Underground press - Knowledge

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state. In 18th century France, a large illegal underground press of the Enlightenment emerged, circulating anti-Royalist, anti-clerical and pornographic works in a context where all published works were officially required to be licensed. Starting in the mid-19th century an underground press sprang up in many countries around the world for the purpose of circulating the publications of banned Marxist political parties; during the German Nazi occupation of Europe, clandestine presses sponsored and subsidized by the Allies were set up in many of the occupied nations, although it proved nearly impossible to build any sort of effective underground press movement within Germany itself.

1347:, and many of them small, crudely produced, low-circulation mimeographed "zines" written by GIs or recently discharged veterans opposed to the war and circulated locally on and off-base. Several GI underground papers had large-scale, national distribution of tens of thousands of copies, including thousands of copies mailed to GI's overseas. These papers were produced with the support of civilian anti-war activists, and had to be disguised to be sent through the mail into Vietnam, where soldiers distributing or even possessing them might be subject to harassment, disciplinary action, or arrest. There were at least two of these papers produced in the combat zone in Vietnam itself, 2672: 3077: 1325: 128: 904:) give very broad rights to anyone to publish a newspaper or other publication, and severely restrict government efforts to close down or censor a private publication. In fact, when censorship attempts are made by government agencies, they are either done in clandestine fashion (to keep it from being known the action is being taken by a government agency) or are usually ordered stopped by the courts when judicial action is taken in response to them. 1638: 4376: 42: 1371:, which made it possible to print a few thousand copies of a small tabloid paper for a couple of hundred dollars, which a sympathetic printer might extend on credit. Paper was cheap, and many printing firms around the country had over-expanded during the 1950s and had excess capacity on their offset web presses, which could be negotiated for at bargain rates. 1243:: "Its creators are using color the way Lautrec must once have experimented with lithography – testing the resources of the medium to the utmost and producing what almost any experienced newspaperman would tell you was impossible... it is a creative dynamo whose influence will undoubtedly change the look of American publishing." 1021:, the underground press movement in the United States was "one of the most spontaneous and aggressive growths in publishing history." During the peak years of the phenomenon, there were generally about 100 papers currently publishing at any given time. But the underground press phenomenon proved short-lived. 562:', complete with diagrams, descriptions of locks on particular doors, and snippets of overheard conversation. The anonymous author, or 'blue dwarf', as he styled himself, claimed to have perused archive files, and even to have sampled one or two brands of scotch in the Commissioner's office. The London 1278:

found that 52% reported student underground press activity in their school.) Most of these papers put out only a few issues, running off a few hundred copies of each and circulating them only at one local school, although there was one system-wide antiwar high school underground paper produced in New

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occupations of the 1940s. Those predecessors were truly "underground", meaning they were illegal, thus published and distributed covertly. While the countercultural "underground" papers frequently battled with governmental authorities, for the most part they were distributed openly through a network

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Glessing pins the blame specifically on the Miehle-Goss-Dexter firm, which waged a successful sales campaign in the late 1950s to sell its expensive new high-capacity web-fed offset presses (a full installation cost $ 100,000) on credit to small newspapers and printing firms across the country which

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The FBI also ran the Pacific International News Service in San Francisco, the Chicago Midwest News, and the New York Press Service. Many of these organizations consisted of little more than a post office box and a letterhead, designed to enable the FBI to receive exchange copies of underground press

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By the end of 1972, with the end of the draft and the winding down of the Vietnam War, there was increasingly little reason for the underground press to exist. A number of papers passed out of existence during this time; among the survivors a newer and less polemical view toward middle-class values

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refer to periodicals and publications that are produced without official approval, illegally or against the wishes of a dominant (governmental, religious, or institutional) group. In specific recent (post-World War II) Asian, American and Western European context, the term "underground press" has

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Given the nature of alternative journalism as a subculture, some staff members from underground newspapers became staff on the newer alternative weeklies, even though there was seldom institutional continuity with management or ownership. An example is the transition in Denver from the underground

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Most papers operated on a shoestring budget, pasting up camera-ready copy on layout sheets on the editor's kitchen table, with labor performed by unpaid, non-union volunteers. Typesetting costs, which at the time were wiping out many established big city papers, were avoided by typing up copy on a

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Police harassment of the British underground, in general, became commonplace, to the point that in 1967 the police seemed to focus in particular on the apparent source of agitation: the underground press. The police campaign may have had an effect contrary to that which was presumably intended. If

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Pow Wow was the largest circulating daily underground newspaper in Germany during World War II. Its headquarters were at Stalag Luft I. It grew from a small penciled newssheet read by hundreds into a neatly printed 2,000 word daily, eagerly perused by thousands. At its most successful period, it

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The early papers varied greatly in visual style, content, and even in basic concept — and emerged from very different kinds of communities. Many were decidedly rough-hewn, learning journalistic and production skills on the run. Some were militantly political while others featured highly spiritual

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would arise in a symbiotic co-operation with the underground press. The underground press publicised these bands and this made it possible for them to tour and get record deals. The band members travelled around spreading the ethos and the demand for underground newspapers and magazines grew and

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who distributed such literature might face imprisonment, torture or death. Both Protestant and Catholic nations fought the introduction of Calvinism, which with its emphasis on intractable evil made its appeal to alienated, outsider subcultures willing to violently rebel against both church and

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cultural movement, the leaders lost their jobs and were jailed by the incumbent government. They challenged contemporary ideas about literature and contributed significantly to the evolution of the language and idiom used by contemporaneous artists to express their feelings in literature and

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or far left. More narrowly, in the U.S. the term "underground newspaper" most often refers to publications of the period 1965–1973, when a sort of boom or craze for local tabloid underground newspapers swept the country in the wake of court decisions making prosecution for obscenity far more

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More than a thousand underground newspapers were published in the United States during the Vietnam War. The following is a short list of the more widely circulated, longer-lived and notable titles. For a longer, more comprehensive listing sorted by states, see the

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A 1980 review identified some 70 such publications around the United Kingdom but estimated that the true number could well have run into hundreds. Such papers were usually published anonymously, for fear of the UK's draconian libel laws. They followed a broad

999: 928:" standard) to be ordered stopped or otherwise suppressed, and then usually only the particular offending article or articles in question will be banned, while the newspaper itself is allowed to continue operating and can continue publishing other articles. 531:

anything, according to one or two who were there at the time, it actually made the underground press stronger. "It focused attention, stiffened resolve, and tended to confirm that what we were doing was considered dangerous to the establishment", remembered

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A publication must, in general, be committing a crime (for example, reporters burglarizing someone's office to obtain information about a news item); violating the law in publishing a particular article or issue (printing obscene material,

650:, both of which had a national circulation, the 1960s and 1970s saw the emergence of a whole range of local alternative newspapers, which were usually published monthly. These were largely made possible by the introduction in the 1950s of 3111: 452:

shed its more austere satire magazine image and became a mouthpiece of the underground. It was the most colourful and visually adventurous of the alternative press (sometimes to the point of near-illegibility), with designers like

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During this period, there were also a number of left-wing political periodicals with concerns similar to those of the underground press. Some of these periodicals joined the Underground Press Syndicate to gain services such as

1204:, it was the "first undergrounder to represent the participatory democracy, community organizing and synthesis of politics and culture that the New Left of the mid-sixties was trying to develop." Leamer, in his 1972 book 1028:(UPS) roster published in November 1966 listed 14 underground papers, 11 of them in the United States, two in England, and one in Canada. Within a few years the number had mushroomed. A 1971 roster, published in 1633:

in Bloomington, Indiana, editor James Retherford was briefly imprisoned for alleged violations of the Selective Service laws; his conviction was overturned and the prosecutors were rebuked by a federal judge.

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shared its design approach and many social concerns with other underground papers of the time, in one important respect it was completely atypical: it served as a platform for self-proclaimed "world saviour"

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Drive-by shootings, firebombings, break-ins, and trashings were carried out on the offices of many underground papers around the country, fortunately without causing any fatalities. The offices of Houston's

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boasted editions in three languages and a circulation that reached seven prison camps. Pow Wow stood for Prisoners Of War - Waiting On Winning and it claimed to be the only truthful newspaper in Germany.

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were bombed and its windows repeatedly shot out. In Houston, as in many other cities, the attackers, never identified, were suspected of being off-duty military or police personnel, or members of the

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In the U.S. the term "underground newspaper" generally refers to an independent (and typically smaller) newspaper focusing on unpopular themes or counterculture issues. Typically, these tend to be

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Maps and databases showing over 2,000 underground/alternative newspapers between 1965 and 1975 in the U.S. From the Mapping American Social Movements project at the University of Washington.

1038:, listed 271 UPS-affiliated papers; 11 were in Canada, 23 in Europe, and the remainder in the United States. The underground press' combined readership eventually reached into the millions. 2546: 2522: 382: 350: 314: 308: 1254:

against the state, some going so far as to print manuals for bombing and urging their readers to arm themselves; this trend, however, soon fell silent after the rise and fall of the

776: 187:. Each paper was the organ of a separate resistance network, and funds were provided from Allied headquarters in London and distributed to the different papers by resistance leader 1568:

in New Orleans. Started by Robert Head and Darlene Fife as part of political protests and extending the "mimeo revolution" by protest and freedom-of-speech poets during the 1960s,

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Haines, Harry W. (2012). "Chapter 1: Soldiers Against the Vietnam War: Aboveground and The Ally, with appendices by Harry W. Haines and James Lewes". In Wachsberger, Ken (ed.).

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By 1969, virtually every sizable city or college town in North America boasted at least one underground newspaper. Among the most prominent of the underground papers were the

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who visited Calcutta, Patna and Benares during the 1960–1970s. Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, now a professor and editor, was associated with the Hungry generation movement.

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schools). These services typically produced a weekly packet of articles and features mailed to subscribing papers around the country; HIPS reported 60 subscribing papers.

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In Western Europe, a century after the invention of the printing press, a widespread underground press emerged in the mid-16th century with the clandestine circulation of

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to be pasted-up by hand. As one observer commented with only slight hyperbole, students were financing the publication of these papers out of their lunch money.

284:. The original edition appeared in Sydney on April Fools' Day, 1963 and continued sporadically until 1969. Editions published after February 1966 were edited by 4320: 1546:

By 1973, many underground papers had folded, at which point the Underground Press Syndicate acknowledged the passing of the undergrounds and renamed itself the

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re-enabled local obscenity prosecutions after a long hiatus. This sounded the death knell for much of the remaining underground press (including

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One of the most notorious underground newspapers to join UPS and rally activists, poets, and artists by giving them an uncensored voice, was the

137: 1803:, which now has a wide following in the progressive blogosphere and whose contributors include many veterans of the original underground press. 5310: 4749: 2804: 1693:(FBI) conducted surveillance and disruption activities on the underground press in the United States, including a campaign to destroy the 3088:

Clandestine press in the Netherlands is related to the second World War, which ran from 10 May 1940 until 5 May 1945 in the Netherlands.

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called it "one of the few legendary undergrounds," and, according to John McMillian, it served as a model for many papers that followed.

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announced that the prank had resulted in all security passes to the police headquarters having to be withdrawn and then re-issued.

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Funtopia: a celebration of the writing, music, and philosophy of Mick Farren website (between January 21, 1999, and May 2, 1999).

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During this period there was also a widespread underground press movement circulating unauthorized student-published tabloids and

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The North American countercultural press of the 1960s drew inspiration from predecessors that had begun in the 1950s, such as the

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underground press within the U.S. military produced over four hundred titles during the Vietnam War, some produced by antiwar

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The countercultural underground press movement of the 1960s borrowed the name from previous "underground presses" such as the

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and working within the system emerged. The underground press began to evolve into the socially conscious, lifestyle-oriented

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designed to discredit and infiltrate radical New Left groups, the FBI also launched phony underground newspapers such as the

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Many of the papers faced official harassment on a regular basis; local police repeatedly raided and busted up the offices of

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successfully defended the paper's First Amendment rights before the U.S. Supreme Court. In an apparent attempt to shut down

5448: 285: 4754: 4508: 3417:"The Revolution - High Times - Digger series of publications have been digitised by the University of Wollongong Library" 2108: 1614: 1302:, with its base in Chicago schools) and HIPS (High School Independent Press Service, produced by students working out of 1128: 1527:

stations, with syndicated press materials that especially highlighted the creation of alternative institutions, such as

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of homosexuality between consenting adults in private, importuning remained subject to prosecution. Publication of the

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published a large and active underground press that printed over 2 million newspapers a month; the leading titles were

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included graphic photographs and illustrations of which many even in today's society would be banned as pornographic.

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one of the most radical and controversial publications of the counterculture movement. Part of the controversy about

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and others with obscenity; arrested street vendors; and pressured local printers not to print underground papers.

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Crispin Aubrey, Charles Landry, Dave Morley. "Here is the other news: challenges to the local commercial press,"

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i.e., "Stark Electric Jesus from Washington State University" in 1965. The poem has been translated into several

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books and broadsides, many of them printed in Geneva, which were secretly smuggled into other nations where the

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and other western nations. It can also refer to the newspapers produced independently in repressive regimes. In

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Voices from the Underground (Vol. 2): A Directory of Resources and Sources on the Vietnam Era Underground Press

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Charnigo, Laurie. "Prisoners of Microfilm: Freeing Voices of Dissent in the Underground Newspaper Collection."

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The underground press offered a platform to the socially impotent and mirrored the changing way of life in the

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which stocked underground papers and comix in communities around the country more vulnerable to prosecution.

1717: 1411: 1218: 519: 3471:"The Living Daylights, Melbourne, 1973-4 - Historical & Cultural Collections - University of Wollongong" 1511:, "provided coverage of events to which most papers would have otherwise had no access." In a similar vein, 2953: 634:

and the lifestyle revolution, drugs, popular music, new society, cinema, theatre, graphics, cartoons, etc.

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Some of the most violent attacks were carried out against the underground press in San Diego. In 1976 the

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Dr Uttam Das, Reader, Calcutta University, in his dissertation 'Hungry Shruti and Shastravirodhi Andolan'

4287: 2152: 2120: 2049: 1797:– which was published for 11 years in Austin (1966–1977) – was revived in 2006 as an online publication, 1547: 1388: 1053: 1025: 762: 373: 68: 4581: 4407:

library has a collection that consists of mostly, but not exclusively North American underground papers.

3591: 5767: 5762: 5757: 4948: 4857: 4564: 3264: 2571: 2038: 1485: 4477: 4282:[The underground comics rebellion, 1967-1974 - Comic books in English Canada - Beyond humor]. 4014: 3392:"Pow Wow, the only truthful newspaper in Germany: To be read silently, quickly and in groups of three" 5736: 5596: 5521: 4991: 4898: 4862: 4719: 3173: 2096: 2054: 1694: 1200:

was the sixth member of UPS and the first underground paper in the South and, according to historian

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Vietnam War Documentary 'GI SAYS' (Trailer) - Hamburger Hill and a $ 10000 Bounty for Col. Honeycutt

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The underground press in the 1960s and 1970s existed in most countries with high GDP per capita and

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was combined with a moral conspiracy charge. The convictions were, however, overturned on appeal.

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Thorne Dreyer's 24 hour-long Rag Radio interviews with veterans of the Sixties underground press

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Smoking Typewriters: The Sixties Underground Press and the Rise of Alternative Media in America

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Smoking typewriters: the Sixties underground press and the rise of alternative media in America

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Smoking Typewriters: The Sixties Underground Press and the Rise of Alternative Media in America

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Verzuh, Ron, "Underground Times: Canada's Flower-Child Revolutionaries", Toronto: Deneau, 1989.

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Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels, Volume 1 (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2010)

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sheets at hundreds of high schools around the U.S. (In 1968, a survey of 400 high schools in

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Voices from the Underground (Vol. 1): Insider Histories of the Vietnam Era Underground Press

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to try, it was alleged, to force the paper out of business. In order to raise money for

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The most prominent underground publication in Australia was a satirical magazine called

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and Proudhonianism. Although it originated at Patna, Bihar and was initially based in

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most frequently been employed to refer to the independently published and distributed

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has an extensive collection of primary source materials from the GI underground press

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a citywide underground paper published by high school students, was founded in 1970.

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Ruvinsky, M. (1995). The Underground Press of the Sixties. (Doctoral Dissertation).

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1973 to compete in selling underground comix content to the underground press and

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The boom in the underground press was made practical by the availability of cheap

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editors, who were convicted and given jail sentences. This was the first time the

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reported that the attacks in 1971 and 1972 had been carried out by a right-wing

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strips to its member papers. Some of the cartoonists syndicated by UPS included

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since January 1966, branched out into alternate, underground publications with

241: 232:; similar publications existed in some developing countries and as part of the 200: 80: 4361: 4078: 3924: 3794: 1550:(APS). After a few years, APS also foundered, to be supplanted in 1978 by the 1324: 535:. From April 1967, and for some while later, the police raided the offices of 498:

The flaunting of sexuality within the underground press provoked prosecution.

127: 5751: 5701: 5384: 5134: 5001: 4953: 4913: 4825: 4620: 4606: 4352:"A Brief History of American Alternative Journalism in the Twentieth Century" 3668: 3616: 3268:, March–April 1981, pp. 57–63, Center for Investigative Reporting, 1983. 2981: 2957: 2412: 2022: 1898: 1867: 1477: 1392: 1307: 1189: 1185: 1153: 1143: 1059: 1029: 974: 969: 945: 856: 559: 503: 436: 358: 266: 46: 1733:

publications and send undercover observers to underground press gatherings.

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Probably the most graphically innovative of the underground papers was the

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Maps and charts showing over 300 Chicano newspapers from the 1960s and 70s

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Famous Long Ago: My Life and Hard Times With the Liberation News Service

440:(1963 to 1969). He launched a British version (1967 to 1973), which was 5611: 5330: 5320: 5114: 5064: 5038: 5011: 4867: 4820: 4472: 4329: 3881:

Waging Peace in Vietnam: U.S. Soldiers and Veterans Who Opposed the War

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painting. This movement is characterized by expression of closeness to

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For a time in 1968–1969, the high school underground press had its own

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Publications produced without the official approval of a dominant group

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Protest and Survive: Underground GI Newspapers during the Vietnam War

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More than 100 manifestos were issued during 1961–1965. Malay's

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A digitally scanned archive of the first twelve issues (1966-67) of

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Dreyer, Thorne and Victoria Smith, "The Movement and the New Media,"

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Uncovering the Sixties: The Life and Times of the Underground Press

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in Asia, in the United States and Canada in North America, and the

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and jailed editor Stoney Burns on drug charges; charged Atlanta's

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In the period 1969–1970, a number of underground papers grew more

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a benefit event was put together, "The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream"

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headlined the incident as "Raid on the Yard". A day or two later

441: 196: 1239:, a founder of the Underground Press Syndicate, wrote about the 990:, founded in 1964 and first published under that name in 1965. 951:

of the 1960s in America, and a focal point of opposition to the

288:, following the departure for the UK of his original co-editors 5711: 5294: 5194: 4662: 4547: 4538: 4509:"Counter Cultures: Cultural Politics and the Underground Press" 4375: 3445: 3112:

List of printers and publishers of Dutch illegal WW2 newspapers

2949: 2902: 2898: 2789: 2748: 1116: 984:

Arguably, the first underground newspaper of the 1960s was the

941: 475: 403: 302: 217: 112: 4183:"FBI financed terror tactics against dissidents, paper says," 3878:

Carver, Ron; Cortright, David; Doherty, Barbara, eds. (2019).

3855:

Insider Histories of the Vietnam Era Underground Press, Part 2

1042:

content and were graphically sophisticated and adventuresome.

881: 582:

By the end of the decade, community artists and bands such as

41: 4015:"Special Collections and Rare Books: Frank Stack Collection," 3107:

List of places of publication of Dutch illegal WW2 newspapers

3064: 3045: 3026: 936:

difficult. These publications became the voice of the rising

913: 72: 4255:"Anecdotes Tell Dramatic Story of British Underground Press" 3741:

The Paper Revolutionaries: The Rise of the Underground Press

278:(University of New South Wales), along with the UK magazine 5279: 2945:, Saileswar Ghosh, Subhas Ghosh left the movement in 1964. 2681:

GI Underground Press During the Vietnam War (U.S. Military)

1340: 253: 5632:

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

5470: 4631: 4226: 3169:

List of underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture

2470:, San Diego, California, 1968–1970 (changed name to 1429:(New York City), both of which had national distribution. 998: 5179: 4143:

Conflicts in American History: A Documentary Encyclopedia

4024:

University of Missouri Libraries. Accessed Dec. 29, 2016.

3963:

Rebel Visions: The Underground Comix Revolution 1963-1975

4403:

collections of underground newspapers. For example, the

4394:

Underground/Alternative Newspapers History and Geography

3735: 3733: 1362: 1306:

headquarters and aimed primarily but not exclusively at

1192:

and Carol Neiman, was especially influential. Historian

327: 1914:, Berkeley, California, 1969–1972 (splintered from the 1621:

In Austin, the regents at the University of Texas sued

1095:(dispatched from various locations around the world by 1432:

Almost from the outset, UPS supported and distributed

514:"School Kids" issue brought charges against the three 434:

arrived in London from Australia, where he had edited

420:

from October 1966 which, following legal threats from

4603:

Underground press historian Sean Stewart on Rag Radio

4321:"The Underground GI Press: Pens Against the Pentagon" 3730: 3649:"It took a village: How the Voice changed journalism" 550:

On one occasion – in the wake of yet another raid on

4498:, a specimen high school underground paper from 1969 3262:

Mackenzie, Angus, "Sabotaging the Dissident Press",

2339:, dispatched from various locations around the world 1828: 1779:

outlived the underground movement, evolving into an

448:'s broadsheet format). Very quickly, the relaunched 3389: 1848:

List of underground newspapers § United States

1736: 577: 4130:Portraits from Memory: New Orleans in the Sixties. 4117:Portraits from Memory: New Orleans in the Sixties. 4051: 3906:"Chopper Gang Has Real Underground Boomerang Barb" 3884:. Oakland, CA: New Village Press. pp. 17–34. 3704:"The Rag: 1971 Underground Press Syndicate Roster" 3683:"The Rag: 1966 Underground Press Syndicate Roster" 1574:Committee of Small Magazine Editors and Publishers 3651:by Louis Menand, The New Yorker, January 5, 2009. 3380:by Raymond Aubrac (Paris: Hazan, 1997), p. 18-32. 2124:, San Francisco, California, 1969–1972 (formerly 1686:, which had ties to the local office of the FBI. 195:(POWs) published an underground newspaper called 5749: 4561:, online at the University of Wollongong Library 4528:, online at the University of Wollongong Library 3659: 3657: 2909:, it had participants spread over North Bengal, 2558:, Madison, Wisconsin, 1971–1978 (formerly 1601: 1265: 749: 502:was taken to court for publishing small ads for 3857:. Michigan State University Press. p. 27. 2235:, Los Angeles, California (splintered from the 1382: 4544:online at the University of Wollongong Library 4249: 4247: 3117:List of legally continued Dutch WW2 newspapers 3080:Front page of the Dutch illegal WW2 newspaper 558:published a detailed floor-by-floor 'Guide to 525: 5456: 4647: 4440:Examples of the Boston underground newspaper 4132:New Orleans: Surregional Press, 2000, pg. 26. 4032: 4030: 3654: 1746:that currently dominates this form of weekly 4411:Chicano Newspapers and Periodicals 1966-1979 4038:"Rip Off Comix — 1977-1991 / Rip Off Press," 3871: 2952:have been published by Prof P. Lal from his 2666: 2482:, San Francisco, California, 1966–1968 2331:, San Francisco, California, 1970–1971 1395:, the publisher of another early paper, the 248:, they evolved on the one hand into today's 4244: 3912:. Reveal Digital. Berkeley Barb. p. 4. 3842:on December 12, 2010 – via Hippyland. 3244:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1972. 2227:, 1964–1978 (new series 2005–ongoing) 1503:(LNS), co-founded in the summer of 1967 by 5463: 5449: 4654: 4640: 4354:, BrassCheck.com. Retrieved Dec. 15, 2022. 4027: 4008: 3986: 3959: 3953: 3756:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2011). 3727:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2011). 3366:The Literary Underground of the Old Regime 3287:The Campaign Against the Underground Press 2892:, India. Due to their involvement in this 2582:, Los Angeles, California, 1969–1970 2550:, Los Angeles, California, 1970–1973 2315:, Los Angeles, California, 1967–1969 296:, who went on to found a British edition ( 91:operated, usually in association with the 4049: 3795:"The Rag: The Movement and the New Media" 3289:, San Francisco, City Lights Books, 1981. 3094:list of 1300 Dutch illegal WW2 newspapers 1625:to prevent circulation on campus but the 1313: 1212:"one of the few legendary undergrounds". 4432:Articles about the underground press at 3141:Alternative media (U.S. political right) 3075: 2670: 1636: 1323: 997: 993: 484:, which was more overtly political; and 390: 126: 40: 4081:Liberation News Service, March 1, 1969. 3950:(Indiana University Press, 1970), p.44. 3827: 3192:Jeff Sharlet (Vietnam antiwar activist) 3136:Alternative media (U.S. political left) 2861:launched by what is known today as the 2661:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1967–1975 2375:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1968–1972 2191:, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1967–1971 1552:Association of Alternative Newsweeklies 1391:(UPS) was formed at the instigation of 894:as it did in many other countries. The 136:, an underground newspaper produced in 14: 5750: 4170:Mankad, Raj, "Underground in H-Town," 4141:Trodd, Zoe and Brian L. Johnson, Eds, 3852: 3846: 3251:. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2003. 2675:An example of underground GI graphics. 2653:), New York, New York, 1968–1970 2136:, Baltimore, Maryland, 1969–1970 5444: 4635: 4454:, leader of the Fort Hill Community.) 4399:A number of libraries have extensive 4119:New Orleans: Surregional Press, 2000. 3987:Rosenkranz, Patrick (March 6, 2017). 3929:(Motion picture). Camerado on YouTube 3282:. New York, NY: Pantheon Books, 1985. 3071: 2888:Haradhon Dhara), during the 1960s in 2247:, Madison, Wisconsin, 1969–1971 1363:Technological and financial realities 460:Other publications followed, such as 328:List of Australian underground papers 95:. Other notable examples include the 71:of the late 1960s and early 1970s in 5316:List of books and other publications 4613:Historian John McMillian, author of 3828:Divorky, Diane (February 15, 1969). 3743:(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972) 610:Neville published an account of the 225:, and thus reached a wide audience. 4040:Comixjoint. Retrieved Dec. 5, 2022. 3966:. Fantagraphics Books. p. 71. 2211:, San Francisco, California, 1967 ( 2041:, 1967–1979 (changed name to 1841:long list of underground newspapers 493: 24: 4816:Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters 4795:Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro 4582:70's Italian underground magazines 3227: 2843:Hungry Generation weekly bulletins 898:and various court decisions (e.g. 221:of street vendors, newsstands and 32:Alternative press (disambiguation) 25: 5779: 4368: 4364:, Liberation News Service (1969). 4203:(New York: Pantheon Books, 1985). 3818:(Indiana University Press, 1970). 3772:(New York: Pantheon Books, 1985). 3368:. Harvard University Press, 1982. 1829:Lists of underground press papers 1300:Students for a Democratic Society 882:Legal definition of "underground" 586:(before they "went commercial"), 5145:List of jam band music festivals 4584:at stampamusicale.altervista.org 4511:, by Gerry Carlin and Mark Jones 4374: 4362:"The Movement and the New Media" 3948:The Underground Press in America 3838:. pp. 83–84. Archived from 3816:The Underground Press in America 3754:The Underground Press in America 3575:sparked a publishing revolution" 1871:, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1971–1976 1833: 1737:Decline of the underground press 1557: 1279:York in 1969 with a 10,000-copy 876: 642:Apart from publications such as 578:Support from British pop culture 490:which espoused the mystic path. 5150:List of historic rock festivals 4878:The Brotherhood of Eternal Love 4302: 4272: 4219: 4214:A History of Underground Comics 4206: 4190: 4177: 4164: 4148: 4135: 4122: 4109: 4084: 4072: 4043: 3980: 3940: 3916: 3898: 3821: 3808: 3787: 3775: 3759: 3746: 3717: 3696: 3675: 3642: 3629: 3605: 3584: 3563: 3538: 3317: 3206:, Italian underground activist) 2857:was a literary movement in the 1767:), largely by making the local 1691:Federal Bureau of Investigation 886:In the United States, the term 637: 259: 5360:Legend of the Rainbow Warriors 3513: 3488: 3463: 3438: 3409: 3383: 3371: 3355: 3342: 3306:. Tempe, AZ: Mica Press, 1993. 3163:List of underground newspapers 2514:, 1969–1972 (originally 2458:, 1966–1970 (previously 2423:, Chicago, Illinois, 1969–1975 2025:, 1967–1970 (originally 1710:Indiana University Bloomington 1627:American Civil Liberties Union 13: 1: 4596: 4417:"Voices from the Underground" 4128:Illustration. Fife, Darlene. 3331: 3275:. Boston: Beacon Press, 1970. 3188:, Italian alternative editor) 2780:(1970–1978), Montreal, Quebec 2320:Oracle of Southern California 1930:, 1968–1970 (changed name to 1718:University of Texas at Austin 1465: 1387:In mid-1966, the cooperative 1266:High school underground press 1219:Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers 750:List of UK underground papers 520:Obscene Publications Act 1959 4533:Australian underground press 3960:Rosenkranz, Patrick (2008). 3923:Ken Anderberg (2021-03-30). 3830:"Revolt in the High Schools" 3336: 2387:, 1970–1973 (formerly 2363:, 1967–1969 (formerly 1521:Alternative Features Service 1383:Syndicates and news services 1250:and began to openly discuss 962: 7: 5649:Women's liberation movement 5472:Counterculture of the 1960s 4853:Haight Ashbury Free Clinics 4700:Counterculture of the 1960s 4661: 4286:(in French). Archived from 4058:. Oxford University Press. 3390:Mary Smith; Barbara Freer. 3324:couldn't quite afford them. 3304:Voices From the Underground 3124: 3099:See also on Dutch Knowledge 3007: 2966:Prachanda Boidyutik Chhutar 2901:and sometimes by tenets of 2126:San Francisco Express–Times 1602:Harassment and intimidation 1548:Alternative Press Syndicate 1389:Underground Press Syndicate 1054:San Francisco Express Times 1026:Underground Press Syndicate 526:Harassment and intimidation 274:(University of Sydney) and 10: 5784: 4949:Turn on, tune in, drop out 4858:Haight-Ashbury Switchboard 4576:European underground press 4314: 4155:"Who Watches the Watchman" 3602:. Retrieved Dec. 15, 2022. 3592:Interview with Mick Farren 3302:Wachsberger, Ken, editor. 3265:Columbia Journalism Review 2980:by Margaret Randall, into 2572:Champaign-Urbana, Illinois 2039:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2027:Notes from the Underground 1845: 1331:was created by GIs at the 1317: 122: 89:thriving underground press 29: 5694: 5671: 5597:Back-to-the-land movement 5577: 5522:San Francisco Renaissance 5514: 5483: 5303: 5203: 5158: 5057: 4992:Hippie exploitation films 4969: 4899:Back-to-the-land movement 4891: 4808: 4720:Sunset Strip curfew riots 4669: 4609:, August 31, 2010 (57:17) 4478:The website for the film 3242:The Paper Revolutionaries 3174:News agency (alternative) 2933:as much as it influenced 2685: 2667:U.S. military G.I. papers 2323:, Los Angeles, California 2055:San Francisco, California 1682:group calling itself the 1592:Notes of a Dirty Old Man, 1572:was also a member of the 1206:The Paper Revolutionaries 115:respectively, during the 5587:American Indian Movement 4050:McMillian, John (2011). 3310: 3148:Polish underground press 2836: 2818:(1969), Montreal, Quebec 2385:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 2293:Cambridge, Massachusetts 2091:Providence, Rhode Island 1684:Secret Army Organization 1646:, April 1, 1971. Art by 1519:, and others co-founded 1377:IBM Selectric typewriter 1335:U.S. Army base in Texas. 1007:(April 16 – May 1, 1967) 926:clear and present danger 918:non-disclosure agreement 723:West Highland Free Press 607:flourished for a while. 107:, which operated in the 4765:Sky River Rock Festival 4623:, March 4, 2011 (42:18) 3237:, no. 40 (2012): 41–90. 2976:by Carl Weissner, into 2814:(1967–1968), and 2380:Pittsburgh Fair Witness 2372:Philadelphia Free Press 2225:Los Angeles, California 2177:Indianapolis Free Press 2109:The Great Speckled Bird 1954:, Boston, Massachusetts 1783:still published today; 1698:Liberation News Service 1501:Liberation News Service 1462:Rip Off Press Syndicate 1304:Liberation News Service 1285:Little Red Schoolhouse, 1260:shootings at Kent State 1129:The Great Speckled Bird 933:politically to the left 214:Dutch underground press 138:German-occupied Belgium 4503:U.K. underground press 4471:by underground artist 4388:U.S. underground press 4381:Underground newspapers 4201:Uncovering the Sixties 4187:Jan. 11, 1976, pg. 16. 3989:"Jay Lynch, 1945-2017" 3280:Uncovering the Sixties 3219:, (co-editor, Italian 3165:(by country and state) 3153:Clandestine literature 3085: 2984:by Ameeq Hanfee, into 2964:'s controversial poem 2676: 2603:New Haven, Connecticut 2592:New Orleans, Louisiana 2460:Good Morning, Teaspoon 2349:East Lansing, Michigan 2281:Bellingham, Washington 2269:New Orleans, Louisiana 2220:Los Angeles Free Press 2158:Minneapolis, Minnesota 1816:Straight Creek Journal 1753:In 1973, the landmark 1651: 1590:'s syndicated column, 1336: 1314:G.I. underground press 1008: 987:Los Angeles Free Press 910:copyright infringement 713:(Earl's Court, London) 701:Islington Gutter Press 696:Hackney People's Press 659:Aberdeen Peoples Press 424:newspaper was renamed 414:, and others produced 252:and on the other into 144: 85:German occupied Europe 51: 36:Clandestine literature 18:Underground newspapers 5607:Civil rights movement 5592:Anti-nuclear movement 5420:Second Summer of Love 5375:Civil rights movement 5027:Intentional community 4909:Anti-authoritarianism 4755:Monterey Pop Festival 4157:by James Retherford, 3378:The French Resistance 3235:Progressive Librarian 3079: 2992:by Nalin Patel, into 2674: 2651:Rat Subterranean News 2622:Washington Free Press 2456:San Diego, California 2365:Midpeninsula Observer 2361:Palo Alto, California 2182:Indianapolis, Indiana 2170:Mendocino, California 1881:Boston, Massachusetts 1640: 1327: 1222:comic strip began in 1001: 994:1965–1973 boom period 652:offset litho printing 391:In the United Kingdom 312:in 1970, followed by 130: 44: 5644:Second-wave feminism 5622:Free Speech Movement 5617:Free school movement 5602:Black Power movement 5578:Social and political 5395:New social movements 5365:Free Speech Movement 4847:San Francisco Oracle 4780:Glastonbury Festival 4760:Newport Pop Festival 4551:magazine (Australia) 4427:, from Austin, Texas 4405:University of Oregon 4383:at Wikimedia Commons 4360:and Victoria Smith. 4350:Holhut, Randolph T. 4290:on November 11, 2007 4212:Estren, Mark James. 3637:Minority Press Group 3348:Monter, E. William. 2988:by Manik Dass, into 2943:Shakti Chattopadhyay 2919:Shankar Bhattacharya 2870:Shakti Chattopadhyay 2708:The Georgia Straight 2598:View from the Bottom 2560:Madison Kaleidoscope 2528:Bloomington, Indiana 2492:San Jose, California 2479:San Francisco Oracle 2467:San Diego Free Press 2244:Madison Kaleidoscope 2201:Jackson, Mississippi 2104:, 1965–ongoing 2002:, 1969–ongoing 1964:Milwaukee, Wisconsin 1904:Berkeley, California 1888:Baltimore Free Press 1776:The Georgia Straight 1760:Miller v. California 1470:student publications 1320:GI Underground Press 1232:San Francisco Oracle 1169:The Georgia Straight 1048:San Francisco Oracle 717:Sheffield Free Press 343:The Living Daylights 250:alternative weeklies 230:freedom of the press 178:Défense de la France 67:associated with the 30:For other uses, see 5491:Black Arts Movement 5185:Psilocybin mushroom 4970:Culture and fashion 4892:Politics and ethics 4710:San Francisco sound 4695:Central Park be-ins 4559:, Sydney, 1963-1969 4526:, London, 1967-1973 4516:International Times 3573:International Times 2972:of the world; into 2962:Malay Roy Choudhury 2917:. According to Dr. 2874:Malay Roy Choudhury 2863:Hungryalist quartet 2798:Ottawa's Free Press 2794:Canadian Free Press 2540:Spokane, Washington 2502:, Chicago, Illinois 2439:San Antonio Gazette 2146:Seattle, Washington 2102:Detroit, itMichigan 1995:Columbus Free Press 1944:Oakland, California 1893:Baltimore, Maryland 1861:Ann Arbor, Michigan 1726:American University 1615:Great Speckled Bird 1541:alternative housing 1421:Oakland, California 1417:Black Panther Party 1375:rented or borrowed 1276:Southern California 1256:Weather Underground 977:'s satirical paper 838:International Times 824:Idiot International 738:, left-wing of the 604:Steve Peregrin Took 571:The Daily Telegraph 537:International Times 506:; despite the 1967 417:International Times 318:(1971 to 1972) and 50:magazine, number 33 5268:New Age travellers 5105:Psychedelic trance 4944:Make love, not war 4725:Love Pageant Rally 4705:Red Dog Experience 4494:2011-08-14 at the 4467:2008-02-27 at the 4284:Collections Canada 4020:2017-04-17 at the 3994:The Comics Journal 3946:Glessing, Robert. 3814:Glessing, Robert. 3781:Booker, M. Keith, 3739:Leamer, Laurence, 3611:Neville, Richard. 3240:Leamer, Lawrence. 3210:Andrea Valcarenghi 3179:Marcello Baraghini 3096:on Dutch Knowledge 3086: 3072:In the Netherlands 3004:by Howard McCord. 2998:Rajkamal Chaudhary 2878:Samir Roychoudhury 2832:, Toronto, Ontario 2808:, Montreal, Quebec 2792:, Ontario (a.k.a. 2755:Loving Couch Press 2735:, Toronto, Ontario 2677: 2646:Women's LibeRATion 2587:The Ungarbled Word 2444:San Antonio, Texas 2433:Memphis, Tennessee 2356:Peninsula Observer 2300:Omaha Kaleidoscope 2067:New York, New York 2062:East Village Other 2012:Madison, Wisconsin 1932:Burning River News 1781:alternative weekly 1750:in North America. 1695:alternative agency 1652: 1415:(the paper of the 1398:East Village Other 1350:The Boomerang Barb 1337: 1296:C. Clark Kissinger 1009: 1004:East Village Other 671:Andersonstown News 547:on 29 April 1967. 246:left-wing politics 145: 65:underground papers 52: 5768:Alternative media 5763:Alternative press 5758:Underground press 5745: 5744: 5679:Underground press 5656:Sexual revolution 5564:Bed-Ins for Peace 5501:Psychedelic music 5438: 5437: 5415:Sexual revolution 5410:Hungry generation 5370:Anti-war movement 5343:Underground press 5080:Psychedelic music 4809:People and groups 4740:Mantra-Rock Dance 4379:Media related to 4161:, August 25, 2009 4065:978-0-19-531992-7 3973:978-1-56097-464-2 3891:978-1-61332-107-2 3864:978-1-61186-031-3 3752:McMillian, John. 3723:McMillian, John, 3590:Deakin, Richard. 3294:McGill University 3131:Alternative media 2855:Hungry Generation 2641:, 1968–1971 2634:Willamette Bridge 2542:, 1967–1970 2494:, 1969–1970 2487:San Jose Maverick 2446:, 1971–1975 2396:Quicksilver Times 2295:, 1968–1970 2283:, 1969–1986 2276:Northwest Passage 2259:, 1967–1968 2232:Los Angeles Staff 2203:, 1968–1972 2172:, 1966–1967 2165:Illustrated Paper 2160:, 1970–1972 2148:, 1967–1970 1976:Chicago, Illinois 1951:Boston Free Press 1939:The Black Panther 1765:underground comix 1744:alternative media 1722:Rational Observer 1714:The Longhorn Tale 1700:. As part of its 1537:free universities 1525:independent radio 1434:underground comix 1412:The Black Panther 1166:) and in Canada, 901:Near v. Minnesota 706:Leeds Other Paper 161:French resistance 133:La Libre Belgique 87:, for example, a 60:clandestine press 56:underground press 16:(Redirected from 5775: 5542:Swinging Sixties 5537:Mods and rockers 5532:British Invasion 5465: 5458: 5451: 5442: 5441: 5380:Protests of 1968 5326:Cannabis culture 5290:Woodstock Nation 5120:Progressive rock 5095:Psychedelic soul 5090:Psychedelic rock 5085:Psychedelic folk 4919:Environmentalism 4656: 4649: 4642: 4633: 4632: 4458:A collection of 4378: 4309: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4223: 4217: 4210: 4204: 4194: 4188: 4185:Chicago Tribune, 4181: 4175: 4168: 4162: 4152: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4126: 4120: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4057: 4047: 4041: 4036:Fox, M. Steven. 4034: 4025: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3957: 3951: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3825: 3819: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3763: 3757: 3750: 3744: 3737: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3679: 3673: 3672:(July 26, 2016). 3661: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3609: 3603: 3588: 3582: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3423:. Archived from 3413: 3407: 3406: 3400: 3398: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3359: 3353: 3346: 3325: 3321: 3285:Rips, Geoffrey, 3271:Mungo, Raymond. 3218: 3205: 3187: 3062: 3043: 3024: 2954:Writers Workshop 2927:Assam University 2859:Bengali language 2778: 2726:Toronto, Ontario 2717:British Columbia 2639:Portland, Oregon 2627:Washington, D.C. 2615:Lawrence, Kansas 2401:Washington, D.C. 2114:Atlanta, Georgia 1988:Denver, Colorado 1730:Washington, D.C. 1669:organizations. 1588:Charles Bukowski 1467: 1450:Burn of the Week 1252:armed revolution 803:Gandalf's Garden 628:police brutality 600:Michael Moorcock 565:Evening Standard 545:Alexandra Palace 494:Legal challenges 487:Gandalf's Garden 470:), based in the 324:(1972 to 1975). 238:communist states 236:movement in the 193:prisoners of war 21: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5690: 5667: 5579: 5573: 5547:Hippie movement 5515:Cultural events 5510: 5496:Psychedelic art 5479: 5469: 5439: 5434: 5425:Neo-psychedelia 5400:Postmaterialism 5348:press syndicate 5299: 5275:Radical Faeries 5205: 5199: 5163:and other drugs 5162: 5154: 5100:Psychedelic pop 5053: 5032:communal living 4965: 4887: 4804: 4686:Beat Generation 4673:hippie movement 4672: 4671:History of the 4665: 4660: 4619:Interviewed by 4605:Interviewed by 4599: 4571:(archived site) 4496:Wayback Machine 4469:Wayback Machine 4460:Space City News 4371: 4327:. Reprinted in 4317: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4259:www.sources.com 4253: 4252: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4211: 4207: 4195: 4191: 4182: 4178: 4174:, May 21, 2010. 4169: 4165: 4153: 4149: 4140: 4136: 4127: 4123: 4115:Fife, Darlene. 4114: 4110: 4101: 4099: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4048: 4044: 4035: 4028: 4022:Wayback Machine 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3958: 3954: 3945: 3941: 3932: 3930: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3851: 3847: 3835:Saturday Review 3826: 3822: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3764: 3760: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3731: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3662: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3634: 3630: 3610: 3606: 3600:Wayback Machine 3589: 3585: 3581:, 17 July 2009. 3569:Baird, Dugald. 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3430: 3428: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3396: 3394: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3362:Darnton, Robert 3360: 3356: 3350:Calvin's Geneva 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3230: 3228:Further reading 3212: 3199: 3197:Giulio Tedeschi 3181: 3127: 3084:from 03-07-1944 3082:Je Maintiendrai 3074: 3056: 3037: 3018: 3010: 2935:American poetry 2839: 2772: 2688: 2669: 2664: 2579:Tuesday's Child 2535:Spokane Natural 2516:Space City News 2420:Rising Up Angry 2305:Omaha, Nebraska 2257:Iowa City, Iowa 2213:Charles Plymell 2153:Hundred Flowers 2050:Dock of the Bay 2034:Distant Drummer 1928:Cleveland, Ohio 1856:Ann Arbor Argus 1850: 1836: 1831: 1787:survives as an 1739: 1706:Armageddon News 1675:San Diego Union 1604: 1560: 1474:Gilbert Shelton 1385: 1369:offset printing 1365: 1345:GI Coffeehouses 1322: 1316: 1294:: FRED (run by 1268: 1258:and the tragic 1214:Gilbert Shelton 1194:Laurence Leamer 1035:Steal This Book 996: 965: 896:First Amendment 884: 879: 874: 752: 640: 580: 528: 496: 444:(as opposed to 432:Richard Neville 393: 330: 290:Richard Neville 262: 184:Le Franc-Tireur 125: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5781: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5732:UK underground 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5629: 5627:Gay liberation 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5557:Summer of Love 5554: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5468: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5445: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5285:UK underground 5282: 5277: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5209: 5207: 5204:Hippie related 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5164: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5044:Music festival 5041: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4934:Counterculture 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4883:Rainbow Family 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4843: 4838: 4836:Electrohippies 4833: 4832: 4831: 4823: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4745:Summer of Love 4742: 4737: 4732: 4730:Haight-Ashbury 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4667: 4666: 4659: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4610: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4585: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4562: 4553: 4545: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4520: 4512: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4484: 4475: 4455: 4437: 4429: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4397: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4370: 4369:External links 4367: 4366: 4365: 4358:Dreyer, Thorne 4355: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4333:vol. 1, no. 4. 4316: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4301: 4271: 4243: 4218: 4205: 4189: 4176: 4163: 4147: 4134: 4121: 4108: 4083: 4071: 4064: 4042: 4026: 4007: 3979: 3972: 3952: 3939: 3915: 3897: 3890: 3870: 3863: 3845: 3820: 3807: 3786: 3774: 3758: 3745: 3729: 3716: 3695: 3674: 3653: 3641: 3639:(1980), p. 13. 3628: 3625:978-0586080429 3604: 3583: 3562: 3537: 3512: 3487: 3462: 3437: 3408: 3382: 3370: 3354: 3352:, Wiley, 1967. 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3300: 3297: 3290: 3283: 3276: 3269: 3260: 3247:Lewes, James. 3245: 3238: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3207: 3194: 3189: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3049: 3030: 3009: 3006: 2931:Allen Ginsberg 2851: 2850: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2822:Yorkville Yawn 2819: 2809: 2801: 2781: 2766: 2751: 2736: 2728: 2719: 2704: 2687: 2684: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2642: 2630: 2618: 2606: 2594: 2583: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2543: 2531: 2519: 2512:Houston, Texas 2503: 2495: 2483: 2475: 2472:Street Journal 2463: 2451:San Diego Door 2447: 2435: 2424: 2416: 2404: 2392: 2376: 2368: 2352: 2340: 2332: 2324: 2316: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2260: 2248: 2240: 2228: 2216: 2208:The Last Times 2204: 2192: 2184: 2173: 2161: 2149: 2137: 2129: 2117: 2105: 2093: 2082: 2079:Eugene, Oregon 2070: 2058: 2046: 2030: 2014: 2003: 2000:Columbus, Ohio 1991: 1979: 1967: 1959:Bugle-American 1955: 1947: 1935: 1919: 1911:Berkeley Tribe 1907: 1895: 1884: 1872: 1864: 1851: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1738: 1735: 1603: 1600: 1559: 1556: 1533:people's banks 1509:Marshall Bloom 1384: 1381: 1364: 1361: 1318:Main article: 1315: 1312: 1292:press services 1267: 1264: 1066:Berkeley Tribe 1018:The New Yorker 995: 992: 964: 961: 949:counterculture 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 872: 867: 860: 853: 850:Muther Grumble 846: 834: 827: 820: 813: 806: 799: 787: 780: 773: 770:Brighton Voice 766: 759: 753: 751: 748: 727: 726: 719: 714: 708: 703: 698: 693: 687: 682: 679:Brighton Voice 675: 667: 661: 639: 636: 612:counterculture 579: 576: 527: 524: 495: 492: 472:Ladbroke Grove 397:UK underground 392: 389: 388: 387: 379: 371: 363: 355: 347: 339: 329: 326: 261: 258: 242:Czechoslovakia 201:Eastern Europe 124: 121: 81:United Kingdom 69:counterculture 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5780: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5702:Discordianism 5700: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5661:United States 5659: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 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5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5135:New-age music 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5039:Free festival 5037: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5002:Peace symbols 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4954:Vegetarianism 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4914:Simple living 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4770:People's Park 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4652: 4650: 4645: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4621:Thorne Dreyer 4618: 4616: 4611: 4608: 4607:Thorne Dreyer 4604: 4601: 4600: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4567:— history of 4566: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4456: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4305: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4275: 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3374: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3320: 3316: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3258: 3257:0-275-97861-3 3254: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3222: 3216: 3211: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3083: 3078: 3066: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3041: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2958:Howard McCord 2956:publication. 2955: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2673: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2523:The Spectator 2520: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2413:Austin, Texas 2410: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2023:Dallas, Texas 2020: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1899:Berkeley Barb 1896: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1868:Ann Arbor Sun 1865: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1834:United States 1826: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1755:Supreme Court 1751: 1749: 1745: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1631:The Spectator 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1610: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1558:Controversies 1555: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486:Dave Sheridan 1483: 1479: 1478:Bill Griffith 1475: 1471: 1464:was launched 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1402: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1393:Walter Bowart 1390: 1380: 1378: 1372: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1334: 1330: 1329:Fatigue Press 1326: 1321: 1311: 1309: 1308:New York City 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1277: 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