2139:, of which the once largely rural Orange Order had been the archetypal expression, is generally understood as a strand of unionism. It has been characterised as partisan but not necessarily party-political, and in outlook as more ethnic than consciously British—the perspective of those who are Ulster Protestants first and British second. Loyalism can embrace evangelicals, but the term is consistently associated with the paramilitaries and, on that basis, frequently used as if it were synonymous with working-class unionism. The paramilitaries are "thoroughly working class". Their hold, typically, has been upon working-class Protestant neighbourhoods and housing estates where they have compensated for the loss of the confidence they enjoyed as district defenders in early years of the Troubles with racketeering and intimidation.
781:
1624:, the Stormont administration intensified its efforts to attract outside capital. Investment in new infrastructure, training schemes coordinated with trade unions, and direct grants succeeded in attracting American, British and continental firms. In its own terms, the strategy was a success. While the great Victorian industries continued to decline, the level of manufacturing employment marginally increased. Yet Protestant workers and local Unionist leadership were unsettled. Unlike the established family firms and skilled-trades apprenticeships that had been "a backbone of unionism and protestant privilege", the new companies readily employed Catholics and women. But among Catholics too there was concern over the regional distribution of the new investment.
1526:
1870:
Northern
Ireland's place in the United Kingdom. When the tensions to which it had contributed to in Northern Ireland finally exploded, unionists believe British equivocation proved disastrous. Had they regarded Northern Ireland is an integral part of the United Kingdom, the Government's response in 1969–69 would have been "fundamentally different". If they had thought there were social and political grievances which were remediable by law, it would have been the business of Westminster to legislate. But acts of rebellion would have been suppressed and punished as such with the full authority and force of the state. At no point, according to this unionist analysis, would the policy have been one of containment and negotiation.
1993:
1105:
2861:
the Union with regulatory checks . . . down the Irish Sea". It would be an "historic mistake". Privately, Johnson complained that the attention to
Northern Ireland sensitivities was a case of "the tail wagging the dog" Within three months of replacing May in July 2019, he had amended her withdrawal agreement, stripping the Irish Backstop not of its essential provisions—Northern Ireland would remain a customs point of entry for the EU—but rather dropping the suggestion that, to avoid treating Northern Ireland differently, the UK as a whole might accept an interim regulatory and customs partnership.
1652:
of the 1947 Education Act, "unwilling to put up with the deprived status their fathers and grandfathers had taken for granted"). Determined to engage the great social problems of housing, unemployment and emigration, they were willing to accept "the
Protestant tradition in the North as legitimate" and that Irish unity should be achieved only "by the will of the Northern majority". Although they appeared to meet unionists half way, Hume and those who joined him in what he proposed would be "the emergence of normal politics" presented the Unionism with a new challenge. Drawing on the
962:
2927:
2533:
1199:
2792:
1410:
2714:, in part by insisting on compensating provisions for Ulster Scots, became one of the principal, publicly acknowledged, sticking points in the three years of on and off again negotiations required to restore the power-sharing executive in 2020. Other unionists object. The "positive ethnic, religious or national special pleading" implicit in the parading, flags and language counteroffensive, they argue, risks defining unionist culture as "subaltern and therefore ripe for absorption into Irish culture as a 'cherished' minor tradition".
2106:
2628:
border poll between a quarter and a third of
Catholics might vote for the Northern Ireland to remain in the UK. While anti-partition sentiment has strengthened post-Brexit, there may be a significant number of Catholics who meet the standard of "functional unionists": voters whose "rejection of the unionist label is more to do with the brand image of unionism than with their constitutional preferences". It remains the case that only one half of one percent of DUP and UUP members identify as Catholics: a handful of individuals.
2167:
1577:, Minister of Education, acknowledged that his ambition was mixed Protestant-Catholic education. A coalition of Protestant clerics, school principals and Orangemen insisted on the imperative of bible teaching. Craig relented, amending the act in 1925. Meanwhile, the Catholic hierarchy refused to transfer any schools, and would not allow male Catholic student teachers to enrol in a common training college with Protestants or women. The school-age segregation of Protestants and Catholics was sustained.
2391:, and they nominate the First and Deputy First Ministers which, despite the distinction in title, are a joint office. "Parity of esteem" is accorded to two diametrically opposed aspirations: one to support and uphold the state, the other to renounce and subvert the state in favour of another. The UK government may have deflected the republican demand that it be a persuader for Irish unity, but at the cost, in the unionist view, of maintaining neutrality with regard to future of Northern Ireland.
2158:
message. The party leaders might condemn loyalist outrages, but inasmuch as they tried to account for them as reactive, as a response to the injury and frustration of the unionist people, they were effectively employing sectarian, frequently random, killings for a common purpose, to extract concessions from the
Government: "You know, 'if you don't talk to us, you will have to talk to these armed men". The relationship of unionists to loyalist violence, in this sense, remained "ambiguous".
549:. In both measures conservative jurists identified threats to the integrity of the union. Disestablishment reneged on the promise of "one Protestant Episcopal Church" for both Britain and Ireland under Article V of the Act of Union (the Ulster Protestant Defence Association claimed breach of contract), and weak as they were, provisions for tenant compensation and purchase created a separate agrarian regime for Ireland at odds with the prevailing English conception of property rights.
2637:
2198:, would invite the Irish government to "put forward views on proposals" for major legislation concerning Northern Ireland. Proposals, however, would only be on matters that are "not the responsibility of a devolved administration in Northern Ireland". The implication for unionists was that if they wished to limit Dublin's influence, they would have to climb down from insistence on majority rule and think again as to how nationalists might be accommodated at Stormont.
12558:
1289:
625:
834:, a new Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction broke with the traditions of Irish Boards by announcing that its aim was to "be in touch with public opinion of the classes whom its work concerns, and to rely largely for its success upon their active assistance and cooperation". It supported and encouraged dairy cooperatives, the Creameries, that were to be an important institution in the emergence of a new class of independent smallholders.
36:
372:
1359:. This provided for two subordinate parliaments. In Belfast a Northern Ireland parliament would convene for the six rather than nine Ulster counties (in three, Craig conceded, Sinn FĂ©iners would make government "absolutely impossible for us"). The island's remaining twenty-six counties, Southern Ireland, would be represented in Dublin. In a joint Council, the two parliaments would be free to enter into all-Ireland arrangements.
1236:
Unionists (Liberals who proposed federalising the relationship between all countries of the United
Kingdom) likewise argued that "the Protestant part of Ulster should receive special treatment . . . on grounds identical with those that support the general contention for Home Rule" Ulster Protestants expressed no interest in a Belfast parliament (they did not develop an express nationalism of their own), but in summarising
2133:
secure the support of critical workers and broke up in face UUP condemnation and firm police action. Nor was it to be the ballot, although both the UVF and the UDA did establish party-political wings. It was assassination: in the course of the
Troubles loyalists are credited with the murder of 1027 individuals (about half the number attributed to republican paramilitaries and 30% of the total killed).
2154:, however, are adamant that Paisley had nothing to do with them. His rhetoric may have been inspirational, but theirs was a tightly guarded conspiracy. The motivation to kill came largely from secular forces within the Loyalist community. Through the DUP, Paisley ultimately was to lead the bulk of his following into party politics, emerging in the new century as unionism's undisputed leader.
2887:, and thus to the prospect of a unionist veto. For the DUP this was a violation of the Good Friday Agreement under which, they argued, any proposal to "diminish the powers of the NI assembly" or to "treat NI differently to the rest of UK" had to be on the basis of parallel unionist-nationalist majorities. Citing " the total disregard of this principle", in February 2022 the new DUP leader,
6591:
2883:, the DUP's last line of defence was themselves to appeal to the international and constitutional status of the Good Friday Agreement. Johnson had made one apparent concession: every four years the Northern Ireland Assembly would be called upon to renew the region's new double-border trade arrangements. However, this was to be by simple majority vote. The decision could not be subject to a
1800:
of the
British government would be reckless. Jobs in the shipyards and other major industries, subsidies for farmers, people's pensions: "all these aspects of our life, and many others depend on support from Britain. Is a freedom to pursue the un-Christian path of communal strife and sectarian bitterness really more important to you than all the benefits of the British Welfare state?"
2125:, the UWC strike weakened the representative role of the unionist parties. There were to be a number of consultative assemblies and forums in the years that followed, but the only elective offices with administrative responsibilities were in downsized district councils. At Westminster unionist MPs contended with governments that remained committed to the principles of the 1972
1389:, Craig did insist that it was only as a sacrifice in the interest of peace that the North had accepted a home-rule arrangement its representatives had not asked for. No regret, however, was evident when addressing Belfast shipyard workers. Once unionists had their own parliament, Craig assured the workers, "no power on earth would ever be able to touch them".
576:—fair rent, free sale, and fixity of tenure. Recognising that "the land grievance had been a bond of discontent between Ulster and the rest of Ireland and in that sense a danger to the union", Irish Conservatives did not oppose the measure. Protestants in the eastern counties had admitted to the leadership of the tenant-right movement men, like the Rev.
2414:, on a turnout of 81%, 71.1% voted in favour. (A simultaneous referendum held in the Republic of Ireland on a 56% turnout produced a majority in favour of 94.4%). The best estimates indicated that all but 3 or 4% of Catholics/Nationalists voted Yes, but that almost half of Protestants/Unionists (between 47 and 49%) stood with the DUP and voted No.
1084:"an aristocratic plot". If Sir Edward Carson led in the battle for the Union it was "because we, the workers, the people, the democracy of Ulster, have chosen him". The majority of the signatories would have been organised in British-based unions, and could point to the growing political weight of British labour in reform measures such as the
849:, Dublin barrister and the leading spokesman for Irish Conservatives, "that the Government were revolutionists verging on Socialism". Having been first obliged to surrender their hold on local government (transferred at a stroke in 1898 to democratically elected councils), the old landlord class had the terms of their retirement fixed by the
254:
2807:, the larger DUP, with an equal claim to be a pro-business party with a strong farming support base, campaigned actively for Leave. At a time when Sinn FĂ©in was citing the cross-border, all-island, economic activity facilitated and supported by the EU as a further argument for Irish unity, there was a sense that, among other benefits,
2418:
as an armed and active organisation: the republicans were at the table while retaining, at readiness, the capacity for terrorist action further bolstered by the release of republican prisoners. In an agreement that called parties to use their influence with paramilitaries to achieve disarmament, there was no effective sanction.
1393:
of its majority into all-Ireland arrangements This was to become the prevailing attitude, summed up in a 1936 report of the Ulster
Unionist Council: "Northern Ireland without a Parliament of her own would be a standing temptation to certain British Politicians to make another bid for a final settlement with the Irish Republic".
2569:– of its five official cities. A majority Protestant Northern Ireland "is now restricted to the suburban area surrounding Belfast". Unionist representation has declined. The combined unionist vote, trailing below 50% in elections since 2014, fell to a new low of just over 43% in the 2019 and 2024 Westminster polls.
914:, a Catholic, had helped devise a scheme for administrative devolution involving an Irish council of both elected and nominated members. Balfour, now prime minister, was obliged to disavow the scheme and Wyndham, pressed to deny his complicity, resigned. The uproar assisted the Liberal return to office in December.
2620:
the-SDLP. The party meanwhile gained a quarter of all non-voters from two years earlier. Alliance is neutral on the constitutional issue, but a
January 2020 survey indicates that in a border poll, post-Brexit, twice as many of its voters (47%) would opt for Irish unity as for remaining in the United Kingdom (22%).
1222:. A more generous dispensation than the earlier bills, it would, for the first time, have given an Irish parliament an accountable executive. It was carried in the Commons by a majority of ten. As expected, it was defeated in the Lords, but as result of the crisis engendered by the opposition of the peers to the
2054:
minority position. In retrospect, Devlin regretted the SDLP had not "adopted a two stage approach, by allowing power sharing at Stormont to establish itself", but by the time he and his colleagues recognised the damage they had caused to Faulkner's position by prioritising the Irish Dimension it was too late.
514:. In England and Wales it produced an electorate that no longer identified instinctively with the conservative interest in Ireland and was more open to the "home-rule" compromise that nationalists now presented. Ireland would remain within the United Kingdom but with a parliament in Dublin exercising powers
1708:
4150:
2860:
told the 2018 DUP conference that the EU had made Northern Ireland "their indispensable bargaining chip": "if we wanted to do free trade deals, if we wanted to cut tariffs or vary our regulation the we would have to leave Northern Ireland behind as a semi-colony of the EU . . . damaging the fabric of
2627:
personally canvassed Catholic households, there have been calls within unionism for it to break out of its Protestant base. When he was DUP leader, Peter Robinson spoke of not being "prepared to write off over 40 per cent of our population as being out of reach". Surveys had been suggesting that in a
2417:
Chief among the DUP's objections was neither the North-South Ministerial Council, although that remained under suspicion, nor the principle of power-sharing as such. When the new Executive was formed, the DUP matched Sinn FĂ©in in taking two ministerial seats. The issue was the continuation of the IRA
1074:
In July 1912, loyalists forced some 3,000 workers out of the shipyards and engineering plants in Belfast. Unlike previous incidents, the expellees included not only Catholics but also some 600 Protestants, targeted mainly because they were seen to support labour organising across sectarian lines. The
2619:
According to exit polling in the 2019 Westminster election, the Alliance surge drew both on past unionist and on past nationalist voters. In the Westminster election, 18% of Alliance's new backers said they voted DUP at the previous contest and 3% for the UUP. 12% had voted for Sinn FĂ©in, and 5% for
2382:
Unionists were concerned that this sharing of office was based on a principle that "rendered dangerously incoherent" the UK government's position in relation to the Union. The Agreement insists on a symmetry between unionism and nationalism, the two "designations" it privileges over "others" through
2234:
In March 1991, the two unionist parties agreed with the SDLP and Alliance arrangements for political talks on the future of Northern Ireland. In their submission to the inter-party talks in 1992, the Ulster Unionists said they could envisage a range of cross-border bodies so long as these were under
2132:
The loyalists principal mode of operation was not to be the work stoppage. With Paisley's blessing, in 1977 the UDA and a number of other loyalists groups sought to replicate the UWC success. Stoppages in support of a "unionist wish-list"—essentially a return to Stormont-era majority rule—failed to
2053:
envisaged a Council of Ireland comprising, with equal delegations from Dublin and Belfast, a Council of Ministers with "executive and harmonising functions" and a Consultative Assembly with advisory and review functions. Unionists feared these created the possibility of their being manoeuvred into a
2041:
parties, the SDLP had sought to accommodate "progressive Protestants". But with PIRA continuing to draw on public outrage over internment and Bloody Sunday, the SDLP was under pressure to present Sunningdale as a means to achieving the goal of Irish unity. The new Health and Social Service Minister,
2021:
A Northern Ireland assembly or authority must be capable of involving all its members constructively in way which satisfy them and those they represent that the whole community has a part to pay in the government of the Province. ... here are strong arguments that the objective of real participation
1916:
continued to classify Northern Ireland, as it had Ireland before partition, as "something more akin to a colonial than a domestic problem". From the first street deployment of troops in 1969 the impression given was of "a peace-keeping operation in which Her Majesty's Forces are not defending their
1799:
warned O'Neill that if Stormont backtracked on reform, the British government would reconsider its financial support for Northern Ireland. In a television address, O'Neill cautioned Unionists that they could not choose to be part of the United Kingdom merely when it "suits" them, and that "defiance"
1651:
Hume, a teacher from Derry, presented himself as a spokesman for an emerging "third force": a "generation of younger Catholics in the North" who were frustrated with the nationalist policy of non-recognition and abstention. (O'Neill wrote of "a new Catholic intelligentsia", the product, he imagined,
1392:
In debating the Government of Ireland Bill, Craig had conceded that, while unionists did not want a separate parliament, having in the six counties "all the paraphernalia of Government" might make it more difficult for future Liberal and/or Labour government to push Northern Ireland against the will
383:(1829)—to admit Catholics to Parliament—and permit an erosion of the Protestant monopoly on position and influence. An opportunity to integrate Catholics through their re-emerging propertied and professional classes as a minority within the United Kingdom may have passed. In 1830, the leader of the
2552:
had held for nineteen years and which never previously returned a nationalist MP, Arlene Foster replied "The demography just wasn't there. We worked very hard to get the vote out... but the demography was against us". A Sinn FĂ©in election flyer used in the previous 2015 run against Dodds advertised
2378:
ensured that unionists would find themselves sitting at the Executive table with those they had persistently labelled IRA-Sinn FĂ©in. In 1998 Sinn FĂ©in, who had been gaining on the SDLP since the eighties, had 18 Assembly seats (to 26 for the SDLP) securing them two of the ten Executive departments.
2243:
As an alternative to devolution with an Irish Dimension, some unionists proposed that Northern Ireland reject special status within the United Kingdom, and return to what they conceived as the original unionist programme of complete legislative and political union. This had been the position of the
2157:
The relationship of other, at the time, more mainstream, unionist political figures to loyalist paramilitaries is also a subject of debate. Paramilitaries deny and resent any implication of political string pulling, They suggest, nonetheless, that they could rely on the politicians to deliver their
1869:
To the extent they acknowledge inequities in Unionist rule from Stormont—Paisley was later to allow "it wasn't . . a fair government. It wasn't justice for all"—unionists argue these were a result of insecurity which successive British governments had themselves created by their own divided view on
1690:
conceding that the "conscious, if unspoken strategy, was to provoke the police into overreaction and thus spark off mass reaction against the authorities". A later official inquiry suggests that all that had been required for police to begin "using their batons indiscriminately" was defiance of the
1592:
the authorities acknowledged that much of the housing stock had been "uninhabitable" before the war). Second, the Government accepted an offer from London—understood as a reward for the province's wartime service—to match the parity in taxation between Northern Ireland and Great Britain with parity
1568:
Proclaimed by Craig a "Protestant parliament", and with a "substantial and assured" Unionist Party majority the Stormont legislature could not, in any case, play a significant role. Real power "lay with the regional government itself and its administration": a structure "run by a very small number
1516:
There was little incentive for unionists in Northern Ireland to assume the risks of splitting ranks in order to reproduce the dynamic of Westminster politics. Despite its broad legislative powers, the Belfast Parliament did not, in any case, have the kinds of tax and spending powers that might have
1381:
Unionists in Northern Ireland thus found themselves in the unanticipated position of having to work a constitutional arrangement that was the by-product of an attempt by British statesmen to reconcile the determination of the Protestant population of the North to remain without qualification within
1083:
as tantamount to support for Home Rule. Yet loyalist workers resented the idea that they were the retainers of "big-house unionists". A manifesto signed in the spring of 1914 by two thousand labour men, rejected the suggestion of the radical and socialist press that Ulster was being manipulated by
2663:
Unionists accused nationalists taking this new "parity of esteem" as a license for a policy of "unrelenting harassment". Trimble spoke of having to reverse an "insidious erosion of the culture and ethnic national identity of the British people of Ulster" systematically pursued by "the Provisional
2458:
the breakthrough was merely the GFA "for slow learners". But while he acknowledged compromises, Paisley argued that Northern Ireland was "turning a corner". The IRA had disarmed, and from Sinn FĂ©in support had been won "for all the institutions of policing". Northern Ireland had "come to a time of
2358:
The Council of Ireland, that Mallon's party colleague, Hugh Logue, had referred to as "the vehicle that would trundle Unionists into a united Ireland" was replaced by a North-South Ministerial Council. "Not a supra-national body", and with no "pre-cooked" agenda, the Council was accountable to the
2255:
The British Labour Party, they argued, had been persuaded that Irish unity was the only left option in Northern Ireland less on its merits than on the superficial appearance of unionism as the six-county Tory Party. Had Labour tested the coalition that was unionism as it began fracture in the late
2008:
It is a fact that an element of the minority in Northern Ireland has hitherto seen itself as simply part of the wider Irish community. The problem of accommodating that minority within the political of Northern Ireland has to some extent been an aspect of a wider problem within Ireland as a whole.
1421:
Unionists have emphasised that their victory in the Home Rule struggle was partial. It was not only that twenty-six of thirty-two Irish counties were lost to the Union, but that within the six retained unionists were "unable to make the British government in London fully acknowledge their full and
1012:
tenants, the manufacturers and merchants of Belfast and neighbouring industrial districts could generally count on voting with the majority of their own workforce. But the loyalty of the Protestant worker was not unconditional. In the mind of many working-class unionists there was no contradiction
2556:
Demography, in this sense, has been a long term concern for unionists. The proportion of people across Northern Ireland identifying as Protestant, or raised Protestant, has fallen from 60% in the 1960s to 48%, while those raised Catholic has increased from 35 to 45%. Only two of the six counties,
2230:
Movement (URM) would "take direct action as and when required". Recruitment rallies were held in towns across Northern Ireland and thousands were said to have joined. Despite importing arms, some of which were passed on to the UVF and UDA, for the URM the call for action never came. By the fourth
2225:
Unionists, however, found themselves isolated, opposing a Conservative government and with a Westminster Opposition, Labour, that was sympathetic to Irish unity. With no obvious political leverage, and possibly to prevent initiative passing to the loyalist paramilitaries, in November 1986 Paisley
763:
to retain unchanged our present position as an integral portion of the United Kingdom, and protest in the most unequivocal manner against the passage of any measure that would rob us of our inheritance in the Imperial Parliament, under the protection of which our capital has been invested and our
2373:
In return, however, unionists had to accept that within new framework for power-sharing there could be no escaping the need to secure republican consent. The new Executive would be formed not, as in 1974, by voluntary coalition but by the allocation ministerial posts to the Assembly parties on a
2256:
1960s by itself canvassing for voters in Northern Ireland, the party might have proved the "bridge between Catholics and the state". Disappointed in Labour's response and contending with a unionist split (Democracy Now) led by the only Northern Irish Labour MP (sitting for a London constituency)
1978:
In March, Heath demanded that Faulkner surrender control of internal security. When, as might have been anticipated, Faulkner resigned rather than comply, Heath in an instant shattered, for unionists, "the theory that the Army was simply in Northern Ireland for the purpose of offering aid to the
1235:
reasoned that if differences in ethnicity ("race") and interests argue for Ireland's separation from Great Britain, they could as easily argue for a separation of north and south, with Belfast as the capital of its own "distinct kingdom". In response to the First Home rule Bill in 1886, Radical
1112:
At what was to be the high point of mobilisation in Ulster against Home Rule, the Covenant Campaign of September 1912, the unionist leadership decided that men alone could not speak for the determination of the unionist people to defend "their equal citizenship in the United Kingdom". Women were
652:
The upper and middle classes found in Britain and the Empire "a wide range of profitable careers--in the army, in the public services, in commerce--from which they might be shut out if the link between Ireland and Great Britain were weakened or severed". That same link was critical for all those
2406:
in which London had disclaimed any "selfish strategic or economic interest" in the matter. Unionists were nonetheless discomforted by the republican claim that the 1998 Agreement had, in the words of Gerry Adams, "dealt the union a severe blow": "there was now no absolute commitment, no raft of
928:
The road to Catholicism's identification with constitutional Irish nationalism was "far from smooth and immediate", and a Catholic tradition of support for the union, focused on the value of stability and of empire, survived the first home-rule crisis. But it did not share the majority unionist
2690:
The greater issue in inter-party talks proved to be language rights. On Good Friday, 10 April 1998, Prime Minister Tony Blair was surprised by a last minute demand for recognition of a "Scottish dialect spoken in some parts of Northern Ireland" that Unionists regarded their "equivalent to the
2588:
Surveys suggest that more people than ever in Northern Ireland, 50%, say they are neither unionist nor nationalist. The electoral impact of eschewing "tribal labels" (upwards of 17% also refuse a religious designation) is limited since those who do so are younger and less likely to turnout in
1347:
Violence against Catholics in Belfast, driven out of workplaces and attacked in their districts, and a boycott of Belfast goods, accompanied by looting and destruction, in the South, helped consolidate "real partition, spiritual and voluntary" in advance of the constitutional partition. This
648:
and a further 75 Members elected on a highly restrictive property franchise). Regardless of how it was constituted, they believed that an Irish parliament would (egged on by the "American Irish") enter into conflicts with the "imperial parliament" in London that could only be resolved through
2818:
When, by a margin of 12% Northern Ireland voted Remain (with Scotland, the only UK region to do so outside London), the DUP was left to argue that Leave had been the UK-wide decision, and could be honoured only by the UK "leaving the European Union as a whole", its "territorial and economic
2902:) would be implemented without routine checks on "internal" trade with Great Britain and would be accompanied by measures to promote East-West (i.e. British) as opposed to North-South (EU/Irish) movements of goods and services, the DUP agreed to a restoration of the Assembly. On 3 February,
2235:
the control of the Northern Assembly, did not involve an overarching all-Ireland Council, and were not designed to be developed in the direction of joint authority. While prepared to accommodate an Irish Dimension unionists, at a minimum, were looking for a settlement not an "unsettlement".
1572:
Although they had no positive political programme for a devolved parliament, the Unionist regime did attempt an early reform. Consistent with the obligation under the Government of Ireland Act to neither establish nor endow a religion, a 1923 Education Act provided that in schools religious
1979:
civil power, of defending legally established institutions against terrorist attack". In what unionists viewed as a victory for violence, the Conservative government prorogued Stormont and imposed direct rule "not merely to restore order but to reshape the Province's system of government".
707:
assured a "monster meeting" of the Anti-Repeal Union in Belfast, that English Conservatives would "cast in their lot" with loyalists in resisting Home Rule, and he later coined the phrase that was to become the watchword of northern unionism: "Ulster will fight, and Ulster will be right".
240:, that advances an all-Ireland agenda. In February 2024, two years after their withdrawal collapsed the devolved institutions, on the basis of new British government assurances they returned to the Assembly to form the first Northern Ireland government in which unionists are a minority.
615:
returned an IPP, now under the leadership of Parnell, of 85 Members (including 17 from Ulster where Conservatives and Liberals split the unionist vote). Gladstone, whose Liberals lost all 15 of their Irish seats, was able to form his second ministry only with their Commons support.
413:
appeared to transcend the ecclesiastical differences between the different Protestant denominations. while launching them into "a far more conscious sense of separateness from the Church of Rome", then undergoing its own devotional revolution. The leading Presbyterian evangelist,
2841:
had ruled that the interests of the Northern Ireland peace process are "paramount". To avoid the "step backwards" that would be represented, "symbolically and psychologically", by a "hardening" of the Irish border, Northern Ireland should remain in regulatory alignment with the
764:
home and rights safeguarded; that we record our determination to have nothing to do with a Parliament certain to be controlled by men responsible for the crime and outrage of the Land League . . . many of whom have shown themselves the ready instrument of clerical domination.
1647:
suggested that "the plan" was "to develop the strongly Unionist-Belfast-Coleraine-Portadown triangle and to cause a migration from West to East Ulster, redistributing and scattering the minority to that the Unionist Party will not only maintain but strengthen its position".
193:
In 1972, the British government suspended this arrangement. Against a background of growing political violence, and citing the need to consider how Catholics in Northern Ireland could be integrated into its civic and political life, it prorogued the parliament in Belfast.
2872:, past and present unionist leaders pressed for a judicial review. When eventually rendered in June 2021, the ruling of the Belfast High Court was that while there indeed was a conflict with the Act, in approving the implicitly amending Protocol Parliament was sovereign.
1304:
but with implementation suspended for the duration of European hostilities. With the issue of Ulster's exclusion unresolved, leaders on both sides sought favour with the Government and the British public by committing themselves, and their volunteers, to the war effort.
2589:
Northern Ireland's still largely polarised elections. It is still the case that few Protestants vote for nationalists, and few Catholics for unionists. But they will vote for others, for parties that decline to make an issue of Northern Ireland's constitutional status.
8327:
2088:
and UVF paramilitaries, had an effective stranglehold on energy supplies. Concessions sought by Faulkner were blocked by the SDLP. John Hume, then Minister of Commerce, pressed for a British Army enforced fuel-oil plan and for resistance to "a fascist takeover". After
9362:
4141:
2572:
Unionism losing, however, has not necessarily meant nationalism winning: overall there has been "no comparable increase in the nationalist vote mirroring the decline in the unionist bloc". Despite symbolic triumphs over unionism—returning the larger number of
2437:
at Stormont suggested that the organisation was still active and collecting intelligence. Trimble led the UUP out of the Executive and the Assembly was suspended. (No charges were brought as a result of the raid at the centre of which was a Sinn FĂ©in staffer,
1784:-based franchise in council elections (One man, one vote); and The Londonderry Corporation (through which unionists had administered a predominately nationalist city) was replaced by an independent development commission. The broad security provisions of the
1128:, an anti-Home Rule Liberal and campaigner for girls education, was an early pioneer. Determined lobbying by her North of Ireland Women's Suffrage Society ensured the 1887 Act creating a new city-status municipal franchise for Belfast (piloted through the
643:
that was largely of his own drafting. Unionists were not persuaded by his inclusion of measures to limit the remit of a Dublin legislature and to reduce the weight of the popular vote (the 200 or so popularly elected members were to sit in session with 28
2470:
who followed him in office from January 2016, had colder relationships than had Paisley with McGuinness and with his party colleagues and these eventually broke down. Citing "DUP's arrogance" in relation to a range of issues, including management of
1113:
asked to sign, not the Covenant whose commitment to "all means which may be found necessary" implied a readiness to bear arms, but their own Associate Declaration. A total of 234,046 women signed the Ulster Women's Declaration; 237,368 men signed the
1737:(whose government was pursuing a similar modernising agenda in the South) made an unheralded visit to Stormont. After O'Neill reciprocated with a visit to Dublin, the Nationalists were persuaded, for the first time, to assume the role at Stormont of
2016:
Northern Ireland must and will remain part of the United Kingdom for as long as that is the wish of a majority of the people, but that status does not preclude the necessary taking into account of what has been described in this paper as the 'Irish
9081:
2734:
did take a step with Ulster Scots that it does not take with Irish speakers: the UK government pledged to "recognise Ulster Scots as a national minority under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities". This is a second
1715:
929:
conviction that any measure of devolution within the United Kingdom must lead to separation. Nor did it supply unionism with the equivalent of the Protestants who, individually, played a prominent role in home-rule and separatist politics.
1143:
noted the failure of unionist women to formulate "any demand on their own behalf or that of their own sex". Yet in September 1913 McCracken was celebrating a "marriage of unionism and women's suffrage". Following reports that the militant
10225:
1714:
1712:
1710:
7973:
1335:
of December 1918, the first Westminster poll since 1910 and the first with all adult males, and women from age thirty, eligible to vote (the electorate tripled), the IPP was almost wholly replaced in nationalist constituencies by
1713:
452:. But as the Irish party-political successors to O'Connell's Repeal movement gained representation and influence in Westminster, Cooke's call for unity was to be heeded in the progressive emergence of a pan-Protestant unionism.
1612:, sustained after 1921, was replaced with a comprehensive system of social-security. Under the Housing Act (NI) 1945 the public subvention for new home construction was even greater, proportionately, than in England and Wales.
8319:
1247:. This bound signatories "to stand by one another in defending for ourselves and our children our position of equal citizenship in the United Kingdom, and in using all means which may be found necessary to defeat the present
9431:
1877:
was replicated in other nationalist neighbourhoods both in Derry and in Belfast. Sealed off with barricades, the areas were openly policed by the IRA. In what was reported as the biggest British military operation since the
2699:, Trimble believed he was taking this "cultural war" onto the nationalists' own ground. Unionists argued that nationalists had "weaponised" the Irish language issue as "a tool" with which to "batter the Protestant people".
2217:
and a mass resignation of unionist MPs from Westminster and suspensions of district council meetings. In the largest unionist protest since Ulster Day 1912, on 23 November 1985 upwards of a hundred thousand rallied outside
9354:
7761:
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2222:. "Where do the terrorists return to for sanctuary?" Paisley asked the crowd: "To the Irish Republic and yet Mrs. Thatcher tells us the Republic may have some say in our province. We say, Never! Never! Never! Never!".
1569:
of individuals". Between 1921 and 1939 only twelve people served in cabinet, some continuously. It was in protest that the Progressive Unionists had proposed limited office in government to 8 years or two parliaments.
10139:
8843:
1159:, after being door-stepped for fours days by the WSPU, ruled women's suffrage too divisive an issue for unionists. There followed a series of arson-attacks on unionist-owned and associated property that culminated in
10109:
9478:
2012:
It is therefore clearly desirable that any new arrangements for Northern Ireland should, whilst meeting the wishes of Northern Ireland and Great Britain, be so far as possible acceptable to the Republic of Ireland.
1886:, on 31 July 1972, the British Army did eventually act to re-establish control. But this had been preceded in the weeks before by a ceasefire in the course of which Provisional IRA leaders, including Chief of Staff
1468:
The impression that Ireland as a whole was being removed from Westminster politics was reinforced by refusal of the parties of Government and Opposition to organise, or canvass for votes, in the six counties. The
422:, Cooke proposed a "Christian marriage" between the two main Protestant denominations (Anglican and Presbyterian). Setting their remaining differences aside, they would cooperate on all "matters of common safety".
10024:
8752:
7791:
9393:
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1274:. Nearly two million signatories declared themselves willing to "supporting any action that may be effective" to prevent the people of Ulster being deprived "of their rights as citizens of the United Kingdom".
1779:
and proceeded with a reform package that addressed many of NICRA's demands. There was to be a needs-based points system for public housing; an ombudsman to investigate citizen grievances; the abolition of the
9331:
653:
employed in the great export industries of the North—textiles, engineering, shipbuilding. For these the Irish hinterland was less important than the industrial triangle that linked Belfast and region with
9993:
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2710:, argued that privileging Irish through a language act would be an exercise in "ethnic territorial marking". His decision, and that of his party colleagues, to resist Sinn FĂ©in's demand for a stand-alone
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2721:
agreement promised both the Irish language and Ulster-Scots new Commissioners to "support" and "enhance" their development but did not accord them equal legal status. While the UK government recognised
1711:
347:
The British government, which had had to deploy its own forces to suppress the rebellion in Ireland and to turn back and defeat French intervention, decided on a union with Great Britain. Provision for
2479:
followed on 2 March 2017. For the first time in the history of Northern Ireland as a political entity, with 45 of 90 seats unionists failed to secure an overall majority in a parliament of the region.
1096:. Nationalists did not seek to persuade them that collective bargaining, progressive taxation and social security were principles for which majorities could be as readily found in an Irish parliament.
9820:
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between the defence of Protestant principle and political radicalism, "indeed, these were often seen as one and the same because it was the wealthy who were most prone to conciliation and treachery".
8631:
2073:. Faulkner's pro-Assembly grouping was left with just 13% of the unionist vote. Arguing that they had deprived Faulkner of any semblance of a mandate, the victors called for new Assembly elections.
461:
5448:
5354:
1772:"both political and ecclesiastical". After the Lemass meeting, Paisley announced that "the Ecumenists . . . are selling us out", and called on Ulster Protestants to resist a "policy of treachery".
1596:
By the 1960s Unionism was administering something at odds with the general conservatism of those to whom leadership had been conceded in the resistance to Irish Home Rule. Under the impetus of the
883:
During the constructivist 1890s, and before a Liberal government revived the prospects for home rule, unionists appeared more at ease with interest in Irish culture. The first Ulster branch of the
495:
soon fell apart. In the South the Church approved the Catholic MPs breaking their pledge of independent opposition and accepting government positions. In the North, the Protestant tenant righters,
1857:", had announced their presence in 1966 with a series of sectarian killings). The IRA did go into action on the night of 20/21 April, bombing ten post offices in Belfast in an attempt to draw the
734:, whom the press noted had been a critic of Orangeism. Speakers and observers dwelt on the diversity of creed, class and party represented among the 12,300 delegates attending. As reported by the
2046:, conceded that "all other issues were governed" by a drive to "get all-Ireland institutions established" that would "produce the dynamic that would lead ultimately to an agreed united Ireland".
1139:
The WSS had not been impressed by the women's Ulster Declaration or by the Ulster Women's Unionist Council (UWUC)—with over 100,000 members the largest women's political organisation in Ireland.
7731:
5319:
10217:
1465:. All this was suggestive, not of a devolved administration within the United Kingdom, but of a state constituted under the Crown outside the direct jurisdiction of the Westminster parliament.
2930:
A flowchart illustrating all the political parties that have existed throughout the history of Northern Ireland and leading up to its formation (1889 onwards). Unionist parties are in orange.
2856:
protested that the hazards of a no-deal Brexit would be better than this "annexation of Northern Ireland away from the rest of the United Kingdom". She was supported by prominent Brexiteers.
1148:(WPSU) would begin organising in Ulster, the secretary of Ulster Unionist Council had informed the UWUC that draft articles for an Ulster Provisional Government included votes for women. The
4069:
2026:, argued that the difficulty for most unionists was not an arrangement in which Protestants and Catholics must consent. It was that, despite a promise not to share power with parties whose
1963:
For the British Government internment proved a public relations disaster, both domestic and international. It was compounded by the interrogation of internees by methods (the so-called the
1362:
In 1921, elections for these parliaments were duly held. But in Southern Ireland this was for parliament which, by British agreement, would now constitute itself as the Dáil Éireann of the
9963:
5496:
7957:
8662:
5575:, editorial "Repeal: Petition in favour of the Union, or 'the Erection of the Kingdom of the North of Ireland", 17 October 1843, cited in British and Irish Communist Organisation (1973)
1967:) that were eventually deemed illegal by the UK Government's own commission of inquiry (and subsequently, in a case brought by the Irish government, ruled "inhuman and degrading" by the
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768:
After mammoth parliamentary sessions the bill, which did allow for Irish MPs, was passed by a narrow majority in the Commons but went down to defeat in the overwhelmingly Conservative
8141:
6409:
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The office of Governor as the Crown's representative, symbolising `the permanence both of the authority of the Northern Ireland Government and the union with Great Britain", 1921–1973
1849:
Tensions had been further heightened in the days before O'Neill's resignation when a number of explosions at electricity and water installations were attributed to the IRA. The later
363:
In the Presbyterian north east the Irish parliament was unlamented. Having refused calls for reform—to broaden representation and curb corruption—few saw cause to regret its passing.
232:
arrangement remained fraught. Unionists, with diminishing electoral strength, charged their nationalist partners in government with pursuing an anti-British cultural agenda and, post-
9420:
2750:
Insofar as unionists are persuaded to identity with Ulster Scots and employ it as a marker (as the reference to "the Ulster Scots / Ulster British tradition in Northern Ireland" in
2305:
declaring that "the semi-detached status of Northern Ireland politics needs to end", Empey announced that his party would be running candidates in upcoming Westminster elections as
2058:
990:
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1956:. Beyond immediate defence of Catholics areas, the Officials had already committed to unarmed political strategy—and on that basis were to declare a ceasefire in May 1972. Leading
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candidate was marked by what his opponents considered a classic piece of bigotry. Sloan protested the exemption of Catholic convents from inspection by the Hygiene Commission (the
472:
of the 1840s, successive governments, Whig and Tory, had refused political responsibility for agrarian conditions in Ireland. The issues of a low-level tenant-landlord war came to
8821:
8575:
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engendered that kind of party competition. The principal sources of government revenue, income and corporation taxes, customs and excise, were entirely beyond Belfast's control.
2664:
IRA and its fellow travellers"; and Robinson of a "fightback" against the "unrelenting Sinn FĂ©in campaign to promote Irish culture and target British structures and symbols".
2660:, had effectively ruled that "there could no such thing as disloyalty within Northern Ireland". The conflicting ambitions of nationalism and unionism were of "equal validity".
1826:
O'Neill's position had been weakened when, focused on demands not conceded (redrawing of electoral boundaries, immediate repeal of the Special Power Act and disbandment of the
1344:, the national assembly of the Republic declared in 1916, and demanded that the "English garrison" evacuate. In the six north-east counties, unionists took 22 out of 29 seats.
7700:
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sought a revolutionary union of "Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter" (i.e. of Catholics and Protestants of all persuasions). Their resolve was broken with the defeat of their
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established that the "outrages" were "the work of Protestant extremists . . . anxious to undermine confidence" in O'Neill's leadership. (The bombers, styling themselves "the
730:. It was greeted by an Ulster opposition more highly developed and better organised. A great Ulster Unionist Convention was held in Belfast organised by the Liberal Unionist
356:
pushed with difficulty through the parliament in Dublin. While a separate Irish executive in Dublin was retained, representation, still wholly Protestant, was transferred to
10101:
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1262:
organised by Craig. If Home Rule were imposed "we will be governed as a conquered community and nothing else". By July 1914, the Ulster Covenant had been complemented by a
684:
and other British centres experiencing large-scale Irish immigration developed similar Orange and nativist ward and workplace politics with which unionists—organised in the
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In 1892, despite bitter division over the personally compromised leadership of Parnell, the Nationalists were able to help Gladstone to a third ministry. The result was a
119:
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as chair. Seeking to "challenge . . . by more vigorous action than Parliamentary questions and newspaper controversy", NICRA decided to carry out a programme of marches.
1243:
Faced with the eventual enactment of Home Rule, Carson appeared to press this argument. On 28 September 1912, Ulster Day, he was the first to sign, in Belfast City Hall,
10343:
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1709:
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For the first time, Dublin formally recognised the border as the limit of its jurisdiction. The Republic agreed to do what the SDLP had refused to consider in 1974, to
9385:
8782:
5289:
Connolly, S. J.; McIntosh, Gillian (1 January 2012). "Chapter 7: Whose City? Belonging and Exclusion in the Nineteenth-Century Urban World". In Connolly, S. J. (ed.).
2097:
refused his final plea for negotiation, Faulkner resigned. Conceding that there was no longer any constitutional basis for the Executive, Rees dissolved the Assembly.
1558:
2553:
the changed ratio of Catholics to Protestants in the constituency (46.94 per cent to 45.67 per cent). It had a simple message for Catholic voters, "Make the change".
2826:
to remain in power; following the hung parliament that resulted from the snap general election in June 2017. But, to their dismay, at year's end May returned from
1604:. The Education Act (NI), 1947, "revolutionised access" to secondary and further education. Health-care provision was expanded and re-organised on the model of the
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2804:
2601:
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to omit the territorial claim to the whole island of Ireland and concede that Irish unity could be achieved only by majority consent "democratically expressed, in
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and no crown: the "Ulster national flag" variously employed by Loyalist groups to represent an independent, or distinctly Ulster-Scot, Northern-Ireland identity.
2264:, in which for a period the B&ICO also participated, to draw all three Westminster parties to Northern Ireland similarly failed to convince. Its president,
1745:) O'Neill incurred the wrath of those he understood as "self-styled 'loyalists' who see moderation as treason, and decency as weakness",among these the Reverend
1187:
9541:
2411:
1052:
should not be "a state within a state"). But it was as a trade unionist that he criticised the "fur-coat brigade" in the leadership of unionism. Together with
668:
In the north, the competition represented by the growing numbers of Catholics arriving at mill and factory gates had already given the once largely rural (and
210:
11493:
9920:"UK Withdrawal ('Brexit') and the Good Friday Agreement: Study for the Policy Department for Citizen's Rights and Constitutional Affairs, European Parliament"
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2454:, paving the way for Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness to be nominated as First, and Deputy First, Ministers by a restored Assembly. For the UUP's new leader
845:
introduced for the first time the principle of compulsory sale to tenants, through its application was limited to bankrupt estates. "You would suppose", said
9812:
8716:
6282:
2272:
1952:
were arrested without charge or warrant. Many appeared to have no connection with the IRA, and for those that did the link typically was to the left-leaning
1830:), republicans and left-wing students disregarded appeals from within NICRA and Hume's Derry Citizens Action Committee to suspend protest. On 4 January 1969
8623:
5797:
5436:
5342:
2313:
who campaigned successfully as an independent. The episode confirmed the UUP's eclipse by the Democratic Unionists, a party that mixed social and economic
1741:. With this and other conciliatory gestures (unprecedented visits to a Catholic hospitals and schools, flying the Union flag at half mast for the death of
10248:
2727:
2597:
2363:
2129:. The initiative in protesting what unionists often perceived as inadequate political and security responses to republican violence passed to loyalists.
2493:
The withdrawal of support within the DUP for Paisley's newly conciliatory leadership was not marked by a lasting split over the DUP decision to go into
1819:, from which he had previously been returned unopposed, the Prime Minister was humiliated by achieving only a narrow victory over Paisley standing as a
944:
seat in a 1916 by-election, he was the first Catholic to represent a unionist constituency in Ulster, and when he retained the seat in 1918, the future
657:
and the north of England. Yet the most popular summary of case against Irish self-government remained the message broadcast in a "great revival" of the
12478:
7723:
5315:
2679:
shopfronts standoff (2013-2016) in north Belfast. A decision of the once firmly unionist Belfast City Council in 2012 to reduce the number of days the
2306:
8499:
8320:"As British as Finchley? The Evolution of the Positions of the British Government and Irish Republicanism Regarding Sovereignty over Northern Ireland"
6586:
2301:, Ulster Unionists sought to restore the historic link to the Conservative Party, broken in the wake of Sunningdale. With the new Conservative leader
1937:
and elsewhere". Unionism as an expression of settler colonialism, indeed, was an analysis promoted in Britain by left-wing commentators and scholars.
11489:
6670:
1663:
had been collating and publicising evidence of discrimination in employment and housing. From April 1967 the cause was taken up by the Belfast-based
1136:) conferred the vote on persons rather than men. This was eleven years before women elsewhere Ireland gained the vote in local government elections.
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826:
of the west Balfour initiated a programme not only of public works, but of subsidy for local craft industries. Headed by the former Unionist MP for
12597:
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1960:, some of whom were new to the IRA, entirely escaped the net. Unionists blamed the poor intelligence on London's decision to tolerate no-go areas.
12335:
10336:
10273:
9955:
9103:
8469:
8438:
5488:
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174:, Ulster unionists accepted a home-rule dispensation for the six north-east counties remaining in the United Kingdom. For the next 50 years, the
2142:
Paisley combined his radically anti-Catholic evangelism early in his career with a foray into physical force loyalism: his formation in 1956 of
1537:
Until the crisis of the late 1960s, unionism in Northern Ireland was effectively single-party politics. In his 28 years in Stormont (1925–1953)
522:
and increased representation for the towns, reduced the electoral influence of land owners and their agents, and contributed to the triumph, in
12592:
8654:
7464:
5960:
Sir James Craig in a letter to Lloyd George, quoted in F. S. L. Lyons (1971), Ireland since the Famine. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. p. 696
5577:
Ulster As It Is: a Review of the Development of the Catholic/Protestant Political Conflict between Catholic Emancipation and the Home Rule Bill
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implicated Paisley, albeit via supposed intermediaries, in the bombings intended to "blow O'Neill out of office" early in 1969. Leaders of the
941:
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1929:". This played into the republican narrative that "the insurgence in the housing estates and borderland of Ulster" was something akin to the
1254:
In January 1913, Carson declared for the exclusion of Ulster and called for the enlistment of up to 100,000 Covenanters as drilled and armed
8382:
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announced their intention to march the same route—the NICRA executive was in favour of calling it off. But DHAC pressed ahead with activist
12507:
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attempted to join him, averaging 30% of the vote in ten otherwise safe Government seats. After positively endorsing the Union, in 1953 the
1297:
9501:
2475:, in January 2017 McGuinness resigned. Sinn FĂ©in refused to nominate a successor, without whom the devolved institutions were unworkable.
1588:) did make two reform commitments. First, it promised a programme of "slum clearance" and public housing construction (in the wake of the
700:"because", he said "the Orange society is alone capable of dealing with the condition of anarchy and rebellion which prevail in Ireland".
12587:
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688:—sought to connect. With Gladstone's conversion to home rule, politicians who had held aloof from the Order now embraced its militancy.
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should be achieved by giving minority interests a share in the exercise of executive power. Faulkner's later successor as party leader,
12521:
10329:
6067:", Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study, University of London Parliaments, Politics and People Seminar, 22 March.
4204:
3984:
Kirkpatrick, R. W. (1980), "Origins and development of the land war in mid-Ulster, 1879–85" in F. S. Lyons and R. A. J. Hawkins (eds.)
2667:
Unionists alleged a "pan-nationalist front" was manipulating public order powers to ban, re-route or otherwise regulate time-hallowed
2545:
1574:
1355:
In the hope of brokering a compromise that might yet hold Ireland within Westminster's jurisdiction, the Government proceeded with the
1037:
399:
1971:). Further national and international outrage followed the Army's lethal use of live fire against unarmed anti-internment protesters,
1370:, the twenty-six counties were to have the "same constitutional status in the Community of Nations known as the British Empire as the
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While the UUP decided that "on balance Northern Ireland is better remaining in the European Union", in the run-up to the UK's June
2352:
2245:
410:
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1020:, in 1868 loyalists in Belfast had chosen their own "Conservative", rejecting a millowner and returning an evangelical Orangeman,
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8165:
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In Ulster, resistance to O'Connell's appeal was stiffened by a religious revival. With its emphasis upon "personal witness", the
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in the United States, they spoke a language of universal rights which had a broad appeal for British and international opinion.
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in the services delivered. What Northern Ireland might loose in autonomy, it was going to gain in a closer, more equal, Union.
1129:
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Unionist women had been involved in political campaigning from the time of the first Home Rule Bill in 1886. Some were active
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8844:"Poll: Survey says Northern Ireland voting habits dictated by tribalism – would you vote for party from different community?"
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Having become Ulster unionists and then six-county unionists, "Irish Unionists had evolved into Northern Irish Home Rulers".
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of the Counties ... modern Conservatives ... Orangemen ... All these various elements—Whig, Liberal, Radical, Presbyterian,
608:
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Assembly where procedural rules (the Petition of Concern) allowed for cross-community consent, and hence a "unionist veto".
12390:
11773:
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672:) Orange Order a new lease among Protestant workers. The pattern, in itself, was not unique to Belfast and its satellites.
612:
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and Ulster Scots as a regional or minority language for the "encouragement" and "facilitation" purposes of Part II of the
1352:, President of Dáil, declared in favour of "giving each county power to vote itself out of the Republic if it so wished".
11728:
11641:
11598:
10384:
10163:"NI Protocol conflicts with the Act of Union – but is not unlawful, Belfast High Court rules in blow to unionist leaders"
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1699:", Northern Ireland, for the first time in decades, was making British and international headlines, and television news.
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In August 1914, suffragists in Ulster suspended their agitation for the duration of the European war. Their reward was a
1133:
1021:
998:
892:
10218:"Boris Johnson's new EU Brexit treaty 'drives coach and horses through the professed sanctity' of Good Friday Agreement"
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6635:"Terence O'Neill on the Government's 5 Point Reform Plan – View media – Northern Ireland Screen | Digital Film Archive"
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After thirteen months in office Paisley was replaced as First Minister of Northern Ireland by his long-time DUP deputy
1753:
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determined upon a constructive course. He pursued reforms intended, as some saw it, to kill home rule with "kindness".
693:
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tradesmen, merchants, and tenant farmers protested against the unrepresentative parliament and against an executive in
2730:, for Irish it assumed the more stringent Part III obligations in respect of education, media and administration. Yet
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wars of liberation, and that in Britain's first and last colony "decolonisation will be forced upon her as it was in
1525:
1462:
7208:
7159:
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4410:
Kennedy, David (1955), "Ulster and the Antecedents of Home Rule, 1850–86", in T. W. Moody and J. C. Beckett (eds.),
3853:
Kennedy, David (1955), "Ulster and the Antecedents of Home Rule, 1850–86", in T. W. Moody and J. C. Beckett (eds.),
1775:
Many within his own party were alarmed when in December 1968 O'Neill sacked his hard-line Minister of Home Affairs,
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3366:"'Brunswick Bloodhounds and Itinerant Demagogues': The Campaign for Catholic Emancipation in County Armagh 1824–29"
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1553:
won three seats. But for the most part Government candidates were returned by unionist voters without contest. The
1506:
1414:
10102:"Arlene Foster turns on Boris Johnson, saying she will never take him at his word again: 'Once bitten, twice shy'"
2505:
protesting an "enforced coalition" that "holds at the heart of government" those determined to subvert the state.
2407:
parliamentary acts to back up an absolute claim, only an agreement to stay until the majority decided otherwise".
12153:
11780:
11226:
10437:
7457:"Malcolm Sutton: An Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland. Summary of organisations responsible for death"
5718:
4250:
Lyons, F. S. L. (1955), "Ulster and the Home Rule Struggle, 1886-1921", in T. W. Moody and J. C. Beckett (eds.),
3057:
2971:
2943:
2370:". The firm nationalist principle that unionists are a minority within the territory of the state was set aside.
1831:
1494:
1382:
the United Kingdom with the aspirations of the Nationalist majority in Ireland for Irish unity and independence.
857:
727:
640:
611:. The near-universal admission to the suffrage of male heads of household tripled the electorate in Ireland. The
426:
306:
6634:
2231:
anniversary of the accord, unionist protests against the Anglo-Irish Agreement were drawing only token support.
2190:. For the first time this appeared to give the Republic a direct role in the government of Northern Ireland. An
1214:
In 1911 a Liberal administration was once again dependent on Irish nationalist MPs. In 1912 the Prime Minister,
328:, by English ministers. Seeing little prospect of further reform and in the hope that they might be assisted by
11785:
11681:
11355:
11335:
11290:
10988:
10934:
10791:
10487:
10406:
9243:
7911:
7287:
6753:"Violence and Civil Disturbances in Northern Ireland in 1969: Report of Tribunal of Inquiry. Part 1, Chapter 1"
6017:
5645:
5611:
5009:
4984:
4751:
4633:
Patrick Cosgrove (November 2010). "T. W. Russell and the compulsory-land-purchase campaign in Ulster, 1900-3".
4533:
4235:
3408:
3169:
2320:
2261:
2122:
1968:
1953:
1834:
marchers en route from Belfast to Derry were ambushed and beaten by loyalists, including off-duty Specials, at
1761:
1679:
1442:
1430:
1356:
1240:(1912), L. S. Amery did insist that "if Irish Nationalism constitutes a nation, then Ulster is a nation too".
1045:
900:
221:
committed to permanent ceasefires, unionists accepted principles of joint office and parallel consent in a new
126:
47:
20:
1485:
where, by general agreement, matters within the competence of the Belfast Parliament could not be raised. The
11763:
11472:
11386:
10638:
8273:
The Idea of the Union: Statements and Critiques in Support of the Union of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
6037:
The Idea of the Union: Statements and Critiques in Support of the Union of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
3027:
2248:(B&ICO), a small contrarian left-wing grouping that had come to the attention of unionists through their
2038:
1812:
1600:
in Britain, and thanks to the generosity of British exchequer, Northern Ireland had emerged with an advanced
1550:
418:
took the occasion to preach Protestant Unity. In 1834, at a mass demonstration hosted upon his estate by the
391:, invited Protestants to join in a campaign to repeal the Union and restore the Kingdom of Ireland under the
261:
1798 by Thomas Robinson. Government Yeomanry prepare to hang United Irish insurgent Hugh McCulloch, a grocer.
6809:
Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles
2850:
frontier. That would allow necessary physical checks on goods to be removed to air and sea points of entry.
2355:(OFMDFM). Trimble believed that unionism had secured much that had been denied to Faulkner 25 years before.
1425:
Although technically constituted by the decision of the six-county Parliament elected in 1920 to opt out of
1104:
12582:
12420:
11738:
11664:
11514:
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2147:
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That night, there was renewed street fighting in the Bogside. From behind barricades, residents declared "
1458:
997:
and supported him from 1910 as leader of the Irish Unionist parliamentary party. But marshalled by Captain
801:
302:
6659:
2898:
Two years later, on the strength of the government's assurances that the Protocol (and the ancillary 2022
2201:
The unionist reaction, Thatcher recalled in her memoirs, was "worse than anyone had predicted to me". The
1378:". It was not clear to all parties at the time—civil war ensued—but this was to be de facto independence.
11758:
11131:
10576:
9355:"Nelson McCausland: A stand-alone Irish Language Act is divisive and ignores Ulster-Scots' rich heritage"
8960:
6721:
2786:
2668:
1827:
1738:
1660:
1597:
1203:
1093:
1080:
812:
711:
Gladstone's own party was split on Home Rule and the House divided against the measure. In 1891 Ulster's
569:
183:
125:
Unionism became an overarching partisan affiliation in Ireland late in the nineteenth century. Typically
1992:
1501:. In 1907 MacDonald's party had held their first party conference in Belfast. Yet, at the height of the
1308:
The strategy was challenged on the nationalist side. As the militants saw it, contingents of republican
12602:
12463:
12102:
11768:
11462:
10732:
10604:
10474:
10132:"Sammy Wilson: The Brexit Withdrawal Agreement is the worst of all worlds, not the best of both worlds"
6660:"Television Broadcast by Captain Terence O'Neill, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, December 9, 1969"
4267:
Ch. X: The Emergence of the Unionist Party and the defeat of Home Rule p.107, Edco Press Dublin (1993)
3063:
3021:
2915:
2657:
2502:
2403:
2094:
2085:
2081:
1899:
986:
685:
561:
325:
9074:"Eilis O'Hanlon: If Northern Ireland is to remain in the UK, the UUP and DUP must appeal to Catholics"
8461:
8430:
2687:, was also interpreted as a step in a wider "cultural war" against "Britishness", triggering protest.
2442:, later exposed as a government informer, and a public inquiry was ruled not in the public interest).
110:. As of February 2024, they no longer do so as the larger faction: they serve in an executive with an
12170:
12026:
11746:
11560:
11482:
11467:
11452:
11300:
11235:
11197:
11187:
11177:
11037:
10561:
10454:
10374:
6005:
4587:
4526:
The Ireland That We Made: Arthur & Gerald Balfour's Contribution to the Origins of Modern Ireland
3963:
3051:
3009:
2990:
2983:
2977:
2865:
2796:
2758:
2532:
2206:
2179:
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222:
107:
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6140:
Aaron Edwards (2015), "The British Labour Party and the tragedy of Northern Ireland Labour" in The
2936:
2880:
2613:
2609:
2483:
2286:
that the party could not continue to exclude Northern Ireland residents from party membership. The
2143:
1683:
1640:
1628:
1068:
1057:
745:
496:
441:
140:
67:
8025:
7927:
7843:"'British Rights for British Citizens': the Campaign for 'Equal Citizenship' for Northern Ireland"
6696:
2004:. It articulated what were to be the enduring principles of the British approach to a settlement.
993:, presided over its executive. The Council also retained the services of Carson, from 1892 MP for
12483:
12432:
12148:
11900:
11649:
11509:
11315:
11260:
11250:
11217:
11050:
10962:
10875:
10778:
10299:
8753:"As the DUP's once-lofty citadels fall, it pushes for a unionist unity which would be disastrous"
8374:
6381:
Morgan, Michael (1988). "Post-War Social Change and the Catholic Community in Northern Ireland".
3703:
3033:
2956:
2279:
2057:
Within a week of taking office as First Minister, Faulkner was forced to resign as UUP leader. A
2034:
1756:, and at a time when he believed mainline presbyteries were being led down a "Roman road" by the
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865:
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716:
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481:
337:
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936:, were returned to the Commons before the 1884 Reform Act. A "unique place" was occupied by Sir
740:
there were "the old tenant-righters of the 'sixties' ... the sturdy reformers of Antrim ... the
12503:
12380:
12006:
11526:
11381:
11270:
11221:
10752:
10442:
2949:
2847:
2843:
2596:. In 2019, Alliance more than doubled its vote from 7.1% to 18.5% in the Northern-Ireland wide
2151:
2030:
aim is a united Ireland, Faulkner had committed them to agreement with "Republican Catholics".
1854:
1765:
1653:
1348:
otherwise uncompromising Republicans regarded as, at least for now, inevitable. In August 1920
1324:
suppressing an Irish strike for freedom. In the aftermath of the Rising and in the course of a
1259:
1248:
994:
880:, Russell helped initiate a programme that built some 40,000 one-acre labourer-owned cottages.
838:
415:
258:
9986:"Boris Johnson's speech to DUP conference: 'we are on the verge of making a historic mistake'"
9640:
9195:
5856:
5191:
Irish republicanism and socialism : the politics of the Republican movement, 1905 to 1994
3814:
3722:
3655:
2429:
In October 2002, at a time the IRA had finally agreed but not yet complied with a process for
2309:. The move triggered defections, and in 2010 election the party lost their only remaining MP,
1316:
ensured that while Irishmen, at Redmond's urging, were sacrificing themselves for the sake of
973:
was established to bring together unionists in the north including, with 50 of 200 seats, the
12165:
12136:
11669:
10795:
10737:
10479:
10469:
9259:
A background note on the protests and violence related to the Union Flag at Belfast City Hall
8100:
6866:
6142:
British Labour Party and twentieth-century Ireland: The cause of Ireland, the cause of Labour
3039:
2964:
2696:
2399:
2395:
2344:
2340:
2210:
2202:
2077:
2050:
1474:
800:, believed his government should "leave Home Rule sleeping the sleep of the unjust". In 1887
449:
380:
357:
349:
290:
278:
187:
175:
144:
99:
75:
71:
9187:
8598:"Jim Allister: Stormont has failed and will fail '" SF is not in government to make NI work"
2918:
in which, with 3 of 8 ministerial departments, unionists are for the first time a minority.
2739:
treaty whose provisions were previously applied in Northern Ireland to non-white groups, to
856:
This reduced, but did not in itself resolve, agrarian tensions, even in the north. In 1906,
12535:
12302:
12073:
12050:
11835:
11721:
11575:
11550:
11419:
11240:
11212:
10757:
10747:
10571:
4823:
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2907:
2641:
2486:) to restore Assembly, and to persuade Sinn FĂ©in to nominate their new leader in the North
2451:
2394:
In the UK's acceptance of Irish unity by consent was not new. It had been there in 1973 at
2388:
2384:
2351:, with whom Mallon, as joint head of the new power-sharing Executive, shared the Office of
1972:
1546:
1283:
1271:
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464:
William Gladstone writing legislation under pressure from the Land League. Caricature 1881.
392:
384:
310:
167:
79:
10187:
9781:
9681:. Centre for International Borders Research (CIBR) Electronic Working Papers Series 2005.
9584:
9277:
8521:
8375:"Results of the Referenda in Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland, Friday 22 May 1998"
7390:
6919:
6534:
4126:
Home Rule and the Irish Question: A Collection of Speeches Delivered Between 1881 and 1887
3188:
Connolly, S. J. (2012). "Chapter 5: Improving Town, 1750–1820". In Connolly, S. J. (ed.).
985:. The UUC still accorded them a degree of precedence. Castlereagh's descendant and former
8:
12410:
12312:
12208:
12096:
11941:
11621:
11531:
11207:
11064:
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10645:
10588:
10566:
10521:
10491:
10464:
10379:
10017:"Boris Johnson slammed over 'tail wagging the dog' comments on Irish border Brexit issue"
8991:
8908:
8234:
8182:
7608:
Transforming the peace process in Northern Ireland: from terrorism to democratic politics
6963:
6216:
3495:
2903:
2884:
2831:
2823:
2487:
1949:
1922:
1820:
1562:
1325:
896:
850:
842:
584:, who were at best agnostic on the union, while in the west of the province (in counties
492:
488:
477:
388:
274:
214:
206:
102:, which concluded three decades of political violence, unionists have shared office with
12237:
9566:
8909:"Border poll to be decided by those with "least commitment to the constitutional issue""
6609:
5471:
2926:
460:
12437:
12370:
12365:
12292:
12275:
12193:
11880:
11875:
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11305:
11255:
11192:
11167:
11163:
11081:
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301:
majority. The high point of this parliamentary patriotism was the formation during the
266:
186:
with little domestic opposition and outside of the governing party-political system at
130:
103:
9709:"Northern Ireland: Is Brexit a Threat to the Peace Process and the Soft Irish Border?"
8162:
2065:, in which the bulk of his old party stood as Official Unionists with William Craig's
1349:
1229:
There had long been discussion of giving "an option to Ulster". As early as 1843, The
1005:, it was northern employers who undertook the real political and organisational work.
406:, observed that this broke the link between Catholic inclusion and democratic reform.
12468:
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11701:
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4747:
4696:"The Gaelic Revival Movement in East Belfast – Great War Gaeilgeoirà of East Belfast"
4662:
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4570:
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4306:
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4231:
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formed its first (minority) government in 1924 led by a man who in 1905 had been the
1486:
1341:
1255:
1172:
1164:
1149:
923:
846:
749:
712:
669:
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160:
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11974:
11711:
10321:
8814:"The politics of neither: how Northern Ireland is shunning unionism and nationalism"
7866:
7228:
7180:
6504:
2260:, the B&ICO dissolved its Campaign for Labour Representation in 1993. A broader
961:
12327:
12307:
12128:
12083:
11457:
11138:
11120:
11007:
10885:
10851:
10516:
10432:
9885:
9720:
8568:"The details of the Stormont deal that allowed the DUP and Sinn FĂ©in to climb down"
7854:
7495:
5895:
5531:
5398:
4938:
4780:
4642:
4599:
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4081:
4032:
3834:
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3322:
2740:
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1498:
1482:
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1363:
1309:
1263:
1183:
1025:
1002:
593:
527:
171:
111:
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10046:
7858:
6358:
The Autobiography of Terence O'Neill: Prime Minister of Northern Ireland 1963–1969
4024:
2761:
continued to veto a return to devolved power-sharing, the legislation foreseen in
2105:
1573:
instruction would only be permitted after school hours and with parental consent.
1541:, a North Belfast independent, was a one-man unionist opposition. In the 1938 the
1175:
with German rifles, was not appearing on the same weapons and explosives charges.
253:
12427:
12355:
12350:
12180:
12058:
11985:
11626:
11310:
11285:
10825:
10399:
9462:
9284:
9265:
8169:
8076:
8032:
7673:
7235:
7212:
7163:
7102:
6902:
6883:
6595:
6223:
6164:
The Government of Northern Ireland: Public Finance and Public Services, 1921–1964
6105:
The British Labour Party and the Establishment of the Irish Free State, 1918–1924
6064:
5223:
5152:"The Irish parliamentary party, industrial relations and the 1913 Dublin Lockout"
5060:
4903:
4425:
4124:
3401:
The Dissenting Voice: Protestant Democracy in Ulster from Plantation to Partition
3116:
2876:
2439:
2183:
2136:
2066:
2023:
1964:
1742:
1691:
initial order to disperse. The day ended with street battles in Derry's Catholic
1609:
1538:
1450:
1332:
1244:
1207:
1198:
1114:
1049:
1033:
1017:
1009:
910:
was "a last straw". In February 1905, they learned that his undersecretary, Sir
831:
720:
553:
519:
511:
333:
309:
and, as that militia paraded in Dublin, the securing in 1782 of the parliament's
179:
148:
10300:"Michelle O'Neill appointed Northern Ireland's first nationalist first minister"
9850:
9526:
7754:"Ian Paisley death: He was lauded and reviled ... but a key figure of our times"
6895:
4824:"The Catholic Church and the early Home Rule movement in a Four Nations context"
4287:
Rituals and Riots: Sectarian Violence and Political Culture in Ulster, 1784–1886
1811:. The Ulster Unionist Party split. Pro-O'Neill candidates picked up Liberal and
1292:
The 1918 general election result in Ireland. Sinn FĂ©in sweeps the south and west
12562:
12458:
12297:
12285:
12063:
11126:
11110:
11060:
10650:
10356:
9753:
7360:
7095:
6752:
6012:. The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queens University Belfast. 35–36, p. 35.
5743:
4328:
Irish Unionism 2: Ulster Unionism and the Origins of Northern Ireland 1886–1922
3760:
2838:
2723:
2692:
2527:
1945:
1934:
1792:
1672:
1490:
1226:
the Lords now only had the power of delay. Home Rule would become law in 1914.
1076:
907:
816:
797:
769:
298:
229:
95:
51:
27:
10683:
8271:
Richard English (1995), "Unionism and nationalism: the notion of symmetry" in
7666:
7499:
6432:
5899:
4784:
4646:
4603:
4361:
4029:
Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique. French Journal of British Studies
3986:
Ireland under the Union: varieties of tension: Essays in honour of T. W. Moody
3326:
1803:
With members of his cabinet urging him to call Wilson's "bluff", and facing a
1734:
1340:. Acting on their mandate, Sinn FĂ©in MPs met in Dublin in January 1919 as the
12576:
12113:
11946:
11820:
11295:
11280:
10537:
10427:
9897:
9708:
9115:
8855:
8760:
7969:
7784:"Ian Paisley death: Third Force 'were a motley crew of teens and farmers...'"
6567:
6182:
Dissenting Voices: Rediscovering the Irish Progressive Presbyterian Tradition
5907:
5543:
5410:
5391:"'Suffrage First, Above All Else!' An Account of the Irish Suffrage Movement"
5167:
5128:
4792:
4369:
4093:
4046:
3925:
Dissenting Voices: Rediscovering the Irish Progressive Presbyterian Tradition
3577:
3377:
3334:
3255:
2857:
2853:
2744:
2558:
2541:
2467:
2348:
2336:
2310:
2302:
1796:
1589:
1530:
1321:
1267:
1231:
1215:
1168:
1160:
1156:
982:
884:
822:
For the express purpose of relieving poverty and reducing emigration, in the
806:
736:
597:
585:
485:
437:
321:
202:
9874:"Brexit and the Irish border issue : from May's deal to Johnson's deal"
9873:
6985:
5316:"The Ulster Crisis and the Emergence of the Ulster Women's Unionist Council"
5208:
4942:
4025:"Irish Home Rule and Constitutional Reform in the British Empire, 1885–1914"
3830:
2754:
might imply) they define themselves, "in effect", as a scheduled ethnicity.
1898:, were flown to London for what proved to be unsuccessful negotiations with
455:
375:
1899 penny print of Henry Cooke's 1841 speech in "reply to Daniel O'Connell"
159:
and its hinterlands as Ulster unionism and prepared an armed resistance—the
12267:
12203:
12198:
12108:
12091:
11916:
11855:
11345:
11330:
10830:
10274:"Government deal with the DUP to restore power sharing in Northern Ireland"
5225:
The Political Economy of the Irish Welfare State: Church, State and Capital
2774:
2675:(1995–2001), for Robinson and Arlene Foster it was the similarly drawn-out
2498:
2434:
2283:
2084:(UWC), called a general strike. Within two weeks the UWC, supported by the
2043:
1906:
1696:
1687:
1581:
1510:
1301:
1125:
1079:(who had held their first party conference in Belfast in 1907) or with the
1064:
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658:
624:
589:
577:
573:
504:
469:
445:
430:
403:
317:
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10703:
7145:
Londonderry Revisited. A Loyalist Analysis of the Civil Rights Controversy
5995:, Oxford, Institute of Contemporary British History/Basil Blackwell, p. 55
5884:"The captive dominion: imperial realities behind Irish diplomacy, 1922—49"
5113:"Taking its natural place: Labour and the third Home Rule crisis, 1912–14"
4930:
4851:
The Roman Catholic Church and the Home Rule Movement in Ireland, 1870–1874
2636:
1513:, and the policy of deferring to Irish parties was maintained after 1921.
1337:
115:
12404:
12317:
12016:
11960:
11921:
11182:
10921:
10352:
9813:"Arlene Foster says North must leave EU on same terms as rest of Britain"
7583:
The Second Coming of Paisley: Militant Fundamentalism and Ulster Politics
7205:
7181:"Ireland v. The United Kingdom – 5310/71 (1978) ECHR 1 (18 January 1978)"
7156:
4454:. Richard English, Graham Walker eds., Macmillan London. pp. 19–40. p. 20
3913:, 2nd Revised Edition London: Frank Cass, p. 3, n. 1. ISBN 978-0714614793
3867:
3569:
2562:
2549:
2423:
2294:
contesting elections. Support for the SDLP continues to be party policy.
2126:
2090:
1930:
1918:
1895:
1879:
1804:
1781:
1769:
1746:
1682:
proposed a march in Derry. When a sectarian confrontation threatened—the
1288:
1121:
1061:
978:
937:
759:
While references to Catholics were conciliatory the Convention resolved:
473:
366:
286:
270:
152:
35:
6206:
Holding the Ground: The Nationalist Party in Northern Ireland, 1945–1972
5915:
5883:
5175:
5151:
5136:
5112:
4800:
4768:
4654:
4611:
4590:(November 1987). "Irish Unionism and the Russellite Threat, 1894–1906".
4377:
4345:
3660:. Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 145.
3585:
3557:
3385:
3365:
3263:
3239:
3092:
Irish Politics and Social Conflict in the Age of the American Revolution
2581:—at 40% the combined nationalist vote remained below the 42% secured in
1258:. On 23 September, the second Ulster Day, he accepted Chairmanship of a
899:, both avowed unionists, and of the Orange Order Grand Master, the Rev.
530:. Fifty-nine members were returned to Westminster where they sat as the
12498:
12021:
11931:
11895:
11885:
11691:
10773:
10459:
9542:"'Historic milestone' passed as Irish language legislation becomes law"
8936:
Belfast and Derry in Revolt: a New History of the Start of the Troubles
6463:
Belfast and Derry in Revolt: a New History of the Start of the Troubles
5551:
5519:
5418:
5390:
4876:
The Cross of Saint Patrick – The Catholic Unionist Tradition in Ireland
4101:
3342:
3310:
2892:
2680:
2445:
2383:
the procedural rules of the new Assembly. Either can insist (through a
2323:
have since contested elections on their own. Their 4 candidates in the
1941:
1874:
1843:
1839:
677:
581:
434:
294:
12142:
9725:
7958:"Labour not running candidates in NI elections is disappointing: Hoey"
7724:"Troubled past: the paramilitary connection that still haunts the DUP"
7229:'Bloody Sunday', Derry 30 January 1972 – Names of the Dead and Injured
7023:
Northern Ireland and the Algerian Analogy: Suitable Case for Gaullism?
4769:"The Irish Council Bill and the Fall of Sir Antony MacDonnell, 1906-7"
4450:
Graham Walker (1996) "Thomas Sinclair: Presbyterian Liberal Unionist"
4037:
3839:
1987:
1417:(1924–1974). Escutcheon flanked by the Scottish lion and an Irish Elk.
715:, part of a larger Liberal break with Gladstone, entered Saunderson's
281:. Confined on a narrow franchise to landed members of the established
12530:
12251:
12035:
11890:
11865:
11840:
11265:
10249:"Northern Ireland first minister resigns over Brexit checks on goods"
9889:
8235:"CAIN: Events: The Sunningdale Agreement – Chronology of Main Events"
3370:
Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society
2791:
2757:
In 2022, over the objections of unionists who in protest against the
2656:
In disclaiming any "selfish or strategic" British interest, the 1994
2455:
2298:
2257:
1913:
1731:
1644:
1636:
1454:
1399:
1008:
Unlike the southern landowners who were politically opposed by their
753:
681:
662:
654:
341:
12216:
11936:
7813:
Gudgin, Graham (1995). "Peace beyond Paper". In Foster, John (ed.).
5535:
5402:
4935:
Unionism in Modern Ireland: New Perspectives on Politics and Culture
4676:
McKay, Edna (1992). "The Housing of the Working Classes 1883–1916".
4085:
2805:
2016 referendum on the future of UK membership in the European Union
2450:
In October 2006 the DUP and Sinn FĂ©in found an accommodation in the
1815:
votes but won only a plurality of seats. In his own constituency of
1760:, Paisley saw himself treading in the path of the "greatest son" of
1643:, some sensed a wider conspiracy. Speaking to Labour MPs in London,
1171:
created an uproar by demanding to know why James Craig, then arming
872:
as the champion of the Ulster Farmers and Labourers Union. With the
744:
of Down, always progressive in their politics ... the old-fashioned
12442:
12375:
12040:
11926:
11870:
11275:
10389:
10078:
The Twilight of Unionism: Ulster and the future of Northern Ireland
6990:
6924:
5846:
Hansard (Vol 127, cc 925–1036 925), House of Commons, 29 March 1920
2868:
was "the worst of all worlds". Citing free-trade provisions of the
2827:
2314:
1816:
1724:
1720:
1434:
1371:
1152:
would make no such undertaking with regard to a Dublin parliament.
557:
371:
282:
91:
59:
10678:
8624:"Northern Ireland election results: 'Pan-nationalist front again'"
8275:. John Wilson Foster ed.. Belcouver Press, Vancouver. pp, 135–139
7337:
Fourteen May Days: The Inside Story of the Loyalist Strike of 1974
7073:
Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture
5029:
2000:
In October 1972 the British government brought out a Green Paper,
94:
region within the United Kingdom and to resist the prospect of an
39:
Hazards of separation from Great Britain. Unionist postcard (1912)
19:
This article is about political unionism. For trade unionism, see
12360:
12345:
12244:
12031:
12011:
10985:
10954:
10698:
6535:"Exit Dr. Craig the Evangelical – Enter Dr. Craig the Ecumenical"
6283:"Lord Londonderry and Education Reform in 1920s Northern Ireland"
4414:, pp. 79–91. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. pp. 90–91
2676:
2566:
1692:
888:
861:
673:
510:
For unionism the more momentous challenge lay in the wake of the
398:
At the same time, the security in Ireland for emancipation was a
156:
55:
9956:"Arlene Foster accuses PM of breaking his word over Brexit deal"
7486:
J. Todd (1987). "Two Traditions in Unionist Political Culture".
7270:
6039:. John Wilson Foster ed.. Belcouver Press, Vancouver, pp. 8–19.
4929:
Burnett, David (1996), English, Richard; Walker, Graham (eds.),
2830:
with a proposal that Northern Ireland, alone, continue with the
2608:
with the full range of local parties, Alliance secured 13.5% of
703:
In February 1886, playing, in his own words, the "Orange card",
293:"), the parliament denied equal protection and public office to
12230:
12223:
12068:
12001:
11860:
9502:"Newton Emerson: Mind your language – unionists are now a race"
9475:"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148"
2812:
2808:
2565:, now have "significant Protestant majorities", and only one –
2161:
1632:
1608:
in Great Britain to ensure universal access. The Victorian-era
1438:
1375:
933:
837:
Greater reform followed when, with the support of the splinter
233:
155:
this broad opposition to Irish self-government concentrated in
7048:
Rethinking Northern Ireland: Culture, Ideology and Colonialism
6008:(1994). "Irish Unionism, 1905–1921". In Collins, Peter (ed.).
1975:
in Derry (20 January 1972) being the most notorious incident.
1940:
With London, unionist credibility on security did not survive
12280:
11850:
10916:
9843:"Conservatives agree pact with DUP to support May government"
8878:"Alliance has enjoyed an upturn... and it isn't slowing down"
8183:"Section 42, Northern Ireland Act 1998: Petitions of concern"
6722:"Civil Rights Rioting in Northern Ireland Leaves 117 Injured"
5661:
5489:"The brutes – Mrs Metge and the Lisburn Cathedral, bomb 1914"
4254:, London: British Broadcasting Corporation, pp. 92–100, p. 94
1982:
1044:, again was not the choice of employers. The campaign of the
1036:
and woman's suffrage In 1902, Johnston's successor as MP for
1024:, to Westminster. Johnston proceeded to propose and vote for
560:
intensified. From 1879 it was organised by the direct-action
400:
fivefold increase in the threshold for the property franchise
297:(non-Anglican Protestants) and to the Kingdom's dispossessed
63:
9324:"Loyalists hold Stormont protest against Irish Language Act"
9278:"Northern Ireland Orange Order leaders warn of cultural war"
4873:
4466:
The Great Convention: the Ulster Unionist Convention of 1892
3857:, London: British Broadcasting Corporation, pp. 79–91, p. 87
2252:
of partition and their critical support for the UWC Strike.
1944:, introduced at the insistence of Stormont government under
379:
It took the Union thirty years to deliver on the promise of
9567:"Language and identity laws could spell significant change"
8989:
7530:
God, Guns, and Ulster: A History of Loyalist Paramilitaries
7515:
The Edge of the Union: The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision
7361:"Ulster Workers' Council Strike – Chronology of the Strike"
5773:
The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923
3792:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 28–32.
3069:
2780:
1478:
697:
8938:. New Bridge, Ireland: Irish Academic Press. p. 119.
8783:"Unionist vote continues to fall as middle ground emerges"
8686:"New light shed on prospect of Catholic majority in North"
8260:
The Hand of History? Legal Essays on the Belfast Agreement
7997:"'I want Ulster Unionists in cabinet', says David Cameron"
7636:
Under Siege: Ulster Unionism and the Anglo-Irish Agreement
6582:
6580:
6079:
Fatal Influence: The Impact of Ireland on British Politics
5982:
Hansard, 29 March 1920, Government of Ireland Bill, p. 980
5476:. Belfast: Glenravel Local History Project. pp. 8–15.
5062:
Labour and Partition: The Belfast Working Class, 1905–1923
3493:
2895:
as First Minister, collapsing the Assembly and executive.
2864:
Unionists acknowledged the sense of "betrayal". Johnson's
1917:
homeland, but holding at bay two sects and factions as in
1807:
motion of no-confidence, in January 1969 O'Neill called a
1108:
Signing the Ulster Covenant Declaration, "Ulster Day" 1912
1060:, Sloan supported dock and linen-mill workers, led by the
951:
932:
A handful of Irish Conservatives, drawn from the Catholic
619:
518:
from Westminster. Meanwhile, in Ireland, a combination of
480:
helped return 48 MPs to Westminster where they sat as the
11968:
9672:"The EU and the Irish Border: Shaping Aid and Attitudes?"
6995:
6929:
6610:"Craig, William ('Bill') | Dictionary of Irish Biography"
6588:
Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations
5313:
2426:
were free to insist that the IRA took their own counsel.
456:
The Irish party challenge at Westminster and the Land War
10941:
without mentioning nationalism in their official makeup.
10798:
without mentioning nationalism in their official makeup.
9268:
Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN), 8 February 2013
6572:
Long Shadows Cast Before: Nine Lives in Ulster 1625–1977
6081:. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. p. 310.
5437:"Irish Suffragettes at the time of the Home Rule Crisis"
5343:"Irish Suffragettes at the time of the Home Rule Crisis"
5045:
Collins, Peter (1998). "Larkin, James", S. J. Connolly,
3240:"George III, Pitt, and the Irish Catholics, 1801 – 1805"
2536:
Detail from 2015 Sinn FĂ©in election flyer, North Belfast
2482:
It was not until January 2020 that a deal was brokered (
2100:
1861:
away from Derry where there was again serious violence.
977:. Until then, unionism had largely placed itself behind
906:
But for many Irish unionists the chief-secretaryship of
16:
Political ideology in favour of union with Great Britain
11397:
List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland
8992:"Module: Political Attitudes/Constitutional Preference"
6577:
6010:
Nationalism and Unionism: Conflict in Ireland 1885–1921
981:
aristocrats valued for their high-level connections in
537:
In his first ministry (1868-1874), the Liberal premier
46:
is a political tradition that professes loyalty to the
10047:"Brexit: EU and UK reach deal but DUP refuses support"
8655:"Sinn FĂ©in accused of hypocrisy over election leaflet"
8462:"Hain rules out public inquiry into Stormont spy ring"
7276:
Interview with James Molyneaux, 18 May 1982 quoted in
6184:. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 286.
5588:
R. W. Dale (1887), "The Liberal Party and Home Rule",
1404:
600:) even Orangemen had started joining the Land League.
340:, and by reports of rebel outrages against Protestant
10351:
9641:"The Nick Stadlen interview with Gerry Adams: Part 1"
9051:. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 31.
7691:"Huge Rally in Belfast protests British-Irish Accord"
7391:"Strike Bulletin No. 8 Westminster Shifts its Ground"
6833:"Paisley expresses support for civil rights movement"
6562:
6560:
5798:"The 1918 election was an amazing moment for Ireland"
4874:
Biggs-Davison, John; Chowdharay-Best, George (1984).
3727:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 238–239.
3164:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 83.
3159:
11127:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
9194:. Basingstoke, Hamps.: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.
8406:
The Democratic Unionist Party: From Protest to Power
8189:. Government of the United Kingdom. 4 October 2016.
8132:"Sad to say, end of Paisley is no reason to chuckle"
6598:, Peter Barberis, John McHugh, Mike Tyldesley, p.255
6402:"A Northern Catholic writes . . . John Hume in 1964"
6144:, Lawrence Marley ed.. Manchester University Press,
5693:"The 1912 Ulster Covenant by Joseph E.A. Connell Jr"
5604:
Nineteenth-Century Ireland: the Search for Stability
3118:
Irish Freedom: The History of Nationalism in Ireland
2446:
Democratic Unionists enter government with Sinn FĂ©in
2113:(UVF) which, uniquely, had an Irish-language motto,
1912:
The common unionist charge was that Westminster and
1842:", briefly Northern Ireland's first security-force "
1437:
status accorded to the new state in the South. Like
1433:
had some of the formal features of the Canada-style
9527:"Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022"
8408:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 23–31.
6343:, 6 August 1965, cited in Kingsley (1989) pp. 98–99
6166:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 40–41+.
5991:quoted in Arthur, Paul, and Jeffrey, Keith (1988),
5031:
Irish Women and Political Petitioning, c. 1870-1918
3558:"Presbyterianism and Politics in Ulster, 1871-1906"
2728:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
2209:(DUP) led an "Ulster says No" campaign against the
1988:
Sunningdale Agreement and the Ulster Workers strike
1627:When Derry lost out to Coleraine for siting of the
1075:unionist press depicted any connection with either
425:Presbyterian voters tended to favour reform-minded
209:, by successive British governments. Following the
10188:"Brexit: DUP votes for amendment to delay UK exit"
9872:Considère-Charon, Marie-Claire (1 December 2020).
6574:, Edinburgh, 1978, pp. 130–131. ISBN 9780702810589
6557:
5719:"The Ulster Volunteers 1913–1914: force or farce?"
4346:"The Origins of the Ulster Unionist Party, 1885-6"
3927:. Ulster Historical Foundation. pp. 156–160.
3695:
3496:"Great Ulster Scots: Henry Cooke, an Introduction"
3481:Religion and Society in Nineteenth Century Ireland
2540:Asked to account for the 2019 loss to Sinn FĂ©in's
1695:area. With this, onset of what is referred to as "
1415:Coat of Arms of the Government of Northern Ireland
1400:Unionist majority rule: Northern Ireland 1921–1972
11490:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland
9929:. European Parliament. November 2017. p. 7.
9782:"EU referendum: Northern Ireland votes to Remain"
9585:"Ulster Unionists in favour of staying within EU"
9386:"Why is there no government in Northern Ireland?"
9271:
9190:Culture and Identity Politics in Northern Ireland
9104:"Book reveals number of Catholics in DUP and UUP"
9023:"Results of a future border poll on a knife edge"
7282:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 17, 26, 39.
6035:Arthur Aughey (1995), "The Idea of the Union" in
4937:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 41–62,
4290:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 125–173.
1730:In January 1965, at O'Neill personal invitation,
12574:
9871:
9137:"CAIN: Symbols – Flags Used in Northern Ireland"
8295:Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies
6806:
5288:
4632:
2497:. In the Assembly, Paisley's former lieutenant,
1300:. A few weeks later the Home Rule bill received
1099:
12336:Association football in the Republic of Ireland
9252:
8215:David Trimble (1998). "The Belfast Agreement".
7425:
7242:(CAIN). 23 March 2006. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
6430:
6240:. London: Oxford University Press. pp. xx.
5004:. Belfast: Blsckstaff Press. pp. 143–144.
4205:"The Dialectic of Religion and Class in Ulster"
4002:. London: Addison Wesley Longman. p. 135.
3974:– via Glens of Antrim Historical Society.
2268:did briefly hold together five anti-devolution
1422:unequivocal membership of the United Kingdom".
1326:national campaign against military conscription
8072:"Trimble survival depends on support for deal"
7605:
7555:
7440:
7430:. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. pp. 113–114.
6781:
4905:The Life of Sir Denis Henry: Catholic Unionist
4225:
3874:. Vol. II. London: Macmillan. p. 55.
3147:The Narrow Ground: Aspects of Ulster 1609–1969
2631:
2508:
2307:Ulster Conservatives and Unionists – New Force
1667:, a broad labour and republican grouping with
1584:, the Unionist Government under Basil Brooke (
1251:to set up a Home Rule Parliament in Ireland".
205:proposals presented, in consultation with the
170:of 1921 by which the rest of Ireland attained
70:, unionism mobilised in the decades following
10970:
10933:Does not include organisations supportive of
10790:Does not include organisations supportive of
10337:
10246:
9776:
9774:
8351:A Farther Shore: Ireland's Long Road to Peace
8214:
8163:CAIN: Sunningdale – Chronology of Main Events
8044:
7075:. Oxford University Press. pp. 169–192.
6465:. New Bridge, Ireland: Irish Academic Press.
5826:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 310.
5750:. John Murray (Publishers) Ltd. p. 146.
5638:Hand is Red: Historical Development of Ulster
5635:
4908:. Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 130.
4586:
4143:Mr. Gladstone's Two Irish Policies: 1868–1886
3889:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 106.
3089:
2921:
2837:Coalescing behind the Dublin government, the
2347:for slow learners". This was not the view of
2330:
2061:at the end of February was a triumph for the
1905:, acting on behalf of the UK Prime Minister,
1155:The marriage was short lived. In March 1914,
9377:
9233:
9071:
8933:
8717:"Sectarianism in Northern Ireland: A Review"
8403:
8026:MP Lady Sylvia Hermon quits Ulster Unionists
7667:Anglo-Irish Agreement – Chronology of Events
7610:. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. p. 38.
7445:. Dublin: Penguin Ireland. pp. 101–102.
7277:
6920:"IRA left Derry 'before Operation Motorman'"
6460:
6320:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 83.
6175:
6173:
5520:"The Government of Ireland (Home Rule) Bill"
5110:
4528:. Akron, OH: The University of Akron Press.
4070:"The Government of Ireland (Home Rule) Bill"
3315:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
3217:. Quercus Publishing Plc. pp. 126–127.
2771:Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act
2162:Opposition to the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement
1864:
1615:
402:. O'Connell's Protestant ally in the north,
367:Catholic emancipation and "Protestant unity"
228:Renegotiated in 2006, relations within this
74:in 1829 to oppose restoration of a separate
11099:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
9713:Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique
9165:. Edinburgh: Pearson/Longman. p. 160.
8297:. Cambridge University Press. p. 188.
7222:
6880:The A to Z of the Northern Ireland Conflict
6355:
5795:
5606:. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. p. 207.
5293:. Liverpool University Press. p. 256.
4931:"The Modernisation of Unionism, 1892–1914?"
4330:. London: Gill & Macmillan. p. 13.
4303:Irish Migrants in Modern Britain, 1750–1922
4122:
4000:Ireland since 1800: Conflict and Conformity
3964:"The Land League in North Antrim 1880–1882"
3456:Ireland since 1800: Conflict and Conformity
3192:. Liverpool University Press. p. 192.
2811:would restore a measure of "distance" from
1182:and (six years after it was granted in the
772:. The Conservatives formed a new ministry.
719:, and at Westminster took the Conservative
635:, Ulster Unionist Convention, Belfast, 1892
324:still appointed, through the office of the
243:
12522:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
10977:
10963:
10486:Does not include organisations focused on
10344:
10330:
9771:
9615:"DUP confirms it will campaign for brexit"
9352:
9219:"DUP fights back against of Britishness".
9185:
9046:
8683:
8431:"Arms decommissioning in Northern Ireland"
7585:. Syracuse University Press. p. 149.
7256:. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. p. 140.
6872:
6807:McKitrick, David; Kelters, Seamus (2001).
6505:"The Derry March – Main Events of the Day"
6287:20th Century Social Perspectives, Features
5690:
3947:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3403:. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. p. 157.
3363:
3215:Castlereagh, From Enlightenment to Tyranny
2170:Campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement
1983:Negotiating the Irish Dimension: 1973–2006
1723:on the background to the Northern Ireland
1533:in front of Parliament Buildings, Stormont
1320:, Britain could be seen on the streets of
603:The final and decisive shift in favour of
201:, unionists divided in their responses to
66:. The overwhelming sentiment of Ireland's
9724:
9539:
9020:
8175:
8172:, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 4 April 2020.
7606:Edwards, Aaron; Bloomer, Stephen (2008).
7147:. Belfast Publications, Belfast, p. 212..
6786:. Dublin: Poolbeg. pp. 5–10, 28–30.
6694:
6607:
6170:
5857:"The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6 December 1921"
5775:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5601:
5065:. London: Pluto Press. pp. 127–139.
4901:
4715:
4478:
4129:. Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey. p. 228.
4036:
3838:
3787:
3724:Ireland: The Politics of Enmity 1789–2006
3653:
3429:"The development of Unionism before 1912"
3426:
3308:
3237:
1665:Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association
503:had their election meetings broken up by
12341:Association football in Northern Ireland
9810:
8958:
8934:Prince, Simon; Warner, Geoffrey (2019).
8404:Tonge, Jonathan; Braniff, Máire (2014).
7994:
7886:
7517:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–2.
7426:McKittrick, David; McVea, David (2000).
7334:
7089:
6986:"Adams and IRA's secret Whitehall talks"
6461:Prince, Simon; Warner, Geoffrey (2019).
6315:
6179:
6161:
5821:
5149:
4974:
4325:
4300:
3922:
3759:
3478:
3398:
3187:
2925:
2790:
2781:Brexit and the Northern Ireland Protocol
2635:
2577:, and Sinn FĂ©in as the largest party to
2531:
2513:
2353:First Minister and Deputy First Minister
2246:British and Irish Communist Organisation
2192:Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference
2104:
1991:
1950:342 persons suspected of IRA involvement
1706:
1702:
1524:
1493:in North Belfast for the trade-unionist
1408:
1287:
1197:
1193:
1167:. In a subsequent trial, WPSU organiser
1103:
960:
841:, Salisbury returned to office in 1895.
779:
775:
623:
541:had attempted conciliation. In 1869, he
459:
370:
252:
248:
34:
12598:Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations
11537:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
10160:
9751:
9706:
9499:
9415:
9413:
9411:
9321:
9236:Drumcree: The Orange Order's Last Stand
9234:Ryder, Chris; Kearney, Vincent (2001).
8750:
8746:
8744:
8210:
8208:
8098:
7840:
7836:
7834:
7662:
7660:
7658:
7629:
7627:
7551:
7549:
7485:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7118:
7020:
6484:
6482:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6351:
6349:
6280:
6255:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6101:
6076:
6031:
6029:
6004:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5517:
5268:. Belfast: Blackstaff. pp. 60–63.
5027:
4928:
4821:
4766:
4283:
4257:
4230:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 26.
4149:. London: Marcus Ward. pp. 33–34.
4067:
3613:
3144:
3114:
2875:With the Prime Minister secure in his "
2592:The principal other party has been the
2412:referendum on the Good Friday Agreement
1948:. In the early hours of 10 August 1971
1328:, the IPP's credibility was exhausted.
620:Reaction to Gladstone's Home Rule Bills
313:from the British government in London.
12575:
10014:
9878:Observatoire de la société britannique
9021:Ingoldsby, Sinéad (20 February 2020).
8780:
8714:
8652:
8565:
8292:
8129:
7812:
7721:
7688:
7652:(London: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 403.
7633:
7580:
7309:
7045:
6488:
6380:
6235:
5770:
5716:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5430:
5428:
5291:Belfast 400: People, Place and History
5248:
5221:
5058:
4999:
4970:
4968:
4848:
4741:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4523:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4483:. Belfast: Blackstaff. pp. 18–19.
4468:. Belfast: Ulster Society. p. 17.
4423:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4226:Arthur, Paul; Jefferey, Keith (1988).
4202:
4173:
4171:
3997:
3988:, Oxford University Press, pp. 201–35.
3961:
3866:
3657:The Irish Catholic Diaspora in America
3616:The Making of Modern Ireland 1603–1923
3555:
3453:
3283:
3190:Belfast 400: People, Place and History
2616:, close to a fifth of Assembly seats.
2121:In inaugurating a prolonged period of
2076:When in May the Assembly affirmed the
1996:Anti-Faulkner Unionist election poster
1823:. On 28 April 1969, O'Neill resigned.
1520:
1298:United Kingdom declared war on Germany
1001:, a millionaire director of Belfast's
946:Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland
864:, broke with the Conservatives in the
277:The focus of their patriotism was the
273:in public life advanced themselves as
236:, with supporting a trade regime, the
12593:Political history of Northern Ireland
11806:
11596:
11417:
11023:
10958:
10325:
9669:
9595:from the original on 13 December 2019
9396:from the original on 12 November 2019
9383:
9301:. London: Random House. p. 174.
9296:
9163:Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change
9160:
9002:from the original on 10 February 2020
8906:
8875:
8811:
8551:"Robinson is new NI first minister".
8459:
8428:
8348:
8317:
8144:from the original on 17 November 2011
7906:. Belfast: Athol Books. p. 109.
7901:
7817:. Belcouver Press. pp. 104–115.
7794:from the original on 24 December 2019
7556:Cusack, Jim; McDonald, Henry (1997).
7512:
7441:McDonald, Henry; Cusack, Jim (2004).
7251:
7187:from the original on 28 December 2012
7123:. Dublin: Torc. pp. 17, 26, 39.
6843:from the original on 12 November 2020
6782:Cusack, Jim; McDonald, Henry (1997).
6434:HUME – BBC Documentary on John Hume 1
6412:from the original on 15 February 2021
5945:
5881:
5863:from the original on 18 February 2020
5742:
5654:
5524:The American Political Science Review
5451:from the original on 18 February 2020
5434:
5357:from the original on 18 February 2020
5340:
5266:Women in Ireland, a Century of Change
5188:
5047:The Oxford Companion to Irish History
5034:(Doctoral thesis). Durham University.
5023:
5021:
4897:
4895:
4675:
4427:The Liberal Unionist Party: A History
4392:from the original on 3 September 2021
4177:
3884:
3693:
3638:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3435:from the original on 12 November 2020
3422:
3420:
2824:Theresa May's Conservative Government
2704:Minister of Culture, Arts and Leisure
2671:. For Trimble the flashpoint was the
2226:announced his own "third force": The
2211:Anglo-Irish or Hillsborough Agreement
2101:Unionism and loyalist para-militarism
1795:summit on 4 November, Prime Minister
917:
786:Congested Districts Board for Ireland
639:In June 1886, Gladstone tabled a The
10198:from the original on 30 January 2020
10075:
9823:from the original on 9 November 2020
9811:Ferguson, Amanda (4 December 2017).
9437:from the original on 10 January 2020
9408:
9353:McCausland, Nelson (13 April 2017).
8959:Moriarty, Gerry (24 November 2012).
8741:
8665:from the original on 3 December 2020
8502:from the original on 4 December 2020
8205:
8111:from the original on 25 January 2020
7976:from the original on 7 November 2019
7831:
7679:(CAIN). Retrieved 12 September 2014.
7655:
7624:
7546:
7527:
7296:
7254:John Hume: Statesman of the Troubles
7070:
6811:. London: Random House. p. 25.
6479:
6447:
6346:
6244:
6026:
5930:
5592:, Vol. LI, June, pp. 773–788, p.784.
5486:
5480:
5469:
5388:
5263:
5085:
4501:A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes
4481:/The Ulster Unionist Party 1882–1973
4463:
4139:
4022:
3812:
3530:
3512:from the original on 1 December 2020
3483:. Dundalk, Ireland: Dundaglan Press.
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3183:
3181:
3140:
3138:
3094:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2625:last Stormont parliamentary election
2317:with their uncompromising unionism.
2238:
1768:. Like Cooke, Paisley was alert to
1557:did not take their seats during the
940:(1864-1925). When he won his native
804:was given standing power to suspend
607:concessions came in the wake of the
543:disestablished the Church of Ireland
54:and to the union it represents with
10247:O'Carroll, Lisa (3 February 2022).
9540:Ainsworth, Paul (6 December 2022).
9500:Emerson, Newton (30 January 2020).
9334:from the original on 5 January 2020
9072:O'Hanlon, Eilis (10 January 2019).
8696:from the original on 5 October 2020
8634:from the original on 6 January 2020
8566:Fenton, Siobhán (10 January 2020).
7995:McDonald, Henry (7 December 2008).
7891:. Belfast: Athol Books. p. 41.
7443:Inside the Heart of Loyalist Terror
7096:Internment – Summary of Main Events
6697:"Route '68: to Burntollet and back"
5824:Revolutionary Government in Ireland
5796:O'Toole, Fintan (8 December 2018).
5672:from the original on 29 August 2012
5620:
5463:
5425:
4993:
4965:
4735:
4559:
4487:
4334:
4168:
3916:
3872:The Life of William Ewart Gladstone
3720:
3357:
3212:
2998:Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party
1620:In the 1960s, under premiership of
1559:first Stormont parliament (1921–25)
1405:Exclusion from Westminster Politics
1245:Ulster's Solemn League and Covenant
868:to be returned to Westminster from
316:In the north-east, combinations of
13:
11566:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
11341:Economy of the Republic of Ireland
11139:Irish Free State (1922–1937)
10984:
10709:Social Democratic and Labour Party
10057:from the original on 30 March 2020
9996:from the original on 9 August 2020
9688:from the original on 9 August 2020
8824:from the original on 9 August 2020
8729:from the original on 9 August 2020
8532:from the original on 21 April 2008
8522:"Robinson confirmed as DUP leader"
8262:. The Belfast Press Limited, p.. 7
8193:from the original on 3 August 2012
8045:Malone, Ed; Pollack, Andy (1989).
8007:from the original on 14 April 2020
7764:from the original on 15 April 2020
7734:from the original on 25 April 2020
7703:from the original on 17 April 2020
7002:from the original on 25 March 2006
6936:from the original on 17 March 2016
6360:. Rupert Hart Davis. p. 137.
6122:from the original on 9 August 2021
5499:from the original on 14 April 2020
5441:20th Century, Contemporary History
5347:20th Century, Contemporary History
5334:
5322:from the original on 9 August 2020
5222:Powell, Fred (13 September 2017).
5018:
4977:Belfast: From Loyalty to Rebellion
4892:
4156:from the original on 9 August 2020
3991:
3698:The Independent Irish Party 1850-9
3600:
3417:
3034:Ulster (Loyalist) Democratic Party
3004:Unionist Party of Northern Ireland
2912:First, and Deputy First, Ministers
2834:under a common EU's trade regime.
2594:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
2339:quipped that the 1998 Belfast, or
2290:, however, maintains a ban on the
2165:
1641:a new urban-industrial development
1206:showing Carson the signing of the
1146:Women's Social and Political Union
956:
197:Over the ensuing three decades of
14:
12619:
11351:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
10080:. London: Verso. pp. 79–81.
9733:from the original on 26 July 2020
9322:Preston, Allan (3 January 2020).
8990:Northern Ireland Life and Times.
8961:"DUP can 'gain Catholic support'"
8915:from the original on 30 July 2020
8888:from the original on 7 March 2020
8722:. Belfast: University of Ulster.
8684:McClements, Freya (14 May 2019).
8578:from the original on 8 April 2020
8472:from the original on 7 April 2020
8460:Brown, Derek (20 December 2005).
8441:from the original on 7 April 2020
8217:Fordham International Law Journal
7938:from the original on 7 March 2013
7904:Irish Republicanism and Socialism
7841:Coulter, Colin (September 2015).
7532:. Caxton Editions. pp. 1–2.
7407:from the original on 10 July 2020
6676:from the original on 11 July 2020
6545:from the original on 24 June 2016
5666:"The Ulster Covenant: Ulster Day"
5660:
5049:. Oxford University Press. p. 302
4074:American Political Science Review
3741:from the original on 2 April 2021
3674:from the original on 2 April 2021
3270:
3206:
3178:
3135:
1561:, and did not accept the role of
1543:Ulster Progressive Unionist Party
860:, the son of an evicted Scottish
564:, led by the southern Protestant
547:Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act
12556:
11520:Tallest buildings and structures
10689:Irish Republican Socialist Party
10292:
10266:
10240:
10228:from the original on 19 May 2020
10210:
10180:
10154:
10142:from the original on 19 May 2020
10124:
10094:
10069:
10039:
10027:from the original on 14 May 2020
10008:
9978:
9966:from the original on 27 May 2020
9948:
9936:from the original on 2 June 2020
9912:
9865:
9835:
9804:
9745:
9700:
9663:
9651:from the original on 20 May 2020
9633:
9607:
9577:
9559:
9533:
9519:
9493:
9481:from the original on 9 July 2011
9467:
9449:
9430:. January 2020. pp. 15–16.
9428:assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
9365:from the original on 31 May 2020
9346:
9315:
9290:
9227:
9212:
9179:
9154:
9129:
9096:
9084:from the original on 31 May 2020
9065:
9040:
9014:
8983:
8971:from the original on 15 May 2020
8952:
8927:
8907:Nolan, Paul (25 February 2020).
8900:
8869:
8836:
8805:
8793:from the original on 21 May 2020
8774:
8708:
8677:
8646:
8616:
8590:
8559:
8544:
8514:
8484:
8453:
8422:
8397:
8385:from the original on 6 July 2020
8367:
8342:
8330:from the original on 19 May 2020
8311:
8286:
8265:
8252:
8227:
8156:
8123:
8092:
8064:
8049:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan.
8038:
8019:
7988:
7950:
7920:
7895:
7880:
7806:
7776:
7746:
7715:
7682:
7677:Conflict Archive on the Internet
7642:
7599:
7574:
7521:
7506:
7479:
7467:from the original on 21 May 2020
7449:
7434:
7419:
7383:
7371:from the original on 7 July 2020
7353:
7339:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan.
7328:
7245:
7240:Conflict Archive on the Internet
7217:Conflict Archive on the Internet
7199:
7173:
7168:Conflict Archive on the Internet
7150:
7137:
7112:
7107:Conflict Archive on the Internet
7064:
7039:
7014:
6978:
6948:
6912:
6907:Conflict Archive on the Internet
6896:Chronology of the Conflict: 1972
6889:
6855:
6825:
6800:
6775:
6763:from the original on 6 July 2020
6745:
6714:
6688:
6652:
6627:
6601:
6527:
6515:from the original on 7 July 2020
6497:
6424:
6399:
6393:
6374:
6334:
6309:
6297:from the original on 9 July 2021
6274:
6229:
6198:
6155:
6134:
6095:
6070:
6050:
5998:
5985:
5976:
5963:
5954:
5950:. London: J. M. Dent & Sons.
5875:
5849:
5840:
5691:Connell Jr, Joseph E.A. (2012).
5579:, Athol Books, Belfast. p. 21-22
5228:. Policy Press. pp. 69–82.
4979:. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
4503:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan.
3494:Ulster-Scots Community Network.
3160:O'Beirne Ranelagh, John (1994).
2767:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2520:Demographics of Northern Ireland
2368:both jurisdictions in the island
2292:Labour Party in Northern Ireland
2063:United Ulster Unionist Coalition
891:under the patronage of the Rev.
10112:from the original on 5 May 2020
10015:Blaney, Ferghal (8 June 2018).
9792:from the original on 2 May 2020
8318:Murua, Imanol (12 March 2019).
8130:Downey, James (22 March 2008).
8099:Holland, Mary (12 April 1998).
7689:Thomas, Jo (24 November 1985).
7312:Straight Left: an Autobiography
7280:The Uncivil Wars: Ireland Today
5815:
5789:
5764:
5736:
5710:
5684:
5595:
5582:
5566:
5511:
5382:
5369:
5307:
5282:
5257:
5242:
5215:
5182:
5143:
5104:
5079:
5052:
5039:
5002:Belfast, An Illustrated History
4922:
4867:
4841:
4815:
4760:
4709:
4688:
4669:
4626:
4580:
4542:
4517:
4472:
4457:
4444:
4417:
4404:
4319:
4294:
4277:
4244:
4219:
4196:
4133:
4116:
4061:
4016:
3978:
3955:
3903:
3878:
3860:
3847:
3806:
3781:
3753:
3714:
3686:
3647:
3632:
3549:
3524:
3487:
3472:
3458:. London: Longman. p. 77.
3447:
3392:
3058:Northern Ireland Unionist Party
2972:Conservative and Unionist Party
2944:Irish Loyal and Patriotic Union
991:The 6th Marquess of Londonderry
696:as a Liberal, donned an Orange
12588:History of Ireland (1801–1923)
11356:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
9849:. 26 June 2017. Archived from
9238:. London: Methuen. p. 2.
6956:"History – Operation Motorman"
5518:Shepard, Walter James (1912).
4068:Shepard, Walter James (1912).
3911:Gladstone and the Irish Nation
3815:"The Irish Reform Act of 1868"
3309:Geoghegan, Patrick M. (2000).
3302:
3244:The Catholic Historical Review
3231:
3153:
3108:
3083:
2695:". In insisting on parity for
2600:and from 7.9% to 16.8% in the
2402:of 1985 and again in the 1993
2321:Northern Ireland Conservatives
2262:Campaign for Equal Citizenship
2002:The Future of Northern Ireland
1969:European Court of Human Rights
1680:Derry Housing Action Committee
1509:had decided not stand against
1431:Government of Northern Ireland
1357:Government of Ireland Act 1920
1046:Belfast Protestant Association
98:. Within the framework of the
21:Irish Congress of Trade Unions
1:
11418:
10161:McBride, Sam (30 June 2021).
8353:. Random House. p. 353.
7859:10.1080/13619462.2014.1002774
7314:. Belfast: Blackstaff Press.
7206:The Parker Report, March 1972
7157:The Parker Report, March 1972
6102:Gibbons, I. (16 April 2015).
5086:Ryan, Alfred Patrick (1956).
4746:. Belfast: Blackstaff Press.
4722:Dictionary of Irish Biography
4554:The Shaping of Modern Ireland
3767:. London: MacGibbon and Kee.
3643:. London: Chapman & Hall.
3641:The League of North and South
3639:Duffy, Charles Gavan (1886).
3618:. London: Faber & Faber.
3535:. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
3311:"The Catholics and the Union"
3238:McDougall, Donald J. (1945).
3121:. Pan Books. pp. 79–82.
3076:
3028:Ulster Popular Unionist Party
2602:December Westminster election
2059:surprise Westminster election
1551:Northern Ireland Labour Party
1100:Unionism and women's suffrage
965:Ulster Day, 28 September 1912
952:"The Ulster Option" 1905–1920
545:, and in 1870 introduced the
476:in 1852 when the all-Ireland
133:coalesced with traditionally
12608:Politics of Northern Ireland
12421:Northern Ireland flags issue
11597:
11372:List of conflicts in Ireland
11116:Southern Ireland (1921–1922)
9384:Kelly, Ben (30 April 2019).
9186:Nic Craith, Máiréad (2003).
8781:Manley, John (29 May 2019).
8751:McBride, Sam (6 July 2024).
8429:Brown, Derek (2 July 2001).
7847:Contemporary British History
7722:Cobain, Ian (27 June 2017).
7428:Making Sense of the Troubles
6305:– via History Ireland.
5636:Biggs-Davison, John (1973).
5459:– via History Ireland.
5365:– via History Ireland.
4828:Four Nations History Network
4556:Conor-Cruise O'Brien, 1960).
4524:Hudson, David R. C. (2003).
4123:Chamberlain, Joseph (1887).
3998:Hoppen, K. Theodore (1999).
3654:McCaffrey, Lawrence (1976).
3454:Hoppen, K. Theodore (1989).
3149:. London: Faber & Faber.
3016:United Ulster Unionist Party
2822:The party's ten MPs enabled
2524:Religion in Northern Ireland
2327:polled a total 5,433 votes.
2288:National Executive Committee
2148:Ulster Protestant Volunteers
2080:, a loyalist coalition, the
1441:, Belfast had a two-chamber
1277:
303:American War of Independence
223:Northern Ireland legislature
147:of 1886 and 1893. Joined by
86:its goal has been to retain
7:
11807:
11392:Gaelic clothing and fashion
11024:
8876:Tonge, Jon (7 March 2020).
8812:Lowry, Ben (25 June 2019).
8653:Manley, John (2 May 2015).
7638:. Belfast: Blacksaff Press.
6695:McCormack, Vincent (2013).
6383:Studies, an Irish Quarterly
6318:History of Northern Ireland
6258:Northern Ireland Since 1945
5993:Northern Ireland Since 1968
5314:Women's Museum of Ireland.
4716:Geoghegan, Patrick (2009).
4228:Northern Ireland since 1948
3364:MacAtasney, Gerard (2007).
3090:O'Connell, Maurice (2007).
2799:, Sandy Row, Belfast, 2021.
2787:Brexit and the Irish border
2632:Defence of unionist culture
2509:Unionism as a minority bloc
2495:an Executive with Sinn FĂ©in
2490:as McGuinness's successor.
2435:raid on Sinn FĂ©in's offices
1661:Campaign for Social Justice
1565:for a further forty years.
1188:equal voting rights in 1928
1094:National Insurance Act 1911
1081:Irish Trades Union Congress
887:was formed in 1895 in east
813:Chief Secretary for Ireland
429:or, as they later emerged,
265:In the last decades of the
184:Northern Ireland Parliament
10:
12624:
10733:Scottish national identity
10605:English Constitution Party
10475:Traditional Unionist Voice
9421:"New Decade, New Approach"
9047:Mac Póilin, Aodán (2018).
7928:"Labour NI ban overturned"
7889:Against Ulster Nationalism
7887:Clifford, Brendan (1982).
7278:O'Malley, Padraig (1983).
6878:Gillespie, Gordon. (2009)
6316:Buckland, Patrick (1981).
5253:. Belfast: Ulster society.
5090:. Macmillan. p. 189.
4975:Goldring, Maurice (1991).
4550:AE and Sir Horace Plunkett
4452:Unionism in Modern Ireland
4326:Buckland, Patrick (1973).
4182:. London: Harper Collins.
3790:Irish Home Rule, 1867-1921
3694:Whyte, John Henry (1958).
3162:A Short History of Ireland
3145:Stewart, A. T. Q. (1977).
3064:Traditional Unionist Voice
3022:Progressive Unionist Party
2922:Unionist political parties
2916:Northern Ireland executive
2784:
2658:Downing Street Declaration
2623:Since O'Neill, who in the
2517:
2503:Traditional Unionist Voice
2431:decommissioning their arms
2404:Downing Street Declaration
2331:1998 Good Friday Agreement
2095:Northern Ireland Secretary
2086:Ulster Defence Association
1900:Northern Ireland Secretary
1598:post-War Labour government
1385:Writing to Prime Minister
1281:
1238:The Case Against Home Rule
1115:Solemn League and Covenant
987:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
921:
686:Loyalist Anti-Repeal Union
641:Government of Ireland Bill
562:Irish National Land League
25:
18:
12552:
12451:
12389:
12326:
12266:
12179:
12127:
12082:
12049:
11994:
11959:
11909:
11828:
11819:
11815:
11802:
11737:
11640:
11609:
11605:
11592:
11502:
11430:
11426:
11413:
11364:
11152:
11036:
11032:
11019:
10995:
10909:
10871:
10864:
10844:
10816:
10809:
10766:
10728:
10721:
10671:
10629:
10622:
10597:
10562:English national identity
10557:
10550:
10530:
10512:
10505:
10494:in their official makeup.
10455:Democratic Unionist Party
10420:
10375:British national identity
10370:
10363:
7500:10.1080/07907188708406434
7211:22 September 2011 at the
7162:22 September 2011 at the
6733:. New York. 19 April 1969
6608:Patterson, Henry (2018).
6356:O'Neill, Terence (1972).
5900:10.1017/S0021121400007045
5822:Mitchell, Arthur (1995).
5602:D. George, Boyce (1990).
5375:Urquhart (2002), p. 280.
5000:Bardon, Jonathan (1982).
4902:McDonnell, A. D. (2000).
4785:10.1017/S0021121400111629
4779:(68): (470–498) 471–472.
4742:Bardon, Jonathan (1992).
4647:10.1017/S0021121400002236
4604:10.1017/S0021121400025062
4499:Bardon, Jonathan (2008).
4479:Harbinson, J. F. (1973).
4430:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
4362:10.1017/S002112140002770X
4301:MacRaild, Donald (1999).
3372:. 21/22: (165–231), 168.
3327:10.1017/S0080440100000128
3115:English, Richard (2007).
3052:United Unionist Coalition
3010:Volunteer Political Party
2991:Democratic Unionist Party
2984:Protestant Unionist Party
2978:Commonwealth Labour Party
2866:Northern Ireland Protocol
2797:Northern Ireland Protocol
2759:Northern Ireland Protocol
2374:proportional basis. This
2325:2019 Westminster election
2213:, that included strikes,
2207:Democratic Unionist Party
2117:(Victory to the Red Hand)
2033:Having drawn on both the
1865:Imposition of direct rule
1758:Irish Council of Churches
1616:1960s: reform and protest
1366:. Under the terms of the
1180:women's franchise in 1918
690:Colonel Edward Saunderson
572:, Gladstone conceded the
532:Irish Parliamentary Party
493:League of North and South
448:candidates of the landed
420:3rd Marquess of Downshire
238:Northern Ireland Protocol
108:Northern Ireland Assembly
10438:British Democratic Party
10278:Institute for Government
9707:Berberi, Carine (2017).
9670:Tonge, Jonathan (2005).
9461:25 December 2009 at the
9161:Tonge, Jonathan (2002).
8035:BBC News, 25 March 2010.
7650:The Downing Street Years
7581:Jordan, Richard (2013).
7025:. Belfast: Athol Books.
6960:The Museum of Free Derry
6861:David McKittrick et al,
6431:Below the Radar (2011),
6256:Wichert, Sabine (1991).
6180:Courtney, Roger (2013).
6162:Lawrence, R. J. (1965).
5888:Irish Historical Studies
5771:Laffan, Michael (2012).
5717:Bowman, Timothy (2013).
5193:. Belfast: Athol Books.
5150:McConnel, James (2003).
5111:O'Connor, Emmet (2012).
4773:Irish Historical Studies
4718:"Kane, Richard Rutledge"
4635:Irish Historical Studies
4592:Irish Historical Studies
4350:Irish Historical Studies
4180:Ireland Since the Famine
4178:Lyons, F. S. L. (1971).
3923:Courtney, Roger (2013).
3765:Isaac Butt and Home Rule
3556:McMinn, Richard (1981).
3399:Campbell, Flann (1991).
3286:Modern Ireland 1600–1972
2937:Irish Conservative Party
2881:2019 UK general election
2752:New Decade, New Approach
2732:New Decade, New Approach
2648:with a six-county star,
2484:New Decade, New Approach
2144:Ulster Protestant Action
2039:Northern Ireland, Labour
1754:Free Presbyterian Church
1752:As Moderator of his own
1739:Her Majesty's Opposition
1684:Apprentice Boys of Derry
1629:New University of Ulster
1058:Independent Orange Order
756:... united as one man."
609:Third Reform Act of 1884
568:. In 1881, in a further
497:William Sharman Crawford
468:Up to, and through, the
311:legislative independence
244:Irish Unionism 1800–1904
26:Not to be confused with
12513:Prostitution (Republic)
10876:Welsh national identity
10779:Scottish National Party
10076:Bell, Geoffrey (2022).
9477:. Conventions.coe.int.
8715:Morrow, Duncan (2019).
8326:. Estudios Irlandeses.
8168:14 January 2011 at the
7672:6 December 2010 at the
7634:Aughey, Arthur (1989).
7488:Irish Political Studies
6236:Wilson, Thomas (1955).
6077:Mathews, Kevin (2004).
5590:The Contemporary Review
5473:The Ulster Suffragettes
5389:Ward, Margaret (1982).
5059:Morgan, Austen (1991).
5028:STEWART, CIARA (2021).
4943:10.1057/9780230509849_3
4822:Potocki, Piotr (2016).
4767:Hepburn, A. C. (1971).
4577:. Dublin, Talbot Press.
4140:Shaw, James J. (1888).
3909:Hammond, J. L. (1964),
3831:10.1111/1750-0206.12267
3704:Oxford University Press
3614:Beckett, J. C. (1966).
3479:Connolly, Sean (1985).
2957:Irish Unionist Alliance
2910:(DUP) were sworn in as
2763:New Decade New Approach
2719:New Decade New Approach
2575:Westminster MPs in 2019
2280:Labour Party Conference
2194:, with a locally based
2178:signed an agreement at
2174:In 1985 Prime Minister
2082:Ulster Workers' Council
1606:National Health Service
1086:Trade Disputes Act 1906
1069:Belfast Lockout of 1907
971:Ulster Unionist Council
866:Irish Unionist Alliance
717:Irish Unionist Alliance
705:Lord Randolph Churchill
649:"complete separation".
566:Charles Stewart Parnell
539:William Ewart Gladstone
482:Independent Irish Party
219:loyalist paramilitaries
11382:List of Irish kingdoms
10443:British National Party
9752:McQuade, Owen (2017).
9287:BBC News. 12 July 2013
9108:BelfastTelegraph.co.uk
8848:BelfastTelegraph.co.uk
8492:"Ian Paisley's speech"
8324:estudiosirlandeses.org
8293:Lerner, Hanna (2011).
8258:Austen Morgan (2011),
7962:BelfastTelegraph.co.uk
7335:Anderson, Don (1994).
7310:Devlin, Paddy (1993).
7121:INLA: Deadly Divisions
7119:Holland, Jack (1994).
7071:Howe, Stephen (2000).
7046:Miller, David (1998).
7021:Roberts, Hugh (1986).
6639:digitalfilmarchive.net
6594:2 January 2016 at the
6489:McCann, Eamon (1993).
6281:Fleming, Neil (2001).
6238:Ulster under Home Rule
6056:Lowry, Donal, (2022)."
5969:"Despair in Ireland",
5435:Kelly, Vivien (1996).
5341:Kelly, Vivien (1996).
4849:Larkin, Emmet (2011).
4344:Savage, D. C. (1961).
4284:Farrell, Sean (2000).
3962:McMinn, R. B. (1983).
3887:Atlas of Irish History
3288:. London: Allen Lane.
3284:Foster, R. F. (1988).
2950:Liberal Unionist Party
2931:
2844:European Single Market
2800:
2697:Ulster Scots or Ullans
2653:
2610:first-preference votes
2606:2022 Assembly election
2598:May European elections
2537:
2364:amend its Constitution
2341:Good Friday, Agreement
2275:in the 1998 Assembly.
2171:
2118:
2019:
1997:
1855:Ulster Volunteer Force
1727:
1654:civil rights movements
1534:
1418:
1296:On 4 August 1914, the
1293:
1260:Provisional Government
1211:
1109:
995:Trinity College Dublin
966:
839:Liberal Unionist Party
789:
766:
692:, who had represented
636:
465:
376:
262:
259:Battle of Ballynahinch
211:1998 Belfast Agreement
151:labour, on the eve of
100:1998 Belfast Agreement
40:
12489:Mass media (Republic)
12433:National coat of arms
11321:IRA Northern Campaign
10796:Scottish independence
10490:which do not mention
10480:UK Independence Party
10470:Patriotic Alternative
9788:. BBC. 24 June 2016.
9647:. 12 September 2007.
9591:. BBC. 5 March 2016.
8349:Adams, Gerry (2003).
8031:28 March 2010 at the
7815:The Idea of the Union
7760:. 12 September 2015.
7513:Bruce, Steve (1994).
7252:White, Barry (1984).
7234:6 August 2011 at the
7143:Kingsley, P. (1989).
7050:. London: Routledge.
6867:Mainstream Publishing
6491:War and an Irish Town
6222:11 March 2010 at the
6204:Brendan Lynn (1979),
6063:15 March 2022 at the
5946:Utley, T. E. (1975).
5882:Lowry, Donal (2008).
5487:Toal, Ciaran (2014).
5470:Hogg, Elaine (2017).
5264:Hill, Myrtle (2003).
5249:Gordon, Lucy (1989).
5088:Mutiny at the Curragh
4464:Lucy, Gordon (1995).
4305:. London: Macmillan.
4203:Gibbon, Paul (1969).
4023:Mohr, Thomas (2019).
3819:Parliamentary History
3531:Hall, Gerald (2011).
3040:UK Independence Party
2965:Ulster Unionist Party
2929:
2794:
2785:Further information:
2639:
2535:
2514:Unionist demographics
2400:Anglo-Irish Agreement
2203:Ulster Unionist Party
2169:
2108:
2078:Sunningdale Agreement
2051:Sunningdale Agreement
2006:
1995:
1788:were to be reviewed.
1762:Irish Presbyterianism
1718:
1703:Opposition to O'Neill
1528:
1477:MPs took their party
1475:Ulster Unionist Party
1412:
1322:Dublin in Easter 1916
1291:
1201:
1194:1912 Home Rule Crisis
1107:
1018:new workingman's vote
964:
901:Richard Rutledge Kane
893:John Baptiste Crozier
815:, Salisbury's nephew
783:
776:Constructive Unionism
761:
728:second Home Rule bill
627:
463:
381:Catholic emancipation
374:
352:was dropped from the
350:Catholic emancipation
291:Protestant Ascendancy
256:
249:The Act of Union 1800
176:Ulster Unionist Party
145:Irish Home Rule Bills
72:Catholic Emancipation
38:
12411:County coats of arms
12303:List of Irish people
11377:List of Irish tribes
11227:Cromwellian conquest
11213:Plantation of Ulster
11144:Ireland (since 1922)
10694:Republican Sinn FĂ©in
10167:www.newsletter.co.uk
9992:. 24 November 2018.
9754:"The DUP and Brexit"
9297:Blair, Tony (2007).
9283:10 July 2020 at the
9264:3 March 2016 at the
8850:. 17 February 2017.
8630:. 13 December 2019.
8381:. CAIN Web Service.
8101:"A very Good Friday"
7463:. CAIN Web Service.
7400:. CAIN Web Service.
7367:. CAIN Web Service.
6901:5 March 2011 at the
5379:, 20 September 1913.
4424:Cawood, Ian (2012).
3885:Duffy, Sean (1997).
3813:Barr, Colin (2017).
3788:O'Day, Alan (1998).
3570:10.3828/sh.1981.21.4
2908:Emma Little-Pengelly
2673:conflict at Drumcree
2644:superimposed on the
2642:cross of St. Patrick
2548:, a seat her deputy
2501:has remained a lone
2452:St Andrews Agreement
2297:In July 2008, under
2071:Democratic Unionists
1890:and his lieutenants
1828:Special Constabulary
1547:William John Stewart
1507:British Labour Party
1284:Partition of Ireland
1272:Union Defence League
1224:1910 People's Budget
1220:Third Home Rule Bill
1090:People's Budget 1910
843:The Land Act of 1896
393:Constitution of 1782
385:Catholic Association
279:Parliament in Dublin
168:partition settlement
96:all-Ireland republic
12583:Unionism in Ireland
12526:in Northern Ireland
12517:in Northern Ireland
12258:Legendary creatures
12171:Traditional singing
12007:Saint Patrick's Day
11642:Republic of Ireland
11571:Tourist attractions
11556:ROI–UK border
11541:of Northern Ireland
11494:in Northern Ireland
11326:IRA Border Campaign
11301:War of Independence
11271:Second Great Famine
11256:Act of Union (1800)
11208:Flight of the Earls
11065:Lordship of Ireland
11000:Republic of Ireland
10492:British nationalism
10224:. 17 October 2019.
10194:. 19 October 2019.
10108:. 9 December 2019.
10053:. 17 October 2019.
9962:. 9 December 2019.
9573:. 11 December 2022.
8496:www.telegraph.co.uk
7902:Walsh, Pat (1989).
7648:Margaret Thatcher,
7560:. Dublin: Poolbeg.
7101:8 June 2011 at the
6932:. 6 December 2011.
6839:. 10 January 2014.
6260:. London: Longman.
5640:. London: Johnson.
5251:The Ulster Covenant
5189:Walsh, Pat (1994).
4744:A History of Ulster
3042:(UKIP 1993–present)
2968:(1905/1921–present)
2885:Petition of Concern
2879:" mandate from the
2832:Republic of Ireland
2819:integrity" intact.
2765:was enacted by the
2604:. Competing in the
2473:a financial scandal
2385:Petition of Concern
1821:Protestant Unionist
1563:official Opposition
1529:The statue of Lord
1521:Stormont government
1204:Orange Order banner
1141:Elizabeth McCracken
1054:R. Lindsay Crawford
824:Congested Districts
796:successor in 1886,
661:— "Home Rule means
478:Tenant Right League
213:, under which both
207:Republic of Ireland
68:Protestant minority
44:Unionism in Ireland
12563:Ireland portal
11881:Skirts and kidneys
11387:List of High Kings
11306:Anglo-Irish Treaty
11246:First Great Famine
11231:Settlement of 1652
11203:Tyrone's Rebellion
11193:Desmond Rebellions
11082:Kingdom of Ireland
10939:Welsh independence
10836:Two nations theory
9927:europarl.europa.eu
9621:. 20 February 2016
9110:. 9 January 2019.
9049:Our Tangled Speech
8572:Prospect Magazine]
8187:legislation.gov.uk
7934:. 1 October 2003.
7696:The New York Times
7528:Wood, Ian (2003).
6998:. 1 January 2003.
6730:The New York Times
5397:(10): (21–36) 30.
4215:(55): (20–41), 31.
3721:Bew, Paul (2007).
3213:Bew, John (2011).
2932:
2801:
2712:Irish Language Act
2654:
2650:Red Hand of Ulster
2538:
2477:Assembly elections
2250:Two-nations Theory
2215:civil disobedience
2172:
2119:
2069:and Paisley's new
1998:
1923:Mandated Palestine
1884:Operation Motorman
1832:People's Democracy
1786:Special Powers Act
1728:
1586:Lord Brookeborough
1535:
1473:were content that
1419:
1387:David Lloyd George
1368:Anglo-Irish Treaty
1294:
1212:
1110:
967:
918:Catholic unionists
912:Anthony MacDonnell
897:John St Clair Boyd
858:Thomas Russell, MP
790:
637:
629:God Save the Queen
466:
377:
267:Kingdom of Ireland
263:
172:separate statehood
104:Irish nationalists
41:
12603:Irish irredentism
12570:
12569:
12548:
12547:
12544:
12543:
11955:
11954:
11846:Bacon and cabbage
11798:
11797:
11794:
11793:
11665:Foreign relations
11588:
11587:
11584:
11583:
11515:Notable buildings
11409:
11408:
11405:
11404:
10952:
10951:
10948:
10947:
10942:
10860:
10859:
10805:
10804:
10799:
10784:Siol nan Gaidheal
10717:
10716:
10618:
10617:
10610:English Democrats
10546:
10545:
10501:
10500:
10495:
10306:. 3 February 2024
10280:. 1 February 2024
10138:. 11 March 2020.
9726:10.4000/rfcb.1370
9619:Belfast Telegraph
9359:Belfast Telegraph
9328:Belfast Telegraph
9308:978-0-09-192555-0
9141:cain.ulster.ac.uk
9078:Belfast Telegraph
8945:978-1-78855-093-2
8882:Belfast Telegraph
8528:. 17 April 2008.
8415:978-0-19-870577-2
8379:cain.ulster.ac.uk
8239:cain.ulster.ac.uk
8137:Irish Independent
7788:Belfast Telegraph
7758:Belfast Telegraph
7461:cain.ulster.ac.uk
7398:cain.ulster.ac.uk
7365:cain.ulster.ac.uk
7263:978-0-85640-317-0
6818:978-1-84018-504-1
6757:cain.ulster.ac.uk
6667:cain.ulster.ac.uk
6472:978-1-78855-093-2
6327:978-0-7171-1069-8
6150:978-0-7190-9601-3
6115:978-1-137-44408-0
6088:978-1-904558-05-7
5948:Lessons of Ulster
5782:978-1-139-10684-9
5573:The Northern Whig
5300:978-1-84631-635-7
5235:978-1-4473-3291-6
5097:978-7-230-01130-3
5072:978-0-7453-0326-0
4952:978-0-230-50984-9
4915:978-0-901905-94-9
4571:James Winder Good
4437:978-0-85773-652-9
4412:Ulster Since 1800
4312:978-0-312-22032-7
4265:Ireland 1868–1966
4252:Ulster Since 1800
4038:10.4000/rfcb.3900
3855:Ulster Since 1800
3542:978-1-84682-202-5
3533:Ulster Liberalism
3321:: (243–258) 258.
3199:978-1-84631-635-7
3128:978-0-330-42759-3
3046:UK Unionist Party
2900:Windsor Framework
2889:Jeffrey Donaldson
2737:Council of Europe
2708:Nelson McCausland
2420:Martin McGuinness
2387:) on decision by
2270:UK Unionist Party
2239:UK-party unionism
2228:Ulster Resistance
2220:Belfast City Hall
2188:Garret FitzGerald
2176:Margaret Thatcher
2111:Red Hand Commando
1892:Martin McGuinness
1888:Seán Mac StĂofáin
1836:Burntollet Bridge
1716:
1555:Nationalist Party
1461:and advised by a
1457:represented by a
1256:Ulster Volunteers
1218:, introduced the
1173:Ulster Volunteers
1165:Lisburn Cathedral
1034:the secret ballot
1026:labour protection
942:South Londonderry
924:Catholic unionist
847:Sir Edward Carson
713:Liberal Unionists
556:of the 1870s the
520:the secret ballot
330:republican France
161:Ulster Volunteers
12615:
12561:
12560:
12559:
12238:Tuatha DĂ© Danann
11826:
11825:
11817:
11816:
11804:
11803:
11739:Northern Ireland
11717:
11707:
11697:
11607:
11606:
11594:
11593:
11428:
11427:
11415:
11414:
11291:Home Rule crisis
11121:Northern Ireland
11034:
11033:
11021:
11020:
11008:Northern Ireland
10979:
10972:
10965:
10956:
10955:
10932:
10869:
10868:
10852:Ulster Third Way
10814:
10813:
10789:
10726:
10725:
10627:
10626:
10582:North of England
10555:
10554:
10510:
10509:
10485:
10433:Britannica Party
10368:
10367:
10346:
10339:
10332:
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8283:. pp. 8–19, p.19
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7571:
7553:
7544:
7543:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7453:
7447:
7446:
7438:
7432:
7431:
7423:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7412:
7406:
7395:
7387:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7357:
7351:
7350:
7332:
7326:
7325:
7307:
7294:
7293:
7274:
7268:
7267:
7249:
7243:
7226:
7220:
7203:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7177:
7171:
7154:
7148:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7116:
7110:
7093:
7087:
7086:
7068:
7062:
7061:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7018:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7007:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6962:. Archived from
6952:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6916:
6910:
6893:
6887:
6876:
6870:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6726:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6675:
6664:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6631:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6605:
6599:
6584:
6575:
6564:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6531:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6509:CAIN Web Service
6501:
6495:
6494:
6493:. London: Pluto.
6486:
6477:
6476:
6458:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6428:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6353:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6253:
6242:
6241:
6233:
6227:
6217:CAIN Web Service
6202:
6196:
6195:
6177:
6168:
6167:
6159:
6153:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6074:
6068:
6054:
6048:
6033:
6024:
6023:
6002:
5996:
5989:
5983:
5980:
5974:
5973:, 7 October 1920
5967:
5961:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5943:
5928:
5927:
5894:(142): 202–226.
5879:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5853:
5847:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5633:
5618:
5617:
5599:
5593:
5586:
5580:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5432:
5423:
5422:
5386:
5380:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5056:
5050:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5025:
5016:
5015:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4972:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4878:. Kensal Press.
4871:
4865:
4864:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4641:(146): 221–240.
4630:
4624:
4623:
4598:(100): 376–404.
4584:
4578:
4568:
4557:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4496:
4485:
4484:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4461:
4455:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4421:
4415:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4341:
4332:
4331:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4281:
4275:
4263:Collins, M. E.:
4261:
4255:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4175:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4155:
4148:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4040:
4020:
4014:
4013:
3995:
3989:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3946:
3938:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3864:
3858:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3701:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3611:
3598:
3597:
3562:Studia Hibernica
3553:
3547:
3546:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3503:ulster-scots.com
3500:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3281:
3268:
3267:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3087:
3048:(UKUP 1995–2007)
2906:(Sinn FĂ©in) and
2904:Michelle O'Neill
2741:Irish Travellers
2702:The DUP's first
2646:Scottish Saltire
2579:Stormont in 2022
2488:Michelle O'Neill
2410:In the May 1998
2389:parallel consent
2266:Robert McCartney
1903:William Whitelaw
1851:Scarman Tribunal
1809:general election
1717:
1678:In October 1968
1659:Since 1964, the
1575:Lord Londonderry
1503:Home Rule Crisis
1499:Ramsay MacDonald
1483:House of Commons
1445:, a Cabinet and
1427:Irish Free State
1364:Irish Free State
1310:Irish Volunteers
1264:British Covenant
1184:Irish Free State
1134:William Johnston
1022:William Johnston
1003:Dunville Whiskey
851:Wyndham Land Act
752:, Unitarian and
528:Home Rule League
389:Daniel O'Connell
338:uprising in 1798
307:Irish Volunteers
129:agrarian-reform
112:Irish republican
88:Northern Ireland
76:Irish parliament
12623:
12622:
12618:
12617:
12616:
12614:
12613:
12612:
12573:
12572:
12571:
12566:
12557:
12555:
12540:
12508:outside Ireland
12479:Historic houses
12447:
12428:Irish Wolfhound
12399:Brighid's Cross
12385:
12356:Gaelic handball
12351:Gaelic football
12322:
12293:Hiberno-Normans
12262:
12175:
12123:
12078:
12059:Hiberno-English
12045:
11990:
11951:
11905:
11811:
11790:
11733:
11715:
11705:
11695:
11636:
11627:Ulster loyalism
11601:
11580:
11498:
11422:
11401:
11360:
11286:Dublin lock-out
11222:Confederate War
11173:Norman invasion
11160:Battles of Tara
11148:
11104:1801–1923
11092:1691–1800
11087:1536–1691
11075:1169–1536
11028:
11015:
10991:
10983:
10953:
10944:
10905:
10856:
10840:
10801:
10762:
10713:
10667:
10614:
10593:
10542:
10526:
10497:
10416:
10359:
10350:
10320:
10319:
10309:
10307:
10298:
10297:
10293:
10283:
10281:
10272:
10271:
10267:
10257:
10255:
10245:
10241:
10231:
10229:
10216:
10215:
10211:
10201:
10199:
10186:
10185:
10181:
10171:
10169:
10159:
10155:
10145:
10143:
10130:
10129:
10125:
10115:
10113:
10106:The Independent
10100:
10099:
10095:
10088:
10074:
10070:
10060:
10058:
10045:
10044:
10040:
10030:
10028:
10013:
10009:
9999:
9997:
9984:
9983:
9979:
9969:
9967:
9954:
9953:
9949:
9939:
9937:
9933:
9922:
9918:
9917:
9913:
9884:(25): 149–166.
9870:
9866:
9856:
9854:
9853:on 26 June 2017
9841:
9840:
9836:
9826:
9824:
9809:
9805:
9795:
9793:
9780:
9779:
9772:
9762:
9760:
9750:
9746:
9736:
9734:
9705:
9701:
9691:
9689:
9685:
9674:
9668:
9664:
9654:
9652:
9639:
9638:
9634:
9624:
9622:
9613:
9612:
9608:
9598:
9596:
9583:
9582:
9578:
9565:
9564:
9560:
9550:
9548:
9538:
9534:
9525:
9524:
9520:
9510:
9508:
9498:
9494:
9484:
9482:
9473:
9472:
9468:
9463:Wayback Machine
9454:
9450:
9440:
9438:
9434:
9423:
9419:
9418:
9409:
9399:
9397:
9390:The Independent
9382:
9378:
9368:
9366:
9351:
9347:
9337:
9335:
9320:
9316:
9309:
9295:
9291:
9285:Wayback Machine
9276:
9272:
9266:Wayback Machine
9257:
9253:
9246:
9232:
9228:
9223:. 25 June 2008.
9218:
9217:
9213:
9206:
9184:
9180:
9173:
9159:
9155:
9145:
9143:
9135:
9134:
9130:
9120:
9118:
9102:
9101:
9097:
9087:
9085:
9070:
9066:
9059:
9045:
9041:
9031:
9029:
9019:
9015:
9005:
9003:
8988:
8984:
8974:
8972:
8957:
8953:
8946:
8932:
8928:
8918:
8916:
8905:
8901:
8891:
8889:
8874:
8870:
8860:
8858:
8842:
8841:
8837:
8827:
8825:
8810:
8806:
8796:
8794:
8779:
8775:
8765:
8763:
8749:
8742:
8732:
8730:
8726:
8719:
8713:
8709:
8699:
8697:
8682:
8678:
8668:
8666:
8651:
8647:
8637:
8635:
8622:
8621:
8617:
8607:
8605:
8596:
8595:
8591:
8581:
8579:
8564:
8560:
8550:
8549:
8545:
8535:
8533:
8520:
8519:
8515:
8505:
8503:
8490:
8489:
8485:
8475:
8473:
8458:
8454:
8444:
8442:
8427:
8423:
8416:
8402:
8398:
8388:
8386:
8373:
8372:
8368:
8361:
8347:
8343:
8333:
8331:
8316:
8312:
8305:
8291:
8287:
8270:
8266:
8257:
8253:
8243:
8241:
8233:
8232:
8228:
8223:(4): 1145–1170.
8213:
8206:
8196:
8194:
8181:
8180:
8176:
8170:Wayback Machine
8161:
8157:
8147:
8145:
8128:
8124:
8114:
8112:
8097:
8093:
8083:
8081:
8080:. 17 April 1998
8077:The Irish Times
8070:
8069:
8065:
8057:
8043:
8039:
8033:Wayback Machine
8024:
8020:
8010:
8008:
7993:
7989:
7979:
7977:
7956:
7955:
7951:
7941:
7939:
7926:
7925:
7921:
7914:
7900:
7896:
7885:
7881:
7871:
7869:
7839:
7832:
7825:
7811:
7807:
7797:
7795:
7782:
7781:
7777:
7767:
7765:
7752:
7751:
7747:
7737:
7735:
7720:
7716:
7706:
7704:
7687:
7683:
7674:Wayback Machine
7665:
7656:
7647:
7643:
7632:
7625:
7618:
7604:
7600:
7593:
7579:
7575:
7568:
7554:
7547:
7540:
7526:
7522:
7511:
7507:
7484:
7480:
7470:
7468:
7455:
7454:
7450:
7439:
7435:
7424:
7420:
7410:
7408:
7404:
7393:
7389:
7388:
7384:
7374:
7372:
7359:
7358:
7354:
7347:
7333:
7329:
7322:
7308:
7297:
7290:
7275:
7271:
7264:
7250:
7246:
7236:Wayback Machine
7227:
7223:
7213:Wayback Machine
7204:
7200:
7190:
7188:
7179:
7178:
7174:
7164:Wayback Machine
7155:
7151:
7142:
7138:
7131:
7117:
7113:
7103:Wayback Machine
7094:
7090:
7083:
7069:
7065:
7058:
7044:
7040:
7033:
7019:
7015:
7005:
7003:
6984:
6983:
6979:
6969:
6967:
6966:on 21 July 2010
6954:
6953:
6949:
6939:
6937:
6918:
6917:
6913:
6903:Wayback Machine
6894:
6890:
6884:Scarecrow Press
6877:
6873:
6860:
6856:
6846:
6844:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6819:
6805:
6801:
6794:
6780:
6776:
6766:
6764:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6736:
6734:
6724:
6720:
6719:
6715:
6705:
6703:
6701:History Ireland
6693:
6689:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6662:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6643:
6641:
6633:
6632:
6628:
6618:
6616:
6606:
6602:
6596:Wayback Machine
6585:
6578:
6565:
6558:
6548:
6546:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6518:
6516:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6487:
6480:
6473:
6459:
6448:
6439:
6437:
6429:
6425:
6415:
6413:
6406:The Irish Times
6398:
6394:
6389:(308): 422–433.
6379:
6375:
6368:
6354:
6347:
6339:
6335:
6328:
6314:
6310:
6300:
6298:
6279:
6275:
6268:
6254:
6245:
6234:
6230:
6224:Wayback Machine
6203:
6199:
6192:
6178:
6171:
6160:
6156:
6139:
6135:
6125:
6123:
6116:
6100:
6096:
6089:
6075:
6071:
6065:Wayback Machine
6055:
6051:
6034:
6027:
6020:
6003:
5999:
5990:
5986:
5981:
5977:
5968:
5964:
5959:
5955:
5944:
5931:
5880:
5876:
5866:
5864:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5820:
5816:
5806:
5804:
5802:The Irish Times
5794:
5790:
5783:
5769:
5765:
5758:
5744:Adams, R. J. Q.
5741:
5737:
5727:
5725:
5723:History Ireland
5715:
5711:
5701:
5699:
5697:History Ireland
5689:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5659:
5655:
5648:
5634:
5621:
5614:
5600:
5596:
5587:
5583:
5571:
5567:
5536:10.2307/1944652
5516:
5512:
5502:
5500:
5493:History Ireland
5485:
5481:
5468:
5464:
5454:
5452:
5433:
5426:
5403:10.2307/1394778
5395:Feminist Review
5387:
5383:
5374:
5370:
5360:
5358:
5339:
5335:
5325:
5323:
5312:
5308:
5301:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5262:
5258:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5220:
5216:
5201:
5187:
5183:
5148:
5144:
5109:
5105:
5098:
5084:
5080:
5073:
5057:
5053:
5044:
5040:
5026:
5019:
5012:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4973:
4966:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4820:
4816:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4724:
4714:
4710:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4674:
4670:
4631:
4627:
4585:
4581:
4569:
4560:
4552:, pp. 152–54: (
4547:
4543:
4536:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4497:
4488:
4477:
4473:
4462:
4458:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4422:
4418:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4393:
4356:(47): 185–208.
4342:
4335:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4299:
4295:
4282:
4278:
4262:
4258:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4224:
4220:
4209:New Left Review
4201:
4197:
4190:
4176:
4169:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4121:
4117:
4086:10.2307/1944652
4066:
4062:
4021:
4017:
4010:
3996:
3992:
3983:
3979:
3960:
3956:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3921:
3917:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3883:
3879:
3865:
3861:
3852:
3848:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3761:Thornley, David
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3719:
3715:
3691:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3668:
3652:
3648:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3612:
3601:
3564:(21): 127–146.
3554:
3550:
3543:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3427:Andrew Holmes.
3425:
3418:
3411:
3397:
3393:
3362:
3358:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3282:
3271:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3158:
3154:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3088:
3084:
3079:
2924:
2877:Get-Brexit-Done
2846:and behind the
2795:Protesting the
2789:
2783:
2777:on December 6.
2683:was flown from
2634:
2530:
2516:
2511:
2448:
2440:Denis Donaldson
2333:
2241:
2184:Irish Taoiseach
2164:
2103:
2067:Ulster Vanguard
2024:James Molyneaux
1990:
1985:
1965:five techniques
1873:The example of
1867:
1743:Pope John XXIII
1707:
1705:
1669:Communist Party
1622:Terence O'Neill
1618:
1539:Tommy Henderson
1523:
1451:Sir James Craig
1407:
1402:
1350:Éamon de Valera
1333:Coupon Election
1312:and Connolly's
1286:
1280:
1208:Ulster Covenant
1196:
1102:
1067:, in the great
1050:Catholic Church
1016:Exercising the
959:
957:Unionist labour
954:
926:
920:
878:William O'Brien
832:Horace Plunkett
778:
732:Thomas Sinclair
622:
554:Long Depression
512:Reform Act 1867
501:James MacKnight
486:Young Irelander
458:
411:New Reformation
369:
334:United Irishmen
326:Lord Lieutenant
285:communion (the
275:Irish Patriots.
251:
246:
225:and executive.
180:devolved powers
84:Ulster unionism
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12621:
12611:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12568:
12567:
12553:
12550:
12549:
12546:
12545:
12542:
12541:
12539:
12538:
12533:
12528:
12519:
12510:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12474:Heritage Sites
12471:
12466:
12461:
12455:
12453:
12449:
12448:
12446:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12430:
12425:
12424:
12423:
12413:
12408:
12401:
12395:
12393:
12387:
12386:
12384:
12383:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12363:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12332:
12330:
12324:
12323:
12321:
12320:
12315:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12298:Irish diaspora
12295:
12290:
12289:
12288:
12286:Gaelic Ireland
12278:
12272:
12270:
12264:
12263:
12261:
12260:
12255:
12248:
12241:
12234:
12227:
12220:
12213:
12212:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12185:
12183:
12177:
12176:
12174:
12173:
12168:
12163:
12158:
12157:
12156:
12146:
12139:
12133:
12131:
12125:
12124:
12122:
12121:
12116:
12111:
12106:
12099:
12094:
12088:
12086:
12080:
12079:
12077:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12055:
12053:
12047:
12046:
12044:
12043:
12038:
12029:
12027:Rose of Tralee
12024:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12004:
11998:
11996:
11992:
11991:
11989:
11988:
11983:
11978:
11971:
11965:
11963:
11957:
11956:
11953:
11952:
11950:
11949:
11944:
11939:
11934:
11929:
11924:
11919:
11913:
11911:
11907:
11906:
11904:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11836:List of dishes
11832:
11830:
11823:
11813:
11812:
11800:
11799:
11796:
11795:
11792:
11791:
11789:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11777:
11776:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11755:
11754:
11752:D'Hondt method
11743:
11741:
11735:
11734:
11732:
11731:
11726:
11725:
11724:
11719:
11713:Seanad Éireann
11709:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11678:
11677:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11646:
11644:
11638:
11637:
11635:
11634:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11613:
11611:
11603:
11602:
11590:
11589:
11586:
11585:
11582:
11581:
11579:
11578:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11548:
11543:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11523:
11522:
11517:
11506:
11504:
11500:
11499:
11497:
11496:
11487:
11486:
11485:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11460:
11455:
11453:Extreme points
11450:
11445:
11443:Climate change
11440:
11434:
11432:
11424:
11423:
11411:
11410:
11407:
11406:
11403:
11402:
11400:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11368:
11366:
11362:
11361:
11359:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11261:1803 Rebellion
11258:
11253:
11251:1798 Rebellion
11248:
11243:
11238:
11236:Williamite War
11233:
11224:
11218:1641 Rebellion
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11198:Spanish Armada
11195:
11190:
11188:Tudor conquest
11185:
11180:
11178:Bruce campaign
11175:
11170:
11156:
11154:
11150:
11149:
11147:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11135:
11134:
11124:
11123:(1921–present)
11118:
11113:
11111:Irish Republic
11108:
11107:
11106:
11096:
11095:
11094:
11089:
11079:
11078:
11077:
11072:
11070:800–1169
11061:Gaelic Ireland
11058:
11053:
11048:
11042:
11040:
11030:
11029:
11017:
11016:
11014:
11013:
11005:
10996:
10993:
10992:
10982:
10981:
10974:
10967:
10959:
10950:
10949:
10946:
10945:
10930:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10913:
10911:
10907:
10906:
10904:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10872:
10866:
10862:
10861:
10858:
10857:
10855:
10854:
10848:
10846:
10842:
10841:
10839:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10817:
10811:
10807:
10806:
10803:
10802:
10787:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10770:
10768:
10764:
10763:
10761:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10729:
10723:
10719:
10718:
10715:
10714:
10712:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10675:
10673:
10669:
10668:
10666:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10642:
10641:
10630:
10624:
10620:
10619:
10616:
10615:
10613:
10612:
10607:
10601:
10599:
10595:
10594:
10592:
10591:
10586:
10585:
10584:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10558:
10552:
10548:
10547:
10544:
10543:
10541:
10540:
10534:
10532:
10528:
10527:
10525:
10524:
10519:
10513:
10507:
10503:
10502:
10499:
10498:
10483:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10465:National Front
10462:
10457:
10452:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10424:
10422:
10418:
10417:
10415:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10403:
10402:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10371:
10365:
10361:
10360:
10357:United Kingdom
10349:
10348:
10341:
10334:
10326:
10318:
10317:
10291:
10265:
10239:
10209:
10179:
10153:
10123:
10093:
10086:
10068:
10038:
10021:qub.ac.uk/cibr
10007:
9990:The Spectator]
9977:
9947:
9911:
9864:
9834:
9803:
9786:bbc.co.uk/news
9770:
9744:
9699:
9679:qub.ac.uk/cibr
9662:
9632:
9606:
9589:bbc.co.uk/news
9576:
9558:
9546:The Irish News
9532:
9518:
9492:
9466:
9448:
9407:
9376:
9345:
9314:
9307:
9289:
9270:
9251:
9244:
9226:
9211:
9204:
9178:
9171:
9153:
9128:
9095:
9064:
9057:
9039:
9013:
8982:
8951:
8944:
8926:
8899:
8868:
8835:
8804:
8773:
8740:
8707:
8676:
8645:
8615:
8589:
8558:
8555:. 5 June 2008.
8543:
8513:
8498:. 8 May 2007.
8483:
8452:
8421:
8414:
8396:
8366:
8359:
8341:
8310:
8304:978-1139502924
8303:
8285:
8264:
8251:
8226:
8204:
8174:
8155:
8122:
8091:
8063:
8055:
8037:
8018:
7987:
7949:
7919:
7912:
7894:
7879:
7853:(4): 486–507.
7830:
7823:
7805:
7775:
7745:
7714:
7681:
7654:
7641:
7623:
7616:
7598:
7591:
7573:
7566:
7545:
7538:
7520:
7505:
7478:
7448:
7433:
7418:
7382:
7352:
7345:
7327:
7320:
7295:
7288:
7269:
7262:
7244:
7221:
7198:
7172:
7149:
7136:
7129:
7111:
7088:
7081:
7063:
7056:
7038:
7031:
7013:
6977:
6947:
6911:
6888:
6871:
6869:, 2008) p. 176
6854:
6824:
6817:
6799:
6792:
6774:
6744:
6713:
6687:
6651:
6626:
6600:
6576:
6556:
6539:ianpaisley.org
6526:
6496:
6478:
6471:
6446:
6423:
6392:
6373:
6366:
6345:
6333:
6326:
6308:
6273:
6266:
6243:
6228:
6197:
6190:
6169:
6154:
6133:
6114:
6094:
6087:
6069:
6049:
6025:
6018:
6006:Jackson, Alvin
5997:
5984:
5975:
5962:
5953:
5929:
5874:
5848:
5839:
5832:
5814:
5788:
5781:
5763:
5756:
5735:
5709:
5683:
5653:
5646:
5619:
5612:
5594:
5581:
5565:
5530:(4): 564–573.
5510:
5479:
5462:
5424:
5381:
5368:
5333:
5306:
5299:
5281:
5274:
5256:
5241:
5234:
5214:
5199:
5181:
5142:
5103:
5096:
5078:
5071:
5051:
5038:
5017:
5010:
4992:
4985:
4964:
4951:
4921:
4914:
4891:
4884:
4866:
4859:
4840:
4814:
4759:
4752:
4734:
4708:
4687:
4668:
4625:
4579:
4575:Irish Unionism
4558:
4548:Byrne, J. J.:
4541:
4534:
4516:
4510:978-0717146499
4509:
4486:
4471:
4456:
4443:
4436:
4416:
4403:
4333:
4318:
4311:
4293:
4276:
4256:
4243:
4236:
4218:
4195:
4188:
4167:
4132:
4115:
4080:(4): 564–573.
4060:
4015:
4008:
3990:
3977:
3954:
3933:
3915:
3902:
3895:
3877:
3859:
3846:
3805:
3799:978-0719037764
3798:
3780:
3774:978-0261616561
3773:
3752:
3733:
3713:
3685:
3666:
3646:
3631:
3624:
3599:
3548:
3541:
3523:
3486:
3471:
3464:
3446:
3416:
3409:
3391:
3356:
3301:
3294:
3269:
3250:(3): 255–281.
3230:
3223:
3205:
3198:
3177:
3170:
3152:
3134:
3127:
3107:
3100:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3066:(2007–present)
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3024:(1978–present)
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2994:(1971–present)
2987:
2981:
2975:
2974:(1912–present)
2969:
2961:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2923:
2920:
2782:
2779:
2693:Irish language
2669:Orange marches
2633:
2630:
2614:vote transfers
2528:United Ireland
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2466:Robinson, and
2464:Peter Robinson
2447:
2444:
2376:d'Hondt method
2332:
2329:
2240:
2237:
2163:
2160:
2115:Lamh Dearg Abu
2109:Mural for the
2102:
2099:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1946:Brian Faulkner
1919:Imperial India
1866:
1863:
1793:Downing Street
1704:
1701:
1673:Betty Sinclair
1617:
1614:
1580:At the end of
1522:
1519:
1495:William Walker
1491:election agent
1447:Prime Minister
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1282:Main article:
1279:
1276:
1195:
1192:
1163:'s bombing of
1101:
1098:
1077:British Labour
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:was the last.
922:Main article:
919:
916:
908:George Wyndham
817:Arthur Balfour
798:Lord Salisbury
777:
774:
770:House of Lords
621:
618:
605:constitutional
457:
454:
368:
365:
344:in the South.
299:Roman Catholic
257:Detail of the
250:
247:
245:
242:
230:consociational
178:exercised the
120:First Minister
106:in a reformed
52:United Kingdom
28:United Ireland
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12620:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12580:
12578:
12565:
12564:
12551:
12537:
12534:
12532:
12531:Public houses
12529:
12527:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12514:
12511:
12509:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12456:
12454:
12450:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12422:
12419:
12418:
12417:
12414:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12406:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12396:
12394:
12392:
12388:
12382:
12379:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12352:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12333:
12331:
12329:
12325:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12287:
12284:
12283:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12273:
12271:
12269:
12265:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12253:
12249:
12247:
12246:
12242:
12240:
12239:
12235:
12233:
12232:
12228:
12226:
12225:
12221:
12219:
12218:
12214:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12191:
12190:
12187:
12186:
12184:
12182:
12178:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12155:
12152:
12151:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12144:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12134:
12132:
12130:
12126:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12104:
12100:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12089:
12087:
12085:
12081:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12056:
12054:
12052:
12048:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11999:
11997:
11993:
11987:
11984:
11982:
11979:
11977:
11976:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11966:
11964:
11962:
11958:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11915:
11914:
11912:
11908:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11833:
11831:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11818:
11814:
11810:
11805:
11801:
11787:
11786:Peace process
11784:
11782:
11779:
11775:
11772:
11771:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11753:
11750:
11749:
11748:
11745:
11744:
11742:
11740:
11736:
11730:
11727:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11716:(upper house)
11714:
11710:
11708:
11706:(lower house)
11704:
11700:
11699:
11698:
11694:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11676:
11673:
11672:
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11653:
11651:
11648:
11647:
11645:
11643:
11639:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11622:Republicanism
11620:
11618:
11615:
11614:
11612:
11608:
11604:
11600:
11595:
11591:
11577:
11574:
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11339:
11337:
11336:Peace process
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11316:The Emergency
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11296:Easter Rising
11294:
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11281:Fenian Rising
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11056:Early history
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10910:Organisations
10908:
10902:
10899:
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10896:Republicanism
10894:
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10845:Organisations
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10767:Organisations
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10753:Republicanism
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10672:Organisations
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10646:Republicanism
10644:
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10628:
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10621:
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10608:
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10598:Organisations
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10538:Mebyon Kernow
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10428:Britain First
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10425:
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10421:Organisations
10419:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10401:
10398:
10397:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10385:Republicanism
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10372:
10369:
10366:
10362:
10358:
10354:
10347:
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8604:. 7 June 2017
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6793:1-85371-687-1
6789:
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6350:
6342:
6341:Derry Journal
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6210:
6207:
6201:
6193:
6191:9781909556065
6187:
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6152:. pp. 119–134
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5377:Irish Citizen
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4853:. UNC Press.
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4031:(XXIV-2): 2.
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3825:(1): 97–116.
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2018:
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1973:Bloody Sunday
1970:
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1505:in 1913, the
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1266:organised by
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1227:
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1216:H. H. Asquith
1209:
1205:
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1189:
1185:
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1169:Dorothy Evans
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988:
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980:
976:
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969:In 1905, the
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881:
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803:
802:Dublin Castle
799:
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787:
782:
773:
771:
765:
760:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
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737:Northern Whig
733:
729:
724:
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714:
709:
706:
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695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
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664:
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633:Erin Go Bragh
630:
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617:
614:
613:1885 election
610:
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322:Dublin Castle
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269:(1542–1800),
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203:power-sharing
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139:
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101:
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12524: /
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12484:Homelessness
12403:
12371:Road bowling
12366:Martial arts
12313:Ulster Scots
12250:
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12215:
12194:Mythological
12141:
12101:
12074:Ulster Scots
12034: /
11973:
11901:Three-in-One
11712:
11703:Dáil Éireann
11702:
11692:
11650:Constitution
11631:
11539: /
11510:Architecture
11492: /
11365:Other topics
11346:Celtic Tiger
11331:The Troubles
11229: /
11220: /
11166: /
11162: /
11063: /
11051:Protohistory
10931:
10881:Independence
10831:Partitionism
10788:
10738:Independence
10655:
10572:Independence
10484:
10447:
10308:. Retrieved
10303:
10294:
10282:. Retrieved
10277:
10268:
10256:. Retrieved
10253:the Guardian
10252:
10242:
10230:. Retrieved
10221:
10212:
10200:. Retrieved
10191:
10182:
10170:. Retrieved
10166:
10156:
10144:. Retrieved
10135:
10126:
10114:. Retrieved
10105:
10096:
10077:
10071:
10059:. Retrieved
10050:
10041:
10029:. Retrieved
10020:
10010:
9998:. Retrieved
9989:
9980:
9968:. Retrieved
9960:The Guardian
9959:
9950:
9938:. Retrieved
9926:
9914:
9881:
9877:
9867:
9855:. Retrieved
9851:the original
9846:
9837:
9825:. Retrieved
9817:Irish Times]
9816:
9806:
9794:. Retrieved
9785:
9761:. Retrieved
9757:
9747:
9735:. Retrieved
9716:
9712:
9702:
9690:. Retrieved
9678:
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9645:The Guardian
9644:
9635:
9623:. Retrieved
9618:
9609:
9597:. Retrieved
9588:
9579:
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9561:
9549:. Retrieved
9545:
9535:
9521:
9509:. Retrieved
9505:
9495:
9483:. Retrieved
9469:
9451:
9439:. Retrieved
9427:
9400:23 September
9398:. Retrieved
9389:
9379:
9367:. Retrieved
9358:
9348:
9336:. Retrieved
9327:
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9292:
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9156:
9144:. Retrieved
9140:
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9119:. Retrieved
9107:
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9086:. Retrieved
9077:
9067:
9048:
9042:
9030:. Retrieved
9027:thedetail.tv
9026:
9016:
9004:. Retrieved
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8973:. Retrieved
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8917:. Retrieved
8902:
8890:. Retrieved
8881:
8871:
8859:. Retrieved
8847:
8838:
8826:. Retrieved
8818:The Guardian
8817:
8807:
8795:. Retrieved
8786:
8776:
8764:. Retrieved
8731:. Retrieved
8710:
8698:. Retrieved
8689:
8679:
8667:. Retrieved
8658:
8648:
8636:. Retrieved
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8606:. Retrieved
8601:
8592:
8580:. Retrieved
8571:
8561:
8552:
8546:
8534:. Retrieved
8525:
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8504:. Retrieved
8495:
8486:
8474:. Retrieved
8466:The Guardian
8465:
8455:
8443:. Retrieved
8435:The Guardian
8434:
8424:
8405:
8399:
8387:. Retrieved
8378:
8369:
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8332:. Retrieved
8323:
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8242:. Retrieved
8238:
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8186:
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8146:. Retrieved
8135:
8125:
8113:. Retrieved
8105:The Guardian
8104:
8094:
8082:. Retrieved
8075:
8066:
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8040:
8021:
8009:. Retrieved
8001:The Guardian
8000:
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7978:. Retrieved
7961:
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7940:. Retrieved
7931:
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7882:
7870:. Retrieved
7850:
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7796:. Retrieved
7787:
7778:
7766:. Retrieved
7757:
7748:
7736:. Retrieved
7728:The Guardian
7727:
7717:
7705:. Retrieved
7694:
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7397:
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7004:. Retrieved
6989:
6980:
6968:. Retrieved
6964:the original
6959:
6950:
6938:. Retrieved
6923:
6914:
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6879:
6874:
6865:(Edinburgh:
6862:
6857:
6845:. Retrieved
6836:
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6777:
6765:. Retrieved
6756:
6747:
6735:. Retrieved
6728:
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6700:
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6642:. Retrieved
6638:
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6617:. Retrieved
6613:
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6547:. Retrieved
6538:
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6517:. Retrieved
6508:
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6462:
6438:, retrieved
6433:
6426:
6414:. Retrieved
6405:
6400:Hume, John.
6395:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6357:
6340:
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6299:. Retrieved
6290:
6286:
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6136:
6124:. Retrieved
6108:. Springer.
6104:
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5851:
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5801:
5791:
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5738:
5726:. Retrieved
5722:
5712:
5700:. Retrieved
5696:
5686:
5676:29 September
5674:. Retrieved
5656:
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5492:
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5350:
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5309:
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4827:
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4725:. Retrieved
4721:
4711:
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4690:
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4353:
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4158:. Retrieved
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3868:Morley, John
3862:
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3849:
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3818:
3808:
3789:
3783:
3764:
3755:
3745:27 September
3743:. Retrieved
3723:
3716:
3697:
3688:
3678:27 September
3676:. Retrieved
3656:
3649:
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3634:
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3526:
3514:. Retrieved
3502:
3489:
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3449:
3437:. Retrieved
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2897:
2874:
2870:Act of Union
2863:
2852:
2836:
2821:
2817:
2802:
2775:royal assent
2762:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2731:
2718:
2716:
2701:
2689:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2622:
2618:
2591:
2587:
2571:
2555:
2539:
2499:Jim Allister
2492:
2481:
2461:
2449:
2428:
2416:
2409:
2393:
2381:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2335:SDLP leader
2334:
2319:
2296:
2284:legal advice
2277:
2254:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2200:
2180:Hillsborough
2173:
2156:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2120:
2114:
2075:
2056:
2048:
2044:Paddy Devlin
2032:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1977:
1962:
1958:Provisionals
1939:
1911:
1907:Edward Heath
1872:
1868:
1848:
1825:
1802:
1790:
1774:
1751:
1729:
1697:The Troubles
1688:Eamon McCann
1677:
1658:
1650:
1626:
1619:
1595:
1582:World War II
1579:
1571:
1567:
1536:
1515:
1511:Irish Labour
1487:Labour Party
1467:
1424:
1420:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1380:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1342:Dáil Éireann
1330:
1314:Citizen Army
1307:
1302:Royal Assent
1295:
1270:through the
1253:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1213:
1177:
1154:
1150:nationalists
1138:
1126:Isabella Tod
1122:suffragettes
1119:
1111:
1073:
1065:James Larkin
1042:Thomas Sloan
1030:tenant right
1015:
1007:
975:Orange Order
968:
931:
927:
905:
882:
870:South Tyrone
855:
836:
828:South Dublin
821:
811:However, as
805:
792:Gladstone's
791:
784:Flag of the
767:
762:
758:
750:Episcopalian
735:
725:
710:
702:
667:
659:Orange Order
651:
638:
632:
628:
604:
602:
578:James Armour
551:
536:
515:
509:
470:Great Famine
467:
446:Orange-Order
442:Conservative
431:tenant-right
424:
408:
404:George Ensor
397:
378:
362:
354:Act of Union
346:
318:Presbyterian
315:
264:
227:
199:The Troubles
196:
192:
165:
143:against the
138:Orange Order
127:Presbyterian
124:
83:
82:in 1921, as
43:
42:
32:
12504:Place names
12381:Rugby union
12276:Anglo-Irish
12161:Instruments
12017:The Twelfth
11981:Set dancing
11781:LGBT rights
11687:LGBT rights
11617:Nationalism
11183:Black Death
10922:Plaid Cymru
10891:Nationalism
10821:Nationalism
10748:Nationalism
10651:Unification
10634:Nationalism
10567:Nationalism
10522:Nationalism
10380:Nationalism
10353:Nationalism
10172:16 November
10023:. msn.com.
9763:20 December
9506:Irish Times
9221:News Letter
8965:Irish Times
8690:Irish Times
8244:18 December
7980:18 December
7798:14 November
6837:Irish Times
6706:23 November
6126:22 November
5503:22 November
4833:25 February
4727:19 December
4396:3 September
3439:14 February
3072:(2013–2016)
3060:(1999–2008)
3054:(1998–2012)
3036:(1982–2001)
3030:(1980–1995)
3018:(1975–1984)
3012:(1974–1975)
3006:(1974–1981)
3000:(1973–1978)
2986:(1966–1971)
2980:(1942–1947)
2960:(1891–1922)
2952:(1886–1912)
2946:(1885–1891)
2940:(1835–1891)
2891:, withdrew
2743:and to the
2550:Nigel Dodds
2433:, a police
2424:Gerry Adams
2396:Sunningdale
2345:Sunningdale
2343:(GFA) was "
2196:secretariat
2127:Green Paper
2123:Direct Rule
2091:Mervyn Rees
2017:Dimension.'
1931:Third World
1896:Gerry Adams
1880:Suez Crisis
1805:Backbencher
1770:ecumenicism
1766:Henry Cooke
1747:Ian Paisley
1735:Seán Lemass
1062:syndicalist
999:James Craig
979:Anglo-Irish
938:Denis Henry
788:, 1893–1907
646:Irish Peers
491:called the
489:Gavan Duffy
484:. What the
474:Westminster
440:, over the
416:Henry Cooke
358:Westminster
287:Anglo-Irish
271:Protestants
188:Westminster
166:Within the
153:World War I
12577:Categories
12405:Cláirseach
12308:Travellers
12166:Rock music
12149:Folk music
12084:Literature
11886:Soda bread
11769:Government
11696:parliament
11693:Oireachtas
11670:Government
11610:Ideologies
11241:Penal Laws
11132:since 1922
11046:Prehistory
10886:Devolution
10774:Alba Party
10743:Devolution
10639:Protestant
10577:Devolution
10517:Devolution
10460:Liberty GB
10412:Federalism
10310:3 February
10284:3 February
10222:Newsletter
10136:Newsletter
9551:7 December
9245:0413762602
8787:Irish News
8659:Irish News
8602:New Letter
7913:085034039X
7289:039534414X
6970:11 January
6940:11 January
6886:pp.177–178
6863:Lost Lives
6614:www.dib.ie
6019:0853894957
5728:19 January
5702:19 January
5647:0853071403
5613:0717116212
5011:0856402729
4986:0853157286
4753:0856404764
4535:1884836976
4237:0631160612
3968:The Glynns
3840:2164/11890
3706:. p.
3410:0856404578
3171:0521469449
3077:References
2893:Paul Givan
2681:Union Flag
2612:and, with
2518:See also:
2205:(UUP) and
2035:Republican
1942:internment
1875:Free Derry
1844:no-go area
1840:Free Derry
1443:Parliament
1249:conspiracy
1092:, and the
1056:and their
742:Unitarians
678:Manchester
582:Ballymoney
450:Ascendancy
435:free-trade
295:Dissenters
215:republican
12536:Squatting
12252:Fomorians
12181:Mythology
12051:Languages
12036:Halloween
12012:Bealtaine
11995:Festivals
11986:Stepdance
11891:Spice Bag
11876:Irish fry
11866:Colcannon
11841:Barmbrack
11764:Education
11722:President
11660:Education
11576:Transport
11551:Provinces
11473:Mountains
11448:Coastline
11420:Geography
11311:Civil War
11266:Tithe War
10704:Sinn FĂ©in
10395:Far-right
9906:234564336
9898:1775-4135
9299:A Journey
9116:0307-1235
8996:ark.ac.uk
8856:0307-1235
8761:0307-1235
7970:0307-1235
6644:9 January
6619:9 January
6568:CEB Brett
5971:The Times
5924:159910307
5908:0021-1214
5748:Bonar Law
5560:147674647
5544:0003-0554
5411:0141-7789
5168:0332-1169
5162:: 25–36.
5129:0332-1169
5123:: 31–39.
4847:See also
4809:191738907
4793:0021-1214
4663:165066800
4620:161352287
4386:157551170
4370:0021-1214
4110:147674647
4094:1537-5943
4055:198835229
4047:0248-9015
3943:cite book
3692:See also
3594:242303074
3578:0081-6477
3378:0488-0196
3351:153949973
3335:0080-4401
3256:0008-8080
2773:received
2717:The 2020
2685:City Hall
2456:Reg Empey
2398:, in the
2299:Reg Empey
2282:accepted
2278:The 2003
2258:Kate Hoey
2182:with the
1954:Officials
1914:Whitehall
1909:.
1732:Taoiseach
1645:John Hume
1637:Portadown
1631:, and to
1455:the Crown
1338:Sinn FĂ©in
1278:Partition
874:Cork City
853:of 1903.
754:Methodist
682:Liverpool
663:Rome Rule
655:Clydeside
594:Fermanagh
574:three F's
526:, of the
505:Orangemen
342:Loyalists
305:, of the
116:Sinn FĂ©in
80:Partition
12494:Monastic
12459:Calendar
12443:Shamrock
12438:Red Hand
12376:Rounders
12041:Wren Day
11975:Sean-nĂłs
11927:Guinness
11871:Drisheen
11747:Assembly
11729:Taxation
11632:Unionism
11599:Politics
11532:Counties
11276:Land War
11168:Clontarf
11164:Glenmama
11038:Timeline
10935:Unionism
10901:Unionism
10826:Loyalism
10792:Unionism
10758:Unionism
10722:Scottish
10661:Catholic
10656:Unionism
10589:Unionism
10488:Unionism
10407:Unionism
10390:Loyalism
10304:BBC News
10232:12 April
10226:Archived
10202:12 April
10196:Archived
10192:BBC News
10146:12 April
10140:Archived
10116:12 April
10110:Archived
10061:12 April
10055:Archived
10051:BBC News
10031:10 April
10025:Archived
10000:12 April
9994:Archived
9970:10 April
9964:Archived
9940:10 April
9931:Archived
9857:10 April
9847:BBC News
9827:12 April
9821:Archived
9796:10 April
9790:Archived
9758:agendaNi
9737:15 April
9731:Archived
9692:10 April
9683:Archived
9649:Archived
9599:10 April
9593:Archived
9571:BBC News
9511:18 April
9485:17 April
9479:Archived
9459:Archived
9441:25 April
9432:Archived
9394:Archived
9369:25 April
9363:Archived
9338:25 April
9332:Archived
9281:Archived
9262:Archived
9088:18 April
9082:Archived
9032:19 April
9006:23 April
9000:Archived
8975:18 April
8969:Archived
8913:Archived
8892:18 April
8886:Archived
8828:18 April
8822:Archived
8797:18 April
8791:Archived
8733:19 April
8724:Archived
8700:18 April
8694:Archived
8669:18 April
8663:Archived
8638:12 April
8632:Archived
8628:BBC News
8576:Archived
8553:BBC News
8530:Archived
8526:BBC News
8506:3 August
8500:Archived
8470:Archived
8439:Archived
8389:31 March
8383:Archived
8334:20 April
8328:Archived
8191:Archived
8166:Archived
8142:Archived
8109:Archived
8029:Archived
8005:Archived
7974:Archived
7936:Archived
7932:BBC News
7867:55953265
7792:Archived
7762:Archived
7738:28 April
7732:Archived
7707:25 April
7701:Archived
7670:Archived
7494:: 1–26.
7471:18 April
7465:Archived
7411:31 March
7402:Archived
7375:31 March
7369:Archived
7232:Archived
7209:Archived
7191:28 March
7185:Archived
7160:Archived
7099:Archived
7006:27 March
7000:Archived
6991:BBC News
6934:Archived
6925:BBC News
6899:Archived
6847:25 March
6841:Archived
6767:18 March
6761:Archived
6680:18 March
6671:Archived
6592:Archived
6549:18 March
6543:Archived
6519:18 March
6513:Archived
6416:20 March
6410:Archived
6295:Archived
6220:Archived
6120:Archived
6061:Archived
5916:20720274
5867:22 March
5861:Archived
5746:(1999).
5670:Archived
5497:Archived
5449:Archived
5355:Archived
5320:Archived
5209:31929903
5176:23199761
5137:24897202
4958:17 April
4801:30005305
4701:14 March
4684:: 27–38.
4655:41414787
4612:30008563
4573:(1920),
4390:Archived
4378:30006439
4151:Archived
3870:(1903).
3763:(1964).
3739:Archived
3672:Archived
3586:20496179
3507:Archived
3433:Archived
3386:29742843
3264:25014571
2828:Brussels
2459:peace".
2315:populism
2137:Loyalism
1817:Bannside
1725:Troubles
1721:newsreel
1671:veteran
1610:Poor Law
1459:Governor
1435:dominion
1372:Dominion
1010:Catholic
895:and Dr.
670:Anglican
570:Land Act
558:Land War
516:devolved
438:Liberals
332:, these
283:Anglican
149:loyalist
135:Anglican
131:Liberals
92:devolved
78:. Since
60:Scotland
12464:Castles
12391:Symbols
12361:Hurling
12346:Camogie
12245:Firbolg
12231:Immrama
12224:Echtrai
12154:session
12137:Ballads
12114:Theatre
12103:Gaeilge
12097:Fiction
12032:Samhain
11947:Whiskey
11821:Cuisine
11809:Culture
11759:Economy
11655:Economy
11463:Islands
11438:Climate
11431:Natural
11026:History
10986:Ireland
10699:Saoradh
10551:English
10506:Cornish
10449:Candour
10400:Fascism
10364:British
10355:in the
9655:9 April
9625:9 April
9121:11 June
8919:18 July
8861:11 June
8608:9 April
8582:5 April
8536:7 April
8476:6 April
8445:6 April
8197:4 April
8148:5 April
8115:5 April
8084:5 April
8061:pp. 173
8047:Paisley
8011:4 April
7872:4 April
7768:1 April
6909:(CAIN).
6737:15 June
6440:1 March
6301:30 June
5807:28 July
5552:1944652
5455:8 March
5419:1394778
5361:8 March
5326:9 April
5156:Saothar
5117:Saothar
4678:Saothar
4102:1944652
3516:3 March
3343:3679381
2677:Ardoyne
2567:Lisburn
2146:(UPA).
2028:primary
1693:Bogside
1481:in the
1453:), and
1331:In the
1318:Belgium
1130:Commons
889:Belfast
862:crofter
674:Glasgow
552:In the
534:(IPP).
182:of the
157:Belfast
56:England
50:of the
12469:Cinema
12268:People
12217:Aos SĂ
12204:Ulster
12199:Fenian
12189:Cycles
12119:Triads
12109:Poetry
12092:Annals
12069:Shelta
12022:LĂşnasa
12002:Imbolc
11937:PoitĂn
11917:Coffee
11910:Drinks
11861:Coddle
11527:Cities
11478:Rivers
11468:Loughs
11153:Events
11011:topics
11003:topics
10989:topics
10927:Propel
10810:Ulster
10684:ÉirĂgĂ
10258:15 May
10084:
9904:
9896:
9305:
9242:
9202:
9169:
9146:15 May
9114:
9055:
8942:
8854:
8766:7 July
8759:
8412:
8357:
8301:
8279:
8053:
7968:
7942:31 May
7910:
7865:
7821:
7614:
7589:
7564:
7536:
7343:
7318:
7286:
7260:
7219:(CAIN)
7170:(CAIN)
7127:
7109:(CAIN)
7079:
7054:
7029:
6815:
6790:
6469:
6364:
6324:
6264:
6211:
6188:
6148:
6112:
6085:
6043:
6016:
5922:
5914:
5906:
5830:
5779:
5754:
5644:
5610:
5558:
5550:
5542:
5417:
5409:
5297:
5272:
5232:
5207:
5197:
5174:
5166:
5135:
5127:
5094:
5069:
5008:
4983:
4949:
4912:
4882:
4857:
4807:
4799:
4791:
4750:
4661:
4653:
4618:
4610:
4532:
4507:
4434:
4384:
4376:
4368:
4309:
4271:
4234:
4186:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4053:
4045:
4006:
3931:
3893:
3796:
3771:
3731:
3664:
3622:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3539:
3462:
3407:
3384:
3376:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3292:
3262:
3254:
3221:
3196:
3168:
3125:
3098:
2813:Dublin
2809:Brexit
2769:. The
2559:Antrim
2526:, and
2093:, the
1927:Cyprus
1925:or in
1813:Labour
1764:, Dr.
1633:Lurgan
1439:Ottawa
1429:, the
1376:Canada
1157:Carson
1088:, the
934:gentry
746:Tories
598:Tyrone
586:Armagh
234:Brexit
12499:Names
12452:Other
12416:Flags
12328:Sport
12281:Gaels
12209:Kings
12143:CĂ©ilĂ
12129:Music
12064:Irish
11961:Dance
11922:Cream
11856:Champ
11851:Boxty
11774:local
11675:local
11561:Towns
11546:Ports
11503:Human
11458:Fauna
10917:Gwlad
10865:Welsh
10679:AontĂş
10623:Irish
9934:(PDF)
9923:(PDF)
9902:S2CID
9719:(2).
9686:(PDF)
9675:(PDF)
9435:(PDF)
9424:(PDF)
9198:–59.
8727:(PDF)
8720:(PDF)
7863:S2CID
7405:(PDF)
7394:(PDF)
6725:(PDF)
6674:(PDF)
6663:(PDF)
6293:(1).
5920:S2CID
5912:JSTOR
5662:PRONI
5556:S2CID
5548:JSTOR
5447:(1).
5415:JSTOR
5353:(1).
5172:JSTOR
5133:JSTOR
5036:p. 73
4805:S2CID
4797:JSTOR
4659:S2CID
4651:JSTOR
4616:S2CID
4608:JSTOR
4382:S2CID
4374:JSTOR
4160:3 May
4154:(PDF)
4147:(PDF)
4106:S2CID
4098:JSTOR
4051:S2CID
3590:S2CID
3582:JSTOR
3510:(PDF)
3499:(PDF)
3382:JSTOR
3347:S2CID
3339:JSTOR
3260:JSTOR
2914:of a
2839:EU 27
2724:Scots
1791:At a
1782:rates
1719:1971
694:Cavan
590:Cavan
427:Whigs
90:as a
64:Wales
48:crown
12318:Yola
11932:Mist
11896:Stew
11829:Food
11483:list
10312:2024
10286:2024
10260:2022
10234:2020
10204:2020
10174:2021
10148:2020
10118:2020
10082:ISBN
10063:2020
10033:2020
10002:2020
9972:2020
9942:2020
9894:ISSN
9859:2020
9829:2020
9798:2020
9765:2022
9739:2020
9717:XXII
9694:2020
9657:2020
9627:2020
9601:2020
9553:2022
9513:2020
9487:2015
9443:2020
9402:2019
9371:2020
9340:2020
9303:ISBN
9240:ISBN
9200:ISBN
9167:ISBN
9148:2022
9123:2023
9112:ISSN
9090:2020
9053:ISBN
9034:2020
9008:2020
8977:2020
8940:ISBN
8921:2020
8894:2020
8863:2023
8852:ISSN
8830:2020
8799:2020
8768:2024
8757:ISSN
8735:2020
8702:2020
8671:2020
8640:2020
8610:2020
8584:2020
8538:2020
8508:2021
8478:2020
8447:2020
8410:ISBN
8391:2020
8355:ISBN
8336:2020
8299:ISBN
8277:ISBN
8246:2023
8199:2020
8150:2020
8117:2020
8086:2020
8051:ISBN
8013:2020
7982:2019
7966:ISSN
7944:2013
7908:ISBN
7874:2020
7819:ISBN
7800:2019
7770:2020
7740:2020
7709:2020
7612:ISBN
7587:ISBN
7562:ISBN
7534:ISBN
7473:2020
7413:2020
7377:2020
7341:ISBN
7316:ISBN
7284:ISBN
7258:ISBN
7193:2020
7125:ISBN
7077:ISBN
7052:ISBN
7027:ISBN
7008:2020
6972:2015
6942:2015
6849:2020
6813:ISBN
6788:ISBN
6769:2020
6739:2015
6708:2023
6682:2020
6646:2023
6621:2023
6566:See
6551:2020
6521:2020
6467:ISBN
6442:2024
6418:2021
6362:ISBN
6322:ISBN
6303:2021
6262:ISBN
6209:ISBN
6186:ISBN
6146:ISBN
6128:2020
6110:ISBN
6083:ISBN
6041:ISBN
6014:ISBN
5904:ISSN
5869:2020
5828:ISBN
5809:2023
5777:ISBN
5752:ISBN
5730:2024
5704:2024
5678:2012
5642:ISBN
5608:ISBN
5540:ISSN
5505:2019
5457:2020
5407:ISSN
5363:2020
5328:2020
5295:ISBN
5270:ISBN
5230:ISBN
5205:OCLC
5195:ISBN
5164:ISSN
5125:ISSN
5092:ISBN
5067:ISBN
5006:ISBN
4981:ISBN
4960:2023
4947:ISBN
4910:ISBN
4880:ISBN
4855:ISBN
4835:2023
4789:ISSN
4748:ISBN
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