2733:
issue we brought up was discussed: making sure that NATO's military structures would not advance and that additional armed forces from the alliance would not be deployed on the territory of the then-GDR after German reunification. Baker's statement, mentioned in your question, was made in that context. Kohl and
Genscher talked about it. Everything that could have been and needed to be done to solidify that political obligation was done. And fulfilled. The agreement on a final settlement with Germany said that no new military structures would be created in the eastern part of the country; no additional troops would be deployed; no weapons of mass destruction would be placed there. It has been observed all these years. So don't portray Gorbachev and the then-Soviet authorities as naïve people who were wrapped around the West's finger. If there was naïveté, it was later, when the issue arose. Russia at first did not object. The decision for the U.S. and its allies to expand NATO into the east was decisively made in 1993. I called this a big mistake from the very beginning. It was definitely a violation of the spirit of the statements and assurances made to us in 1990. With regards to Germany, they were legally enshrined and are being observed.
457:
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147:
159:
171:
230:
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1043:, to the effect that NATO would expand "not one inch eastward" in a unified Germany, as applying instead to Eastern Europe; neither has such a provision been included in the treaty, nor any of the parties has proposed or demanded its inclusion, and neither a recording nor written minutes of Baker's comment exist. In 2014, Gorbachev said that the assurance only pertained to East Germany, and that the resulting agreement was upheld by NATO. His main aide in these negotiations,
51:
315:
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111:
680:). The treaty defined the territory of a 'united Germany' as being the territory of East Germany, West Germany, and Berlin, prohibiting Germany from making any future territorial claims. Germany also agreed to sign a separate treaty with Poland reaffirming the present common border, binding under international law, effectively relinquishing these territories to Poland. This was done on 14 November 1990, with the signing of the
218:
135:
1076:
with promises concerning the enlargement of the
Alliance east of a unified Germany." Additionally, he stated that "a distinction must be drawn between informal or exploratory talks of this nature on the one hand and negotiations, promises, commitments or indeed guarantees on the other." An analysis by
645:
would enter into force, and the treaty also took note that it was expected that the other participants in the negotiations would "render their contribution to enhancing security and stability in Europe, including measures to limit personnel strengths". Germany also reaffirmed its renunciation of the
1059:
through 1991, that discussions of NATO in the context of German unification negotiations in 1990 were not at all narrowly limited to the status of East German territory, and that subsequent Soviet and
Russian complaints about being misled about NATO expansion were founded in written contemporaneous
625:
were to leave the country by the end of 1994. Before the
Soviets withdrew, Germany would only deploy territorial defense units not integrated into the alliance structures. German forces in the rest of Germany were assigned to areas where Soviet troops were stationed. After the Soviets withdrew, the
556:
argued in favor of holding the Two-Plus-Four talks. According to Moscow as well as Baker's notes, the famous "not one inch eastward" promise about NATO's eastward expansion was made during this conversation. The concession essentially meant that the western half of the unified
Germany would be part
1067:
at the highest levels." They further said that "the view of the State
Department was that NATO expansion was not on the agenda, because it was not in the interest of the U.S. to organize 'an anti-Soviet coalition' that extended to the Soviet borders, not least because it might reverse the positive
2732:
The topic of 'NATO expansion' was not discussed at all, and it wasn't brought up in those years. I say this with full responsibility. Not a single
Eastern European country raised the issue, not even after the Warsaw Pact ceased to exist in 1991. Western leaders didn't bring it up, either. Another
1075:
disputed the conclusions by
Blanton and Savranskaya, saying that those documents were already known, and that "it is inadmissible to conclude that assurances concerning the expansion of NATO command structures and the stationing of NATO forces on the territory of the former GDR had anything to do
974:
in 2004â2005. In
December 2006, Russia indicated that the ratification of the Energy Charter Treaty was unlikely due to the provisions requiring third-party access to Russia's pipelines. Russia suspended in 2007 its participation in the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. In 2008, the
516:
as provisional only, to be finalised by "a peace settlement for
Germany to be accepted by the Government of Germany when a government adequate for the purpose is established" (Potsdam Agreement 1.3.1). The overall "German Question" became one of the salient and crucial issues of the long-running
1058:
In December 2017, researchers Tom Blanton and Svetlana Savranskaya argued that declassified documents challenged this narrative. They commented: "The documents show that multiple national leaders were considering and rejecting Central and Eastern European membership in NATO as of early 1990 and
521:, and until it ended in the late 1980s, little progress had been made in the establishment of a single government of Germany adequate for the purpose of agreeing to a final settlement. This meant that in some respects (largely, but not entirely, technical), Germany did not have full national
671:
Another of the treaty's important provisions was Germany's confirmation of the by now internationally recognised border with Poland, and other territorial changes in Germany that had taken place since 1945, preventing any future claims to lost territory east of the
576:
that affected Germany. On 31 August 1990, the FRG and GDR signed the Unification Treaty, which describes the manner and specifics of the GDR's accession to the Federal Republic. It was then possible for all international parties to negotiate a final settlement.
1047:, likewise agreed that NATO never made any such commitment regarding other countries in Eastern Europe, and that "the question never came up" in the talks on German reunification. That is presumably because all of the countries in question were still in the
1105:) discovered a memo classified as "secret" dated 6 March 1991 (approximately five months after the 2+4 negotiations). The memo is about a meeting of the directors of the US, UK, French and West German foreign ministries in Bonn. According to the memo,
659:. The German Army could deploy conventional weapons systems with nonconventional capabilities, provided that they were equipped and designed for a purely conventional role. Germany also agreed to use military force only in accordance with the
1030:
The treaty does not mention NATO membership prospects of any other countries, as none of them has been a party to the treaty, while only 4 out of the 15 NATO member states at the time have been parties to it. Some commentators, such as
1378:
794:
ordered Russian troop deployment in Germany to be reduced to levels significantly below those permitted in the Treaty. The last Russian troops left Germany at the end of August 1994, four months before the treaty deadline.
1150:
joining NATO, which both Ukraine and NATO refused, and the subsequent invasion of Ukraine by Russia. The invocation of this alleged non-expansion pledge was used by Russia to justify its open breach of the
2904:
650:
would continue to apply in full to the unified Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany). No foreign armed forces, nuclear weapons, or the carriers for nuclear weapons would be stationed or deployed in
626:
Germans could freely deploy troops in those areas, with the exception of nuclear weapons. For the duration of the Soviet presence, Allied troops would remain stationed in Berlin upon Germany's request.
353:
336:
991:) that it did not intend to become a contracting party to the treaty. On 1 April 2014, NATO unanimously decided to suspend all practical co-operation with the Russian Federation in response to the
995:, but the NATO-Russia Council (NRC) was not suspended. In 2015, Russia entirely terminated its participation in the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. On 18 February 2017, Russia's
730:
1003:, said he supported the resumption of military cooperation with the NATO alliance. In late March 2017, the Council met in advance of a NATO Foreign Ministers conference in Brussels, Belgium.
428:, accepting that German territory post-reunification would consist only of what was presently administered by West and East Germanyârenouncing explicitly any possible claims to the
2534:
318:
460:
Hans-Dietrich Genscher and other participants in the first round of talks conducted in March 1990 to negotiate the treaty, 14 March 1990, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bonn.
790:
of the Soviet Union, including the right to maintain troops in Germany until the end of 1994. However, with post-Soviet Russia facing severe economic hardship, President
688:
so as to be constitutionally prohibited from accepting any application for incorporation into Germany from territories outside of East Germany, West Germany, and Berlin.
4971:
4716:
4317:
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6329:
4333:
4660:
4256:
4228:
3372:
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1010:, the Founding Act has been considered by the NATO member states as definitively abrogated in its entirety by Russia, while the latter has been declared at the
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1956:
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on 3 October 1990. Under the terms of the treaty, the Four Powers renounced all rights they formerly held in Germany, including those regarding the city of
4289:
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1210:
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1123:, to which NATO was supposed to extend upon German unification, that Bonn had never made it clear that NATO would not expand beyond the Elbe. According to
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1243:
4753:
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1392:
1109:, the Western German representative, stated that "during the 2+4 negotiations we made it clear that we would not expand NATO beyond the Elbe [
811:, the Bundeswehr retained fewer than 250,000 active duty personnel â barely two thirds of the country's treaty limit. The defence minister at the time,
609:, who became chancellor of the reunified Germany, made no secret that the enlarged Federal Republic would inherit the West German seats in NATO and the
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balanced out these different interpretations, concluding that Russian claims of betrayal are in fact untrue in law but have psychological truth.
561:
pointed out that it would be unworkable, and the concession was later amended to state that NATO troops would not be stationed in East Germany.
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in 2021 concluded that "the Russian allegations are by no means baseless ... But the Soviets were not deliberately misled." In her 2021 book
864:; Russia postponed ratification of the latter treaty, linking it to the adoption of the Energy Charter Treaty Transit Protocol. In 1994, the
849:
685:
642:
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1992:
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82:
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The treaty allows Germany to make and belong to alliances, without any foreign influence in its politics. However, West German Chancellor
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Trachtenberg, Marc (January 2021). "The United States and the NATO Non-extension Assurances of 1990: New Light on an Old Problem?".
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underwent a gradual transformation to a fully professional force. By 1 July 2011, the date on which Germany voluntarily suspended
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Russian claims of the alleged 1990 assurances on a non-expansion of NATO to Gorbachev were again raised on the occasions of the
1115:]. We cannot therefore offer Poland and the others NATO membership." Klaus Wiegrefe says that Chrobog may have confused the
1068:
trends in the Soviet Union. (See Document 26) The Bush administration took the latter view. And that's what the Soviets heard."
888:, in return for handing over by these three countries of their post-Soviet nuclear arsenal. In 1997, NATO and Russia signed the
5262:
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2221:"Arbitration Panel Holds That the 1994 Energy Charter Treaty Protects Foreign Energy Sector Investments in Former Soviet Union"
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The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany was signed in Moscow on 12 September 1990, and paved the way for
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Sarotte, Mary Elise (SeptemberâOctober 2014), "A Broken Promise: What the West Really Told Moscow about NATO Expansion",
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2320:"NATO brands Russia the biggest 'direct threat' to Western security, as it eyes off 'serious challenges' posed by China"
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winning a plurality. To achieve unity and full sovereignty, both German states were willing to accept the terms of the
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manufacture, possession of, and control over nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, and in particular, that the
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in 2008, have advanced in later years the interpretation of a comment allegedly made by US Secretary of State,
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1055:, felt that NATO's later acceptance of countries like Poland violated the spirit of the earlier agreements.
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Although the treaty was signed by West and East Germany as separate sovereign states, it was subsequently
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and its partial recognition by the West, to which Russia responded in August 2008 with launching the
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417:
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2187:"Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation"
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987:. On 20 August 2009, Russia officially informed the depository of the Energy Charter Treaty (the
723:
513:
408:: in it, the Four Powers renounced all rights they had held with regard to Germany, allowing for
381:
35:
1131:, a German foreign minister at the time would never make a binding statement on behalf of NATO.
5935:
5828:
5623:
5574:
5477:
5370:
5340:
5123:
5011:
4737:
4528:
4112:
4093:
4063:
3610:
3580:
2793:"The United States and the NATO Non-extension Assurances of 1990: New Light on an Old Problem?"
1671:
988:
660:
473:
377:
115:
2186:
1862:
6426:
6149:
5992:
5888:
5858:
5814:
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1997:
1445:
853:
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222:
4030:
2169:"60 Year Anniversary of the German Compulsory Military Service Act | in Custodia Legis"
127:
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610:
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409:
365:
2947:"Treaties with Russia contained no pledge NATO would not expand â German Foreign Ministry"
2399:
2204:
Russia gets tough on energy sales to Europe: No foreign access to pipelines, official says
8:
6368:
6142:
6020:
5976:
5491:
4625:
4384:
3911:
3741:
3725:
3674:
2844:"Article Review 151 on 'The United States and the NATO Non-extension Assurances of 1990'"
2659:
2431:
2203:
2091:"An 'Arm around the Shoulder': The United States, NATO and German Reunification, 1989-90"
1993:"Newly Declassified Documents: Gorbachev Told NATO Wouldn't Move Past East German Border"
1681:
1563:
1409:
1182:
1152:
1044:
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786:. The German government subsequently recognized the Russian Federation's claim to be the
533:
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151:
1014:"a direct threat" to Euro-Atlantic security. In the same year, Russia withdrew from the
892:, which stated that each country had a sovereign right to seek alliances. NATO ended up
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initially entirely rejected it, declaring the treaty âłnull and voidâł in line with the
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593:. Upon deposit of the last instrument of ratification, united Germany became fully
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to no more than 370,000 personnel, no more than 345,000 of whom were to be in the
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PolishâEast German Maritime Boundary in Pomeranian Bay Delimitation Treaty (1989)
953:
857:
594:
413:
357:
340:
294:
289:
6406:
2507:"Did The West Promise Moscow That NATO Would Not Expand? Well, It's Complicated"
2279:"Lavrov Says Russia Wants Military Cooperation With NATO, 'Pragmatic' U.S. Ties"
975:
relations deteriorated further and became almost openly hostile, following the
416:
the following year. Additionally, the two German states agreed to reconfirm the
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3010:"Russia's accusations â setting the record straight, Fact Sheet â April 2014"
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2114:
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at the time and hosted large Soviet garrisons. Gorbachev and his successor,
856:, establishing a multilateral framework for cross-border cooperation in the
684:. Furthermore, the Federal Republic was required by the treaty to amend its
480:
awarded, in theory within the context of that "provisional border", most of
6411:
6215:
4501:
4406:
4037:
3400:
3164:
2873:
2641:
2300:"Russian, NATO Diplomats Discuss Military Deployments in Baltic Sea Region"
1415:
Minor territorial exchanges between East Germany and Poland (1949 and 1951)
1403:
1399:
1271:
808:
692:
630:
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505:
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433:
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235:
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122:
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655:(the area of Berlin and the former East Germany), making them a permanent
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4181:
4166:
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175:
3086:
Not one inch: America, Russia, and the making of post-Cold War stalemate
2137:"Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (two plus four)"
2122:
2090:
2034:
1881:
1818:
was still in existence and neighboring Poland was formally a part of it.
5398:
5151:
5130:
4016:
3349:
3277:
2905:"(S+) Nato-Osterweiterung: Aktenfund von 1991 stĂŒtzt russische Version"
2411:
1599:
1590:
1426:
1082:
Not One Inch: America, Russia, and the Making of the Cold War Stalemate
949:
881:
804:
322:
50:
2453:"Memorandum of conversation between Baker, Shevardnadze and Gorbachev"
1490:
PolishâEast German Baltic Continental Shelf Delimitation Treaty (1968)
476:
would govern Germany. A provisional GermanâPolish border known as the
5661:
5066:
4863:
4674:
4465:
4420:
1228:
925:
445:
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708:
568:
was held in the GDR, leading to an alliance of parties that favored
3925:
3653:
2139:. 12 September 1990 – via U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany.
1801:
A mechanism for such unification existed via the article 23 of the
1386:
1126:
937:
933:
913:
518:
368:
in October 1990. It was negotiated in 1990 between the 'two', the
2459:. George Washington University. 9 February 1990. Briefing Book 613
3078:
2954:
2350:"Archivfund: Was die Notiz ĂŒber die Nato-Osterweiterung bedeutet"
1147:
957:
945:
941:
929:
917:
905:
885:
877:
472:, among other things agreed on the initial terms under which the
437:
2051:
Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany
345:
Vertrag ĂŒber die abschlieĂende Regelung in Bezug auf Deutschland
4542:
3133:
2869:"Russia's belief in Nato 'betrayal' â and why it matters today"
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980:
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921:
909:
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485:
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389:
217:
134:
78:
3130:(HTML format; Published by U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany)
1757:
Dogovor ob okonchatel'nom uregulirovanii v otnoshenii Germanii
4730:
1928:
Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft
1382:
2445:
1745:ĐĐŸĐłĐŸĐČĐŸŃ ĐŸĐ± ĐŸĐșĐŸĐœŃĐ°ŃДлŃĐœĐŸĐŒ ŃŃДгŃлОŃĐŸĐČĐ°ĐœĐžĐž ĐČ ĐŸŃĐœĐŸŃĐ”ĐœĐžĐž ĐĐ”ŃĐŒĐ°ĐœĐžĐž
1740:
Traité sur le rÚglement final en ce qui concerne l'Allemagne
3032:
3005:
2190:
2182:
1882:"Legal Aspects of the Unification of the Two German States"
1837:
1433:
1120:
1116:
528:
Several developments in 1989 and 1990, collectively termed
512:, and later reluctantly recognised the border in the 1970
30:"Final Settlement" redirects here. For the Nazi plan, see
1111:
1025:
897:
815:, said that a cut to 185,000 persons was on the horizon.
2750:"NATO's Eastward Enlargement: What Western Leaders Said"
1863:"Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany"
1843:"Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany"
1466:
treaty and return of the majority of annexations (1958)
970:
started to deteriorate rapidly following the Ukrainian
3795:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
2646:"Did NATO Promise Not to Enlarge? Gorbachev Says 'No'"
1986:
1984:
616:
332:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
319:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
44:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
2683:"NATO's Eastward Expansion: Is Vladimir Putin Right?"
1951:
1949:
1947:
1788:
1755:
837:
Map showing the history of NATO enlargement in Europe
2591:"The Myth of a No-NATO-Enlargement Pledge to Russia"
1814:
This is partly due to the fact that at the time the
3088:. The Henry L. Stimson lectures series. New Haven:
2281:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 18 February 2017
1981:
641:. These limits would commence at the time that the
3025:"NATO enlargement and Russia: myths and realities"
2376:"Two plus four: The lessons of German unification"
2373:
2074:. Federal Foreign Office (Germany). Archived from
1955:
1944:
769:
364:), is an international agreement that allowed the
964:in 2024, five of them on the border with Russia.
778:in December 1991, the command unit of the Soviet
27:1990 treaty returning full sovereignty to Germany
6440:
2781:
2529:
1211:GermanâPolish Convention regarding Upper Silesia
2848:The International Security Studies Forum (ISSF)
2151:"German army 'to suspend' conscription in 2011"
557:of NATO but the eastern half would not. The US
548:(GDR). In a 9 February 1990 conversation with
492:. The German populations of these areas either
2424:
1524:United Nations Security Council Resolution 335
1136:annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
798:
3149:
3022:
2425:Blomfield, Adrian; Smith, Mike (6 May 2008).
1803:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
1776:
1743:
1651:
1312:GermanâSoviet Border and Commercial Agreement
896:to sixteen Eastern countries (apart from the
850:Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
803:In the first decade of the 21st century, the
643:Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
274:Government of the Federal Republic of Germany
3048:
2787:
2658:
2640:
1597:
1588:
1476:
1324:Moscow Conference and Declaration on Austria
1300:
1124:
666:
2835:
2716:"Mikhail Gorbachev: I am against all walls"
2482:"Mikhail Gorbachev: I am against all walls"
2348:Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (18 February 2022).
2088:
1918:
737:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
695:by the united Federal Republic of Germany.
3156:
3142:
2347:
1658:
1644:
2713:
2479:
2309:, 30 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
2016:
2014:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
757:Learn how and when to remove this message
500:formally accepted the border in the 1950
2974:
2902:
2680:
2427:"Gorbachev: US could start new Cold War"
2374:Robert B. Zoellick (22 September 2000).
2226:Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom
1990:
1366:Luxembourg's annexations (1946 and 1949)
832:
629:Germany undertook efforts to reduce its
455:
3083:
2866:
2744:
2539:"NATO EnlargementâWas There a Promise?"
2255:"NATO-Russia Relations: The Background"
2213:
2020:
1879:
977:2008 Kosovo declaration of independence
14:
6441:
5010:
4988:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
2977:"Letter #45, 2022, Mon, Mar 7: ViganĂČ"
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2664:"NATO Expansion: Was There A Promise?"
2585:
2398:Cohen, Stephen F. (24 February 2005).
2011:
1965:"NATO Expansion: What Gorbachev Heard"
1895:
1026:Russian claims of unwritten assurances
552:held in Moscow, US Secretary of State
6494:Soviet UnionâUnited Kingdom relations
5866:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
5291:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
4937:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
4893:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
3991:Rape during the occupation of Germany
3137:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2841:
2504:
2475:
2473:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2040:
1889:European Journal of International Law
1569:Former eastern territories of Germany
1142:, during which the Russian President
1091:On 18 February 2022, German magazine
818:
678:former eastern territories of Germany
430:former eastern territories of Germany
6499:Soviet UnionâUnited States relations
4981:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
4006:Rape during the liberation of France
3004:
2975:Moynihan, Dr Robert (7 March 2022).
2903:Wiegrefe, Klaus (18 February 2022).
2867:Wintour, Patrick (12 January 2022).
2714:KĂłrshunov, Maxim (16 October 2014).
2681:Wiegrefe, Klaus (15 February 2022).
2480:KĂłrshunov, Maxim (16 October 2014).
2161:
2143:
2053:(Princeton University Press, 1997).
1630:Territorial evolution of Switzerland
1458:"Little Reunification" with Saarland
1291:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany
735:adding citations to reliable sources
702:
347:), more commonly referred to as the
6559:Treaties entered into force in 1991
2887:
2761:Federal Academy for Security Policy
2579:
1991:Majumdar, Dave (12 December 2017).
1286:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
1016:European Convention on Human Rights
617:Military forces and nuclear weapons
24:
5207:German invasion of the Netherlands
3480:Weather events during World War II
3042:
2934:
2523:
2470:
2332:
1097:published an investigation of the
482:Germany's former eastern provinces
440:, as well as the eastern parts of
25:
6595:
5845:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
3107:
3079:online commentary on H-DIPLO 2021
2842:Garey, Julie (11 November 2021).
1762:
1729:
1223:Remilitarization of the Rhineland
780:Group of Soviet Forces in Germany
698:
404:. The treaty supplanted the 1945
6514:GermanyâUnited Kingdom relations
6405:
3163:
2181:
1790:Soglasheniye «Dva plyus chetyre»
1167:Territorial evolution of Germany
1140:2021â2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis
1008:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
707:
648:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
313:
254:
241:
228:
216:
204:
192:
169:
157:
145:
133:
121:
109:
49:
6519:GermanyâUnited States relations
3122:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
3118:Her Majesty's Stationery Office
3016:
2998:
2968:
2860:
2738:
2707:
2674:
2652:
2634:
2535:Shifrinson, Joshua R. Itzkowitz
2498:
2418:
2392:
2367:
2312:
2292:
2271:
2247:
2236:from the original on 2011-07-16
2197:
2175:
2129:
2082:
2064:
1808:
1795:
1625:Territorial evolution of Poland
1620:Territorial evolution of France
1155:but has been rebuffed by NATO.
770:Russian withdrawal from Germany
6584:United Kingdom in World War II
6509:GermanyâSoviet Union relations
6092:Vietnamese famine of 1944â1945
3788:Territorial changes of Germany
3696:Indonesian National Revolution
1873:
1855:
1831:
1697:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
1506:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
13:
1:
6504:FranceâSoviet Union relations
5485:Japanese invasion of Thailand
5436:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
5200:German invasion of Luxembourg
3574:Mediterranean and Middle East
2757:Security Policy Working Paper
2095:Contemporary European History
1825:
1250:Treaty of the Cession of the
868:was signed where Russia, the
776:Soviet Union dissolved itself
451:
386:end of World War II in Europe
6489:Treaties of the Soviet Union
6454:Allied occupation of Germany
5392:Invasion of the Soviet Union
5081:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
4392:Independent State of Croatia
2208:International Herald Tribune
1975:George Washington University
1930:. Harvard University Press.
1778:ĐĄĐŸĐłĐ»Đ°ŃĐ”ĐœĐžĐ” «ĐĐČĐ° плŃŃ ŃĐ”ŃŃŃД»
1707:London and Paris Conferences
1692:Council of Foreign Ministers
1545:Treaty of Good Neighbourship
1440:London and Paris Conferences
1101:in which Joshua Shifrinson (
876:made security assurances to
600:
7:
6383:End of World War II in Asia
6223:Western invasion of Germany
5730:Chinese famine of 1942â1943
5707:Second Battle of El Alamein
5270:Hundred Regiments Offensive
5242:Battle of the Mediterranean
5095:Italian invasion of Albania
3262:Air warfare of World War II
2721:Russia Beyond the Headlines
2505:Eckel, Mike (19 May 2021).
2415:. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
2089:Costigliola, Frank (1994).
1839:Federal Republic of Germany
1789:
1756:
1533:GermanâPolish Border Treaty
1158:
997:Minister of Foreign Affairs
799:Bundeswehr after the treaty
682:GermanâPolish Border Treaty
426:GermanâPolish Border Treaty
370:Federal Republic of Germany
199:Federal Republic of Germany
10:
6600:
6554:Treaties concluded in 1990
6479:1990 in the United Kingdom
6309:Naval bombardment of Japan
5670:First Battle of El Alamein
5589:Battle of Christmas Island
5534:Japanese invasion of Burma
5298:Italian invasion of Greece
5214:German invasion of Belgium
5186:German invasion of Denmark
5159:1939â1940 Winter Offensive
5028:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
3285:Comparative military ranks
3116:(PDF format; Published by
2072:"The Two plus Four Treaty"
1252:Memel Territory to Germany
1018:and was expelled from the
822:
813:Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg
498:German Democratic Republic
374:German Democratic Republic
211:German Democratic Republic
29:
6484:1990 in the United States
6449:Aftermath of World War II
6398:
6230:BratislavaâBrno offensive
6170:
6161:Dutch famine of 1944â1945
5898:
5785:Allied invasion of Sicily
5739:
5638:Aleutian Islands campaign
5610:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
5557:
5548:Greek famine of 1941â1944
5443:Second Battle of Changsha
5348:German invasion of Greece
5316:
5193:Battle of ZaoyangâYichang
5168:
5106:
5001:
4882:
4608:
4518:
4359:
4062:
4053:
3811:
3636:
3528:North and Central Pacific
3489:
3251:
3244:
3171:
2612:10.1080/01636600902773248
2457:National Security Archive
2400:"Gorbachev's Lost Legacy"
2107:10.1017/S0960777300000643
1970:National Security Archive
1777:
1744:
1244:Seizure of Czechoslovakia
1201:with Soviet Russia (1918)
1099:British National Archives
667:Future territorial claims
580:
559:National Security Council
536:, led to the fall of the
312:
307:
278:
270:
184:
101:
93:
73:
65:
57:
48:
6569:Treaties of West Germany
6539:Treaties of East Germany
6524:FranceâGermany relations
5822:Allied invasion of Italy
5799:Solomon Islands campaign
5541:Third Battle of Changsha
5138:First Battle of Changsha
5044:Second Sino-Japanese War
3977:German military brothels
3843:United States war crimes
2648:. Brookings Institution.
2599:The Washington Quarterly
1722:
1217:Return of the Saar Basin
1146:demanded a legal ban on
890:RussiaâNATO Founding Act
657:Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone
623:Soviet forces in Germany
540:and the collapse of the
366:reunification of Germany
34:. For generic uses, see
6244:Second Guangxi campaign
6099:Philippines (1944â1945)
5596:Battle of the Coral Sea
5499:Fall of the Philippines
5145:Battle of South Guangxi
5051:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
4450:Italian Social Republic
3084:Sarotte, M. E. (2021).
2307:The Wall Street Journal
2303:(subscription required)
1773:Accord Deux Plus Quatre
1258:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
1199:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1193:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1012:2022 NATO Madrid summit
349:Two Plus Four Agreement
36:Settlement (litigation)
18:Two Plus Four Agreement
5829:Armistice of Cassibile
5624:Battle of Dutch Harbor
5575:Battle of the Java Sea
5478:Attack on Pearl Harbor
5378:SyriaâLebanon campaign
5371:Battle of South Shanxi
5341:Invasion of Yugoslavia
5124:Battle of the Atlantic
4738:Korean Liberation Army
4444:(until September 1943)
4401:(until September 1944)
4379:(until September 1944)
3052:International Security
3023:Michael RĂŒhle (2014).
2801:International Security
2544:International Security
1772:
1739:
1687:BonnâParis conventions
1672:Allied Control Council
1598:
1589:
1477:
1473:from Luxembourg (1959)
1464:BelgiumâGermany border
1419:BonnâParis conventions
1301:
1125:
989:Government of Portugal
838:
661:United Nations Charter
474:Allies of World War II
464:On 1 August 1945, the
461:
362:Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag
361:
344:
116:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
6574:World War II treaties
6534:Arms control treaties
5993:Second Battle of Guam
5889:Bengal famine of 1943
5859:Second Battle of Kiev
5815:Battle of the Dnieper
5684:Kokoda Track campaign
5513:Battle of Wake Island
5385:East African campaign
5327:Battle of South Henan
4972:atrocities by Germans
4745:Korean Volunteer Army
3719:Occupation of Germany
3473:Music in World War II
3090:Yale University Press
2381:The National Interest
1998:The National Interest
1957:Savranskaya, Svetlana
1841:(12 September 1990).
1446:Austrian State Treaty
1375:Paris Protocol (1949)
1006:After the subsequent
968:RussiaâNATO relations
854:Energy Charter Treaty
836:
829:RussiaâNATO relations
494:fled or were expelled
468:, promulgated in the
459:
376:, in addition to the
6549:German reunification
6469:1990 in West Germany
6464:1990 in East Germany
6279:Surrender of Germany
5757:Battle of West Hubei
5714:Guadalcanal campaign
5677:Battle of Stalingrad
5603:Battle of Madagascar
4370:Albania protectorate
4157:(formerly Swaziland)
3866:Wehrmacht war crimes
3682:Expulsion of Germans
3466:Art and World War II
3364:British contribution
3313:Governments in exile
3128:Full text in English
3114:Full text in English
3065:10.1162/isec_a_00395
2814:10.1162/isec_a_00395
2557:10.1162/isec_c_00287
1977:. Briefing Book 613.
1963:(12 December 2017).
1717:Petersberg Agreement
1539:Two Plus Four Treaty
1205:Treaty of Versailles
993:annexation of Crimea
862:fossil fuel industry
731:improve this section
611:European Communities
587:German reunification
570:German reunification
564:On 18 March 1990, a
6369:Potsdam Declaration
6258:Italy (Spring 1945)
6021:Liberation of Paris
5471:Siege of Sevastopol
4482:(until August 1944)
4385:Wang Jingwei regime
4207:from September 1943
4167:from September 1944
4105:from September 1944
3965:Romanian war crimes
3956:Persecution of Jews
3942:Croatian war crimes
3912:Japanese war crimes
3726:Occupation of Japan
3675:First Indochina War
3387:Military production
3299:Declarations of war
2644:(6 November 2014).
2432:The Daily Telegraph
2298:Barnes, Julian E.,
2229:. 5 February 2010.
2206:, by Judy Dempsey,
2157:. 22 November 2010.
1410:Treaty of Zgorzelec
1393:Belgian annexations
1195:with Ukraine (1918)
1183:Act of 5th November
1170:in the 20th century
1153:Budapest Memorandum
1045:Eduard Shevardnadze
979:from Russia's ally
866:Budapest Memorandum
848:signed in 1990 the
825:Enlargement of NATO
534:Peaceful Revolution
502:Treaty of Zgorzelec
152:Eduard Shevardnadze
45:
6564:Treaties of France
6544:Borders of Germany
6362:Surrender of Japan
6195:Battle of Iwo Jima
6044:Belgrade offensive
5450:Siege of Leningrad
5334:Battle of Shanggao
5263:British Somaliland
5228:Dunkirk evacuation
5179:Norwegian campaign
5117:Invasion of Poland
4944:Japanese prisoners
3905:Italian war crimes
3836:British war crimes
3751:Soviet occupations
3535:South-West Pacific
3422:Allied cooperation
3380:Military equipment
2981:Inside The Vatican
2789:Trachtenberg, Marc
2405:2018-08-10 at the
2260:. NATO. March 2020
1880:Hailbronner, Kay.
1712:Occupation statute
1677:Berlin Declaration
1614:Adjacent countries
1579:Hallstein Doctrine
1485:Return of Selfkant
1436:from France (1953)
1429:from the UK (1952)
1355:Berlin Declaration
1336:Potsdam Conference
1296:General Government
1086:Mary Elise Sarotte
985:Russo-Georgian War
860:, principally the
839:
819:Later developments
784:Russian Federation
597:on 15 March 1991.
510:Hallstein Doctrine
470:Potsdam Conference
462:
128:Lothar de MaiziĂšre
43:
6529:Boundary treaties
6436:
6435:
6394:
6393:
6237:Battle of Okinawa
6136:Burma (1944â1945)
5970:Mariana and Palau
5750:Tunisian campaign
5568:Fall of Singapore
5492:Fall of Hong Kong
5235:Battle of Britain
5088:Operation Himmler
4997:
4996:
4661:Dutch East Indies
4297:Southern Rhodesia
4049:
4048:
3949:Genocide of Serbs
3852:German war crimes
3829:Soviet war crimes
3822:Allied war crimes
3668:Division of Korea
3647:Chinese Civil War
3445:Strategic bombing
3357:Manhattan Project
3099:978-0-300-25993-3
2511:Radio Free Europe
1924:Rice, Condoleezza
1787:
1754:
1668:
1667:
1478:Ausgleichsvertrag
1398:Esrablishment of
1370:Saar Protectorate
1361:Potsdam Agreement
1349:Post-World War II
1318:Tehran Conference
1187:Kingdom of Poland
1103:Boston University
1078:Marc Trachtenberg
1037:Mikhail Gorbachev
1020:Council of Europe
972:Orange Revolution
846:Western countries
767:
766:
759:
574:Potsdam Agreement
566:national election
550:Mikhail Gorbachev
466:Potsdam Agreement
410:its reunification
406:Potsdam Agreement
328:
327:
69:12 September 1990
16:(Redirected from
6591:
6579:1990 in politics
6429:
6422:
6415:
6412:World portal
6410:
6409:
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6371:
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6355:
6348:
6341:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6288:
6281:
6274:
6272:Prague offensive
6267:
6265:Battle of Berlin
6260:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6211:
6209:Vienna offensive
6204:
6197:
6190:
6188:Battle of Manila
6183:
6163:
6154:
6145:
6138:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6108:
6101:
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6087:
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5929:KorsunâCherkassy
5924:
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5891:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5831:
5824:
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5801:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5771:Bombing of Gorky
5766:
5759:
5752:
5732:
5725:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5631:Battle of Midway
5626:
5619:
5617:Battle of Gazala
5612:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5529:
5527:Battle of Borneo
5522:
5520:Malayan campaign
5515:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5464:Bombing of Gorky
5459:
5457:Battle of Moscow
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5357:
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5343:
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5329:
5309:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
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5237:
5230:
5223:
5221:Battle of France
5216:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5188:
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5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
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5126:
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5090:
5083:
5076:
5074:Munich Agreement
5069:
5062:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5030:
5023:
5008:
5007:
4990:
4983:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4959:Soviet prisoners
4953:
4946:
4939:
4930:
4923:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4899:German prisoners
4895:
4875:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4847:
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4452:
4445:
4437:
4430:
4428:French Indochina
4423:
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4409:
4402:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4372:
4352:
4343:
4336:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4275:from August 1944
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4158:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4060:
4059:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4001:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3919:Nanjing Massacre
3914:
3907:
3898:
3896:Nuremberg trials
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3737:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3629:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3500:Asia and Pacific
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3431:
3429:Mulberry harbour
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3271:
3264:
3249:
3248:
3237:
3230:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3103:
3076:
3037:
3036:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2983:. Archived from
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2953:. Archived from
2943:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2919:. Archived from
2900:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2824:. Archived from
2797:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2754:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2662:(3 April 2014).
2656:
2650:
2649:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2595:
2589:(1 April 2009).
2583:
2577:
2576:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2422:
2416:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2345:
2330:
2329:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2217:
2211:
2210:12 December 2006
2201:
2195:
2194:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2068:
2062:
2047:Charles S. Maier
2044:
2038:
2037:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1953:
1942:
1941:
1916:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1867:Foothill College
1859:
1853:
1852:
1835:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1733:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1603:
1594:
1584:Drang nach Osten
1558:Areas and issues
1518:Treaty of Prague
1500:Treaty of Warsaw
1494:Treaty of Moscow
1480:
1379:Dutch annexation
1330:Yalta Conference
1306:
1238:Munich Agreement
1177:Pre-World War II
1163:
1162:
1138:in 2014 and the
1130:
1033:Stephen F. Cohen
852:and in 1991 the
782:devolved to the
762:
755:
751:
748:
742:
711:
703:
674:OderâNeisse line
514:Treaty of Warsaw
478:OderâNeisse line
382:occupied Germany
356:
339:
317:
316:
260:
258:
257:
247:
245:
244:
234:
232:
231:
221:
220:
209:
208:
197:
196:
174:
173:
162:
161:
150:
149:
138:
137:
126:
125:
114:
113:
89:
61:13 February 1990
53:
46:
42:
21:
6599:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6404:
6402:
6390:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6351:
6344:
6337:
6328:
6323:Atomic bombings
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6263:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6166:
6159:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6081:
6072:
6065:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6026:
6019:
6014:Eastern Romania
6012:
6007:Warsaw Uprising
6005:
6000:Tannenberg Line
5998:
5991:
5986:Western Ukraine
5984:
5975:
5968:
5959:
5950:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5916:
5907:
5894:
5887:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5804:
5797:
5790:
5783:
5778:Battle of Kursk
5776:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5735:
5728:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5659:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5582:St Nazaire Raid
5580:
5573:
5566:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5406:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5364:Anglo-Iraqi War
5362:
5355:Battle of Crete
5353:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5312:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5284:Eastern Romania
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5102:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5026:
5019:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4970:
4963:
4958:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4926:
4919:
4910:
4903:
4898:
4891:
4878:
4871:
4862:
4855:
4850:
4845:Western Ukraine
4843:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4789:Northeast China
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4488:Slovak Republic
4486:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4459:Empire of Japan
4457:
4448:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4375:
4368:
4355:
4348:
4339:
4332:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4161:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4045:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4004:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3971:Sexual violence
3970:
3963:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3894:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3740:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3701:
3694:
3689:Greek Civil War
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3632:
3625:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3514:South-East Asia
3512:
3505:
3498:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3373:Military awards
3371:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3267:
3260:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3110:
3100:
3045:
3043:Further reading
3040:
3021:
3017:
3008:(12 May 2014).
3003:
2999:
2990:
2988:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2945:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2924:
2901:
2888:
2879:
2877:
2865:
2861:
2852:
2850:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2795:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2752:
2746:Adomeit, Hannes
2743:
2739:
2726:
2724:
2712:
2708:
2699:
2697:
2679:
2675:
2668:JackMatlock.com
2657:
2653:
2639:
2635:
2593:
2584:
2580:
2537:(1 July 2017).
2528:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2488:
2478:
2471:
2462:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2423:
2419:
2407:Wayback Machine
2397:
2393:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2346:
2333:
2328:. 30 June 2022.
2318:
2317:
2313:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2202:
2198:
2180:
2176:
2171:. 21 July 2016.
2167:
2166:
2162:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2087:
2083:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2045:
2041:
2023:Foreign Affairs
2019:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1989:
1982:
1954:
1945:
1938:
1920:Zelikow, Philip
1917:
1896:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1796:
1775:; Russian:
1767:
1763:
1742:; Russian:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1664:
1635:
1634:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1574:German question
1564:AlsaceâLorraine
1559:
1551:
1550:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1280:GroĂdeutschland
1274:
1264:
1263:
1251:
1178:
1169:
1161:
1028:
954:North Macedonia
858:energy industry
831:
823:Main articles:
821:
801:
788:successor state
772:
763:
752:
746:
743:
728:
712:
701:
669:
619:
603:
583:
496:. Although the
454:
418:existing border
414:sovereign state
352:
335:
314:
266:
255:
253:
242:
240:
229:
227:
215:
203:
191:
180:
168:
156:
144:
132:
120:
108:
77:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6597:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6474:1990 in Moscow
6471:
6466:
6461:
6459:1990 in France
6456:
6451:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6379:
6372:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6342:
6339:South Sakhalin
6335:
6334:
6333:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6176:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6139:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6088:
6079:
6070:
6063:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6024:
6017:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5973:
5966:
5957:
5948:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5914:
5904:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5876:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5818:
5811:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5764:Battle of Attu
5760:
5753:
5745:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5726:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5648:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5563:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5506:Battle of Guam
5502:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5429:Battle of Kiev
5425:
5418:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5322:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5174:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5112:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5047:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5016:
5014:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4968:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4940:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:United Kingdom
4924:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4896:
4888:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4741:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4524:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:British Empire
4318:United Kingdom
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4159:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4134:Czechoslovakia
4130:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4066:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4034:
4031:Rape of Manila
4027:
4020:
4013:
4002:
3987:
3980:
3968:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3908:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3869:
3862:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3802:United Nations
3798:
3791:
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3775:
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3747:
3738:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3661:Decolonization
3657:
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3376:
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3334:United Kingdom
3330:
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3309:
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3146:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3125:
3109:
3108:External links
3106:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3081:
3059:(3): 162â203.
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3015:
2997:
2967:
2933:
2886:
2859:
2834:
2831:on 2021-01-26.
2808:(3): 162â203.
2780:
2737:
2706:
2673:
2651:
2633:
2578:
2551:(1): 186â192.
2522:
2497:
2469:
2444:
2417:
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2366:
2331:
2311:
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2270:
2246:
2212:
2196:
2174:
2160:
2142:
2128:
2081:
2078:on 2013-10-18.
2063:
2061:, pp. 211â214.
2059:978-0691007465
2039:
2010:
1980:
1943:
1936:
1894:
1872:
1854:
1848:United Nations
1829:
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1807:
1794:
1761:
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1702:Germany Treaty
1699:
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1303:Zone interdite
1298:
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1179:
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1175:
1172:
1171:
1160:
1157:
1144:Vladimir Putin
1107:JĂŒrgen Chrobog
1073:Hannes Adomeit
1027:
1024:
902:Czech Republic
870:United Kingdom
820:
817:
800:
797:
771:
768:
765:
764:
747:September 2015
715:
713:
706:
700:
699:Implementation
697:
668:
665:
618:
615:
602:
599:
582:
579:
453:
450:
398:United Kingdom
326:
325:
310:
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249:United Kingdom
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166:
154:
142:
130:
118:
105:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
32:Final Solution
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6596:
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6377:
6373:
6370:
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6359:
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6350:
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6346:Kuril Islands
6343:
6340:
6336:
6331:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6306:
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6146:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6113:Syrmian Front
6110:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6059:Market Garden
6055:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6015:
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5923:
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5918:Monte Cassino
5915:
5912:
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5906:
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5897:
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5319:
5315:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5277:Baltic states
5274:
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5267:
5264:
5260:
5257:
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5250:
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5018:
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5009:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4921:United States
4918:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:Quá»c dĂąn ÄáșŁng
4854:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4814:
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4807:
4804:
4800:
4797:
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4790:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4735:
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4732:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4557:Liechtenstein
4554:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4509:Collaboration
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:United States
4331:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:Comfort women
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4008: /
4007:
4003:
4000:
3997: /
3996:
3993: /
3992:
3988:
3985:
3984:Camp brothels
3981:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:The Holocaust
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3859:forced labour
3856:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:Marshall Plan
3709:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3565:Eastern Front
3562:
3559:
3558:Western Front
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:Puppet states
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3394:Naval history
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3341:United States
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2987:on 2022-03-08
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2957:on 2022-03-01
2956:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2923:on 2022-03-01
2922:
2918:
2914:
2911:(in German).
2910:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2895:
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2891:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2863:
2849:
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2554:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2487:
2486:Russia Beyond
2483:
2476:
2474:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2413:
2408:
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1069:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1053:Boris Yeltsin
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:, as well as
1034:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
1001:Sergey Lavrov
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
969:
965:
963:
960:in 2023; and
959:
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927:
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915:
911:
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874:United States
871:
867:
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855:
851:
847:
843:
835:
830:
826:
816:
814:
810:
806:
796:
793:
792:Boris Yeltsin
789:
785:
781:
777:
761:
758:
750:
740:
736:
732:
726:
725:
721:
716:This section
714:
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654:
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560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
515:
511:
507:
504:with Poland,
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
458:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
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411:
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402:United States
399:
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282:
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262:United States
252:
250:
239:
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226:
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207:
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195:
190:
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187:
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153:
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143:
141:
136:
131:
129:
124:
119:
117:
112:
107:
106:
104:
100:
97:15 March 1991
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6420:Bibliography
6403:
6216:Project Hula
6181:VistulaâOder
6150:
6083:
6074:
6058:
6028:
5977:
5961:
5952:
5943:
5909:
5806:
5721:
5697:
5660:
5411:
5304:
5249:North Africa
4951:Soviet Union
4905:Soviet Union
4831:Soviet Union
4599:Vatican City
4502:Vichy France
4407:German Reich
4304:Soviet Union
4290:South Africa
4283:Sierra Leone
4236:Newfoundland
4055:Participants
4038:Marocchinate
3794:
3742:
3733:
3703:
3581:North Africa
3542:Indian Ocean
3401:Nazi plunder
3292:Cryptography
3165:World War II
3085:
3056:
3050:
3028:
3018:
3000:
2989:. Retrieved
2985:the original
2980:
2970:
2959:. Retrieved
2955:the original
2950:
2925:. Retrieved
2921:the original
2908:
2878:. Retrieved
2874:The Guardian
2872:
2862:
2851:. Retrieved
2847:
2837:
2826:the original
2805:
2799:
2783:
2772:. Retrieved
2756:
2740:
2731:
2725:. Retrieved
2719:
2709:
2698:. Retrieved
2686:
2676:
2667:
2660:Jack Matlock
2654:
2642:Steven Pifer
2636:
2606:(2): 39â61.
2603:
2597:
2587:Kramer, Mark
2581:
2548:
2542:
2531:Kramer, Mark
2525:
2514:. Retrieved
2510:
2500:
2489:. Retrieved
2485:
2461:. Retrieved
2456:
2447:
2436:. Retrieved
2430:
2420:
2410:
2394:
2385:
2379:
2369:
2358:. Retrieved
2353:
2323:
2314:
2306:
2294:
2283:. Retrieved
2273:
2262:. Retrieved
2249:
2238:. Retrieved
2224:
2215:
2199:
2177:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2131:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2076:the original
2066:
2050:
2042:
2029:(5): 90â97,
2026:
2022:
2002:. Retrieved
1996:
1968:
1961:Blanton, Tom
1927:
1888:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1846:
1833:
1810:
1797:
1764:
1731:
1682:Basic Treaty
1538:
1512:Basic Treaty
1422:
1404:West Germany
1278:
1272:World War II
1232:with Austria
1229:
1185:proclaiming
1133:
1110:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1070:
1057:
1029:
1005:
966:
840:
809:conscription
802:
773:
753:
744:
729:Please help
717:
690:
670:
631:armed forces
628:
620:
604:
584:
563:
546:East Germany
529:
527:
506:West Germany
490:Soviet Union
463:
434:East Prussia
394:Soviet Union
348:
331:
329:
236:Soviet Union
164:Douglas Hurd
140:Roland Dumas
87:Soviet Union
83:Russian SFSR
40:
6151:Bodenplatte
6037:Gothic Line
5256:West Africa
4803:Philippines
4782:Netherlands
4647:Czech lands
4585:Switzerland
4529:Afghanistan
4473:Philippines
4341:Puerto Rico
4257:Philippines
4243:New Zealand
4229:Netherlands
4182:Free France
3933:Prosecution
3734:Osoaviakhim
3604:West Africa
3588:East Africa
3235:Conferences
3029:NATO Review
2909:Der Spiegel
2687:Der Spiegel
2356:(in German)
1816:Warsaw Pact
1452:Saar Treaty
1094:Der Spiegel
1049:Warsaw Pact
1041:James Baker
607:Helmut Kohl
554:James Baker
538:Berlin Wall
523:sovereignty
442:Brandenburg
412:as a fully
378:Four Powers
176:James Baker
102:Signatories
6443:Categories
6251:West Hunan
6084:Pointblank
5413:Silver Fox
5399:Summer War
5152:Winter War
5131:Phoney War
4912:Azerbaijan
4873:Yugoslavia
4768:Luxembourg
4610:Resistance
4350:Yugoslavia
4215:Luxembourg
4017:Sook Ching
3813:War crimes
3415:Technology
3408:Opposition
3350:Lend-Lease
3327:Australian
3320:Home front
3278:Blitzkrieg
3228:Casualties
3219:Commanders
3191:Operations
2991:2022-05-14
2961:2022-05-14
2927:2022-05-14
2880:2022-03-26
2853:2022-03-08
2774:2021-06-26
2727:2022-02-07
2700:2022-04-23
2516:2022-10-01
2491:2022-01-31
2463:2022-02-28
2438:2022-02-07
2412:The Nation
2360:2022-05-31
2285:2021-06-11
2264:2021-06-11
2240:2010-05-08
2004:2022-03-08
1826:References
1600:Ostpolitik
1591:Lebensraum
1471:Kammerwald
1469:Return of
1432:Return of
1427:Heligoland
1425:return of
950:Montenegro
900:in 1990):
882:Kazakhstan
872:, and the
805:Bundeswehr
774:After the
653:six states
452:Background
436:, most of
432:including
400:, and the
380:which had
323:Wikisource
271:Depositary
6316:Manchuria
6202:Indochina
5978:Bagration
5422:Lithuania
5067:Anschluss
4864:Viet Minh
4761:Lithuania
4703:Hong Kong
4466:Manchukuo
4421:Azad Hind
4080:Australia
3880:Aftermath
3743:Paperclip
3638:Aftermath
3438:Total war
3306:Diplomacy
3269:In Europe
3073:0162-2889
2917:2195-1349
2822:231694116
2769:2366-0805
2695:2195-1349
2628:154322506
2620:0163-660X
2565:0162-2889
2115:0960-7773
2101:(1): 99.
1926:(1997) .
1784:romanized
1751:romanized
1230:Anschluss
1071:In 2018,
956:in 2020;
952:in 2017;
948:in 2009;
940:in 2004;
926:Lithuania
912:in 1999;
894:expanding
718:does not
686:Basic Law
639:Air Force
601:Alliances
595:sovereign
542:SED party
530:Die Wende
446:Pomerania
354:âčSee Tfdâș
337:âčSee Tfdâș
308:Full text
279:Languages
94:Effective
6427:Category
6376:document
6286:document
6143:Ardennes
6127:Budapest
6075:Crossbow
5953:Overlord
5792:Smolensk
5003:Timeline
4838:Slovakia
4824:Thailand
4675:Ethiopia
4640:Bulgaria
4564:Portugal
4495:Thailand
4377:Bulgaria
4155:Eswatini
4148:Ethiopia
4101:Bulgaria
3926:Unit 731
3887:Response
3704:Keelhaul
3654:Cold War
3627:Americas
3618:timeline
3611:Atlantic
3491:Theaters
3124:website)
2791:(2021).
2748:(2018).
2573:57571871
2403:Archived
2388:: 17â28.
2354:Die Welt
2325:ABC News
2231:Archived
2155:BBC News
2123:20081501
2035:24483307
1423:de facto
1387:Selfkant
1159:See also
1127:Die Welt
1119:for the
938:Slovenia
934:Slovakia
914:Bulgaria
844:and the
693:ratified
637:and the
532:and the
519:Cold War
488:and the
372:and the
74:Location
6353:Shumshu
6120:Hungary
6067:Estonia
6051:Lapland
6029:Dragoon
5962:Neptune
5944:Ichi-Go
5910:Tempest
5852:Changde
5807:Cottage
5699:Jubilee
5408:Finland
5306:Compass
5012:Prelude
4965:Finland
4851:Vietnam
4817:Romania
4689:Germany
4668:Estonia
4654:Denmark
4633:Belgium
4626:Austria
4619:Albania
4550:Ireland
4536:Andorra
4520:Neutral
4480:Romania
4414:Hungary
4399:Finland
4271:Romania
4163:Finland
4141:Denmark
4087:Belgium
4073:Algeria
3779:Romania
3765:Hungary
3521:Pacific
3245:General
3199:Leaders
3184:Battles
3177:Outline
3120:on the
1148:Ukraine
1065:telcons
1061:memcons
958:Finland
946:Croatia
942:Albania
930:Romania
918:Estonia
906:Hungary
886:Ukraine
878:Belarus
739:removed
724:sources
438:Silesia
424:in the
384:at the
300:Russian
285:English
185:Parties
58:Drafted
6330:Debate
6302:Taipei
6295:Borneo
5873:Tarawa
5060:Europe
5021:Africa
4810:Poland
4796:Norway
4775:Malaya
4754:Latvia
4696:Greece
4682:France
4578:Sweden
4543:Bhutan
4264:Poland
4250:Norway
4222:Mexico
4189:Greece
4175:France
4113:Canada
4094:Brazil
4064:Allies
4010:Serbia
3999:Poland
3772:Poland
3758:Baltic
3551:Europe
3253:Topics
3205:Allied
3096:
3071:
2915:
2820:
2767:
2693:
2626:
2618:
2571:
2563:
2121:
2113:
2057:
2033:
1934:
1769:French
1736:French
1547:(1991)
1541:(1991)
1535:(1990)
1526:(1973)
1520:(1973)
1514:(1972)
1508:(1971)
1502:(1970)
1496:(1970)
1487:(1963)
1481:(1960)
1460:(1957)
1454:(1956)
1448:(1955)
1442:(1954)
1412:(1950)
1406:(1949)
1395:(1949)
1389:(1949)
1372:(1947)
1363:(1945)
1357:(1945)
1338:(1945)
1332:(1945)
1326:(1943)
1320:(1943)
1314:(1941)
1260:(1939)
1254:(1939)
1246:(1939)
1240:(1938)
1234:(1938)
1225:(1936)
1219:(1935)
1213:(1922)
1207:(1919)
1189:(1916)
981:Serbia
962:Sweden
936:, and
922:Latvia
910:Poland
908:, and
884:, and
842:Russia
591:Berlin
581:Treaty
486:Poland
422:Poland
396:, the
392:, the
390:France
358:German
341:German
295:German
290:French
259:
246:
233:
223:France
79:Moscow
66:Signed
6106:Leyte
5936:Narva
5922:Anzio
5880:Makin
5838:Burma
5722:Torch
5691:Rzhev
5645:Kiska
4731:Korea
4717:Japan
4710:Italy
4592:Tibet
4571:Spain
4442:Italy
4203:Italy
4196:India
4120:China
3995:Japan
3595:Italy
3507:China
3459:Women
2829:(PDF)
2818:S2CID
2796:(PDF)
2759:(3).
2753:(PDF)
2624:S2CID
2594:(PDF)
2569:S2CID
2258:(PDF)
2234:(PDF)
2119:JSTOR
2031:JSTOR
1885:(PDF)
1723:Notes
1383:Elten
676:(see
420:with
6172:1945
5900:1944
5741:1943
5662:Blue
5652:Attu
5559:1942
5318:1941
5170:1940
5108:1939
5037:Asia
4884:POWs
4724:Jews
4435:Iraq
4361:Axis
4311:Tuva
4127:Cuba
3212:Axis
3094:ISBN
3077:and
3069:ISSN
3033:NATO
3006:NATO
2951:TASS
2913:ISSN
2765:ISSN
2691:ISSN
2616:ISSN
2561:ISSN
2191:NATO
2183:NATO
2111:ISSN
2055:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1434:Kehl
1421:and
1402:and
1400:East
1385:and
1121:Oder
1117:Elbe
1063:and
944:and
827:and
722:any
720:cite
635:Army
621:All
444:and
330:The
3061:doi
2810:doi
2608:doi
2553:doi
2103:doi
1381:of
1112:sic
898:GDR
733:by
544:in
484:to
321:at
6445::
5920:/
3092:.
3067:.
3057:45
3055:.
3031:.
3027:.
2979:.
2949:.
2936:^
2907:.
2889:^
2871:.
2846:.
2816:.
2806:45
2804:.
2798:.
2763:.
2755:.
2730:.
2718:.
2689:.
2685:.
2666:.
2622:.
2614:.
2604:32
2602:.
2596:.
2567:.
2559:.
2549:42
2547:.
2541:.
2533:;
2509:.
2484:.
2472:^
2455:.
2429:.
2409:.
2386:61
2384:.
2378:.
2352:.
2334:^
2322:.
2305:,
2223:.
2189:.
2185:.
2153:.
2117:.
2109:.
2097:.
2093:.
2049:,
2027:93
2025:,
2013:^
1995:.
1983:^
1973:.
1967:.
1959:;
1946:^
1922:;
1897:^
1887:.
1865:.
1845:.
1781:,
1771::
1748:,
1738::
1084:,
1022:.
999:,
932:,
928:,
924:,
920:,
916:,
904:,
880:,
663:.
613:.
525:.
448:.
388::
360::
343::
85:,
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5416:)
5410:(
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4273:(
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4205:(
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4103:(
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3102:.
3075:.
3063::
3035:.
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2994:.
2964:.
2930:.
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2856:.
2812::
2777:.
2703:.
2670:.
2630:.
2610::
2575:.
2555::
2519:.
2494:.
2466:.
2441:.
2363:.
2288:.
2267:.
2243:.
2193:.
2125:.
2105::
2099:3
2007:.
1940:.
1891:.
1869:.
1851:.
1805:.
1786::
1753::
1659:e
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760:)
754:(
749:)
745:(
741:.
727:.
351:(
334:(
38:.
20:)
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