Unionism in Ireland

2150:, of which the once largely rural Orange Order had been the archetypal expression, is generally understood as a strand of unionism. It has been characterised as partisan but not necessarily party-political, and in outlook as more ethnic than consciously British—the perspective of those who are Ulster Protestants first and British second. Loyalism can embrace evangelicals, but the term is consistently associated with the paramilitaries and, on that basis, frequently used as if it were synonymous with working-class unionism. The paramilitaries are "thoroughly working class". Their hold, typically, has been upon working-class Protestant neighbourhoods and housing estates where they have compensated for the loss of the confidence they enjoyed as district defenders in early years of the Troubles with racketeering and intimidation. 792: 1635:, the Stormont administration intensified its efforts to attract outside capital. Investment in new infrastructure, training schemes coordinated with trade unions, and direct grants succeeded in attracting American, British and continental firms. In its own terms, the strategy was a success. While the great Victorian industries continued to decline, the level of manufacturing employment marginally increased. Yet Protestant workers and local Unionist leadership were unsettled. Unlike the established family firms and skilled-trades apprenticeships that had been "a backbone of unionism and protestant privilege", the new companies readily employed Catholics and women. But among Catholics too there was concern over the regional distribution of the new investment. 1537: 1881:

Northern Ireland's place in the United Kingdom. When the tensions to which it had contributed to in Northern Ireland finally exploded, unionists believe British equivocation proved disastrous. Had they regarded Northern Ireland is an integral part of the United Kingdom, the Government's response in 1969–69 would have been "fundamentally different". If they had thought there were social and political grievances which were remediable by law, it would have been the business of Westminster to legislate. But acts of rebellion would have been suppressed and punished as such with the full authority and force of the state. At no point, according to this unionist analysis, would the policy have been one of containment and negotiation.

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the Union with regulatory checks . . . down the Irish Sea". It would be an "historic mistake". Privately, Johnson complained that the attention to Northern Ireland sensitivities was a case of "the tail wagging the dog" Within three months of replacing May in July 2019, he had amended her withdrawal agreement, stripping the Irish Backstop not of its essential provisions—Northern Ireland would remain a customs point of entry for the EU—but rather dropping the suggestion that, to avoid treating Northern Ireland differently, the UK as a whole might accept an interim regulatory and customs partnership.

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of the 1947 Education Act, "unwilling to put up with the deprived status their fathers and grandfathers had taken for granted"). Determined to engage the great social problems of housing, unemployment and emigration, they were willing to accept "the Protestant tradition in the North as legitimate" and that Irish unity should be achieved only "by the will of the Northern majority". Although they appeared to meet unionists half way, Hume and those who joined him in what he proposed would be "the emergence of normal politics" presented the Unionism with a new challenge. Drawing on the

973: 2938: 2544: 1210: 2803: 1421: 2725:, in part by insisting on compensating provisions for Ulster Scots, became one of the principal, publicly acknowledged, sticking points in the three years of on and off again negotiations required to restore the power-sharing executive in 2020. Other unionists object. The "positive ethnic, religious or national special pleading" implicit in the parading, flags and language counteroffensive, they argue, risks defining unionist culture as "subaltern and therefore ripe for absorption into Irish culture as a 'cherished' minor tradition". 2117: 2639:

border poll between a quarter and a third of Catholics might vote for the Northern Ireland to remain in the UK. While anti-partition sentiment has strengthened post-Brexit, there may be a significant number of Catholics who meet the standard of "functional unionists": voters whose "rejection of the unionist label is more to do with the brand image of unionism than with their constitutional preferences". It remains the case that only one half of one percent of DUP and UUP members identify as Catholics: a handful of individuals.

2178: 1588:, Minister of Education, acknowledged that his ambition was mixed Protestant-Catholic education. A coalition of Protestant clerics, school principals and Orangemen insisted on the imperative of bible teaching. Craig relented, amending the act in 1925. Meanwhile, the Catholic hierarchy refused to transfer any schools, and would not allow male Catholic student teachers to enrol in a common training college with Protestants or women. The school-age segregation of Protestants and Catholics was sustained. 2402:, and they nominate the First and Deputy First Ministers which, despite the distinction in title, are a joint office. "Parity of esteem" is accorded to two diametrically opposed aspirations: one to support and uphold the state, the other to renounce and subvert the state in favour of another. The UK government may have deflected the republican demand that it be a persuader for Irish unity, but at the cost, in the unionist view, of maintaining neutrality with regard to future of Northern Ireland. 2169:

message. The party leaders might condemn loyalist outrages, but inasmuch as they tried to account for them as reactive, as a response to the injury and frustration of the unionist people, they were effectively employing sectarian, frequently random, killings for a common purpose, to extract concessions from the Government: "You know, 'if you don't talk to us, you will have to talk to these armed men". The relationship of unionists to loyalist violence, in this sense, remained "ambiguous".

560:. In both measures conservative jurists identified threats to the integrity of the union. Disestablishment reneged on the promise of "one Protestant Episcopal Church" for both Britain and Ireland under Article V of the Act of Union (the Ulster Protestant Defence Association claimed breach of contract), and weak as they were, provisions for tenant compensation and purchase created a separate agrarian regime for Ireland at odds with the prevailing English conception of property rights. 2648: 2209:, would invite the Irish government to "put forward views on proposals" for major legislation concerning Northern Ireland. Proposals, however, would only be on matters that are "not the responsibility of a devolved administration in Northern Ireland". The implication for unionists was that if they wished to limit Dublin's influence, they would have to climb down from insistence on majority rule and think again as to how nationalists might be accommodated at Stormont. 12569: 1300: 636: 845:, a new Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction broke with the traditions of Irish Boards by announcing that its aim was to "be in touch with public opinion of the classes whom its work concerns, and to rely largely for its success upon their active assistance and cooperation". It supported and encouraged dairy cooperatives, the Creameries, that were to be an important institution in the emergence of a new class of independent smallholders. 47: 383: 1370:. This provided for two subordinate parliaments. In Belfast a Northern Ireland parliament would convene for the six rather than nine Ulster counties (in three, Craig conceded, Sinn Féiners would make government "absolutely impossible for us"). The island's remaining twenty-six counties, Southern Ireland, would be represented in Dublin. In a joint Council, the two parliaments would be free to enter into all-Ireland arrangements. 1247:

Unionists (Liberals who proposed federalising the relationship between all countries of the United Kingdom) likewise argued that "the Protestant part of Ulster should receive special treatment . . . on grounds identical with those that support the general contention for Home Rule" Ulster Protestants expressed no interest in a Belfast parliament (they did not develop an express nationalism of their own), but in summarising

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secure the support of critical workers and broke up in face UUP condemnation and firm police action. Nor was it to be the ballot, although both the UVF and the UDA did establish party-political wings. It was assassination: in the course of the Troubles loyalists are credited with the murder of 1027 individuals (about half the number attributed to republican paramilitaries and 30% of the total killed).

2165:, however, are adamant that Paisley had nothing to do with them. His rhetoric may have been inspirational, but theirs was a tightly guarded conspiracy. The motivation to kill came largely from secular forces within the Loyalist community. Through the DUP, Paisley ultimately was to lead the bulk of his following into party politics, emerging in the new century as unionism's undisputed leader. 2898:, and thus to the prospect of a unionist veto. For the DUP this was a violation of the Good Friday Agreement under which, they argued, any proposal to "diminish the powers of the NI assembly" or to "treat NI differently to the rest of UK" had to be on the basis of parallel unionist-nationalist majorities. Citing " the total disregard of this principle", in February 2022 the new DUP leader, 6602: 2894:, the DUP's last line of defence was themselves to appeal to the international and constitutional status of the Good Friday Agreement. Johnson had made one apparent concession: every four years the Northern Ireland Assembly would be called upon to renew the region's new double-border trade arrangements. However, this was to be by simple majority vote. The decision could not be subject to a 1811:

of the British government would be reckless. Jobs in the shipyards and other major industries, subsidies for farmers, people's pensions: "all these aspects of our life, and many others depend on support from Britain. Is a freedom to pursue the un-Christian path of communal strife and sectarian bitterness really more important to you than all the benefits of the British Welfare state?"

2136:, the UWC strike weakened the representative role of the unionist parties. There were to be a number of consultative assemblies and forums in the years that followed, but the only elective offices with administrative responsibilities were in downsized district councils. At Westminster unionist MPs contended with governments that remained committed to the principles of the 1972 1400:, Craig did insist that it was only as a sacrifice in the interest of peace that the North had accepted a home-rule arrangement its representatives had not asked for. No regret, however, was evident when addressing Belfast shipyard workers. Once unionists had their own parliament, Craig assured the workers, "no power on earth would ever be able to touch them". 587:—fair rent, free sale, and fixity of tenure. Recognising that "the land grievance had been a bond of discontent between Ulster and the rest of Ireland and in that sense a danger to the union", Irish Conservatives did not oppose the measure. Protestants in the eastern counties had admitted to the leadership of the tenant-right movement men, like the Rev. 2425:, on a turnout of 81%, 71.1% voted in favour. (A simultaneous referendum held in the Republic of Ireland on a 56% turnout produced a majority in favour of 94.4%). The best estimates indicated that all but 3 or 4% of Catholics/Nationalists voted Yes, but that almost half of Protestants/Unionists (between 47 and 49%) stood with the DUP and voted No. 1095:"an aristocratic plot". If Sir Edward Carson led in the battle for the Union it was "because we, the workers, the people, the democracy of Ulster, have chosen him". The majority of the signatories would have been organised in British-based unions, and could point to the growing political weight of British labour in reform measures such as the 860:, Dublin barrister and the leading spokesman for Irish Conservatives, "that the Government were revolutionists verging on Socialism". Having been first obliged to surrender their hold on local government (transferred at a stroke in 1898 to democratically elected councils), the old landlord class had the terms of their retirement fixed by the 265: 2818:, the larger DUP, with an equal claim to be a pro-business party with a strong farming support base, campaigned actively for Leave. At a time when Sinn Féin was citing the cross-border, all-island, economic activity facilitated and supported by the EU as a further argument for Irish unity, there was a sense that, among other benefits, 2429:

as an armed and active organisation: the republicans were at the table while retaining, at readiness, the capacity for terrorist action further bolstered by the release of republican prisoners. In an agreement that called parties to use their influence with paramilitaries to achieve disarmament, there was no effective sanction.

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of its majority into all-Ireland arrangements This was to become the prevailing attitude, summed up in a 1936 report of the Ulster Unionist Council: "Northern Ireland without a Parliament of her own would be a standing temptation to certain British Politicians to make another bid for a final settlement with the Irish Republic".

2580:– of its five official cities. A majority Protestant Northern Ireland "is now restricted to the suburban area surrounding Belfast". Unionist representation has declined. The combined unionist vote, trailing below 50% in elections since 2014, fell to a new low of just over 43% in the 2019 and 2024 Westminster polls. 925:, a Catholic, had helped devise a scheme for administrative devolution involving an Irish council of both elected and nominated members. Balfour, now prime minister, was obliged to disavow the scheme and Wyndham, pressed to deny his complicity, resigned. The uproar assisted the Liberal return to office in December. 2631:

the-SDLP. The party meanwhile gained a quarter of all non-voters from two years earlier. Alliance is neutral on the constitutional issue, but a January 2020 survey indicates that in a border poll, post-Brexit, twice as many of its voters (47%) would opt for Irish unity as for remaining in the United Kingdom (22%).

1233:. A more generous dispensation than the earlier bills, it would, for the first time, have given an Irish parliament an accountable executive. It was carried in the Commons by a majority of ten. As expected, it was defeated in the Lords, but as result of the crisis engendered by the opposition of the peers to the 2065:

minority position. In retrospect, Devlin regretted the SDLP had not "adopted a two stage approach, by allowing power sharing at Stormont to establish itself", but by the time he and his colleagues recognised the damage they had caused to Faulkner's position by prioritising the Irish Dimension it was too late.

525:. In England and Wales it produced an electorate that no longer identified instinctively with the conservative interest in Ireland and was more open to the "home-rule" compromise that nationalists now presented. Ireland would remain within the United Kingdom but with a parliament in Dublin exercising powers 1719: 4161: 2871:

told the 2018 DUP conference that the EU had made Northern Ireland "their indispensable bargaining chip": "if we wanted to do free trade deals, if we wanted to cut tariffs or vary our regulation the we would have to leave Northern Ireland behind as a semi-colony of the EU . . . damaging the fabric of

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personally canvassed Catholic households, there have been calls within unionism for it to break out of its Protestant base. When he was DUP leader, Peter Robinson spoke of not being "prepared to write off over 40 per cent of our population as being out of reach". Surveys had been suggesting that in a

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Chief among the DUP's objections was neither the North-South Ministerial Council, although that remained under suspicion, nor the principle of power-sharing as such. When the new Executive was formed, the DUP matched Sinn Féin in taking two ministerial seats. The issue was the continuation of the IRA

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In July 1912, loyalists forced some 3,000 workers out of the shipyards and engineering plants in Belfast. Unlike previous incidents, the expellees included not only Catholics but also some 600 Protestants, targeted mainly because they were seen to support labour organising across sectarian lines. The

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According to exit polling in the 2019 Westminster election, the Alliance surge drew both on past unionist and on past nationalist voters. In the Westminster election, 18% of Alliance's new backers said they voted DUP at the previous contest and 3% for the UUP. 12% had voted for Sinn Féin, and 5% for

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Unionists were concerned that this sharing of office was based on a principle that "rendered dangerously incoherent" the UK government's position in relation to the Union. The Agreement insists on a symmetry between unionism and nationalism, the two "designations" it privileges over "others" through

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In March 1991, the two unionist parties agreed with the SDLP and Alliance arrangements for political talks on the future of Northern Ireland. In their submission to the inter-party talks in 1992, the Ulster Unionists said they could envisage a range of cross-border bodies so long as these were under

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The loyalists principal mode of operation was not to be the work stoppage. With Paisley's blessing, in 1977 the UDA and a number of other loyalists groups sought to replicate the UWC success. Stoppages in support of a "unionist wish-list"—essentially a return to Stormont-era majority rule—failed to

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envisaged a Council of Ireland comprising, with equal delegations from Dublin and Belfast, a Council of Ministers with "executive and harmonising functions" and a Consultative Assembly with advisory and review functions. Unionists feared these created the possibility of their being manoeuvred into a

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parties, the SDLP had sought to accommodate "progressive Protestants". But with PIRA continuing to draw on public outrage over internment and Bloody Sunday, the SDLP was under pressure to present Sunningdale as a means to achieving the goal of Irish unity. The new Health and Social Service Minister,

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A Northern Ireland assembly or authority must be capable of involving all its members constructively in way which satisfy them and those they represent that the whole community has a part to pay in the government of the Province. ... here are strong arguments that the objective of real participation

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continued to classify Northern Ireland, as it had Ireland before partition, as "something more akin to a colonial than a domestic problem". From the first street deployment of troops in 1969 the impression given was of "a peace-keeping operation in which Her Majesty's Forces are not defending their

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warned O'Neill that if Stormont backtracked on reform, the British government would reconsider its financial support for Northern Ireland. In a television address, O'Neill cautioned Unionists that they could not choose to be part of the United Kingdom merely when it "suits" them, and that "defiance"

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Hume, a teacher from Derry, presented himself as a spokesman for an emerging "third force": a "generation of younger Catholics in the North" who were frustrated with the nationalist policy of non-recognition and abstention. (O'Neill wrote of "a new Catholic intelligentsia", the product, he imagined,

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In debating the Government of Ireland Bill, Craig had conceded that, while unionists did not want a separate parliament, having in the six counties "all the paraphernalia of Government" might make it more difficult for future Liberal and/or Labour government to push Northern Ireland against the will

394:(1829)—to admit Catholics to Parliament—and permit an erosion of the Protestant monopoly on position and influence. An opportunity to integrate Catholics through their re-emerging propertied and professional classes as a minority within the United Kingdom may have passed. In 1830, the leader of the 2563:

had held for nineteen years and which never previously returned a nationalist MP, Arlene Foster replied "The demography just wasn't there. We worked very hard to get the vote out... but the demography was against us". A Sinn Féin election flyer used in the previous 2015 run against Dodds advertised

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ensured that unionists would find themselves sitting at the Executive table with those they had persistently labelled IRA-Sinn Féin. In 1998 Sinn Féin, who had been gaining on the SDLP since the eighties, had 18 Assembly seats (to 26 for the SDLP) securing them two of the ten Executive departments.

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As an alternative to devolution with an Irish Dimension, some unionists proposed that Northern Ireland reject special status within the United Kingdom, and return to what they conceived as the original unionist programme of complete legislative and political union. This had been the position of the

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The relationship of other, at the time, more mainstream, unionist political figures to loyalist paramilitaries is also a subject of debate. Paramilitaries deny and resent any implication of political string pulling, They suggest, nonetheless, that they could rely on the politicians to deliver their

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To the extent they acknowledge inequities in Unionist rule from Stormont—Paisley was later to allow "it wasn't . . a fair government. It wasn't justice for all"—unionists argue these were a result of insecurity which successive British governments had themselves created by their own divided view on

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conceding that the "conscious, if unspoken strategy, was to provoke the police into overreaction and thus spark off mass reaction against the authorities". A later official inquiry suggests that all that had been required for police to begin "using their batons indiscriminately" was defiance of the

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the authorities acknowledged that much of the housing stock had been "uninhabitable" before the war). Second, the Government accepted an offer from London—understood as a reward for the province's wartime service—to match the parity in taxation between Northern Ireland and Great Britain with parity

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Proclaimed by Craig a "Protestant parliament", and with a "substantial and assured" Unionist Party majority the Stormont legislature could not, in any case, play a significant role. Real power "lay with the regional government itself and its administration": a structure "run by a very small number

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There was little incentive for unionists in Northern Ireland to assume the risks of splitting ranks in order to reproduce the dynamic of Westminster politics. Despite its broad legislative powers, the Belfast Parliament did not, in any case, have the kinds of tax and spending powers that might have

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Unionists in Northern Ireland thus found themselves in the unanticipated position of having to work a constitutional arrangement that was the by-product of an attempt by British statesmen to reconcile the determination of the Protestant population of the North to remain without qualification within

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as tantamount to support for Home Rule. Yet loyalist workers resented the idea that they were the retainers of "big-house unionists". A manifesto signed in the spring of 1914 by two thousand labour men, rejected the suggestion of the radical and socialist press that Ulster was being manipulated by

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Unionists accused nationalists taking this new "parity of esteem" as a license for a policy of "unrelenting harassment". Trimble spoke of having to reverse an "insidious erosion of the culture and ethnic national identity of the British people of Ulster" systematically pursued by "the Provisional

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the breakthrough was merely the GFA "for slow learners". But while he acknowledged compromises, Paisley argued that Northern Ireland was "turning a corner". The IRA had disarmed, and from Sinn Féin support had been won "for all the institutions of policing". Northern Ireland had "come to a time of

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The Council of Ireland, that Mallon's party colleague, Hugh Logue, had referred to as "the vehicle that would trundle Unionists into a united Ireland" was replaced by a North-South Ministerial Council. "Not a supra-national body", and with no "pre-cooked" agenda, the Council was accountable to the

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The British Labour Party, they argued, had been persuaded that Irish unity was the only left option in Northern Ireland less on its merits than on the superficial appearance of unionism as the six-county Tory Party. Had Labour tested the coalition that was unionism as it began fracture in the late

2019:

It is a fact that an element of the minority in Northern Ireland has hitherto seen itself as simply part of the wider Irish community. The problem of accommodating that minority within the political of Northern Ireland has to some extent been an aspect of a wider problem within Ireland as a whole.

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Unionists have emphasised that their victory in the Home Rule struggle was partial. It was not only that twenty-six of thirty-two Irish counties were lost to the Union, but that within the six retained unionists were "unable to make the British government in London fully acknowledge their full and

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tenants, the manufacturers and merchants of Belfast and neighbouring industrial districts could generally count on voting with the majority of their own workforce. But the loyalty of the Protestant worker was not unconditional. In the mind of many working-class unionists there was no contradiction

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Demography, in this sense, has been a long term concern for unionists. The proportion of people across Northern Ireland identifying as Protestant, or raised Protestant, has fallen from 60% in the 1960s to 48%, while those raised Catholic has increased from 35 to 45%. Only two of the six counties,

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Movement (URM) would "take direct action as and when required". Recruitment rallies were held in towns across Northern Ireland and thousands were said to have joined. Despite importing arms, some of which were passed on to the UVF and UDA, for the URM the call for action never came. By the fourth

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Unionists, however, found themselves isolated, opposing a Conservative government and with a Westminster Opposition, Labour, that was sympathetic to Irish unity. With no obvious political leverage, and possibly to prevent initiative passing to the loyalist paramilitaries, in November 1986 Paisley

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to retain unchanged our present position as an integral portion of the United Kingdom, and protest in the most unequivocal manner against the passage of any measure that would rob us of our inheritance in the Imperial Parliament, under the protection of which our capital has been invested and our

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In return, however, unionists had to accept that within new framework for power-sharing there could be no escaping the need to secure republican consent. The new Executive would be formed not, as in 1974, by voluntary coalition but by the allocation ministerial posts to the Assembly parties on a

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1960s by itself canvassing for voters in Northern Ireland, the party might have proved the "bridge between Catholics and the state". Disappointed in Labour's response and contending with a unionist split (Democracy Now) led by the only Northern Irish Labour MP (sitting for a London constituency)

1989:

In March, Heath demanded that Faulkner surrender control of internal security. When, as might have been anticipated, Faulkner resigned rather than comply, Heath in an instant shattered, for unionists, "the theory that the Army was simply in Northern Ireland for the purpose of offering aid to the

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reasoned that if differences in ethnicity ("race") and interests argue for Ireland's separation from Great Britain, they could as easily argue for a separation of north and south, with Belfast as the capital of its own "distinct kingdom". In response to the First Home rule Bill in 1886, Radical

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At what was to be the high point of mobilisation in Ulster against Home Rule, the Covenant Campaign of September 1912, the unionist leadership decided that men alone could not speak for the determination of the unionist people to defend "their equal citizenship in the United Kingdom". Women were

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The upper and middle classes found in Britain and the Empire "a wide range of profitable careers--in the army, in the public services, in commerce--from which they might be shut out if the link between Ireland and Great Britain were weakened or severed". That same link was critical for all those

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in which London had disclaimed any "selfish strategic or economic interest" in the matter. Unionists were nonetheless discomforted by the republican claim that the 1998 Agreement had, in the words of Gerry Adams, "dealt the union a severe blow": "there was now no absolute commitment, no raft of

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The road to Catholicism's identification with constitutional Irish nationalism was "far from smooth and immediate", and a Catholic tradition of support for the union, focused on the value of stability and of empire, survived the first home-rule crisis. But it did not share the majority unionist

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The greater issue in inter-party talks proved to be language rights. On Good Friday, 10 April 1998, Prime Minister Tony Blair was surprised by a last minute demand for recognition of a "Scottish dialect spoken in some parts of Northern Ireland" that Unionists regarded their "equivalent to the

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Surveys suggest that more people than ever in Northern Ireland, 50%, say they are neither unionist nor nationalist. The electoral impact of eschewing "tribal labels" (upwards of 17% also refuse a religious designation) is limited since those who do so are younger and less likely to turnout in

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Violence against Catholics in Belfast, driven out of workplaces and attacked in their districts, and a boycott of Belfast goods, accompanied by looting and destruction, in the South, helped consolidate "real partition, spiritual and voluntary" in advance of the constitutional partition. This

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and a further 75 Members elected on a highly restrictive property franchise). Regardless of how it was constituted, they believed that an Irish parliament would (egged on by the "American Irish") enter into conflicts with the "imperial parliament" in London that could only be resolved through

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When, by a margin of 12% Northern Ireland voted Remain (with Scotland, the only UK region to do so outside London), the DUP was left to argue that Leave had been the UK-wide decision, and could be honoured only by the UK "leaving the European Union as a whole", its "territorial and economic

2913:) would be implemented without routine checks on "internal" trade with Great Britain and would be accompanied by measures to promote East-West (i.e. British) as opposed to North-South (EU/Irish) movements of goods and services, the DUP agreed to a restoration of the Assembly. On 3 February, 2246:

the control of the Northern Assembly, did not involve an overarching all-Ireland Council, and were not designed to be developed in the direction of joint authority. While prepared to accommodate an Irish Dimension unionists, at a minimum, were looking for a settlement not an "unsettlement".

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Although they had no positive political programme for a devolved parliament, the Unionist regime did attempt an early reform. Consistent with the obligation under the Government of Ireland Act to neither establish nor endow a religion, a 1923 Education Act provided that in schools religious

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civil power, of defending legally established institutions against terrorist attack". In what unionists viewed as a victory for violence, the Conservative government prorogued Stormont and imposed direct rule "not merely to restore order but to reshape the Province's system of government".

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assured a "monster meeting" of the Anti-Repeal Union in Belfast, that English Conservatives would "cast in their lot" with loyalists in resisting Home Rule, and he later coined the phrase that was to become the watchword of northern unionism: "Ulster will fight, and Ulster will be right".

251:, that advances an all-Ireland agenda. In February 2024, two years after their withdrawal collapsed the devolved institutions, on the basis of new British government assurances they returned to the Assembly to form the first Northern Ireland government in which unionists are a minority. 626:

returned an IPP, now under the leadership of Parnell, of 85 Members (including 17 from Ulster where Conservatives and Liberals split the unionist vote). Gladstone, whose Liberals lost all 15 of their Irish seats, was able to form his second ministry only with their Commons support.

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appeared to transcend the ecclesiastical differences between the different Protestant denominations. while launching them into "a far more conscious sense of separateness from the Church of Rome", then undergoing its own devotional revolution. The leading Presbyterian evangelist,

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had ruled that the interests of the Northern Ireland peace process are "paramount". To avoid the "step backwards" that would be represented, "symbolically and psychologically", by a "hardening" of the Irish border, Northern Ireland should remain in regulatory alignment with the

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home and rights safeguarded; that we record our determination to have nothing to do with a Parliament certain to be controlled by men responsible for the crime and outrage of the Land League . . . many of whom have shown themselves the ready instrument of clerical domination.

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suggested that "the plan" was "to develop the strongly Unionist-Belfast-Coleraine-Portadown triangle and to cause a migration from West to East Ulster, redistributing and scattering the minority to that the Unionist Party will not only maintain but strengthen its position".

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In 1972, the British government suspended this arrangement. Against a background of growing political violence, and citing the need to consider how Catholics in Northern Ireland could be integrated into its civic and political life, it prorogued the parliament in Belfast.

2883:, past and present unionist leaders pressed for a judicial review. When eventually rendered in June 2021, the ruling of the Belfast High Court was that while there indeed was a conflict with the Act, in approving the implicitly amending Protocol Parliament was sovereign. 1315:

but with implementation suspended for the duration of European hostilities. With the issue of Ulster's exclusion unresolved, leaders on both sides sought favour with the Government and the British public by committing themselves, and their volunteers, to the war effort.

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Northern Ireland's still largely polarised elections. It is still the case that few Protestants vote for nationalists, and few Catholics for unionists. But they will vote for others, for parties that decline to make an issue of Northern Ireland's constitutional status.

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and UVF paramilitaries, had an effective stranglehold on energy supplies. Concessions sought by Faulkner were blocked by the SDLP. John Hume, then Minister of Commerce, pressed for a British Army enforced fuel-oil plan and for resistance to "a fascist takeover". After

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Unionism losing, however, has not necessarily meant nationalism winning: overall there has been "no comparable increase in the nationalist vote mirroring the decline in the unionist bloc". Despite symbolic triumphs over unionism—returning the larger number of

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at Stormont suggested that the organisation was still active and collecting intelligence. Trimble led the UUP out of the Executive and the Assembly was suspended. (No charges were brought as a result of the raid at the centre of which was a Sinn Féin staffer,

1795:-based franchise in council elections (One man, one vote); and The Londonderry Corporation (through which unionists had administered a predominately nationalist city) was replaced by an independent development commission. The broad security provisions of the 1139:, an anti-Home Rule Liberal and campaigner for girls education, was an early pioneer. Determined lobbying by her North of Ireland Women's Suffrage Society ensured the 1887 Act creating a new city-status municipal franchise for Belfast (piloted through the 654:

that was largely of his own drafting. Unionists were not persuaded by his inclusion of measures to limit the remit of a Dublin legislature and to reduce the weight of the popular vote (the 200 or so popularly elected members were to sit in session with 28

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who followed him in office from January 2016, had colder relationships than had Paisley with McGuinness and with his party colleagues and these eventually broke down. Citing "DUP's arrogance" in relation to a range of issues, including management of

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asked to sign, not the Covenant whose commitment to "all means which may be found necessary" implied a readiness to bear arms, but their own Associate Declaration. A total of 234,046 women signed the Ulster Women's Declaration; 237,368 men signed the

1748:(whose government was pursuing a similar modernising agenda in the South) made an unheralded visit to Stormont. After O'Neill reciprocated with a visit to Dublin, the Nationalists were persuaded, for the first time, to assume the role at Stormont of 2027:

Northern Ireland must and will remain part of the United Kingdom for as long as that is the wish of a majority of the people, but that status does not preclude the necessary taking into account of what has been described in this paper as the 'Irish

9092: 2745:

did take a step with Ulster Scots that it does not take with Irish speakers: the UK government pledged to "recognise Ulster Scots as a national minority under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities". This is a second

1726: 940:

conviction that any measure of devolution within the United Kingdom must lead to separation. Nor did it supply unionism with the equivalent of the Protestants who, individually, played a prominent role in home-rule and separatist politics.

1154:

noted the failure of unionist women to formulate "any demand on their own behalf or that of their own sex". Yet in September 1913 McCracken was celebrating a "marriage of unionism and women's suffrage". Following reports that the militant

10236: 1725: 1723: 1721: 7984: 1346:

of December 1918, the first Westminster poll since 1910 and the first with all adult males, and women from age thirty, eligible to vote (the electorate tripled), the IPP was almost wholly replaced in nationalist constituencies by

1724: 463:. But as the Irish party-political successors to O'Connell's Repeal movement gained representation and influence in Westminster, Cooke's call for unity was to be heeded in the progressive emergence of a pan-Protestant unionism. 1623:, sustained after 1921, was replaced with a comprehensive system of social-security. Under the Housing Act (NI) 1945 the public subvention for new home construction was even greater, proportionately, than in England and Wales. 8330: 1258:. This bound signatories "to stand by one another in defending for ourselves and our children our position of equal citizenship in the United Kingdom, and in using all means which may be found necessary to defeat the present 9442: 1888:

was replicated in other nationalist neighbourhoods both in Derry and in Belfast. Sealed off with barricades, the areas were openly policed by the IRA. In what was reported as the biggest British military operation since the

2710:, Trimble believed he was taking this "cultural war" onto the nationalists' own ground. Unionists argued that nationalists had "weaponised" the Irish language issue as "a tool" with which to "batter the Protestant people". 2228:

and a mass resignation of unionist MPs from Westminster and suspensions of district council meetings. In the largest unionist protest since Ulster Day 1912, on 23 November 1985 upwards of a hundred thousand rallied outside

9365: 7772: 9469: 3443: 2233:. "Where do the terrorists return to for sanctuary?" Paisley asked the crowd: "To the Irish Republic and yet Mrs. Thatcher tells us the Republic may have some say in our province. We say, Never! Never! Never! Never!". 1580:

of individuals". Between 1921 and 1939 only twelve people served in cabinet, some continuously. It was in protest that the Progressive Unionists had proposed limited office in government to 8 years or two parliaments.

10150: 8854: 1170:, after being door-stepped for fours days by the WSPU, ruled women's suffrage too divisive an issue for unionists. There followed a series of arson-attacks on unionist-owned and associated property that culminated in 10120: 9489: 2023:

It is therefore clearly desirable that any new arrangements for Northern Ireland should, whilst meeting the wishes of Northern Ireland and Great Britain, be so far as possible acceptable to the Republic of Ireland.

1897:, on 31 July 1972, the British Army did eventually act to re-establish control. But this had been preceded in the weeks before by a ceasefire in the course of which Provisional IRA leaders, including Chief of Staff 1479:

The impression that Ireland as a whole was being removed from Westminster politics was reinforced by refusal of the parties of Government and Opposition to organise, or canvass for votes, in the six counties. The

433:, Cooke proposed a "Christian marriage" between the two main Protestant denominations (Anglican and Presbyterian). Setting their remaining differences aside, they would cooperate on all "matters of common safety". 10035: 8763: 7802: 9404: 8801: 1285:. Nearly two million signatories declared themselves willing to "supporting any action that may be effective" to prevent the people of Ulster being deprived "of their rights as citizens of the United Kingdom". 1790:

and proceeded with a reform package that addressed many of NICRA's demands. There was to be a needs-based points system for public housing; an ombudsman to investigate citizen grievances; the abolition of the

9342: 664:

employed in the great export industries of the North—textiles, engineering, shipbuilding. For these the Irish hinterland was less important than the industrial triangle that linked Belfast and region with

10004: 8896: 2721:, argued that privileging Irish through a language act would be an exercise in "ethnic territorial marking". His decision, and that of his party colleagues, to resist Sinn Féin's demand for a stand-alone 9084: 10173: 2732:

agreement promised both the Irish language and Ulster-Scots new Commissioners to "support" and "enhance" their development but did not accord them equal legal status. While the UK government recognised

1722: 358:

The British government, which had had to deploy its own forces to suppress the rebellion in Ireland and to turn back and defeat French intervention, decided on a union with Great Britain. Provision for

2490:

followed on 2 March 2017. For the first time in the history of Northern Ireland as a political entity, with 45 of 90 seats unionists failed to secure an overall majority in a parliament of the region.

1107:. Nationalists did not seek to persuade them that collective bargaining, progressive taxation and social security were principles for which majorities could be as readily found in an Irish parliament. 9831: 8734: 6305: 1024:

between the defence of Protestant principle and political radicalism, "indeed, these were often seen as one and the same because it was the wealthy who were most prone to conciliation and treachery".

8642: 2084:. Faulkner's pro-Assembly grouping was left with just 13% of the unionist vote. Arguing that they had deprived Faulkner of any semblance of a mandate, the victors called for new Assembly elections. 472: 5459: 5365: 1783:"both political and ecclesiastical". After the Lemass meeting, Paisley announced that "the Ecumenists . . . are selling us out", and called on Ulster Protestants to resist a "policy of treachery". 1607:

By the 1960s Unionism was administering something at odds with the general conservatism of those to whom leadership had been conceded in the resistance to Irish Home Rule. Under the impetus of the

894:

During the constructivist 1890s, and before a Liberal government revived the prospects for home rule, unionists appeared more at ease with interest in Irish culture. The first Ulster branch of the

506:

soon fell apart. In the South the Church approved the Catholic MPs breaking their pledge of independent opposition and accepting government positions. In the North, the Protestant tenant righters,

1868:", had announced their presence in 1966 with a series of sectarian killings). The IRA did go into action on the night of 20/21 April, bombing ten post offices in Belfast in an attempt to draw the 745:, whom the press noted had been a critic of Orangeism. Speakers and observers dwelt on the diversity of creed, class and party represented among the 12,300 delegates attending. As reported by the 2057:, conceded that "all other issues were governed" by a drive to "get all-Ireland institutions established" that would "produce the dynamic that would lead ultimately to an agreed united Ireland". 1150:

The WSS had not been impressed by the women's Ulster Declaration or by the Ulster Women's Unionist Council (UWUC)—with over 100,000 members the largest women's political organisation in Ireland.

7742: 5330: 10228: 1476:. All this was suggestive, not of a devolved administration within the United Kingdom, but of a state constituted under the Crown outside the direct jurisdiction of the Westminster parliament. 2941:

A flowchart illustrating all the political parties that have existed throughout the history of Northern Ireland and leading up to its formation (1889 onwards). Unionist parties are in orange.

2867:

protested that the hazards of a no-deal Brexit would be better than this "annexation of Northern Ireland away from the rest of the United Kingdom". She was supported by prominent Brexiteers.

1159:(WPSU) would begin organising in Ulster, the secretary of Ulster Unionist Council had informed the UWUC that draft articles for an Ulster Provisional Government included votes for women. The 4080: 2037:, argued that the difficulty for most unionists was not an arrangement in which Protestants and Catholics must consent. It was that, despite a promise not to share power with parties whose 1974:

For the British Government internment proved a public relations disaster, both domestic and international. It was compounded by the interrogation of internees by methods (the so-called the

1373:

In 1921, elections for these parliaments were duly held. But in Southern Ireland this was for parliament which, by British agreement, would now constitute itself as the Dáil Éireann of the

9974: 5507: 7968: 8673: 5586:, editorial "Repeal: Petition in favour of the Union, or 'the Erection of the Kingdom of the North of Ireland", 17 October 1843, cited in British and Irish Communist Organisation (1973) 1978:) that were eventually deemed illegal by the UK Government's own commission of inquiry (and subsequently, in a case brought by the Irish government, ruled "inhuman and degrading" by the 8704: 779:

After mammoth parliamentary sessions the bill, which did allow for Irish MPs, was passed by a narrow majority in the Commons but went down to defeat in the overwhelmingly Conservative

8152: 6420: 6069:

The office of Governor as the Crown's representative, symbolising `the permanence both of the authority of the Northern Ireland Government and the union with Great Britain", 1921–1973

1860:

Tensions had been further heightened in the days before O'Neill's resignation when a number of explosions at electricity and water installations were attributed to the IRA. The later

374:

In the Presbyterian north east the Irish parliament was unlamented. Having refused calls for reform—to broaden representation and curb corruption—few saw cause to regret its passing.

243:

arrangement remained fraught. Unionists, with diminishing electoral strength, charged their nationalist partners in government with pursuing an anti-British cultural agenda and, post-

9431: 2761:

Insofar as unionists are persuaded to identity with Ulster Scots and employ it as a marker (as the reference to "the Ulster Scots / Ulster British tradition in Northern Ireland" in

2316:

declaring that "the semi-detached status of Northern Ireland politics needs to end", Empey announced that his party would be running candidates in upcoming Westminster elections as

2069: 1001: 6851: 6130: 1967:. Beyond immediate defence of Catholics areas, the Officials had already committed to unarmed political strategy—and on that basis were to declare a ceasefire in May 1972. Leading 1059:

candidate was marked by what his opponents considered a classic piece of bigotry. Sloan protested the exemption of Catholic convents from inspection by the Hygiene Commission (the

483:

of the 1840s, successive governments, Whig and Tory, had refused political responsibility for agrarian conditions in Ireland. The issues of a low-level tenant-landlord war came to

8832: 8586: 7764: 9466: 1528:

engendered that kind of party competition. The principal sources of government revenue, income and corporation taxes, customs and excise, were entirely beyond Belfast's control.

2675:

IRA and its fellow travellers"; and Robinson of a "fightback" against the "unrelenting Sinn Féin campaign to promote Irish culture and target British structures and symbols".

2671:, had effectively ruled that "there could no such thing as disloyalty within Northern Ireland". The conflicting ambitions of nationalism and unionism were of "equal validity". 1837:

O'Neill's position had been weakened when, focused on demands not conceded (redrawing of electoral boundaries, immediate repeal of the Special Power Act and disbandment of the

1355:, the national assembly of the Republic declared in 1916, and demanded that the "English garrison" evacuate. In the six north-east counties, unionists took 22 out of 29 seats. 7711: 6071: 3439: 1796: 347:

sought a revolutionary union of "Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter" (i.e. of Catholics and Protestants of all persuasions). Their resolve was broken with the defeat of their

10142: 1864:

established that the "outrages" were "the work of Protestant extremists . . . anxious to undermine confidence" in O'Neill's leadership. (The bombers, styling themselves "the

741:. It was greeted by an Ulster opposition more highly developed and better organised. A great Ulster Unionist Convention was held in Belfast organised by the Liberal Unionist 367:

pushed with difficulty through the parliament in Dublin. While a separate Irish executive in Dublin was retained, representation, still wholly Protestant, was transferred to

10112: 4296: 1273:

organised by Craig. If Home Rule were imposed "we will be governed as a conquered community and nothing else". By July 1914, the Ulster Covenant had been complemented by a

695:

and other British centres experiencing large-scale Irish immigration developed similar Orange and nativist ward and workplace politics with which unionists—organised in the

9485: 12536: 8015: 2922: 737:

In 1892, despite bitter division over the personally compromised leadership of Parnell, the Nationalists were able to help Gladstone to a third ministry. The result was a

130: 1686:

as chair. Seeking to "challenge . . . by more vigorous action than Parliamentary questions and newspaper controversy", NICRA decided to carry out a programme of marches.

1254:

Faced with the eventual enactment of Home Rule, Carson appeared to press this argument. On 28 September 1912, Ulster Day, he was the first to sign, in Belfast City Hall,

10354: 10027: 1720: 9941: 9693: 9625: 7794: 2373:

For the first time, Dublin formally recognised the border as the limit of its jurisdiction. The Republic agreed to do what the SDLP had refused to consider in 1974, to

9396: 8793: 5300:

Connolly, S. J.; McIntosh, Gillian (1 January 2012). "Chapter 7: Whose City? Belonging and Exclusion in the Nineteenth-Century Urban World". In Connolly, S. J. (ed.).

2108:

refused his final plea for negotiation, Faulkner resigned. Conceding that there was no longer any constitutional basis for the Executive, Rees dissolved the Assembly.

1569: 2564:

the changed ratio of Catholics to Protestants in the constituency (46.94 per cent to 45.67 per cent). It had a simple message for Catholic voters, "Make the change".

2837:

to remain in power; following the hung parliament that resulted from the snap general election in June 2017. But, to their dismay, at year's end May returned from

1615:. The Education Act (NI), 1947, "revolutionised access" to secondary and further education. Health-care provision was expanded and re-organised on the model of the 9334: 2815: 2612: 2593: 2377:

to omit the territorial claim to the whole island of Ireland and concede that Irish unity could be achieved only by majority consent "democratically expressed, in

2335: 11387: 8608: 12484: 11407: 9996: 8888: 2663:

and no crown: the "Ulster national flag" variously employed by Loyalist groups to represent an independent, or distinctly Ulster-Scot, Northern-Ireland identity.

2275:, in which for a period the B&ICO also participated, to draw all three Westminster parties to Northern Ireland similarly failed to convince. Its president, 1756:) O'Neill incurred the wrath of those he understood as "self-styled 'loyalists' who see moderation as treason, and decency as weakness",among these the Reverend 1198: 9552: 2422: 1063:

should not be "a state within a state"). But it was as a trade unionist that he criticised the "fur-coat brigade" in the leadership of unionism. Together with

679:

In the north, the competition represented by the growing numbers of Catholics arriving at mill and factory gates had already given the once largely rural (and

221: 11504: 9931:"UK Withdrawal ('Brexit') and the Good Friday Agreement: Study for the Policy Department for Citizen's Rights and Constitutional Affairs, European Parliament" 5680: 2465:, paving the way for Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness to be nominated as First, and Deputy First, Ministers by a restored Assembly. For the UUP's new leader 856:

introduced for the first time the principle of compulsory sale to tenants, through its application was limited to bankrupt estates. "You would suppose", said

9823: 8727: 6293: 2283: 1963:

were arrested without charge or warrant. Many appeared to have no connection with the IRA, and for those that did the link typically was to the left-leaning

1841:), republicans and left-wing students disregarded appeals from within NICRA and Hume's Derry Citizens Action Committee to suspend protest. On 4 January 1969 8634: 5808: 5447: 5353: 2324:

who campaigned successfully as an independent. The episode confirmed the UUP's eclipse by the Democratic Unionists, a party that mixed social and economic

1752:. With this and other conciliatory gestures (unprecedented visits to a Catholic hospitals and schools, flying the Union flag at half mast for the death of 10259: 2738: 2608: 2374: 2140:. The initiative in protesting what unionists often perceived as inadequate political and security responses to republican violence passed to loyalists. 2504:

The withdrawal of support within the DUP for Paisley's newly conciliatory leadership was not marked by a lasting split over the DUP decision to go into

1830:, from which he had previously been returned unopposed, the Prime Minister was humiliated by achieving only a narrow victory over Paisley standing as a 955:

seat in a 1916 by-election, he was the first Catholic to represent a unionist constituency in Ulster, and when he retained the seat in 1918, the future

668:

and the north of England. Yet the most popular summary of case against Irish self-government remained the message broadcast in a "great revival" of the

12489: 7734: 5326: 2690:

shopfronts standoff (2013-2016) in north Belfast. A decision of the once firmly unionist Belfast City Council in 2012 to reduce the number of days the

2317: 8510: 8331:"As British as Finchley? The Evolution of the Positions of the British Government and Irish Republicanism Regarding Sovereignty over Northern Ireland" 6597: 2312:, Ulster Unionists sought to restore the historic link to the Conservative Party, broken in the wake of Sunningdale. With the new Conservative leader 1948:

and elsewhere". Unionism as an expression of settler colonialism, indeed, was an analysis promoted in Britain by left-wing commentators and scholars.

11500: 6681: 1674:

had been collating and publicising evidence of discrimination in employment and housing. From April 1967 the cause was taken up by the Belfast-based

1147:) conferred the vote on persons rather than men. This was eleven years before women elsewhere Ireland gained the vote in local government elections. 8979: 837:

of the west Balfour initiated a programme not only of public works, but of subsidy for local craft industries. Headed by the former Unionist MP for

12608: 9033: 2298: 1971:, some of whom were new to the IRA, entirely escaped the net. Unionists blamed the poor intelligence on London's decision to tolerate no-go areas. 12346: 10347: 10284: 9966: 9114: 8480: 8449: 5499: 1328: 185:, Ulster unionists accepted a home-rule dispensation for the six north-east counties remaining in the United Kingdom. For the next 50 years, the 2153:

Paisley combined his radically anti-Catholic evangelism early in his career with a foray into physical force loyalism: his formation in 1956 of

1548:

Until the crisis of the late 1960s, unionism in Northern Ireland was effectively single-party politics. In his 28 years in Stormont (1925–1953)

533:

and increased representation for the towns, reduced the electoral influence of land owners and their agents, and contributed to the triumph, in

12603: 8665: 7475: 5971:

Sir James Craig in a letter to Lloyd George, quoted in F. S. L. Lyons (1971), Ireland since the Famine. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. p. 696

5588:

Ulster As It Is: a Review of the Development of the Catholic/Protestant Political Conflict between Catholic Emancipation and the Home Rule Bill

3959: 2505: 2202: 2161:

implicated Paisley, albeit via supposed intermediaries, in the bombings intended to "blow O'Neill out of office" early in 1969. Leaders of the

952: 8696: 11566: 8039: 7946: 1940:". This played into the republican narrative that "the insurgence in the housing estates and borderland of Ulster" was something akin to the 1265:

In January 1913, Carson declared for the exclusion of Ulster and called for the enlistment of up to 100,000 Covenanters as drilled and armed

8393: 8142: 6412: 1697:

announced their intention to march the same route—the NICRA executive was in favour of calling it off. But DHAC pressed ahead with activist

12518: 2781: 2474: 2276: 1560:

attempted to join him, averaging 30% of the vote in ten otherwise safe Government seats. After positively endorsing the Union, in 1953 the

1308: 9512: 2486:, in January 2017 McGuinness resigned. Sinn Féin refused to nominate a successor, without whom the devolved institutions were unworkable. 1599:) did make two reform commitments. First, it promised a programme of "slum clearance" and public housing construction (in the wake of the 711:"because", he said "the Orange society is alone capable of dealing with the condition of anarchy and rebellion which prevail in Ireland". 12598: 11685: 11109: 11021: 9659: 6843: 6114: 3749: 3682: 1787: 742: 699:—sought to connect. With Gladstone's conversion to home rule, politicians who had held aloof from the Order now embraced its militancy. 8824: 8578: 8119: 5871: 2033:

should be achieved by giving minority interests a share in the exercise of executive power. Faulkner's later successor as party leader,

12532: 10340: 6078:", Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study, University of London Parliaments, Politics and People Seminar, 22 March. 4215: 3995:

Kirkpatrick, R. W. (1980), "Origins and development of the land war in mid-Ulster, 1879–85" in F. S. Lyons and R. A. J. Hawkins (eds.)

2678:

Unionists alleged a "pan-nationalist front" was manipulating public order powers to ban, re-route or otherwise regulate time-hallowed

2556: 1585: 1366:

In the hope of brokering a compromise that might yet hold Ireland within Westminster's jurisdiction, the Government proceeded with the

1048: 410: 1982:). Further national and international outrage followed the Army's lethal use of live fire against unarmed anti-internment protesters, 1381:, the twenty-six counties were to have the "same constitutional status in the Community of Nations known as the British Empire as the 11453: 11331: 10206: 9800: 9603: 9291: 8540: 7412: 1675: 880: 838: 553: 511: 9010: 8923: 7701: 6966: 6944: 6553: 6230: 6068: 3517: 12351: 10987: 10405: 2814:

While the UUP decided that "on balance Northern Ireland is better remaining in the European Union", in the run-up to the UK's June

2363: 2256: 421: 9272: 1031:, in 1868 loyalists in Belfast had chosen their own "Conservative", rejecting a millowner and returning an evangelical Orangeman, 12523: 11547: 11336: 8176: 2714: 2616: 2589: 2487: 1553: 420:

In Ulster, resistance to O'Connell's appeal was stiffened by a religious revival. With its emphasis upon "personal witness", the

8007: 1667:

in the United States, they spoke a language of universal rights which had a broad appeal for British and international opinion.

11697: 11581: 11241: 7242: 6523: 2635: 1819: 1604:

in the services delivered. What Northern Ireland might loose in autonomy, it was going to gain in a closer, more equal, Union.

1140: 956: 884: 557: 430: 8201: 1131:

Unionist women had been involved in political campaigning from the time of the first Home Rule Bill in 1886. Some were active

12618: 12499: 11530: 10065: 9930: 9682: 9317: 8954: 8855:"Poll: Survey says Northern Ireland voting habits dictated by tribalism – would you vote for party from different community?" 8424: 7272: 6827: 6481: 6336: 6160: 6124: 6097: 5791: 5309: 5244: 5106: 5081: 4961: 4924: 4446: 4321: 3551: 3208: 3137: 2585: 1407:

Having become Ulster unionists and then six-county unionists, "Irish Unionists had evolved into Northern Irish Home Rulers".

1190: 1156: 834: 796: 759:

of the Counties ... modern Conservatives ... Orangemen ... All these various elements—Whig, Liberal, Radical, Presbyterian,

619: 2370:

Assembly where procedural rules (the Petition of Concern) allowed for cross-community consent, and hence a "unionist veto".

12401: 11784: 11670: 6909: 2177: 1565: 683:) Orange Order a new lease among Protestant workers. The pattern, in itself, was not unique to Belfast and its satellites. 623: 534: 9853: 7379: 7109: 6771: 4706: 2737:

and Ulster Scots as a regional or minority language for the "encouragement" and "facilitation" purposes of Part II of the

1363:, President of Dáil, declared in favour of "giving each county power to vote itself out of the Republic if it so wished". 11739: 11652: 11609: 10395: 10174:"NI Protocol conflicts with the Act of Union – but is not unlawful, Belfast High Court rules in blow to unionist leaders" 7680: 7195: 3008: 2441: 2206: 1710:", Northern Ireland, for the first time in decades, was making British and international headlines, and television news. 1679: 1612: 1189:

In August 1914, suffragists in Ulster suspended their agitation for the duration of the European war. Their reward was a

1144: 1032: 1009: 903: 10229:"Boris Johnson's new EU Brexit treaty 'drives coach and horses through the professed sanctity' of Good Friday Agreement" 9741: 8082: 791: 12504: 12268: 12171: 11665: 11576: 11351: 11154: 11114: 11102: 11097: 11085: 11013: 10719: 10592: 8313: 7010: 6646:"Terence O'Neill on the Government's 5 Point Reform Plan – View media – Northern Ireland Screen | Digital Film Archive" 4519: 3808: 3783: 3014: 2604: 2473:

After thirteen months in office Paisley was replaced as First Minister of Northern Ireland by his long-time DUP deputy

1764: 1457: 1151: 830:

determined upon a constructive course. He pursued reforms intended, as some saw it, to kill home rule with "kindness".

704: 331:

tradesmen, merchants, and tenant farmers protested against the unrepresentative parliament and against an executive in

2741:, for Irish it assumed the more stringent Part III obligations in respect of education, media and administration. Yet 11361: 11080: 10096: 9214: 9181: 9067: 8369: 8291: 8065: 7833: 7626: 7601: 7576: 7548: 7355: 7330: 7139: 7091: 7066: 7041: 6802: 6376: 6276: 6223: 6200: 6055: 5842: 5766: 5284: 5209: 4894: 4869: 4283: 4198: 4018: 3943: 3905: 3743: 3676: 3634: 3474: 3304: 3233: 3110: 1968: 1944:

wars of liberation, and that in Britain's first and last colony "decolonisation will be forced upon her as it was in

1536: 1473: 7219: 7170: 5703: 4421:

Kennedy, David (1955), "Ulster and the Antecedents of Home Rule, 1850–86", in T. W. Moody and J. C. Beckett (eds.),

3864:

Kennedy, David (1955), "Ulster and the Antecedents of Home Rule, 1850–86", in T. W. Moody and J. C. Beckett (eds.),

1786:

Many within his own party were alarmed when in December 1968 O'Neill sacked his hard-line Minister of Home Affairs,

12527: 11551: 11183: 11126: 11066: 10699: 10422: 7687: 7250: 7227: 7178: 7117: 6917: 5676: 4400: 3377:"'Brunswick Bloodhounds and Itinerant Demagogues': The Campaign for Catholic Emancipation in County Armagh 1824–29" 2777: 2530: 2483: 2302: 2073: 1564:

won three seats. But for the most part Government candidates were returned by unionist voters without contest. The

1517: 1425: 10113:"Arlene Foster turns on Boris Johnson, saying she will never take him at his word again: 'Once bitten, twice shy'" 2516:

protesting an "enforced coalition" that "holds at the heart of government" those determined to subvert the state.

2418:

parliamentary acts to back up an absolute claim, only an agreement to stay until the majority decided otherwise".

12164: 11791: 11237: 10448: 7468:"Malcolm Sutton: An Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland. Summary of organisations responsible for death" 5729: 4261:

Lyons, F. S. L. (1955), "Ulster and the Home Rule Struggle, 1886-1921", in T. W. Moody and J. C. Beckett (eds.),

3068: 2982: 2954: 2381:". The firm nationalist principle that unionists are a minority within the territory of the state was set aside. 1842: 1505: 1393:

the United Kingdom with the aspirations of the Nationalist majority in Ireland for Irish unity and independence.

868: 738: 651: 622:. The near-universal admission to the suffrage of male heads of household tripled the electorate in Ireland. The 437: 317: 17: 6645: 2242:

anniversary of the accord, unionist protests against the Anglo-Irish Agreement were drawing only token support.

2201:. For the first time this appeared to give the Republic a direct role in the government of Northern Ireland. An 1225:

In 1911 a Liberal administration was once again dependent on Irish nationalist MPs. In 1912 the Prime Minister,

339:, by English ministers. Seeing little prospect of further reform and in the hope that they might be assisted by 11796: 11692: 11366: 11346: 11301: 10999: 10945: 10802: 10498: 10417: 9254: 7922: 7298: 6764:"Violence and Civil Disturbances in Northern Ireland in 1969: Report of Tribunal of Inquiry. Part 1, Chapter 1" 6028: 5656: 5622: 5020: 4995: 4762: 4644:

Patrick Cosgrove (November 2010). "T. W. Russell and the compulsory-land-purchase campaign in Ulster, 1900-3".

4544: 4246: 3419: 3180: 2331: 2272: 2133: 1979: 1964: 1845:

marchers en route from Belfast to Derry were ambushed and beaten by loyalists, including off-duty Specials, at

1772: 1690: 1453: 1441: 1367: 1251:(1912), L. S. Amery did insist that "if Irish Nationalism constitutes a nation, then Ulster is a nation too". 1056: 911: 232:

committed to permanent ceasefires, unionists accepted principles of joint office and parallel consent in a new

137: 58: 31: 1496:

where, by general agreement, matters within the competence of the Belfast Parliament could not be raised. The

11774: 11483: 11397: 10649: 8284:

The Idea of the Union: Statements and Critiques in Support of the Union of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

6048:

The Idea of the Union: Statements and Critiques in Support of the Union of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

3038: 2259:(B&ICO), a small contrarian left-wing grouping that had come to the attention of unionists through their 2049: 1823: 1611:

in Britain, and thanks to the generosity of British exchequer, Northern Ireland had emerged with an advanced

1561: 429:

took the occasion to preach Protestant Unity. In 1834, at a mass demonstration hosted upon his estate by the

402:, invited Protestants to join in a campaign to repeal the Union and restore the Kingdom of Ireland under the 272:

1798 by Thomas Robinson. Government Yeomanry prepare to hang United Irish insurgent Hugh McCulloch, a grocer.

6820:

Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles

2861:

frontier. That would allow necessary physical checks on goods to be removed to air and sea points of entry.

2366:(OFMDFM). Trimble believed that unionism had secured much that had been denied to Faulkner 25 years before. 1436:

Although technically constituted by the decision of the six-county Parliament elected in 1920 to opt out of

1115: 12593: 12431: 11749: 11675: 11525: 11458: 11382: 11256: 11213: 10980: 10846: 8502: 3026: 2534: 2260: 2158: 1849:

That night, there was renewed street fighting in the Bogside. From behind barricades, residents declared "

1469: 1008:

and supported him from 1910 as leader of the Irish Unionist parliamentary party. But marshalled by Captain

812: 313: 6670: 2909:

Two years later, on the strength of the government's assurances that the Protocol (and the ancillary 2022

2212:

The unionist reaction, Thatcher recalled in her memoirs, was "worse than anyone had predicted to me". The

1389:". It was not clear to all parties at the time—civil war ensued—but this was to be de facto independence. 11769: 11142: 10587: 9366:"Nelson McCausland: A stand-alone Irish Language Act is divisive and ignores Ulster-Scots' rich heritage" 8971: 6732: 2797: 2679: 1838: 1749: 1671: 1608: 1214: 1104: 1091: 823: 722:

Gladstone's own party was split on Home Rule and the House divided against the measure. In 1891 Ulster's

580: 194: 136:

Unionism became an overarching partisan affiliation in Ireland late in the nineteenth century. Typically

2003: 1512:. In 1907 MacDonald's party had held their first party conference in Belfast. Yet, at the height of the 1319:

The strategy was challenged on the nationalist side. As the militants saw it, contingents of republican

12613: 12474: 12113: 11779: 11473: 10743: 10615: 10485: 10143:"Sammy Wilson: The Brexit Withdrawal Agreement is the worst of all worlds, not the best of both worlds" 6671:"Television Broadcast by Captain Terence O'Neill, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, December 9, 1969" 4278:

Ch. X: The Emergence of the Unionist Party and the defeat of Home Rule p.107, Edco Press Dublin (1993)

3074: 3032: 2926: 2668: 2513: 2414: 2105: 2096: 2092: 1910: 997: 696: 572: 336: 9085:"Eilis O'Hanlon: If Northern Ireland is to remain in the UK, the UUP and DUP must appeal to Catholics" 8472: 8441: 2698:, was also interpreted as a step in a wider "cultural war" against "Britishness", triggering protest. 2453:, later exposed as a government informer, and a public inquiry was ruled not in the public interest). 121:. As of February 2024, they no longer do so as the larger faction: they serve in an executive with an 12181: 12037: 11757: 11571: 11493: 11478: 11463: 11311: 11246: 11208: 11198: 11188: 11048: 10572: 10465: 10385: 6016: 4598: 4537:

The Ireland That We Made: Arthur & Gerald Balfour's Contribution to the Origins of Modern Ireland

3974: 3062: 3020: 3001: 2994: 2988: 2876: 2807: 2769: 2543: 2217: 2190: 2081: 1869: 1768: 542: 248: 233: 118: 12199: 7467: 1898: 12426: 11556: 11170: 10937: 6151:

Aaron Edwards (2015), "The British Labour Party and the tragedy of Northern Ireland Labour" in The

2947: 2891: 2624: 2620: 2494: 2297:

that the party could not continue to exclude Northern Ireland residents from party membership. The

2154: 1694: 1651: 1639: 1079: 1068: 756: 507: 452: 151: 78: 8036: 7938: 7854:"'British Rights for British Citizens': the Campaign for 'Equal Citizenship' for Northern Ireland" 6707: 2015:. It articulated what were to be the enduring principles of the British approach to a settlement. 1004:, presided over its executive. The Council also retained the services of Carson, from 1892 MP for 12494: 12443: 12159: 11911: 11660: 11520: 11326: 11271: 11261: 11228: 11061: 10973: 10886: 10789: 10310: 8764:"As the DUP's once-lofty citadels fall, it pushes for a unionist unity which would be disastrous" 8385: 6392:

Morgan, Michael (1988). "Post-War Social Change and the Catholic Community in Northern Ireland".

3714: 3044: 2967: 2290: 2068:

Within a week of taking office as First Minister, Faulkner was forced to resign as UUP leader. A

2045: 1767:, and at a time when he believed mainline presbyteries were being led down a "Roman road" by the 1616: 1481: 1096: 1064: 981: 876: 804: 727: 715: 700: 576: 549: 492: 348: 229: 10704: 3718: 947:, were returned to the Commons before the 1884 Reform Act. A "unique place" was occupied by Sir 751:

there were "the old tenant-righters of the 'sixties' ... the sturdy reformers of Antrim ... the

12514: 12391: 12017: 11537: 11392: 11281: 11232: 10763: 10453: 2960: 2858: 2854: 2607:. In 2019, Alliance more than doubled its vote from 7.1% to 18.5% in the Northern-Ireland wide 2162: 2041:

aim is a united Ireland, Faulkner had committed them to agreement with "Republican Catholics".

1865: 1776: 1664: 1359:

otherwise uncompromising Republicans regarded as, at least for now, inevitable. In August 1920

1335:

suppressing an Irish strike for freedom. In the aftermath of the Rising and in the course of a

1270: 1259: 1005: 891:, Russell helped initiate a programme that built some 40,000 one-acre labourer-owned cottages. 849: 426: 269: 9997:"Boris Johnson's speech to DUP conference: 'we are on the verge of making a historic mistake'" 9651: 9206: 5867: 5202:

Irish republicanism and socialism : the politics of the Republican movement, 1905 to 1994

3825: 3733: 3666: 2440:

In October 2002, at a time the IRA had finally agreed but not yet complied with a process for

2320:. The move triggered defections, and in 2010 election the party lost their only remaining MP, 1327:

ensured that while Irishmen, at Redmond's urging, were sacrificing themselves for the sake of

984:

was established to bring together unionists in the north including, with 50 of 200 seats, the

12176: 12147: 11680: 10806: 10748: 10490: 10480: 9270:

A background note on the protests and violence related to the Union Flag at Belfast City Hall

8111: 6877: 6153:

British Labour Party and twentieth-century Ireland: The cause of Ireland, the cause of Labour

3050: 2975: 2707: 2410: 2406: 2355: 2351: 2221: 2213: 2088: 2061: 1485: 811:, believed his government should "leave Home Rule sleeping the sleep of the unjust". In 1887 460: 391: 368: 360: 301: 289: 198: 186: 155: 110: 86: 82: 9198: 8609:"Jim Allister: Stormont has failed and will fail '" SF is not in government to make NI work" 2929:

in which, with 3 of 8 ministerial departments, unionists are for the first time a minority.

2750:

treaty whose provisions were previously applied in Northern Ireland to non-white groups, to

867:

This reduced, but did not in itself resolve, agrarian tensions, even in the north. In 1906,

12546: 12313: 12084: 12061: 11846: 11732: 11586: 11561: 11430: 11251: 11223: 10768: 10758: 10582: 4834: 4728: 2918: 2652: 2497:) to restore Assembly, and to persuade Sinn Féin to nominate their new leader in the North 2462: 2405:

In the UK's acceptance of Irish unity by consent was not new. It had been there in 1973 at

2399: 2395: 2362:, with whom Mallon, as joint head of the new power-sharing Executive, shared the Office of 1983: 1557: 1294: 1282: 1230: 475:

William Gladstone writing legislation under pressure from the Land League. Caricature 1881.

403: 395: 321: 178: 90: 10198: 9792: 9692:. Centre for International Borders Research (CIBR) Electronic Working Papers Series 2005. 9595: 9288: 8532: 8386:"Results of the Referenda in Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland, Friday 22 May 1998" 7401: 6930: 6545: 4137:

Home Rule and the Irish Question: A Collection of Speeches Delivered Between 1881 and 1887

3199:

Connolly, S. J. (2012). "Chapter 5: Improving Town, 1750–1820". In Connolly, S. J. (ed.).

996:. The UUC still accorded them a degree of precedence. Castlereagh's descendant and former 8: 12421: 12323: 12219: 12107: 11952: 11632: 11542: 11218: 11075: 11056: 11010: 10906: 10753: 10656: 10599: 10577: 10532: 10502: 10475: 10390: 10028:"Boris Johnson slammed over 'tail wagging the dog' comments on Irish border Brexit issue" 9002: 8919: 8245: 8193: 7619:

Transforming the peace process in Northern Ireland: from terrorism to democratic politics

6974: 6227: 3506: 2914: 2895: 2842: 2834: 2498: 1960: 1933: 1831: 1573: 1336: 907: 861: 853: 595:, who were at best agnostic on the union, while in the west of the province (in counties 503: 499: 488: 399: 285: 225: 217: 113:, which concluded three decades of political violence, unionists have shared office with 12248: 9577: 8920:"Border poll to be decided by those with "least commitment to the constitutional issue"" 6620: 5482: 2937: 471: 12448: 12381: 12376: 12303: 12286: 12204: 11891: 11886: 11819: 11448: 11316: 11266: 11203: 11178: 11174: 11092: 11036: 10949: 10891: 10831: 10459: 9912: 9269: 7873: 7706: 6740: 5930: 5922: 5566: 5558: 5425: 5182: 5143: 4815: 4807: 4669: 4661: 4626: 4618: 4392: 4384: 4116: 4108: 4061: 3953: 3707: 3600: 3592: 3392: 3357: 3349: 3270: 2880: 2722: 2660: 2225: 1894: 1632: 1596: 1397: 1378: 1324: 1234: 1100: 922: 888: 656: 364: 312:

majority. The high point of this parliamentary patriotism was the formation during the

277: 197:

with little domestic opposition and outside of the governing party-political system at

141: 114: 9720:"Northern Ireland: Is Brexit a Threat to the Peace Process and the Soft Irish Border?" 8173: 2076:, in which the bulk of his old party stood as Official Unionists with William Craig's 1360: 1240:

There had long been discussion of giving "an option to Ulster". As early as 1843, The

1016:, it was northern employers who undertook the real political and organisational work. 417:, observed that this broke the link between Catholic inclusion and democratic reform. 12479: 12409: 12129: 11991: 11856: 11762: 11712: 11627: 11488: 11402: 10911: 10901: 10794: 10671: 10644: 10620: 10092: 9916: 9904: 9313: 9250: 9210: 9199: 9177: 9147: 9122: 9063: 8950: 8862: 8767: 8420: 8365: 8309: 8287: 8147: 8061: 7976: 7918: 7853: 7829: 7622: 7597: 7572: 7544: 7351: 7326: 7294: 7268: 7135: 7087: 7062: 7037: 6823: 6798: 6477: 6372: 6332: 6272: 6219: 6196: 6156: 6120: 6093: 6051: 6024: 5934: 5914: 5838: 5787: 5762: 5652: 5618: 5570: 5550: 5417: 5305: 5280: 5240: 5215: 5205: 5174: 5135: 5102: 5077: 5016: 4991: 4957: 4920: 4890: 4865: 4819: 4799: 4758: 4707:"The Gaelic Revival Movement in East Belfast – Great War Gaeilgeoirí of East Belfast" 4673: 4630: 4581: 4540: 4515: 4442: 4396: 4376: 4317: 4279: 4242: 4194: 4120: 4100: 4065: 4053: 4014: 3939: 3901: 3804: 3779: 3739: 3672: 3630: 3604: 3584: 3547: 3470: 3415: 3384: 3361: 3341: 3300: 3262: 3229: 3204: 3176: 3133: 3106: 3056: 2910: 2899: 2747: 2718: 2695: 2683: 2430: 2386: 2280: 2238: 2230: 2198: 2186: 2121: 1902: 1846: 1500:

formed its first (minority) government in 1924 led by a man who in 1905 had been the

1497: 1352: 1266: 1183: 1175: 1160: 934: 857: 760: 723: 680: 340: 171: 145: 11985: 11722: 10332: 8825:"The politics of neither: how Northern Ireland is shunning unionism and nationalism" 7877: 7239: 7191: 6515: 2271:, the B&ICO dissolved its Campaign for Labour Representation in 1993. A broader 972: 12338: 12318: 12139: 12094: 11468: 11149: 11131: 11018: 10896: 10862: 10527: 10443: 9896: 9731: 8579:"The details of the Stormont deal that allowed the DUP and Sinn Féin to climb down" 7865: 7506: 5906: 5542: 5409: 4949: 4791: 4653: 4610: 4368: 4092: 4043: 3845: 3837: 3576: 3333: 2751: 2656: 1937: 1913: 1861: 1513: 1509: 1493: 1437: 1420: 1374: 1320: 1274: 1194: 1036: 1013: 604: 538: 182: 122: 98: 10057: 7869: 6369:

The Autobiography of Terence O'Neill: Prime Minister of Northern Ireland 1963–1969

4035: 2772:

continued to veto a return to devolved power-sharing, the legislation foreseen in

2116: 1584:

instruction would only be permitted after school hours and with parental consent.

1552:, a North Belfast independent, was a one-man unionist opposition. In the 1938 the 1186:

with German rifles, was not appearing on the same weapons and explosives charges.

264: 12438: 12366: 12361: 12191: 12069: 11996: 11637: 11321: 11296: 10836: 10410: 9473: 9295: 9276: 8180: 8087: 8043: 7684: 7246: 7223: 7174: 7113: 6913: 6894: 6606: 6234: 6175:

The Government of Northern Ireland: Public Finance and Public Services, 1921–1964

6116:

The British Labour Party and the Establishment of the Irish Free State, 1918–1924

6075: 5234: 5163:"The Irish parliamentary party, industrial relations and the 1913 Dublin Lockout" 5071: 4914: 4436: 4135: 3412:

The Dissenting Voice: Protestant Democracy in Ulster from Plantation to Partition

3127: 2887: 2450: 2194: 2147: 2077: 2034: 1975: 1753: 1702:

initial order to disperse. The day ended with street battles in Derry's Catholic

1620: 1549: 1461: 1343: 1255: 1218: 1209: 1125: 1060: 1044: 1028: 1020: 921:

was "a last straw". In February 1905, they learned that his undersecretary, Sir

842: 731: 564: 530: 522: 344: 320:

and, as that militia paraded in Dublin, the securing in 1782 of the parliament's

190: 159: 10311:"Michelle O'Neill appointed Northern Ireland's first nationalist first minister" 9861: 9537: 7765:"Ian Paisley death: He was lauded and reviled ... but a key figure of our times" 6906: 4835:"The Catholic Church and the early Home Rule movement in a Four Nations context" 4298:

Rituals and Riots: Sectarian Violence and Political Culture in Ulster, 1784–1886

1822:. The Ulster Unionist Party split. Pro-O'Neill candidates picked up Liberal and 1303:

The 1918 general election result in Ireland. Sinn Féin sweeps the south and west

12573: 12469: 12308: 12296: 12074: 11137: 11121: 11071: 10661: 10367: 9764: 7371: 7106: 6763: 6023:. The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queens University Belfast. 35–36, p. 35. 5754: 4339:

Irish Unionism 2: Ulster Unionism and the Origins of Northern Ireland 1886–1922

3771: 2849: 2734: 2703: 2538: 1956: 1945: 1803: 1683: 1501: 1237:

the Lords now only had the power of delay. Home Rule would become law in 1914.

1087: 918: 827: 808: 780: 309: 240: 106: 62: 38: 10694: 8282:

Richard English (1995), "Unionism and nationalism: the notion of symmetry" in

7677: 7510: 6443: 5910: 4795: 4657: 4614: 4372: 4040:

Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique. French Journal of British Studies

3997:

Ireland under the Union: varieties of tension: Essays in honour of T. W. Moody

3337: 1814:

With members of his cabinet urging him to call Wilson's "bluff", and facing a

1745: 1351:. Acting on their mandate, Sinn Féin MPs met in Dublin in January 1919 as the 12587: 12124: 11957: 11831: 11306: 11291: 10548: 10438: 9908: 9719: 9126: 8866: 8771: 7980: 7795:"Ian Paisley death: Third Force 'were a motley crew of teens and farmers...'" 6578: 6193:

Dissenting Voices: Rediscovering the Irish Progressive Presbyterian Tradition

5918: 5554: 5421: 5402:"'Suffrage First, Above All Else!' An Account of the Irish Suffrage Movement" 5178: 5139: 4803: 4380: 4104: 4057: 3936:

Dissenting Voices: Rediscovering the Irish Progressive Presbyterian Tradition

3588: 3388: 3345: 3266: 2868: 2864: 2755: 2569: 2552: 2478: 2359: 2347: 2321: 2313: 1807: 1600: 1541: 1332: 1278: 1242: 1226: 1179: 1171: 1167: 993: 895: 833:

For the express purpose of relieving poverty and reducing emigration, in the

817: 747: 608: 596: 496: 448: 332: 213: 9885:"Brexit and the Irish border issue : from May's deal to Johnson's deal" 9884: 6996: 5327:"The Ulster Crisis and the Emergence of the Ulster Women's Unionist Council" 5219: 4953: 4036:"Irish Home Rule and Constitutional Reform in the British Empire, 1885–1914" 3841: 2765:

might imply) they define themselves, "in effect", as a scheduled ethnicity.

1909:, were flown to London for what proved to be unsuccessful negotiations with 466: 386:

1899 penny print of Henry Cooke's 1841 speech in "reply to Daniel O'Connell"

170:

and its hinterlands as Ulster unionism and prepared an armed resistance—the

12278: 12214: 12209: 12119: 12102: 11927: 11866: 11356: 11341: 10841: 10285:"Government deal with the DUP to restore power sharing in Northern Ireland" 5236:

The Political Economy of the Irish Welfare State: Church, State and Capital

2785: 2686:(1995–2001), for Robinson and Arlene Foster it was the similarly drawn-out 2509: 2445: 2294: 2095:(UWC), called a general strike. Within two weeks the UWC, supported by the 2054: 1917: 1707: 1698: 1592: 1521: 1312: 1136: 1090:(who had held their first party conference in Belfast in 1907) or with the 1075: 1052: 1040: 985: 752: 669: 635: 600: 588: 584: 515: 480: 456: 441: 414: 328: 209: 148: 10714: 7156:

Londonderry Revisited. A Loyalist Analysis of the Civil Rights Controversy

6006:, Oxford, Institute of Contemporary British History/Basil Blackwell, p. 55 5895:"The captive dominion: imperial realities behind Irish diplomacy, 1922—49" 5124:"Taking its natural place: Labour and the third Home Rule crisis, 1912–14" 4941: 4862:

The Roman Catholic Church and the Home Rule Movement in Ireland, 1870–1874

2647: 1524:, and the policy of deferring to Irish parties was maintained after 1921. 1348: 126: 12415: 12328: 12027: 11971: 11932: 11193: 10932: 10363: 9824:"Arlene Foster says North must leave EU on same terms as rest of Britain" 7594:

The Second Coming of Paisley: Militant Fundamentalism and Ulster Politics

7216: 7192:"Ireland v. The United Kingdom – 5310/71 (1978) ECHR 1 (18 January 1978)" 7167: 4465:. Richard English, Graham Walker eds., Macmillan London. pp. 19–40. p. 20 3924:, 2nd Revised Edition London: Frank Cass, p. 3, n. 1. ISBN 978-0714614793 3878: 3580: 2573: 2560: 2434: 2305:

contesting elections. Support for the SDLP continues to be party policy.

2137: 2101: 1941: 1929: 1906: 1890: 1815: 1792: 1780: 1757: 1693:

proposed a march in Derry. When a sectarian confrontation threatened—the

1299: 1132: 1072: 989: 948: 770:

While references to Catholics were conciliatory the Convention resolved:

484: 377: 297: 281: 163: 46: 6217:

Holding the Ground: The Nationalist Party in Northern Ireland, 1945–1972

5926: 5894: 5186: 5162: 5147: 5123: 4811: 4779: 4665: 4622: 4601:(November 1987). "Irish Unionism and the Russellite Threat, 1894–1906". 4388: 4356: 3671:. Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 145. 3596: 3568: 3396: 3376: 3274: 3250: 3103:

Irish Politics and Social Conflict in the Age of the American Revolution

2592:—at 40% the combined nationalist vote remained below the 42% secured in 1269:. On 23 September, the second Ulster Day, he accepted Chairmanship of a 910:, both avowed unionists, and of the Orange Order Grand Master, the Rev. 541:. Fifty-nine members were returned to Westminster where they sat as the 12509: 12032: 11942: 11906: 11896: 11702: 10784: 10470: 9553:"'Historic milestone' passed as Irish language legislation becomes law" 8947:

Belfast and Derry in Revolt: a New History of the Start of the Troubles

6474:

Belfast and Derry in Revolt: a New History of the Start of the Troubles

5562: 5530: 5429: 5401: 4887:

The Cross of Saint Patrick – The Catholic Unionist Tradition in Ireland

4112: 3353: 3321: 2903: 2691: 2456: 2394:

the procedural rules of the new Assembly. Either can insist (through a

2334:

have since contested elections on their own. Their 4 candidates in the

1952: 1885: 1854: 1850: 688: 592: 445: 305: 12153: 9736: 7969:"Labour not running candidates in NI elections is disappointing: Hoey" 7735:"Troubled past: the paramilitary connection that still haunts the DUP" 7240:'Bloody Sunday', Derry 30 January 1972 – Names of the Dead and Injured 7034:

Northern Ireland and the Algerian Analogy: Suitable Case for Gaullism?

4780:"The Irish Council Bill and the Fall of Sir Antony MacDonnell, 1906-7" 4461:

Graham Walker (1996) "Thomas Sinclair: Presbyterian Liberal Unionist"

4048: 3850: 1998: 1428:(1924–1974). Escutcheon flanked by the Scottish lion and an Irish Elk. 726:, part of a larger Liberal break with Gladstone, entered Saunderson's 292:. Confined on a narrow franchise to landed members of the established 12541: 12262: 12046: 11901: 11876: 11851: 11276: 10260:"Northern Ireland first minister resigns over Brexit checks on goods" 9900: 8246:"CAIN: Events: The Sunningdale Agreement – Chronology of Main Events" 3381:

Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society

2802: 2768:

In 2022, over the objections of unionists who in protest against the

2667:

In disclaiming any "selfish or strategic" British interest, the 1994

2466: 2309: 2268: 1924: 1742: 1655: 1647: 1465: 1410: 1019:

Unlike the southern landowners who were politically opposed by their

764: 692: 673: 665: 352: 12227: 11947: 7824:

Gudgin, Graham (1995). "Peace beyond Paper". In Foster, John (ed.).

5546: 5413: 4946:

Unionism in Modern Ireland: New Perspectives on Politics and Culture

4687:

McKay, Edna (1992). "The Housing of the Working Classes 1883–1916".

4096: 2816:

2016 referendum on the future of UK membership in the European Union

2461:

In October 2006 the DUP and Sinn Féin found an accommodation in the

1826:

votes but won only a plurality of seats. In his own constituency of

1771:, Paisley saw himself treading in the path of the "greatest son" of 1654:, some sensed a wider conspiracy. Speaking to Labour MPs in London, 1182:

created an uproar by demanding to know why James Craig, then arming

883:

as the champion of the Ulster Farmers and Labourers Union. With the

755:

of Down, always progressive in their politics ... the old-fashioned

12453: 12386: 12051: 11937: 11881: 11286: 10400: 10089:

The Twilight of Unionism: Ulster and the future of Northern Ireland

7001: 6935: 5857:

Hansard (Vol 127, cc 925–1036 925), House of Commons, 29 March 1920

2879:

was "the worst of all worlds". Citing free-trade provisions of the

2838: 2325: 1827: 1735: 1731: 1445: 1382: 1163:

would make no such undertaking with regard to a Dublin parliament.

568: 382: 293: 102: 70: 10689: 8635:"Northern Ireland election results: 'Pan-nationalist front again'" 8286:. John Wilson Foster ed.. Belcouver Press, Vancouver. pp, 135–139 7348:

Fourteen May Days: The Inside Story of the Loyalist Strike of 1974

7084:

Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture

5040: 2011:

In October 1972 the British government brought out a Green Paper,

105:

region within the United Kingdom and to resist the prospect of an

50:

Hazards of separation from Great Britain. Unionist postcard (1912)

30:

This article is about political unionism. For trade unionism, see

12371: 12356: 12255: 12042: 12022: 10996: 10965: 10709: 6546:"Exit Dr. Craig the Evangelical – Enter Dr. Craig the Ecumenical" 6294:"Lord Londonderry and Education Reform in 1920s Northern Ireland" 4425:, pp. 79–91. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. pp. 90–91 2687: 2577: 1703: 899: 872: 684: 521:

For unionism the more momentous challenge lay in the wake of the

409:

At the same time, the security in Ireland for emancipation was a

167: 66: 9967:"Arlene Foster accuses PM of breaking his word over Brexit deal" 7497:

J. Todd (1987). "Two Traditions in Unionist Political Culture".

7281: 6050:. John Wilson Foster ed.. Belcouver Press, Vancouver, pp. 8–19. 4940:

Burnett, David (1996), English, Richard; Walker, Graham (eds.),

2841:

with a proposal that Northern Ireland, alone, continue with the

2619:

with the full range of local parties, Alliance secured 13.5% of

714:

In February 1886, playing, in his own words, the "Orange card",

304:"), the parliament denied equal protection and public office to 12241: 12234: 12079: 12012: 11871: 9513:"Newton Emerson: Mind your language – unionists are now a race" 9486:"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148" 2823: 2819: 2576:, now have "significant Protestant majorities", and only one – 2172: 1643: 1619:

in Great Britain to ensure universal access. The Victorian-era

1449: 1386: 944: 848:

Greater reform followed when, with the support of the splinter

244: 166:

this broad opposition to Irish self-government concentrated in

7059:

Rethinking Northern Ireland: Culture, Ideology and Colonialism

6019:(1994). "Irish Unionism, 1905–1921". In Collins, Peter (ed.). 1986:

in Derry (20 January 1972) being the most notorious incident.

1951:

With London, unionist credibility on security did not survive

12291: 11861: 10927: 9854:"Conservatives agree pact with DUP to support May government" 8889:"Alliance has enjoyed an upturn... and it isn't slowing down" 8194:"Section 42, Northern Ireland Act 1998: Petitions of concern" 6733:"Civil Rights Rioting in Northern Ireland Leaves 117 Injured" 5672: 5500:"The brutes – Mrs Metge and the Lisburn Cathedral, bomb 1914" 4265:, London: British Broadcasting Corporation, pp. 92–100, p. 94 1993: 1055:, again was not the choice of employers. The campaign of the 1047:

and woman's suffrage In 1902, Johnston's successor as MP for

1035:, to Westminster. Johnston proceeded to propose and vote for 571:

intensified. From 1879 it was organised by the direct-action

411:

fivefold increase in the threshold for the property franchise

308:(non-Anglican Protestants) and to the Kingdom's dispossessed 74: 9335:"Loyalists hold Stormont protest against Irish Language Act" 9289:"Northern Ireland Orange Order leaders warn of cultural war" 4884: 4477:

The Great Convention: the Ulster Unionist Convention of 1892

3868:, London: British Broadcasting Corporation, pp. 79–91, p. 87 2263:

of partition and their critical support for the UWC Strike.

1955:, introduced at the insistence of Stormont government under 390:

It took the Union thirty years to deliver on the promise of

9578:"Language and identity laws could spell significant change" 9000: 7541:

God, Guns, and Ulster: A History of Loyalist Paramilitaries

7526:

The Edge of the Union: The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision

7372:"Ulster Workers' Council Strike – Chronology of the Strike" 5784:

The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923

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London: Longman. p. 77. 3458: 3403: 3069:Northern Ireland Unionist Party 2983:Conservative and Unionist Party 2955:Irish Loyal and Patriotic Union 1002:The 6th Marquess of Londonderry 707:as a Liberal, donned an Orange 12599:History of Ireland (1801–1923) 11367:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 9860:. 26 June 2017. Archived from 9249:. London: Methuen. p. 2. 6967:"History – Operation Motorman" 5529:Shepard, Walter James (1912). 4079:Shepard, Walter James (1912). 3922:Gladstone and the Irish Nation 3826:"The Irish Reform Act of 1868" 3320:Geoghegan, Patrick M. (2000). 3313: 3255:The Catholic Historical Review 3242: 3164: 3119: 3094: 2706:". In insisting on parity for 2611:and from 7.9% to 16.8% in the 2413:of 1985 and again in the 1993 2332:Northern Ireland Conservatives 2273:Campaign for Equal Citizenship 2013:The Future of Northern Ireland 1980:European Court of Human Rights 1691:Derry Housing Action Committee 1520:had decided not stand against 1442:Government of Northern Ireland 1368:Government of Ireland Act 1920 1057:Belfast Protestant Association 109:. Within the framework of the 32:Irish Congress of Trade Unions 13: 1: 11429: 10172:McBride, Sam (30 June 2021). 8364:. Random House. p. 353. 7870:10.1080/13619462.2014.1002774 7325:. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. 7217:The Parker Report, March 1972 7168:The Parker Report, March 1972 6113:Gibbons, I. (16 April 2015). 5097:Ryan, Alfred Patrick (1956). 4757:. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. 4733:Dictionary of Irish Biography 4565:The Shaping of Modern Ireland 3778:. London: MacGibbon and Kee. 3654:. 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(2003). 4134:Chamberlain, Joseph (1887). 4009:Hoppen, K. Theodore (1999). 3665:McCaffrey, Lawrence (1976). 3465:Hoppen, K. Theodore (1989). 3160:. London: Faber & Faber. 3027:United Ulster Unionist Party 2833:The party's ten MPs enabled 2535:Religion in Northern Ireland 2338:polled a total 5,433 votes. 2299:National Executive Committee 2159:Ulster Protestant Volunteers 2091:, a loyalist coalition, the 1452:, Belfast had a two-chamber 1288: 314:American War of Independence 234:Northern Ireland legislature 158:of 1886 and 1893. Joined by 97:its goal has been to retain 7: 11818: 11403:Gaelic clothing and fashion 11035: 8887:Tonge, Jon (7 March 2020). 8823:Lowry, Ben (25 June 2019). 8664:Manley, John (2 May 2015). 7649:. Belfast: Blacksaff Press. 6706:McCormack, Vincent (2013). 6394:Studies, an Irish Quarterly 6329:History of Northern Ireland 6269:Northern Ireland Since 1945 6004:Northern Ireland Since 1968 5325:Women's Museum of Ireland. 4727:Geoghegan, Patrick (2009). 4239:Northern Ireland since 1948 3375:MacAtasney, Gerard (2007). 3101:O'Connell, Maurice (2007). 2810:, Sandy Row, Belfast, 2021. 2798:Brexit and the Irish border 2643:Defence of unionist culture 2520:Unionism as a minority bloc 2506:an Executive with Sinn Féin 2501:as McGuinness's successor. 2446:raid on Sinn Féin's offices 1672:Campaign for Social Justice 1576:for a further forty years. 1199:equal voting rights in 1928 1105:National Insurance Act 1911 1092:Irish Trades Union Congress 898:was formed in 1895 in east 824:Chief Secretary for Ireland 440:or, as they later emerged, 276:In the last decades of the 195:Northern Ireland Parliament 10: 12635: 10744:Scottish national identity 10616:English Constitution Party 10486:Traditional Unionist Voice 9432:"New Decade, New Approach" 9058:Mac Póilin, Aodán (2018). 7939:"Labour NI ban overturned" 7900:Against Ulster Nationalism 7898:Clifford, Brendan (1982). 7289:O'Malley, Padraig (1983). 6889:Gillespie, Gordon. 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(1977). 3075:Traditional Unionist Voice 3033:Progressive Unionist Party 2933:Unionist political parties 2927:Northern Ireland executive 2795: 2669:Downing Street Declaration 2634:Since O'Neill, who in the 2528: 2514:Traditional Unionist Voice 2442:decommissioning their arms 2415:Downing Street Declaration 2342:1998 Good Friday Agreement 2106:Northern Ireland Secretary 2097:Ulster Defence Association 1911:Northern Ireland Secretary 1609:post-War Labour government 1396:Writing to Prime Minister 1292: 1249:The Case Against Home Rule 1126:Solemn League and Covenant 998:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 932: 697:Loyalist Anti-Repeal Union 652:Government of Ireland Bill 573:Irish National Land League 36: 29: 12563: 12462: 12400: 12337: 12277: 12190: 12138: 12093: 12060: 12005: 11970: 11920: 11839: 11830: 11826: 11813: 11748: 11651: 11620: 11616: 11603: 11513: 11441: 11437: 11424: 11375: 11163: 11047: 11043: 11030: 11006: 10920: 10882: 10875: 10855: 10827: 10820: 10777: 10739: 10732: 10682: 10640: 10633: 10608: 10573:English national identity 10568: 10561: 10541: 10523: 10516: 10505:in their official makeup. 10466:Democratic Unionist Party 10431: 10386:British national identity 10381: 10374: 7511:10.1080/07907188708406434 7222:22 September 2011 at the 7173:22 September 2011 at the 6744:. 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This 2336:2019 Westminster election 2224:, that included strikes, 2218:Democratic Unionist Party 2128:(Victory to the Red Hand) 2044:Having drawn on both the 1876:Imposition of direct rule 1769:Irish Council of Churches 1627:1960s: reform and protest 1377:. Under the terms of the 1191:women's franchise in 1918 701:Colonel Edward Saunderson 583:, Gladstone conceded the 543:Irish Parliamentary Party 504:League of North and South 459:candidates of the landed 431:3rd Marquess of Downshire 249:Northern Ireland Protocol 119:Northern Ireland Assembly 10449:British Democratic Party 10289:Institute for Government 9718:Berberi, Carine (2017). 9681:Tonge, Jonathan (2005). 9472:25 December 2009 at the 9172:Tonge, Jonathan (2002). 8046:BBC News, 25 March 2010. 7661:The Downing Street Years 7592:Jordan, Richard (2013). 7036:. 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(1971). 3934:Courtney, Roger (2013). 3776:Isaac Butt and Home Rule 3567:McMinn, Richard (1981). 3410:Campbell, Flann (1991). 3297:Modern Ireland 1600–1972 2948:Irish Conservative Party 2892:2019 UK general election 2763:New Decade, New Approach 2743:New Decade, New Approach 2659:with a six-county star, 2495:New Decade, New Approach 2155:Ulster Protestant Action 2050:Northern Ireland, Labour 1765:Free Presbyterian Church 1763:As Moderator of his own 1750:Her Majesty's Opposition 1695:Apprentice Boys of Derry 1640:New University of Ulster 1069:Independent Orange Order 767:... united as one man." 620:Third Reform Act of 1884 579:. In 1881, in a further 508:William Sharman Crawford 479:Up to, and through, the 322:legislative independence 255:Irish Unionism 1800–1904 37:Not to be confused with 12524:Prostitution (Republic) 10887:Welsh national identity 10790:Scottish National Party 10087:Bell, Geoffrey (2022). 9488:. Conventions.coe.int. 8726:Morrow, Duncan (2019). 8337:. 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(1966). 3490:Connolly, Sean (1985). 2968:Irish Unionist Alliance 2921:(DUP) were sworn in as 2774:New Decade New Approach 2730:New Decade New Approach 2586:Westminster MPs in 2019 2291:Labour Party Conference 2205:, with a locally based 2189:signed an agreement at 2185:In 1985 Prime Minister 2093:Ulster Workers' Council 1617:National Health Service 1097:Trade Disputes Act 1906 1080:Belfast Lockout of 1907 982:Ulster Unionist Council 877:Irish Unionist Alliance 728:Irish Unionist Alliance 716:Lord Randolph Churchill 660:"complete separation". 577:Charles Stewart Parnell 550:William Ewart Gladstone 493:Independent Irish Party 230:loyalist paramilitaries 11393:List of Irish kingdoms 10454:British National Party 9763:McQuade, Owen (2017). 9298:BBC News. 12 July 2013 9119:BelfastTelegraph.co.uk 8859:BelfastTelegraph.co.uk 8503:"Ian Paisley's speech" 8335:estudiosirlandeses.org 8304:Lerner, Hanna (2011). 8269:Austen Morgan (2011), 7973:BelfastTelegraph.co.uk 7346:Anderson, Don (1994). 7321:Devlin, Paddy (1993). 7132:INLA: Deadly Divisions 7130:Holland, Jack (1994). 7082:Howe, Stephen (2000). 7057:Miller, David (1998). 7032:Roberts, Hugh (1986). 6650:digitalfilmarchive.net 6605:2 January 2016 at the 6500:McCann, Eamon (1993). 6292:Fleming, Neil (2001). 6249:Ulster under Home Rule 6067:Lowry, Donal, (2022)." 5980:"Despair in Ireland", 5446:Kelly, Vivien (1996). 5352:Kelly, Vivien (1996). 4860:Larkin, Emmet (2011). 4355:Savage, D. C. (1961). 4295:Farrell, Sean (2000). 3973:McMinn, R. B. (1983). 3898:Atlas of Irish History 3299:. London: Allen Lane. 3295:Foster, R. F. (1988). 2961:Liberal Unionist Party 2942: 2855:European Single Market 2811: 2708:Ulster Scots or Ullans 2664: 2621:first-preference votes 2617:2022 Assembly election 2609:May European elections 2548: 2375:amend its Constitution 2352:Good Friday, Agreement 2286:in the 1998 Assembly. 2182: 2129: 2030: 2008: 1866:Ulster Volunteer Force 1738: 1665:civil rights movements 1545: 1429: 1307:On 4 August 1914, the 1304: 1271:Provisional Government 1222: 1120: 1006:Trinity College Dublin 977: 850:Liberal Unionist Party 800: 777: 703:, who had represented 647: 476: 387: 273: 270:Battle of Ballynahinch 222:1998 Belfast Agreement 162:labour, on the eve of 111:1998 Belfast Agreement 51: 12500:Mass media (Republic) 12444:National coat of arms 11332:IRA Northern Campaign 10807:Scottish independence 10501:which do not mention 10491:UK Independence Party 10481:Patriotic Alternative 9799:. BBC. 24 June 2016. 9658:. 12 September 2007. 9602:. BBC. 5 March 2016. 8360:Adams, Gerry (2003). 8042:28 March 2010 at the 7826:The Idea of the Union 7771:. 12 September 2015. 7524:Bruce, Steve (1994). 7263:White, Barry (1984). 7245:6 August 2011 at the 7154:Kingsley, P. (1989). 7061:. London: Routledge. 6878:Mainstream Publishing 6502:War and an Irish Town 6233:11 March 2010 at the 6215:Brendan Lynn (1979), 6074:15 March 2022 at the 5957:Utley, T. E. (1975). 5893:Lowry, Donal (2008). 5498:Toal, Ciaran (2014). 5481:Hogg, Elaine (2017). 5275:Hill, Myrtle (2003). 5260:Gordon, Lucy (1989). 5099:Mutiny at the Curragh 4475:Lucy, Gordon (1995). 4316:. London: Macmillan. 4214:Gibbon, Paul (1969). 4034:Mohr, Thomas (2019). 3830:Parliamentary History 3542:Hall, Gerald (2011). 3051:UK Independence Party 2976:Ulster Unionist Party 2940: 2805: 2796:Further information: 2650: 2546: 2525:Unionist demographics 2411:Anglo-Irish Agreement 2214:Ulster Unionist Party 2180: 2119: 2089:Sunningdale Agreement 2062:Sunningdale Agreement 2017: 2006: 1799:were to be reviewed. 1773:Irish Presbyterianism 1729: 1714:Opposition to O'Neill 1539: 1488:MPs took their party 1486:Ulster Unionist Party 1423: 1333:Dublin in Easter 1916 1302: 1212: 1205:1912 Home Rule Crisis 1118: 1029:new workingman's vote 975: 912:Richard Rutledge Kane 904:John Baptiste Crozier 826:, Salisbury's nephew 794: 787:Constructive Unionism 772: 739:second Home Rule bill 638: 474: 392:Catholic emancipation 385: 363:was dropped from the 361:Catholic emancipation 302:Protestant Ascendancy 267: 260:The Act of Union 1800 187:Ulster Unionist Party 156:Irish Home Rule Bills 83:Catholic Emancipation 49: 12422:County coats of arms 12314:List of Irish people 11388:List of Irish tribes 11238:Cromwellian conquest 11224:Plantation of Ulster 11155:Ireland (since 1922) 10705:Republican Sinn Féin 10178:www.newsletter.co.uk 10003:. 24 November 2018. 9765:"The DUP and Brexit" 9308:Blair, Tony (2007). 9294:10 July 2020 at the 9275:3 March 2016 at the 8861:. 17 February 2017. 8641:. 13 December 2019. 8392:. CAIN Web Service. 8112:"A very Good Friday" 7474:. CAIN Web Service. 7411:. CAIN Web Service. 7378:. 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Lindsay Crawford 835:Congested Districts 807:successor in 1886, 672:— "Home Rule means 489:Tenant Right League 224:, under which both 218:Republic of Ireland 79:Protestant minority 55:Unionism in Ireland 12574:Ireland portal 11892:Skirts and kidneys 11398:List of High Kings 11317:Anglo-Irish Treaty 11257:First Great Famine 11242:Settlement of 1652 11214:Tyrone's Rebellion 11204:Desmond Rebellions 11093:Kingdom of Ireland 10950:Welsh independence 10847:Two nations theory 9938:europarl.europa.eu 9632:. 20 February 2016 9121:. 9 January 2019. 9060:Our Tangled Speech 8583:Prospect Magazine] 8198:legislation.gov.uk 7945:. 1 October 2003. 7707:The New York Times 7539:Wood, Ian (2003). 7009:. 1 January 2003. 6741:The New York Times 5408:(10): (21–36) 30. 4226:(55): (20–41), 31. 3732:Bew, Paul (2007). 3224:Bew, John (2011). 2943: 2812: 2723:Irish Language Act 2665: 2661:Red Hand of Ulster 2549: 2488:Assembly elections 2261:Two-nations Theory 2226:civil disobedience 2183: 2130: 2080:and Paisley's new 2009: 1934:Mandated Palestine 1895:Operation Motorman 1843:People's Democracy 1797:Special Powers Act 1739: 1597:Lord Brookeborough 1546: 1484:were content that 1430: 1398:David Lloyd George 1379:Anglo-Irish Treaty 1305: 1223: 1121: 978: 929:Catholic unionists 923:Anthony MacDonnell 908:John St Clair Boyd 869:Thomas Russell, MP 801: 648: 640:God Save the Queen 477: 388: 278:Kingdom of Ireland 274: 183:separate statehood 115:Irish nationalists 52: 12614:Irish irredentism 12581: 12580: 12559: 12558: 12555: 12554: 11966: 11965: 11857:Bacon and cabbage 11809: 11808: 11805: 11804: 11676:Foreign relations 11599: 11598: 11595: 11594: 11526:Notable buildings 11420: 11419: 11416: 11415: 10963: 10962: 10959: 10958: 10953: 10871: 10870: 10816: 10815: 10810: 10795:Siol nan Gaidheal 10728: 10727: 10629: 10628: 10621:English Democrats 10557: 10556: 10512: 10511: 10506: 10317:. 3 February 2024 10291:. 1 February 2024 10149:. 11 March 2020. 9737:10.4000/rfcb.1370 9630:Belfast Telegraph 9370:Belfast Telegraph 9339:Belfast Telegraph 9319:978-0-09-192555-0 9152:cain.ulster.ac.uk 9089:Belfast Telegraph 8956:978-1-78855-093-2 8893:Belfast Telegraph 8539:. 17 April 2008. 8426:978-0-19-870577-2 8390:cain.ulster.ac.uk 8250:cain.ulster.ac.uk 8148:Irish Independent 7799:Belfast Telegraph 7769:Belfast Telegraph 7472:cain.ulster.ac.uk 7409:cain.ulster.ac.uk 7376:cain.ulster.ac.uk 7274:978-0-85640-317-0 6829:978-1-84018-504-1 6768:cain.ulster.ac.uk 6678:cain.ulster.ac.uk 6483:978-1-78855-093-2 6338:978-0-7171-1069-8 6161:978-0-7190-9601-3 6126:978-1-137-44408-0 6099:978-1-904558-05-7 5959:Lessons of Ulster 5793:978-1-139-10684-9 5584:The Northern Whig 5311:978-1-84631-635-7 5246:978-1-4473-3291-6 5108:978-7-230-01130-3 5083:978-0-7453-0326-0 4963:978-0-230-50984-9 4926:978-0-901905-94-9 4582:James Winder Good 4448:978-0-85773-652-9 4423:Ulster Since 1800 4323:978-0-312-22032-7 4276:Ireland 1868–1966 4263:Ulster Since 1800 4049:10.4000/rfcb.3900 3866:Ulster Since 1800 3553:978-1-84682-202-5 3544:Ulster Liberalism 3332:: (243–258) 258. 3210:978-1-84631-635-7 3139:978-0-330-42759-3 3057:UK Unionist Party 2911:Windsor Framework 2900:Jeffrey Donaldson 2748:Council of Europe 2719:Nelson McCausland 2431:Martin McGuinness 2398:) on decision by 2281:UK Unionist Party 2250:UK-party unionism 2239:Ulster Resistance 2231:Belfast City Hall 2199:Garret FitzGerald 2187:Margaret Thatcher 2122:Red Hand Commando 1903:Martin McGuinness 1899:Seán Mac Stíofáin 1847:Burntollet Bridge 1727: 1566:Nationalist Party 1472:and advised by a 1468:represented by a 1267:Ulster Volunteers 1229:, introduced the 1184:Ulster Volunteers 1176:Lisburn Cathedral 1045:the secret ballot 1037:labour protection 953:South Londonderry 935:Catholic unionist 858:Sir Edward Carson 724:Liberal Unionists 567:of the 1870s the 531:the secret ballot 341:republican France 172:Ulster Volunteers 16:(Redirected from 12626: 12572: 12571: 12570: 12249:Tuatha Dé Danann 11837: 11836: 11828: 11827: 11815: 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4406: 4404: 4367:(47): 185–208. 4353: 4346: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4310: 4306: 4293: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4235: 4231: 4220:New Left Review 4212: 4208: 4201: 4187: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4132: 4128: 4097:10.2307/1944652 4077: 4073: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4007: 4003: 3994: 3990: 3971: 3967: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3932: 3928: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3894: 3890: 3876: 3872: 3863: 3859: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3772:Thornley, David 3769: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3746: 3730: 3726: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3679: 3663: 3659: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3623: 3612: 3575:(21): 127–146. 3565: 3561: 3554: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3509: 3503: 3499: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3438:Andrew Holmes. 3436: 3429: 3422: 3408: 3404: 3373: 3369: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3293: 3282: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3169: 3165: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3099: 3095: 3090: 2935: 2888:Get-Brexit-Done 2857:and behind the 2806:Protesting the 2800: 2794: 2788:on December 6. 2694:was flown from 2645: 2541: 2527: 2522: 2459: 2451:Denis Donaldson 2344: 2252: 2195:Irish Taoiseach 2175: 2114: 2078:Ulster Vanguard 2035:James Molyneaux 2001: 1996: 1976:five techniques 1884:The example of 1878: 1754:Pope John XXIII 1718: 1716: 1680:Communist Party 1633:Terence O'Neill 1629: 1550:Tommy Henderson 1534: 1462:Sir James Craig 1418: 1413: 1361:Éamon de Valera 1344:Coupon Election 1323:and Connolly's 1297: 1291: 1219:Ulster Covenant 1207: 1113: 1078:, in the great 1061:Catholic Church 1027:Exercising the 970: 968:Unionist labour 965: 937: 931: 889:William O'Brien 843:Horace Plunkett 789: 743:Thomas Sinclair 633: 565:Long Depression 523:Reform Act 1867 512:James MacKnight 497:Young Irelander 469: 422:New Reformation 380: 345:United Irishmen 337:Lord Lieutenant 296:communion (the 286:Irish Patriots. 262: 257: 236:and executive. 191:devolved powers 95:Ulster unionism 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Ulster unionism 15: 12: 11: 5: 12632: 12622: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12579: 12578: 12564: 12561: 12560: 12557: 12556: 12553: 12552: 12550: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12530: 12521: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12485:Heritage Sites 12482: 12477: 12472: 12466: 12464: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12435: 12434: 12424: 12419: 12412: 12406: 12404: 12398: 12397: 12395: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12343: 12341: 12335: 12334: 12332: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12309:Irish diaspora 12306: 12301: 12300: 12299: 12297:Gaelic Ireland 12289: 12283: 12281: 12275: 12274: 12272: 12271: 12266: 12259: 12252: 12245: 12238: 12231: 12224: 12223: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12196: 12194: 12188: 12187: 12185: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12168: 12167: 12157: 12150: 12144: 12142: 12136: 12135: 12133: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12110: 12105: 12099: 12097: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12066: 12064: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12054: 12049: 12040: 12038:Rose of Tralee 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12009: 12007: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11982: 11976: 11974: 11968: 11967: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11924: 11922: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11847:List of dishes 11843: 11841: 11834: 11824: 11823: 11811: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11803: 11802: 11800: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11788: 11787: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11763:D'Hondt method 11754: 11752: 11746: 11745: 11743: 11742: 11737: 11736: 11735: 11730: 11724:Seanad Éireann 11720: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11689: 11688: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11657: 11655: 11649: 11648: 11646: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11624: 11622: 11614: 11613: 11601: 11600: 11597: 11596: 11593: 11592: 11590: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11534: 11533: 11528: 11517: 11515: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11507: 11498: 11497: 11496: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11464:Extreme points 11461: 11456: 11454:Climate change 11451: 11445: 11443: 11435: 11434: 11422: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11379: 11377: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11272:1803 Rebellion 11269: 11264: 11262:1798 Rebellion 11259: 11254: 11249: 11247:Williamite War 11244: 11235: 11229:1641 Rebellion 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11209:Spanish Armada 11206: 11201: 11199:Tudor conquest 11196: 11191: 11189:Bruce campaign 11186: 11181: 11167: 11165: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11146: 11145: 11135: 11134:(1921–present) 11129: 11124: 11122:Irish Republic 11119: 11118: 11117: 11107: 11106: 11105: 11100: 11090: 11089: 11088: 11083: 11081:800–1169 11072:Gaelic Ireland 11069: 11064: 11059: 11053: 11051: 11041: 11040: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11024: 11016: 11007: 11004: 11003: 10993: 10992: 10985: 10978: 10970: 10961: 10960: 10957: 10956: 10941: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10924: 10922: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10883: 10877: 10873: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10865: 10859: 10857: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10828: 10822: 10818: 10817: 10814: 10813: 10798: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10781: 10779: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10740: 10734: 10730: 10729: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10686: 10684: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10653: 10652: 10641: 10635: 10631: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10623: 10618: 10612: 10610: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10602: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10569: 10563: 10559: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10551: 10545: 10543: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10535: 10530: 10524: 10518: 10514: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10476:National Front 10473: 10468: 10463: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10435: 10433: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10414: 10413: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10382: 10376: 10372: 10371: 10368:United Kingdom 10360: 10359: 10352: 10345: 10337: 10329: 10328: 10302: 10276: 10250: 10220: 10190: 10164: 10134: 10104: 10097: 10079: 10049: 10032:qub.ac.uk/cibr 10018: 10001:The Spectator] 9988: 9958: 9922: 9875: 9845: 9814: 9797:bbc.co.uk/news 9781: 9755: 9710: 9690:qub.ac.uk/cibr 9673: 9643: 9617: 9600:bbc.co.uk/news 9587: 9569: 9557:The Irish News 9543: 9529: 9503: 9477: 9459: 9418: 9387: 9356: 9325: 9318: 9300: 9281: 9262: 9255: 9237: 9222: 9215: 9189: 9182: 9164: 9139: 9106: 9075: 9068: 9050: 9024: 8993: 8962: 8955: 8937: 8910: 8879: 8846: 8815: 8784: 8751: 8718: 8687: 8656: 8626: 8600: 8569: 8566:. 5 June 2008. 8554: 8524: 8509:. 8 May 2007. 8494: 8463: 8432: 8425: 8407: 8377: 8370: 8352: 8321: 8315:978-1139502924 8314: 8296: 8275: 8262: 8237: 8215: 8185: 8166: 8133: 8102: 8074: 8066: 8048: 8029: 7998: 7960: 7930: 7923: 7905: 7890: 7864:(4): 486–507. 7841: 7834: 7816: 7786: 7756: 7725: 7692: 7665: 7652: 7634: 7627: 7609: 7602: 7584: 7577: 7556: 7549: 7531: 7516: 7489: 7459: 7444: 7429: 7393: 7363: 7356: 7338: 7331: 7306: 7299: 7280: 7273: 7255: 7232: 7209: 7183: 7160: 7147: 7140: 7122: 7099: 7092: 7074: 7067: 7049: 7042: 7024: 6988: 6958: 6922: 6899: 6882: 6880:, 2008) p. 176 6865: 6835: 6828: 6810: 6803: 6785: 6755: 6724: 6698: 6662: 6637: 6611: 6587: 6567: 6550:ianpaisley.org 6537: 6507: 6489: 6482: 6457: 6434: 6403: 6384: 6377: 6356: 6344: 6337: 6319: 6284: 6277: 6254: 6239: 6208: 6201: 6180: 6165: 6144: 6125: 6105: 6098: 6080: 6060: 6036: 6029: 6017:Jackson, Alvin 6008: 5995: 5986: 5973: 5964: 5940: 5885: 5859: 5850: 5843: 5825: 5799: 5792: 5774: 5767: 5746: 5720: 5694: 5664: 5657: 5630: 5623: 5605: 5592: 5576: 5541:(4): 564–573. 5521: 5490: 5473: 5435: 5392: 5379: 5344: 5317: 5310: 5292: 5285: 5267: 5252: 5245: 5225: 5210: 5192: 5153: 5114: 5107: 5089: 5082: 5062: 5049: 5028: 5021: 5003: 4996: 4975: 4962: 4932: 4925: 4902: 4895: 4877: 4870: 4851: 4825: 4770: 4763: 4745: 4719: 4698: 4679: 4636: 4590: 4586:Irish Unionism 4569: 4559:Byrne, J. J.: 4552: 4545: 4527: 4521:978-0717146499 4520: 4497: 4482: 4467: 4454: 4447: 4427: 4414: 4344: 4329: 4322: 4304: 4287: 4267: 4254: 4247: 4229: 4206: 4199: 4178: 4143: 4126: 4091:(4): 564–573. 4071: 4026: 4019: 4001: 3988: 3965: 3944: 3926: 3913: 3906: 3888: 3870: 3857: 3816: 3810:978-0719037764 3809: 3791: 3785:978-0261616561 3784: 3763: 3744: 3724: 3696: 3677: 3657: 3642: 3635: 3610: 3559: 3552: 3534: 3497: 3482: 3475: 3457: 3427: 3420: 3402: 3367: 3312: 3305: 3280: 3261:(3): 255–281. 3241: 3234: 3216: 3209: 3188: 3181: 3163: 3145: 3138: 3118: 3111: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3084: 3078: 3077:(2007–present) 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3035:(1978–present) 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3005:(1971–present) 2998: 2992: 2986: 2985:(1912–present) 2980: 2972: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2934: 2931: 2793: 2790: 2704:Irish language 2680:Orange marches 2644: 2641: 2625:vote transfers 2539:United Ireland 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2477:Robinson, and 2475:Peter Robinson 2458: 2455: 2387:d'Hondt method 2343: 2340: 2251: 2248: 2174: 2171: 2126:Lamh Dearg Abu 2120:Mural for the 2113: 2110: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1957:Brian Faulkner 1930:Imperial India 1877: 1874: 1804:Downing Street 1715: 1712: 1684:Betty Sinclair 1628: 1625: 1591:At the end of 1533: 1530: 1506:William Walker 1502:election agent 1458:Prime Minister 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1293:Main article: 1290: 1287: 1206: 1203: 1174:'s bombing of 1112: 1109: 1088:British Labour 969: 966: 964: 961: 959:was the last. 933:Main article: 930: 927: 919:George Wyndham 828:Arthur Balfour 809:Lord Salisbury 788: 785: 781:House of Lords 632: 629: 616:constitutional 468: 465: 379: 376: 355:in the South. 310:Roman Catholic 268:Detail of the 261: 258: 256: 253: 241:consociational 189:exercised the 131:First Minister 117:in a reformed 63:United Kingdom 39:United Ireland 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12631: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12591: 12589: 12576: 12575: 12562: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12542:Public houses 12540: 12538: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12467: 12465: 12461: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12433: 12430: 12429: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12417: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12407: 12405: 12403: 12399: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12340: 12336: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12298: 12295: 12294: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12284: 12282: 12280: 12276: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12264: 12260: 12258: 12257: 12253: 12251: 12250: 12246: 12244: 12243: 12239: 12237: 12236: 12232: 12230: 12229: 12225: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12202: 12201: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12189: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12166: 12163: 12162: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12155: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12141: 12137: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12115: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12100: 12098: 12096: 12092: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12067: 12065: 12063: 12059: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12010: 12008: 12004: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11987: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11973: 11969: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11919: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11816: 11812: 11798: 11797:Peace process 11795: 11793: 11790: 11786: 11783: 11782: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11764: 11761: 11760: 11759: 11756: 11755: 11753: 11751: 11747: 11741: 11738: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11727:(upper house) 11725: 11721: 11719: 11717:(lower house) 11715: 11711: 11710: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11687: 11684: 11683: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11654: 11650: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11633:Republicanism 11631: 11629: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11611: 11606: 11602: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11523: 11522: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11512: 11506: 11502: 11499: 11495: 11492: 11491: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11446: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11427: 11423: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11374: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11347:Peace process 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11327:The Emergency 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11307:Easter Rising 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11292:Fenian Rising 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11162: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11144: 11141: 11140: 11139: 11136: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11116: 11113: 11112: 11111: 11108: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11095: 11094: 11091: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11078: 11077: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11067:Early history 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11033: 11029: 11023: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11005: 11001: 10998: 10991: 10986: 10984: 10979: 10977: 10972: 10971: 10968: 10954: 10951: 10947: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10921:Organisations 10919: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10907:Republicanism 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10884: 10881: 10878: 10874: 10864: 10861: 10860: 10858: 10856:Organisations 10854: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10826: 10823: 10819: 10811: 10808: 10804: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10778:Organisations 10776: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10764:Republicanism 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10738: 10735: 10731: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10683:Organisations 10681: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10657:Republicanism 10655: 10651: 10648: 10647: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10639: 10636: 10632: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10611: 10609:Organisations 10607: 10601: 10598: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10570: 10567: 10564: 10560: 10550: 10549:Mebyon Kernow 10547: 10546: 10544: 10542:Organisations 10540: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10525: 10522: 10519: 10515: 10507: 10504: 10500: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10461: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10439:Britain First 10437: 10436: 10434: 10432:Organisations 10430: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10396:Republicanism 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10380: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10358: 10353: 10351: 10346: 10344: 10339: 10338: 10335: 10316: 10312: 10306: 10290: 10286: 10280: 10265: 10261: 10254: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10224: 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p. 3421:0856404578 3182:0521469449 3088:References 2904:Paul Givan 2692:Union Flag 2623:and, with 2529:See also: 2216:(UUP) and 2046:Republican 1953:internment 1886:Free Derry 1855:no-go area 1851:Free Derry 1454:Parliament 1260:conspiracy 1103:, and the 1067:and their 753:Unitarians 689:Manchester 593:Ballymoney 461:Ascendancy 446:free-trade 306:Dissenters 226:republican 12547:Squatting 12263:Fomorians 12192:Mythology 12062:Languages 12047:Halloween 12023:Bealtaine 12006:Festivals 11997:Stepdance 11902:Spice Bag 11887:Irish fry 11877:Colcannon 11852:Barmbrack 11775:Education 11733:President 11671:Education 11587:Transport 11562:Provinces 11484:Mountains 11459:Coastline 11431:Geography 11322:Civil War 11277:Tithe War 10715:Sinn Féin 10406:Far-right 9917:234564336 9909:1775-4135 9310:A Journey 9127:0307-1235 9007:ark.ac.uk 8867:0307-1235 8772:0307-1235 7981:0307-1235 6655:9 January 6630:9 January 6579:CEB Brett 5982:The Times 5935:159910307 5919:0021-1214 5759:Bonar Law 5571:147674647 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