6021:
Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC
5305:
Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett
3823:
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra
2306:
Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal
1879:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
1403:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
1387:
Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind
1006:
382:
United States District Court for the District of Columbia
6616:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
2164:
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
1595:
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.
476:
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act
360:
of 1992, via a group of provisions that became known as
358:
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act
319:
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act
271:
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act
35:
Turner Broadcasting v. Federal Communications Commission
5906:
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler
4014:
508:
The Supreme Court heard the updated case, now known as
5938:
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
5058:
Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States
4850:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
4677:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
299:
operators. In the first ruling, known colloquially as
5225:
FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee
5209:
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC
5106:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
3384:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
1603:
Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette
1067:
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union
580:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 520
6528:
California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited
5930:
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.
3726:
Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes
2518:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.
2124:
Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security
4400:
Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle
4096:
USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II
4056:
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington
1235:
Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen
512:, in late 1996. Acknowledging the cable companies'
4456:United States v. National Treasury Employees Union
4249:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
4127:Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans
4088:USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I
2989:United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
2148:Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah
1788:Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley
6560:Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation
6427:New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres
5388:Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee
5161:Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley
3612:Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York
3360:Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board
1083:McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union
6602:
4257:Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.
4031:Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight
3196:Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus
1702:Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich
1115:American Legion v. American Humanist Association
321:, the dispute returned to the Supreme Court. In
6207:Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath
5962:Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton
5313:American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock
4986:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
4770:Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro
3924:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
2278:Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru
1662:Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila
5540:National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo
4589:Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio
2402:
3996:Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association
1395:Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
992:
819:
6636:Federal Communications Commission litigation
6247:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
6163:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
5845:Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner
5412:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
4416:Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local
3767:West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette
3572:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
3259:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
2132:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
1871:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
1307:Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger
6056:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
5447:Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck
4954:Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.
4408:Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.
2172:Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo
1761:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
1435:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
1323:Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland
860:
478:, to be deficient. Thus, the Supreme Court
339:When American consumers widely migrated to
283:is the general title of two rulings of the
6186:
4778:Carey v. Population Services International
4464:Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr
4301:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
4151:Houston Community College System v. Wilson
3556:USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns.
2997:City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.
2957:American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut
2683:Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie
1544:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
1136:Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York
1059:Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary
999:
985:
6621:United States Free Speech Clause case law
6536:Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees
5749:Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia
5145:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
5026:Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
4818:Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n
4072:National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley
3972:Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association
3900:Communications Workers of America v. Beck
2909:United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film
2877:United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs
2233:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
2156:Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton
1451:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
1283:Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist
654:Blue Skies: A History of Cable Television
5649:
5594:Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union
2773:United States v. One Book Called Ulysses
1910:
1753:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
1619:Good News Club v. Milford Central School
1020:
6458:
6328:New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York
6095:
6029:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC
5297:Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan
5217:Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC
5169:FEC v. National Right to Work Committee
5082:Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman
4922:City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network
3956:Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n
3775:Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo
3013:United States v. American Library Ass'n
2973:United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.
2925:Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad
841:
784:Cornell Journal of Law and Public Polic
715:Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo
699:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC
676:
651:
636:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC
615:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC
534:rights of cable television companies.
280:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC
124:regulations are not a violation of the
14:
6603:
6064:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
5233:Republican Party of Minnesota v. White
5201:Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce
5193:Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm.
5185:FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life
4938:United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.
4693:Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement
4293:Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
4241:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
4220:Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb
4188:American Communications Ass'n v. Douds
3892:Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson
3759:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
3069:Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n
2949:Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc.
1948:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
1568:Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow
762:
6457:
6403:Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party
6320:Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte
6185:
6094:
5648:
5153:California Medical Association v. FEC
4802:Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association
4440:Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois
3710:Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund
3604:Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.
2941:Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.
2401:
2092:Bob Jones University v. United States
1909:
1152:Bob Jones University v. United States
1019:
980:
879:
837:
835:
781:
128:rights of cable television companies.
29:1997 United States Supreme Court case
6411:California Democratic Party v. Jones
5853:Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland
5273:FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
5257:Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC
5042:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
4349:Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.
4277:Island Trees School District v. Pico
3948:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
3077:FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.
1371:School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball
888:(2): 885–906 – via HeinOnline.
828:(2): 281–320 – via HeinOnline.
809:(1): 151–222 – via HeinOnline.
800:
694:
692:
685:(2): 230–246 – via HeinOnline.
631:
629:
627:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
6360:Christian Legal Society v. Martinez
5725:New York Times Co. v. United States
4978:44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island
4906:State University of New York v. Fox
4890:Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association
3876:Abood v. Detroit Board of Education
3791:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
3734:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
3204:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
2314:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.
1504:Abington School District v. Schempp
1144:California v. Grace Brethren Church
790:(1): 73–110 – via HeinOnline.
500:
103:, 910 F. Supp. 734 (D.D.C., 1995);
24:
5978:Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox
5010:United States v. United Foods Inc.
4661:Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn.
4023:Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co
3940:United States v. United Foods Inc.
3155:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project
2262:NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago
1804:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
1694:Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church
1160:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
832:
822:Federal Communications Law Journal
771:(2): 247–265 – via HeinLone.
418:
47:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
6652:
6611:United States Supreme Court cases
6512:United Mine Workers v. Pennington
5396:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n
4898:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
4685:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
4645:Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar
4552:United Public Workers v. Mitchell
4520:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
4080:Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez
3908:Keller v. State Bar of California
3548:Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe
3421:Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.
3122:Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition
2933:Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville
2608:Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus
2196:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1686:Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
1678:Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
1635:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1576:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1560:Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe
1168:Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos
910:622 (1994) is available from:
896:
689:
624:
597:
462:of broadcast frequencies and the
371:Federal Communications Commission
293:Federal Communications Commission
111:, 819 F. Supp. 32 (D.D.C., 1993).
6312:Roberts v. United States Jaycees
5997:Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
5177:FEC v. National Conservative PAC
4970:Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.
4309:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
4285:Bethel School District v. Fraser
3657:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
3532:Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne
2225:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
1611:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
1443:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
869:: 61–122 – via HeinOnline.
731:Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
455:Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
40:
5970:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
5559:NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.
5508:Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach
5018:Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly
4722:Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.
4368:Pickering v. Board of Education
4196:Garner v. Board of Public Works
3916:Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n
3085:Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton
2901:Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
2813:MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day
2454:Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
873:
854:
813:
794:
775:
6631:1994 in United States case law
6584:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
5898:Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts
5890:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
5821:Grosjean v. American Press Co.
5792:Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
5741:Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart
4746:Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar
4621:Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
4496:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
3860:Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson
2651:Terminiello v. City of Chicago
2584:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
2289:Statutory religious exemptions
2188:Fulton v. City of Philadelphia
1480:McCollum v. Board of Education
1176:Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock
756:
740:
724:
708:
670:
645:
523:compelling government interest
13:
1:
6387:Democratic Party v. Wisconsin
6352:Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
6304:Hishon v. King & Spalding
5329:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
4834:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
4786:Bates v. State Bar of Arizona
4629:Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown
4512:Heffernan v. City of Paterson
4212:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
4119:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
3336:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
3163:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
1847:Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.
1339:New York v. Cathedral Academy
1219:Everson v. Board of Education
1211:Cochran v. Board of Education
1091:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
1008:United States First Amendment
863:Supreme Court Economic Review
844:Supreme Court Economic Review
590:
334:
6395:Tashjian v. Republican Party
6231:Bates v. City of Little Rock
6137:Protection from prosecution
5717:Lamont v. Postmaster General
5372:Bates v. City of Little Rock
3540:Coates v. City of Cincinnati
3437:Packingham v. North Carolina
3328:Lamont v. Postmaster General
2140:Employment Division v. Smith
882:Boston University Law Review
652:Parsons, Patrick R. (2008).
291:regulations enforced by the
287:on the constitutionality of
7:
6472:United States v. Cruikshank
6118:United States v. Cruikshank
6013:FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild
5954:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
5914:Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
4159:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
3588:Ward v. Rock Against Racism
3484:Martin v. City of Struthers
3299:City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.
2829:Quantity of Books v. Kansas
2643:Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
2592:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
2116:O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz
1627:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
573:
285:United States Supreme Court
10:
6657:
6641:Turner Broadcasting System
6005:FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
5345:FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate
5074:Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.
4962:Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.
3831:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis
3368:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
2691:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
2667:Gregory v. City of Chicago
1107:Town of Greece v. Galloway
969:Oyez (oral argument audio)
747:Turner Broadcasting v. FCC
378:Turner Broadcasting System
367:Communications Act of 1934
109:Turner Broadcasting v. FCC
105:Turner Broadcasting v. FCC
101:Turner Broadcasting v. FCC
18:Turner Broadcasting v. FCC
6504:Edwards v. South Carolina
6466:
6453:
6370:
6295:
6276:
6257:
6198:
6194:
6181:
6136:
6107:
6103:
6090:
6047:
5988:
5871:
5861:Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.
5810:
5775:
5709:Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.
5693:Lovell v. City of Griffin
5661:
5657:
5644:
5577:
5550:
5473:
5422:
5355:
5124:
4703:
4578:
4530:
4359:
4230:
4177:
4106:
4045:
3849:
3748:
3675:
3638:
3500:Edwards v. South Carolina
3447:
3402:
3317:
3214:
3173:
3144:
3095:
3053:United States v. Kilbride
3037:United States v. Williams
2837:Ginzburg v. United States
2754:
2709:
2618:
2568:
2432:
2421:
2417:
2397:
2348:
2295:
2288:
2251:
2206:
1924:Reynolds v. United States
1918:
1905:
1814:
1771:
1728:
1645:
1586:
1469:
1202:
1125:
1032:
1028:
1015:
537:
265:
260:
252:
244:
236:
228:
220:
208:
203:
137:
132:
120:
115:
96:
91:
70:
60:
53:
39:
34:
6215:Watkins v. United States
5800:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
4738:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
4714:Valentine v. Chrestensen
4341:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
4015:Compelled representation
3980:Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000
3686:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
3665:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
3283:United States v. Eichman
3235:United States v. O'Brien
3061:United States v. Stevens
2845:Memoirs v. Massachusetts
2805:Marcus v. Search Warrant
2600:United States v. Alvarez
2531:clear and present danger
2462:Schenck v. United States
1972:United States v. Ballard
1670:United States v. Ballard
1587:Private religious speech
1427:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
1184:City of Boerne v. Flores
570:systems is uncertain.
449:Miami Herald v. Tornillo
6371:Primaries and elections
5922:Time, Inc. v. Firestone
5882:Beauharnais v. Illinois
5567:FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA
4605:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
3884:Ellis v. Railway Clerks
3839:Moody v. NetChoice, LLC
3429:City of Ladue v. Gilleo
3413:Schneider v. New Jersey
3376:Reed v. Town of Gilbert
3227:Stromberg v. California
3130:United States v. Hansen
2736:Elonis v. United States
2635:Cantwell v. Connecticut
2551:imminent lawless action
2510:Dennis v. United States
2478:Abrams v. United States
2447:Alien and Sedition Acts
1964:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
1940:Cantwell v. Connecticut
1646:Internal church affairs
525:, the regulations were
107:, 512 U.S. 622 (1994);
6296:Membership restriction
6188:Freedom of association
6139:and state restrictions
5837:Houchins v. KQED, Inc.
5289:Citizens United v. FEC
4262:substantial disruption
3564:United States v. Grace
3460:Davis v. Massachusetts
3291:Barnes v. Glen Theatre
2765:Rosen v. United States
2744:Counterman v. Colorado
2720:Watts v. United States
2526:Yates v. United States
2076:Thomas v. Review Board
2004:Fowler v. Rhode Island
765:Media Law & Policy
679:Media Law & Policy
56:Decided March 31, 1997
54:Argued October 7, 1996
6048:Copyrighted materials
5677:Patterson v. Colorado
5586:Procunier v. Martinez
5439:Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner
4581:restriction of speech
4568:Broadrick v. Oklahoma
2781:Roth v. United States
2494:Whitney v. California
2470:Debs v. United States
2270:Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC
2253:Ministerial exception
2207:Exclusion of religion
2108:Goldman v. Weinberger
554:regulations were not
492:intermediate scrutiny
399:intermediate scrutiny
309:speakers who enjoyed
5651:Freedom of the press
5475:Official retaliation
5129:and political speech
4653:Freedman v. Maryland
4597:Cox v. New Hampshire
4480:Garcetti v. Ceballos
3868:Machinists v. Street
3492:Niemotko v. Maryland
3476:Thornhill v. Alabama
3352:Butterworth v. Smith
3251:Spence v. Washington
2893:Miller v. California
2861:Ginsberg v. New York
2209:from public benefits
2084:United States v. Lee
1988:Niemotko v. Maryland
1912:Free Exercise Clause
1536:Edwards v. Aguillard
1512:Epperson v. Arkansas
1259:Lemon v. Kurtzman II
1251:Tilton v. Richardson
1022:Establishment Clause
436:freedom of the press
380:, filed suit in the
6460:Freedom to petition
6126:Presser v. Illinois
6097:Freedom of assembly
6037:Bartnicki v. Vopper
5618:Overton v. Bazzetta
5532:Gonzalez v. Trevino
5034:Nike, Inc. v. Kasky
4754:Bigelow v. Virginia
4448:Waters v. Churchill
4432:Rankin v. McPherson
4376:Perry v. Sindermann
3628:McCullen v. Coakley
3524:Adderley v. Florida
3243:Cohen v. California
3098:to criminal conduct
3021:Ashcroft v. ACLU II
2797:Smith v. California
2789:One, Inc. v. Olesen
2675:Cohen v. California
2546:Brandenburg v. Ohio
1780:McGowan v. Maryland
1192:Cutter v. Wilkinson
1126:Statutory religious
960:Library of Congress
352:local TV stations.
329:compelling interest
212:Kennedy, joined by
188:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
160:Sandra Day O'Connor
6626:Broadcast case law
6419:Clingman v. Beaver
6336:Dallas v. Stanglin
6266:Baggett v. Bullitt
6147:De Jonge v. Oregon
6072:Eldred v. Ashcroft
5829:Branzburg v. Hayes
5784:Time, Inc. v. Hill
5516:Nieves v. Bartlett
5492:Reichle v. Howards
5463:Murthy v. Missouri
5337:Thompson v. Hebdon
5265:Randall v. Sorrell
4810:Friedman v. Rogers
4333:Morse v. Frederick
4204:Speiser v. Randall
3516:Brown v. Louisiana
3267:Dallas v. Stanglin
3106:New York v. Ferber
3005:Ashcroft v. ACLU I
2917:Jenkins v. Georgia
2869:Stanley v. Georgia
2853:Redrup v. New York
2821:Jacobellis v. Ohio
2659:Feiner v. New York
2486:Gitlow v. New York
2375:Ramirez v. Collier
2052:Wisconsin v. Yoder
2036:Sherbert v. Verner
2028:Torcaso v. Watkins
2012:Braunfeld v. Brown
1823:Torcaso v. Watkins
1796:Braunfeld v. Brown
1528:Wallace v. Jaffree
1411:Agostini v. Felton
1299:Wheeler v. Barrera
1075:Van Orden v. Perry
803:Cardozo Law Review
560:taking of property
407:U.S. Supreme Court
148:Associate Justices
6598:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6544:McDonald v. Smith
6480:Thomas v. Collins
6449:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6379:Cousins v. Wigoda
6177:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6155:Thomas v. Collins
6086:
6085:
6082:
6081:
5946:McDonald v. Smith
5733:Pell v. Procunier
5685:Near v. Minnesota
5640:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5321:McCutcheon v. FEC
5098:Iancu v. Brunetti
4930:Edenfield v. Fane
4705:Commercial speech
4384:Arnett v. Kennedy
4143:Iancu v. Brunetti
4046:Government grants
4041:
4040:
3852:of others' speech
3850:Compelled subsidy
3783:Wooley v. Maynard
3744:
3743:
3649:Widmar v. Vincent
3596:Burson v. Freeman
3580:Frisby v. Schultz
3307:Virginia v. Black
3140:
3139:
3029:Nitke v. Gonzales
2965:People v. Freeman
2885:Kois v. Wisconsin
2728:Virginia v. Black
2404:Freedom of speech
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2359:Sossamon v. Texas
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1863:Bowen v. Kendrick
1855:Larson v. Valente
1729:Taxpayer standing
1488:Zorach v. Clauson
1419:Mitchell v. Helms
1379:Aguilar v. Felton
1315:Meek v. Pittenger
1243:Lemon v. Kurtzman
1051:Lynch v. Donnelly
1043:Marsh v. Chambers
663:978-1-59213-287-4
545:public television
527:narrowly-tailored
432:freedom of speech
276:
275:
240:Stevens (in part)
144:William Rehnquist
16:(Redirected from
6648:
6520:Cox v. Louisiana
6455:
6454:
6223:NAACP v. Alabama
6196:
6195:
6183:
6182:
6105:
6104:
6092:
6091:
5663:Prior restraints
5659:
5658:
5646:
5645:
5602:Turner v. Safley
5484:Hartman v. Moore
5431:Marsh v. Alabama
5380:Buckley v. Valeo
5364:NAACP v. Alabama
5356:Anonymous speech
5249:McConnell v. FEC
5137:Buckley v. Valeo
5126:Campaign finance
4613:Kunz v. New York
4424:Connick v. Myers
4360:Public employees
4064:Rust v. Sullivan
4012:
4011:
3750:Compelled speech
3620:Hill v. Colorado
3508:Cox v. Louisiana
3445:
3444:
3275:Texas v. Johnson
2699:Snyder v. Phelps
2430:
2429:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2399:
2398:
2338:Tanzin v. Tanvir
2322:Zubik v. Burwell
2293:
2292:
2204:
2203:
2180:Tandon v. Newsom
2060:McDaniel v. Paty
1996:Kunz v. New York
1956:Jamison v. Texas
1907:
1906:
1831:McDaniel v. Paty
1363:Mueller v. Allen
1331:Wolman v. Walter
1099:Salazar v. Buono
1030:
1029:
1017:
1016:
1001:
994:
987:
978:
977:
973:
967:
964:
958:
955:
949:
946:
940:
937:
931:
928:
922:
919:
913:
890:
889:
877:
871:
870:
858:
852:
851:
839:
830:
829:
817:
811:
810:
798:
792:
791:
779:
773:
772:
760:
754:
751:910 F. Supp. 734
744:
738:
728:
722:
712:
706:
696:
687:
686:
674:
668:
667:
649:
643:
633:
622:
612:
556:compelled speech
514:compelled speech
440:compelled speech
409:, which granted
386:compelled speech
349:local television
341:cable television
297:cable television
133:Court membership
44:
43:
32:
31:
21:
6656:
6655:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6590:
6496:NAACP v. Button
6462:
6441:
6366:
6291:
6272:
6253:
6239:NAACP v. Button
6190:
6169:
6138:
6132:
6099:
6078:
6043:
5989:Broadcast media
5984:
5981:(9th Cir. 2014)
5867:
5812:
5806:
5771:
5765:Tory v. Cochran
5701:Tucker v. Texas
5665:
5653:
5632:
5573:
5546:
5524:Egbert v. Boule
5469:
5455:Lindke v. Freed
5418:
5351:
5241:FEC v. Beaumont
5128:
5120:
5114:Vidal v. Elster
4699:
4637:NAACP v. Button
4580:
4574:
4544:Ex parte Curtis
4535:
4526:
4355:
4226:
4173:
4167:Vidal v. Elster
4109:
4102:
4047:
4037:
4010:
4004:Janus v. AFSCME
3988:Harris v. Quinn
3964:Locke v. Karass
3851:
3845:
3740:
3694:Brown v. Glines
3677:
3671:
3640:
3634:
3449:
3443:
3404:
3403:Content-neutral
3398:
3319:
3313:
3218:
3216:Symbolic speech
3210:
3188:Smith v. Goguen
3177:
3169:
3146:Strict scrutiny
3136:
3114:Osborne v. Ohio
3097:
3096:Speech integral
3091:
3056:(9th Cir. 2009)
3048:(6th Cir. 2009)
3032:(S.D.N.Y. 2005)
2960:(7th Cir. 1985)
2776:(S.D.N.Y. 1933)
2750:
2705:
2623:
2614:
2573:
2564:
2558:Hess v. Indiana
2502:Fiske v. Kansas
2457:(S.D.N.Y. 1917)
2436:
2424:
2413:
2406:
2381:
2344:
2284:
2247:
2241:Carson v. Makin
2208:
2202:
1980:Tucker v. Texas
1932:Davis v. Beason
1914:
1893:
1887:Trump v. Hawaii
1839:Harris v. McRae
1810:
1767:
1724:
1654:Watson v. Jones
1641:
1582:
1520:Stone v. Graham
1496:Engel v. Vitale
1471:
1465:
1459:Carson v. Makin
1198:
1127:
1121:
1034:
1033:Public displays
1024:
1011:
1005:
971:
965:
962:
956:
953:
947:
944:
938:
935:
929:
926:
920:
917:
911:
899:
894:
893:
878:
874:
859:
855:
840:
833:
818:
814:
799:
795:
780:
776:
761:
757:
753:(D.D.C., 1995).
745:
741:
729:
725:
713:
709:
705:(D.D.C., 1993).
703:819 F. Supp. 32
697:
690:
675:
671:
664:
650:
646:
634:
625:
613:
598:
593:
576:
540:
532:First Amendment
518:strict scrutiny
506:
444:First Amendment
424:
394:First Amendment
390:strict scrutiny
337:
307:First Amendment
267:First Amendment
186:
184:Clarence Thomas
174:
172:Anthony Kennedy
162:
152:John P. Stevens
126:First Amendment
55:
49:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6654:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6580:
6572:
6564:
6556:
6552:Meyer v. Grant
6548:
6540:
6532:
6524:
6516:
6508:
6500:
6492:
6484:
6476:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6431:
6423:
6415:
6407:
6399:
6391:
6383:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6356:
6348:
6340:
6332:
6324:
6316:
6308:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6261:
6259:
6258:Future Conduct
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6243:
6235:
6227:
6219:
6211:
6202:
6200:
6192:
6191:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6159:
6151:
6142:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6122:
6113:
6111:
6101:
6100:
6088:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6068:
6060:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6033:
6025:
6017:
6009:
6001:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5974:
5966:
5958:
5950:
5942:
5934:
5926:
5918:
5910:
5902:
5894:
5886:
5877:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5857:
5849:
5841:
5833:
5825:
5816:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5796:
5788:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5761:
5753:
5745:
5737:
5729:
5721:
5713:
5705:
5697:
5689:
5681:
5672:
5670:
5655:
5654:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5626:Beard v. Banks
5622:
5614:
5610:Shaw v. Murphy
5606:
5598:
5590:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5563:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5536:
5528:
5520:
5512:
5504:
5496:
5488:
5479:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5459:
5451:
5443:
5435:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5408:
5400:
5392:
5384:
5376:
5368:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5341:
5333:
5325:
5317:
5309:
5301:
5293:
5285:
5277:
5269:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5237:
5229:
5221:
5213:
5205:
5197:
5189:
5181:
5173:
5165:
5157:
5149:
5141:
5132:
5130:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5022:
5014:
5006:
4998:
4990:
4982:
4974:
4966:
4958:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4910:
4902:
4894:
4886:
4878:
4870:
4862:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4806:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4766:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4709:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4601:
4593:
4584:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4539:
4537:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4504:Lane v. Franks
4500:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4396:
4392:Elrod v. Burns
4388:
4380:
4372:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4281:
4273:
4269:Healy v. James
4265:
4253:
4245:
4236:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4114:
4112:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4051:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4027:
4018:
4016:
4009:
4008:
4000:
3992:
3984:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3936:
3928:
3920:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3864:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3754:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3690:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3653:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3544:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3455:
3453:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3219:versus conduct
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3183:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3159:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2626:heckler's veto
2620:Fighting words
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2554:
2542:
2534:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2427:
2415:
2414:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2217:Locke v. Davey
2212:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1737:Flast v. Cohen
1732:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1552:Lee v. Weisman
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1472:public schools
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1291:Sloan v. Lemon
1287:
1279:
1275:Hunt v. McNair
1271:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1227:Flast v. Cohen
1223:
1215:
1206:
1204:
1203:Public funding
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1035:and ceremonies
1026:
1025:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1003:
996:
989:
981:
975:
974:
942:Google Scholar
898:
897:External links
895:
892:
891:
872:
853:
831:
812:
793:
774:
755:
739:
723:
707:
688:
669:
662:
644:
623:
595:
594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
582:
575:
572:
539:
536:
505:
499:
423:
417:
336:
333:
274:
273:
263:
262:
258:
257:
254:
253:Concur/dissent
250:
249:
246:
245:Concur/dissent
242:
241:
238:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
222:
218:
217:
210:
206:
205:
201:
200:
199:
198:
196:Stephen Breyer
164:Antonin Scalia
149:
146:
141:
135:
134:
130:
129:
118:
117:
113:
112:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
72:
68:
67:
62:
61:Full case name
58:
57:
51:
50:
45:
37:
36:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6653:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6586:
6585:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6468:
6465:
6461:
6456:
6452:
6437:
6436:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6287:
6286:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6249:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:Organizations
6197:
6193:
6189:
6184:
6180:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6135:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6109:Incorporation
6106:
6102:
6098:
6093:
6089:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5987:
5980:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5863:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5809:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5647:
5643:
5628:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5259:
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5250:
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5230:
5227:
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5219:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5206:
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5139:
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5127:
5123:
5116:
5115:
5111:
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5099:
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5036:
5035:
5031:
5028:
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5023:
5020:
5019:
5015:
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5007:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4972:
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4967:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4847:
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4839:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4820:
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4815:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4796:
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4783:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4759:
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4751:
4748:
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4743:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4732:
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4727:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4695:
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4690:
4687:
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4682:
4679:
4678:
4674:
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4670:
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4634:
4631:
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4626:
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4618:
4615:
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4610:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:Licensing and
4577:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4514:
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4509:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4378:
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4373:
4370:
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4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4350:
4346:
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4342:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4232:School speech
4229:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4179:Loyalty oaths
4176:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:and subsidies
4044:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3953:
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3926:
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3913:
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3897:
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3889:
3886:
3885:
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3878:
3877:
3873:
3870:
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3865:
3862:
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3848:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3825:
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3820:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
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3780:
3777:
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3772:
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3764:
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3731:
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3707:
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3674:
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3662:
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3646:
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3630:
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3617:
3614:
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3609:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3598:
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3593:
3590:
3589:
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3581:
3577:
3574:
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3569:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3557:
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3550:
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3545:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3446:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:Boos v. Barry
3341:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:Content-based
3316:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
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2935:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2922:
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2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2895:
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2879:
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2874:
2871:
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2866:
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2858:
2855:
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2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2653:
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2648:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:Bond v. Floyd
2535:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2464:
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2459:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2448:
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2444:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:Holt v. Hobbs
2364:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
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1848:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1825:
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1817:
1813:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1798:
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1790:
1789:
1785:
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1777:
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1774:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
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1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:Jones v. Wolf
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1002:
997:
995:
990:
988:
983:
982:
979:
970:
961:
952:
943:
934:
925:
924:CourtListener
916:
909:
905:
901:
900:
887:
883:
876:
868:
864:
857:
849:
845:
838:
836:
827:
823:
816:
808:
804:
797:
789:
785:
778:
770:
766:
759:
752:
748:
743:
736:
732:
727:
720:
716:
711:
704:
700:
695:
693:
684:
680:
673:
665:
659:
655:
648:
641:
637:
632:
630:
628:
620:
616:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
596:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
535:
533:
528:
524:
519:
515:
511:
503:
498:
495:
493:
487:
485:
481:
477:
472:
467:
465:
464:pervasiveness
461:
457:
456:
451:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
421:
416:
414:
413:
408:
403:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
363:
359:
353:
350:
346:
342:
332:
330:
326:
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
272:
268:
264:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:Case opinions
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:Chief Justice
139:
138:
136:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
52:
48:
38:
33:
27:
19:
6582:
6574:
6566:
6558:
6550:
6542:
6534:
6526:
6518:
6510:
6502:
6494:
6486:
6478:
6470:
6433:
6425:
6417:
6409:
6401:
6393:
6385:
6377:
6358:
6350:
6342:
6334:
6326:
6318:
6310:
6302:
6285:In re Primus
6283:
6277:Solicitation
6264:
6245:
6237:
6229:
6221:
6213:
6205:
6161:
6153:
6145:
6124:
6116:
6070:
6062:
6054:
6035:
6028:
6027:
6019:
6011:
6003:
5995:
5976:
5968:
5960:
5952:
5944:
5936:
5928:
5920:
5912:
5904:
5896:
5888:
5880:
5859:
5851:
5843:
5835:
5827:
5819:
5811:Taxation and
5798:
5790:
5782:
5763:
5755:
5747:
5739:
5731:
5723:
5715:
5707:
5699:
5691:
5683:
5675:
5624:
5616:
5608:
5600:
5592:
5584:
5565:
5557:
5538:
5530:
5522:
5514:
5506:
5500:Wood v. Moss
5498:
5490:
5482:
5461:
5453:
5445:
5437:
5429:
5423:State action
5410:
5402:
5394:
5386:
5378:
5370:
5362:
5343:
5335:
5327:
5319:
5311:
5303:
5295:
5287:
5281:Davis v. FEC
5279:
5271:
5263:
5255:
5247:
5239:
5231:
5223:
5215:
5207:
5199:
5191:
5183:
5175:
5167:
5159:
5151:
5143:
5135:
5112:
5104:
5096:
5090:Matal v. Tam
5088:
5080:
5072:
5064:
5056:
5048:
5040:
5032:
5024:
5016:
5008:
5000:
4992:
4984:
4976:
4968:
4960:
4952:
4944:
4936:
4928:
4920:
4912:
4904:
4896:
4888:
4880:
4872:
4864:
4856:
4848:
4842:In re R.M.J.
4840:
4832:
4824:
4816:
4808:
4800:
4794:In re Primus
4792:
4784:
4776:
4768:
4760:
4752:
4744:
4736:
4728:
4720:
4712:
4691:
4683:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4643:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4542:
4536:similar laws
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4398:
4390:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4315:
4307:
4299:
4291:
4283:
4275:
4267:
4255:
4247:
4239:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4165:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4135:Matal v. Tam
4133:
4125:
4117:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4029:
4021:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3781:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3641:public forum
3626:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3468:Hague v. CIO
3466:
3458:
3451:public forum
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3405:restrictions
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3320:restrictions
3305:
3297:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3161:
3153:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3104:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2981:Reno v. ACLU
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2711:True threats
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2575:false speech
2556:
2544:
2536:
2524:
2521:(1955; 1961)
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2100:Bowen v. Roy
2098:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2044:Cruz v. Beto
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
885:
881:
875:
866:
862:
856:
847:
843:
825:
821:
815:
806:
802:
796:
787:
783:
777:
768:
764:
758:
746:
742:
735:395 U.S. 367
730:
726:
719:418 U.S. 241
714:
710:
698:
682:
678:
672:
653:
647:
640:520 U.S. 180
635:
619:512 U.S. 622
614:
549:
541:
509:
507:
501:
496:
488:
468:
453:
448:
427:
425:
419:
410:
404:
375:
354:
338:
323:
322:
301:
300:
279:
278:
277:
261:Laws applied
213:
191:
179:
176:David Souter
167:
155:
108:
104:
100:
92:Case history
82:
64:
26:
6576:Doe v. Reed
5757:Lowe v. SEC
5404:Doe v. Reed
3175:Overbreadth
2968:(Cal. 1988)
2423:Unprotected
1470:Religion in
345:terrestrial
311:free speech
237:Concurrence
229:Concurrence
221:Concurrence
6605:Categories
5873:Defamation
5813:privileges
5668:censorship
4110:as speaker
4108:Government
3639:Designated
2570:Defamation
2434:Incitement
1128:exemptions
850:: 141–207.
591:References
552:must-carry
471:must-carry
412:certiorari
362:must-carry
335:Background
289:must-carry
122:Must-carry
4532:Hatch Act
3676:Nonpublic
3179:Vagueness
2756:Obscenity
1772:Blue laws
568:streaming
510:Turner II
502:Turner II
415:in 1994.
324:Turner II
214:unanimous
71:Citations
5551:Boycotts
2439:sedition
1010:case law
574:See also
484:remanded
460:scarcity
428:Turner I
420:Turner I
302:Turner I
256:Ginsburg
232:Blackmun
209:Majority
5776:Privacy
5578:Prisons
4260:(1969,
2549:(1969,
2529:(1957,
933:Findlaw
915:Cornell
737:(1969).
721:(1974).
642:(1997).
621:(1994).
480:vacated
373:(FCC).
116:Holding
6587:(2011)
6579:(2010)
6571:(2002)
6563:(1999)
6555:(1988)
6547:(1985)
6539:(1979)
6531:(1972)
6523:(1965)
6515:(1965)
6507:(1963)
6499:(1963)
6491:(1961)
6483:(1945)
6475:(1876)
6438:(2008)
6430:(2008)
6422:(2005)
6414:(2000)
6406:(1997)
6398:(1986)
6390:(1981)
6382:(1975)
6363:(2010)
6355:(2000)
6347:(1995)
6339:(1989)
6331:(1988)
6323:(1987)
6315:(1984)
6307:(1984)
6288:(1978)
6269:(1964)
6250:(2021)
6242:(1963)
6234:(1960)
6226:(1958)
6218:(1957)
6210:(1951)
6166:(2021)
6158:(1945)
6150:(1937)
6129:(1886)
6121:(1876)
6075:(2003)
6067:(1985)
6059:(1977)
6040:(2001)
6032:(1997)
6024:(1996)
6016:(1981)
6008:(1978)
6000:(1969)
5973:(1990)
5965:(1989)
5957:(1988)
5949:(1985)
5941:(1985)
5933:(1984)
5925:(1976)
5917:(1974)
5909:(1970)
5901:(1967)
5893:(1964)
5885:(1952)
5864:(1991)
5856:(1987)
5848:(1983)
5840:(1978)
5832:(1972)
5824:(1936)
5803:(1989)
5795:(1975)
5787:(1967)
5768:(2005)
5760:(1985)
5752:(1978)
5744:(1976)
5736:(1974)
5728:(1971)
5720:(1965)
5712:(1946)
5704:(1946)
5696:(1938)
5688:(1931)
5680:(1907)
5629:(2006)
5621:(2003)
5613:(2001)
5605:(1987)
5597:(1977)
5589:(1974)
5570:(1990)
5562:(1982)
5543:(2024)
5535:(2024)
5527:(2022)
5519:(2019)
5511:(2018)
5503:(2014)
5495:(2012)
5487:(2006)
5466:(2024)
5458:(2024)
5450:(2019)
5442:(1972)
5434:(1946)
5415:(2021)
5407:(2010)
5399:(1995)
5391:(1982)
5383:(1976)
5375:(1960)
5367:(1958)
5348:(2022)
5340:(2019)
5332:(2015)
5324:(2014)
5316:(2012)
5308:(2011)
5300:(2011)
5292:(2010)
5284:(2008)
5276:(2007)
5268:(2006)
5260:(2006)
5252:(2003)
5244:(2003)
5236:(2002)
5228:(2001)
5220:(2000)
5212:(1996)
5204:(1990)
5196:(1989)
5188:(1986)
5180:(1985)
5172:(1982)
5164:(1981)
5156:(1981)
5148:(1978)
5140:(1976)
5117:(2024)
5109:(2020)
5101:(2019)
5093:(2017)
5085:(2017)
5077:(2011)
5069:(2010)
5061:(2010)
5053:(2007)
5045:(2005)
5037:(2003)
5029:(2002)
5021:(2001)
5013:(2001)
5005:(1999)
4997:(1999)
4989:(1997)
4981:(1996)
4973:(1995)
4965:(1995)
4957:(1995)
4949:(1994)
4941:(1993)
4933:(1993)
4925:(1993)
4917:(1990)
4909:(1989)
4901:(1988)
4893:(1988)
4885:(1987)
4877:(1986)
4869:(1986)
4861:(1985)
4853:(1982)
4845:(1982)
4837:(1981)
4829:(1980)
4821:(1980)
4813:(1979)
4805:(1978)
4797:(1978)
4789:(1977)
4781:(1977)
4773:(1977)
4765:(1976)
4757:(1975)
4749:(1975)
4741:(1974)
4733:(1973)
4725:(1970)
4717:(1942)
4696:(1992)
4688:(1988)
4680:(1982)
4672:(1981)
4664:(1967)
4656:(1965)
4648:(1964)
4640:(1963)
4632:(1957)
4624:(1952)
4616:(1951)
4608:(1943)
4600:(1941)
4592:(1915)
4571:(1973)
4563:(1973)
4555:(1947)
4547:(1882)
4523:(2022)
4515:(2016)
4507:(2014)
4499:(2011)
4491:(2007)
4483:(2006)
4475:(2001)
4467:(1996)
4459:(1995)
4451:(1994)
4443:(1990)
4435:(1987)
4427:(1983)
4419:(1979)
4411:(1979)
4403:(1977)
4395:(1976)
4387:(1974)
4379:(1972)
4371:(1968)
4352:(2021)
4344:(2021)
4336:(2007)
4328:(2007)
4320:(2001)
4312:(1995)
4304:(1990)
4296:(1988)
4288:(1986)
4280:(1982)
4272:(1972)
4252:(1943)
4244:(1940)
4223:(1974)
4215:(1967)
4207:(1958)
4199:(1951)
4191:(1950)
4170:(2024)
4162:(2022)
4154:(2022)
4146:(2019)
4138:(2017)
4130:(2015)
4122:(2009)
4099:(2020)
4091:(2013)
4083:(2001)
4075:(1998)
4067:(1991)
4059:(1983)
4034:(1984)
4026:(1944)
4007:(2018)
3999:(2016)
3991:(2014)
3983:(2012)
3975:(2009)
3967:(2008)
3959:(2007)
3951:(2005)
3943:(2001)
3935:(2000)
3927:(1997)
3919:(1991)
3911:(1990)
3903:(1988)
3895:(1986)
3887:(1984)
3879:(1977)
3871:(1961)
3863:(1956)
3842:(2024)
3834:(2023)
3826:(2018)
3818:(2006)
3810:(1995)
3802:(1986)
3794:(1980)
3786:(1977)
3778:(1974)
3770:(1943)
3762:(1940)
3737:(2018)
3729:(1997)
3721:(1992)
3713:(1985)
3705:(1983)
3697:(1980)
3689:(1974)
3668:(2021)
3660:(1995)
3652:(1981)
3631:(2014)
3623:(2000)
3615:(1997)
3607:(1994)
3599:(1992)
3591:(1989)
3583:(1988)
3575:(1984)
3567:(1983)
3559:(1981)
3551:(1971)
3543:(1971)
3535:(1968)
3527:(1966)
3519:(1966)
3511:(1965)
3503:(1963)
3495:(1951)
3487:(1943)
3479:(1940)
3471:(1939)
3463:(1897)
3448:In the
3440:(2017)
3432:(1994)
3424:(1986)
3416:(1939)
3395:(2022)
3387:(2020)
3379:(2015)
3371:(1992)
3363:(1991)
3355:(1990)
3347:(1988)
3339:(1981)
3331:(1965)
3310:(2003)
3302:(2000)
3294:(1991)
3286:(1990)
3278:(1989)
3270:(1989)
3262:(1984)
3254:(1974)
3246:(1971)
3238:(1968)
3230:(1931)
3207:(2018)
3199:(1987)
3191:(1974)
3166:(2015)
3158:(2010)
3133:(2023)
3125:(2002)
3117:(1990)
3109:(1982)
3088:(2025)
3080:(2012)
3072:(2011)
3064:(2010)
3040:(2008)
3024:(2004)
3016:(2003)
3008:(2002)
3000:(2002)
2992:(2000)
2984:(1997)
2976:(1994)
2952:(1980)
2944:(1976)
2936:(1975)
2928:(1975)
2920:(1974)
2912:(1973)
2904:(1973)
2896:(1973)
2888:(1972)
2880:(1971)
2872:(1969)
2864:(1968)
2856:(1967)
2848:(1966)
2840:(1966)
2832:(1964)
2824:(1964)
2816:(1962)
2808:(1961)
2800:(1959)
2792:(1958)
2784:(1957)
2768:(1896)
2747:(2023)
2739:(2015)
2731:(2003)
2723:(1969)
2702:(2011)
2694:(1992)
2686:(1977)
2678:(1971)
2670:(1969)
2662:(1951)
2654:(1949)
2646:(1942)
2638:(1940)
2611:(2014)
2603:(2012)
2595:(1988)
2587:(1964)
2561:(1973)
2541:(1966)
2513:(1951)
2505:(1927)
2497:(1927)
2489:(1925)
2481:(1919)
2473:(1919)
2465:(1919)
2449:(1798)
2425:speech
2409:portal
2378:(2022)
2370:(2015)
2362:(2011)
2350:RLUIPA
2341:(2020)
2333:(2020)
2325:(2016)
2317:(2014)
2309:(2006)
2281:(2020)
2273:(2012)
2265:(1979)
2244:(2022)
2236:(2020)
2228:(2017)
2220:(2004)
2199:(2022)
2191:(2021)
2183:(2021)
2175:(2020)
2167:(2018)
2159:(2002)
2151:(1993)
2143:(1990)
2135:(1989)
2127:(1989)
2119:(1987)
2111:(1986)
2103:(1986)
2095:(1983)
2087:(1982)
2079:(1981)
2071:(1981)
2063:(1978)
2055:(1972)
2047:(1972)
2039:(1963)
2031:(1961)
2023:(1961)
2015:(1961)
2007:(1953)
1999:(1951)
1991:(1951)
1983:(1946)
1975:(1944)
1967:(1943)
1959:(1943)
1951:(1940)
1943:(1940)
1935:(1890)
1927:(1879)
1890:(2018)
1882:(1994)
1874:(1989)
1866:(1988)
1858:(1982)
1850:(1982)
1842:(1980)
1834:(1978)
1826:(1961)
1807:(1985)
1799:(1961)
1791:(1961)
1783:(1961)
1764:(2011)
1756:(2007)
1748:(1982)
1740:(1968)
1721:(2020)
1713:(1979)
1705:(1976)
1697:(1969)
1689:(1960)
1681:(1952)
1673:(1944)
1665:(1929)
1657:(1872)
1638:(2022)
1630:(2022)
1622:(2001)
1614:(1995)
1606:(1995)
1598:(1993)
1579:(2022)
1571:(2004)
1563:(2000)
1555:(1992)
1547:(1990)
1539:(1987)
1531:(1985)
1523:(1980)
1515:(1968)
1507:(1963)
1499:(1962)
1491:(1952)
1483:(1948)
1462:(2022)
1454:(2020)
1446:(2017)
1438:(2011)
1430:(2002)
1422:(2000)
1414:(1997)
1406:(1994)
1398:(1993)
1390:(1986)
1382:(1985)
1374:(1985)
1366:(1983)
1358:(1982)
1350:(1980)
1342:(1977)
1334:(1977)
1326:(1976)
1318:(1975)
1310:(1974)
1302:(1974)
1294:(1973)
1286:(1973)
1278:(1973)
1270:(1973)
1262:(1973)
1254:(1971)
1246:(1971)
1238:(1968)
1230:(1968)
1222:(1947)
1214:(1930)
1195:(2005)
1187:(1997)
1179:(1989)
1171:(1987)
1163:(1985)
1155:(1983)
1147:(1982)
1139:(1970)
1118:(2019)
1110:(2014)
1102:(2010)
1094:(2009)
1086:(2005)
1078:(2005)
1070:(1989)
1062:(1985)
1054:(1984)
1046:(1983)
972:
966:
963:
957:
954:
951:Justia
948:
945:
939:
936:
930:
927:
921:
918:
912:
660:
538:Impact
504:ruling
422:ruling
315:remand
194:
192:·
190:
182:
180:·
178:
170:
168:·
166:
158:
156:·
154:
3678:forum
1815:Other
906:
564:cable
558:or a
97:Prior
5666:and
2624:the
2437:and
2297:RFRA
908:U.S.
658:ISBN
347:and
84:more
76:U.S.
74:520
4534:and
2622:and
2572:and
904:512
446:in
434:or
295:on
79:180
6607::
886:80
884:.
865:.
846:.
834:^
826:58
824:.
807:22
805:.
788:15
786:.
769:15
767:.
749:,
733:,
717:,
701:,
691:^
683:15
681:.
638:,
626:^
617:,
599:^
269:,
4264:)
2553:)
2533:)
2411:)
2407:(
1000:e
993:t
986:v
867:6
848:8
666:.
87:)
81:(
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