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670:, which subject I will leave be since to put every method and recipe into my discussion would be too longwinded. The reason? Because if you care to take the trouble, you will find a lot of recipes for it, and particularly if you cultivate friendships with monks. But, so that you do not waste your time with the many different techniques, I advise you, just take what you can find at the apothecary's for your money. And I want to teach you how to buy it and how to recognise the good vermilion. Always buy solid vermilion and not crushed or ground. The reason? Because more often than not you are cheated either with red lead or crushed brick.
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1929:. The shade of the color can vary from dark to light depending upon how the pigment is made and how the lacquer was applied. Chinese red was originally made from the powdered mineral cinnabar, but beginning in about the 8th century it was made more commonly by a chemical process combining mercury and sulfur. Vermilion has significance in
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Vermilion has one important defect; it is liable to darken, or develop a purplish-gray surface sheen. Cennino
Cennini wrote, "Bear in mind ... that it is not in its character to be exposed to air, but it is more resistant on panel than on walls since, when it is used and laid on a wall, over a period
401:
Genuine vermilion pigment today comes mostly from China; it is a synthetic mercuric sulfide, labeled on paint tubes as PR-106 (Red
Pigment 106). The synthetic pigment is of higher quality than vermilion made from ground cinnabar, which has many impurities. The pigment is very toxic, and should be
841:
When
Chinese lacquerware and the ground cinnabar used to color it were exported to Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, European collectors considered it to be finer than the European vermilion. In 1835, "Chinese vermilion" was described as a cinnabar so pure that it only had to be ground into
645:
The technique for making a synthetic vermilion by combining sulfur and mercury was in use in Europe in the 9th century, but the pigment was still expensive. Since it was almost as expensive as gold leaf, it was used only in the most important decoration of illuminated manuscripts, while the less
382:, producing vapors condensing as a bright, red mercury sulfide. To remove the sulfur, these crystals were treated with a strong alkali, washed, and finally ground under water to yield the commercial powder form of the pigment. The pigment is still made today using essentially the same process.
740:
320:
Vermilion is not one specific hue; mercuric sulfides make a range of warm hues, from bright orange-red to a duller reddish-purple that resembles fresh liver. Differences in hue are caused by the size of the ground particles of pigment. Larger crystals produce duller and less orange hues.
464:
996:
819:), giving it an orange-red color. Beginning in about the 8th century, Chinese chemists began making synthetic vermilion from mercury and sulfur, which reduced the price of the pigment and allowed the production of Chinese lacquerware on a larger scale.
1246:. It is a port town in the Kanto area, and the name is derived from the original Japanese name ăŻăăă·ă㣠(Kuchiba City). Kuchiba is an orange-red color associated with sunsets and autumnal leaves and "Vermilion" was used as an approximate translation.
700:
1181:, which represents the direction of south. The color red (particularly as exemplified by cinnabar/vermilion) was also symbolically associated with summer, fire, a certain note on the musical scale, a certain day of the calendar, etc.
657:
Vermilion was also used by painters in the
Renaissance as a very vivid and bright red, though it did have the weakness of sometimes turning dark with time. Florentine artist Cennino Cennini described it in his handbook for artists:
535:
The principal source of cinnabar for the ancient Romans was the
Almaden mine in northwest Spain, which was worked by prisoners. Since the ore of mercury was highly toxic, a term in the mines was a near-guaranteed death sentence.
1042:
A page of the Roman de Girart de
Roussillon (1450). Both vermilion and minium, or red lead, were used in Medieval manuscripts. Vermilion, as expensive as gilding, was usually reserved for the most important illustrations or
1016:
389:
Vermilion was the primary red pigment used by
European painters, from the Renaissance until the 20th century. Because of its cost and toxicity, though, it was almost entirely replaced by a new synthetic pigment,
907:
609:
Vermilion was also used by the native peoples of
America, to paint ceramics, figurines, and murals, and for the decoration of burials. It was used in the Chavin civilization (400 BC â 200 AD), and in the
386:
of time, standing in the air, it turns black." Newer research indicates that chlorine ions and light may aid in decomposing vermilion into elemental mercury, which is black when in finely dispersed form.
879:
544:
Nothing is more carefully guarded. It is forbidden to break up or refine the cinnabar on the spot. They send it to Rome in its natural condition, under seal, to the extent of some ten thousand librae (
585:, the use of cinnabar/the vermilion color was reserved for the use of the imperial family and administrators; official letters and imperial decrees were written in vermilion ink, made with cinnabar.
720:
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Since ancient times, vermilion was regarded as the color of blood, thus the color of life. It was used to paint temples and the carriages of the emperor, and as the printing paste for personal
939:
891:
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By the 20th century, the cost and toxicity of vermilion led to its gradually being replaced by synthetic pigments, particularly cadmium red, which had a comparable color and opacity.
822:
The shade of red of the lacquerware has changed over the centuries. During the
Eastern Han dynasty (25â220 AD) the Chinese word for red referred to a light red. However, during the
807:), but painted onto wood or metal, it hardened into a fine natural plastic, or lacquer surface. The pure sap was dark brown, but beginning in about the third century BC, during the
367:
When first created, the material is almost black. As it is ground, the red color appears. The longer the compound is ground, the finer the color becomes. Italian
Renaissance artist
324:
Cinnabar pigment was a side product of the mining of mercury, and mining cinnabar was difficult, expensive, and dangerous, because of the toxicity of mercury. Greek philosopher
2112:
New York: 1930 McGraw-Hill Page 193; Color Sample of Cinnabar (It is noted on page 193 that cinnabar is the same color as vermilion): Page 27 Plate 2 Color Sample L11
923:
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528:, in modern-day Turkey. Cinnabar was mined in Spain beginning in about 5300 BC. In China, the first documented use of cinnabar as a pigment was by the
374:
In the 17th century, a new method of making the pigment was introduced, known as the Dutch method. Mercury and melted sulfur were mashed to make black
548:
thus 3289 kg) a year. The sales price is fixed by law to keep it from becoming impossibly expensive, and the price fixed is seventy sesterces a pound.
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in 2024. On this album, the word vermillion was used for one of the song titles called "Vermillion Dreams" and also the album was called vermillion.
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1730:
838:, "the flowers by the river when the sun rises are redder than flames", and the word he used for red was the word for vermilion, or Chinese red.
339:(thirdâfourth century AD) wrote that such a method existed. In the early 9th century, the process was accurately described by Persian alchemist
432:
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MartĂn-Gil, J; MartĂn-Gil, FJ; Delibes-de-Castro, G; Zapatero-Magdaleno, P; Sarabia-Herrero, FJ (1995). "The first known use of vermillion."
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which mark the entrances to sacred spaces, as well as the columns and eaves of shrines, are traditionally painted vermilion to ward off evil.
2007:
is displayed on page 27, Plate 2, Color Sample L11. It is noted on page 193 that the color cinnabar is another name for the color vermilion.
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In the Bible, vermilion is listed as a pigment that was in use for painting buildings during the reign of Shallum the son of Josiah king of
3637:
1144:, to signify that they are married. Hindu men and women often wear vermilion on their foreheads during religious ceremonies and festivals.
413:
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In China, the color vermilion was also playing an important role in national culture. The color was mostly used in creating Chinese
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reported its painters stole a large portion of the expensive pigment by frequently washing their brushes and saving the wash water.
452:
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873:. It was also used for unique red calligraphic ink reserved for emperors. Chinese Taoists associated vermilion with eternity.
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published in 1971 about an imaginary future resort that pleases its guests by using various kinds of futuristic technology.
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Vermilion is a dense, opaque pigment with a clear, brilliant hue. The pigment was originally made by grinding a powder of
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532:(5000â4000 BC), where it was used to paint ceramics, to cover the walls and floors of rooms, and for ritual ceremonies.
394:, in the 20th century. As cadmium can also be toxic, some scientists propose replacing this with solid solutions of the
2505:
https://web.archive.org/web/20150405011225/http://archaeology.about.com/od/archaeologic7/ss/Palenque-Walking-Tour_4.htm
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The first documented use of vermilion pigment, made with ground cinnabar, dates to 8000â7000 BC, and was found at the
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in Chiapas, Mexico. The temple is dated to between 600 and 700 AD. It was discovered in 1994 by Mexican archeologist
335:
The Chinese were probably the first to make a synthetic vermilion as early as the fourth century BC. Greek alchemist
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1223:
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powder to become a perfect vermilion. Historically, European vermilion often included adulterants including brick,
274:, which was widely used in Europe. The first recorded use of "vermilion" as a color name in English was in 1289.
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4935:
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A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
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A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
1080:
is a vermilion-colored powder with which Indian women make a mark in their hairline to indicate they are married.
423:
637:. The body and all objects in the sarcophagus were covered with bright red vermilion powder made from cinnabar.
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HgS. Thus, the natural mineral pigment is called "cinnabar", and its synthetic form is called "vermilion" from
371:
wrote: "If you were to grind it every day, even for 20 years, it would keep getting better and more perfect."
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1389:
3627:
2452:
1208:, a short dramatic poem by Lord Byron: "...With the azure and vermillion / which is mixed for my pavillion"
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1104:), is colored a bright tone of vermilion. This temple was featured in the West by the 1972â1975 TV series
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Chase, W.T., Feller, R.L., Gettens, R. J., Vermilion and cinnabar. Studies in Conservation, 17 (2), 45â69
1891:
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A lacquerware bowl from the Western Han dynasty, second century BC (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
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was also colored vermilion. Cinnabar was used to paint the walls of some of the most luxurious villas in
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1971:
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332:, the first scientific book on minerals. Efforts began early to find a better way to make the pigment.
20:
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826:(618â907), when the synthetic vermilion was introduced, that color became darker and richer. The poet
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on the Plochere color list, which was formulated in 1948 and is used widely by interior designers.
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Archeology.about.com article on Temple XIII and the structures of Palenque (Retrieved April, 2015)
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New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 192; Color Sample of Chinese Red: Page 29 Plate 3 Color Sample J12
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The first documented use of cinnabar, or vermilion, for decorating pottery in China dates to the
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The first documented use of cinnabar or vermilion pigment was found at the neolithic village of
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New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 206; Color Sample of Vermilion: Page 27 Plate 2 Color Sample L11
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343:(722â804) in his book of recipes of colors, and the process began to be widely used in Europe.
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The name originated because it had a similar color to the natural red dye made from an insect,
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758:(600â700 AD), the remains of a noblewoman were covered with bright vermilion cinnabar powder.
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560:, the victors had their faces covered with vermilion powder, and the face of Jupiter on the
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The elixir of immortality: A modern-day alchemist's discovery of the philosopher's stone
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Vermilion City is one of the locations used in the English-translated versions of the
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Heat this in a flask (the compound vaporizes and recondenses in the top of the flask).
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most often used between antiquity and the 19th century from the powdered mineral
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In Rome, the precious pigment was used to paint frescoes, decorate statues, and
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196:
2299:"The Blackening of Vermilion: An Analytical Study of the Process in Paintings"
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2269:
778:, which was exported around the world, giving rise to the term "Chinese red".
470:
Vermilion has the property of darkening with time. The bridle of the horse in
4996:
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917:, late 15th to mid-16th century (Freer and Sackler Galleries, Washington, DC)
734:
was a showcase for the expensive vermilion pigment made from ground cinnabar.
625:
The most dramatic example of vermilion use in the Americas was the so-called
475:
230:, which often takes a modern form, but is 11% brighter (at full brightness).
2386:"Vermilion (PR 106) Also known as Chinese Vermilion, less commonly Cinnabar"
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2519:¿Quién es la Reina Roja? by Fanny López Jiménez on arqueologiamexicana.mx
1953:
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2534:: a new English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription
2393:
2355:
2256:: a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription
1866:
1705:
1529:
1364:
1148:
521:
125:
1995:
The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called
803:, was caustic and toxic (it contained the same chemical compound as
478:
in the National Gallery in London has turned from red to dark brown.
4953:
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4284:
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http://arqueologiamexicana.mx/mexico-antiguo/quien-es-la-reina-roja
2212:
a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription
1859:
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219:
187:(1516â18), the vermilion robes draw the eye to the main characters.
118:
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2411:
Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics
1260:"Red-orange" redirects here. For the variety of orange fruit, see
4725:
4007:
3869:
3052:
1976:
1417:
1204:
1140:
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694:, a deer, and humans. (Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara)
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Couleurs : Pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples
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1930:
1059:
667:
379:
180:
2776:
National Pollutant Inventory: Mercury and compounds fact sheet
690:
in modern-day Turkey. This mural, from 7000 to 8000 BC, shows
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4002:
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1813:
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1311:
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811:, Chinese artisans colored it with powdered cinnabar or with
796:
792:
619:
346:
The process described by Jabir ibn Hayyan was fairly simple:
314:
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175:
72:
1933:
culture, and is regarded as the color of life and eternity.
629:, located in Temple XIII, in the ruins of the Mayan city of
4566:
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empires. The major source was the Huancavelica mine in the
615:
76:
64:
2794:"Why are cinnabar, vermilion, and cadmium orange colored?"
2676:
Couleurs: Pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples
2558:
Ken Johnson, "Cinnabar: Zen once came in a shade of red",
2178:
2176:
4642:
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1925:
is the name used for the vermilion shade used in Chinese
1874:
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1809:
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1499:
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1372:
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women use vermilion along the hair parting line known as
1002:
The bright vermilion murals in the Villa of Mysteries in
133:
95:
68:
901:, 960-1279 (Freer and Sackler Galleries, Washington, DC)
750:
rulers were sometimes painted with cinnabar, and in the
654:, was used for the red letters and symbols in the text.
488:
The colors are widely used in the art and decoration of
2737:
Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments
2578:
2487:
2485:
2223:
2173:
1030:(1428â29) featured a vivid robe painted with vermilion.
933:
in Dengfeng, Henan is painted vermilion or Chinese red.
458:
Vermilion pigment, traditionally derived from cinnabar.
2077:
2637:
Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia
2545:
Garner, H., "Technical Studies of Oriental Lacquer";
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
1006:(before 79 AD) were painted with ground and powdered
640:
2482:
2332:"Inorganic yellow-red pigments without toxic metals"
1196:
is a collection of science-fiction short stories by
238:
Used first in English in the 13th century, the word
2296:
2694:
2413:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 159.
2409:Gettens, R. J., Feller, R. L. & Chase, W. T.,
2115:
1757:This color is the medium tone of vermilion called
799:, and Japan. The sap or resin of the tree, called
4595:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
2477:The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting
2224:Gettens, Rutherford J.; Stout, George L. (1966).
710:(5000â4000 BC). This bowl is from Banpo Village,
568:, including the Villa of the Mysteries (Italian:
4994:
2267:
328:of Eresus (371â286 BC) described the process in
2427:. Rochester: Inner Traditions. pp. 22â23.
2329:
1096:is reputed to have established the new sect of
2450:
2026:
3958:
3503:
2854:
2196:Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour
1010:, the most expensive red pigment of the time.
2446:
2444:
945:Vermilion columns in the throne room in the
300:
233:
2575:, Foreign Languages Press, Beijing, (2008).
2330:Jansen, M.; Letschert, H. P. (April 2000).
2230:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 171.
862:(red lead), an inexpensive and bright, but
183:used vermilion for dramatic effect. In the
4977:
3965:
3951:
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3496:
2861:
2847:
2600:(2009), National Gallery Company Limited (
2453:"Cinnabar, the Ancient Pigment of Mercury"
1936:"Chinese red" appears in English in 1924.
1125:men. (Jeremiah 22:11â14, Ezekiel 23:14â17)
1117:, and is named in the book of the prophet
2718:Bright Earth: Art and Invention of Colour
2441:
2281:
2182:
2151:. London: John Murray. pp. 144â145.
2146:
2142:
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2138:
4746:International Commission on Illumination
2734:
2673:
2584:
2270:"Paintings turning black? Blame mercury"
2227:Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopedia
2083:
1177:of the four directions is a bird called
1121:as a pigment used in art that portrayed
1070:
962:
190:
174:
1221:, released her debut solo album called
199:box from the Qing dynasty (1736â1795),
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4736:Color Association of the United States
2805:More information in Medical Dictionary
2416:
2405:
2403:
2135:
2003:New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color
1128:The vermilion rose is a symbol of the
795:tree, which grew in regions of China,
354:, a black compound of mercury sulfide.
313:). Like most mercury compounds, it is
16:Red color from powdered cinnabar (HgS)
3946:
3491:
2842:
2058:
2056:
2054:
1588:was formulated in 1987 as one of the
1424:has been a Crayola color since 1930.
988:
3517:
2759:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
2715:
2701:. Beijing: Foreign Language Press.
2692:
2422:
2400:
2306:National Gallery Technical Bulletin
2268:Castelvecchi, D. (4 October 2013).
2066:. Online Etymology Dictionary. 2023
1999:in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul
1603:
770:Color in Chinese culture § Red
363:Collect the vermilion and grind it.
261:â the diminutive of the Latin word
13:
4600:Blueâgreen distinction in language
2666:
2051:
641:In the Middle Ages and Renaissance
604:
14:
5054:
2868:
2769:
2451:Hirst, K. Kris (25 August 2020).
5013:8th-millennium BC establishments
4976:
4967:
4966:
4757:International Colour Association
4340:
3972:
1783:
1764:
1622:
1446:
1281:
1048:
1035:
1015:
995:
938:
922:
906:
890:
878:
739:
719:
699:
679:
588:
463:
451:
431:
412:
350:Mix mercury with sulfur to form
289:for the red crystalline form of
42:
2649:
2625:
2611:
2590:
2565:
2552:
2539:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2469:
2378:
2323:
2290:
2261:
2244:
2217:
2200:
2188:
1789: Color coordinates
1628: Color coordinates
1452: Color coordinates
1287: Color coordinates
48: Color coordinates
4752:International Color Consortium
4741:International Colour Authority
2831:New International Encyclopedia
2720:. Hazan (French translation).
2297:Spring, M.; Grout, R. (2002).
2102:
2089:
1989:
1230:
763:
597:. Sindoor is commonly used by
540:described the mines this way:
1:
4817:List of Crayola crayon colors
2596:David Bamford and Ashok Roy,
2128:David Bomford and Ashok Roy,
2014:
1427:
1255:
1250:
1185:
2019:
1592:, which became known as the
1159:
958:
913:A lacquerware dish from the
897:A lacquerware tray from the
515:
7:
4620:Traditional colors of Japan
4397:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
4280:Multi-primary color display
4054:Spectral power distribution
2735:Eastaugh, Nicholas (2004).
2678:(in French). Paris: Seuil.
2536:, Archetype 2015, pp. 63â4.
1939:
1596:after the invention of the
1066:
967:Vermilion flycatcher (male)
622:mountains in central Peru.
10:
5059:
2149:The Secret Lives of Colour
2147:St. Clair, Kassia (2016).
1972:List of inorganic pigments
1259:
788:Toxicodendron vernicifluum
781:The lacquer came from the
767:
746:The walls of the tombs of
504:, in the paintings of the
483:
405:
21:Vermilion (disambiguation)
18:
4962:
4934:
4847:
4772:
4765:
4716:
4635:
4585:
4517:
4508:
4480:Color realism (art style)
4427:
4360:
4349:
4338:
4238:
4185:
4138:Evolution of color vision
4067:
3990:
3981:
3933:
3527:
3478:
2878:
2786:Pigments through the Ages
2283:10.1038/nature.2013.13887
1907:
1897:
1887:
1857:
1830:
1803:
1793:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1696:
1669:
1642:
1632:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1570:
1560:
1550:
1520:
1493:
1466:
1456:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1405:
1395:
1385:
1355:
1328:
1301:
1291:
1279:
1274:
1269:
947:Palace of Heavenly Purity
601:women in Hindu religion.
301:Chemistry and manufacture
250:, which was derived from
234:Etymology and common name
226:). It is synonymous with
195:A Chinese "cinnabar red"
164:
154:
146:
116:
89:
62:
52:
40:
35:
30:
4797:List of colors (compact)
4615:Color in Chinese culture
4265:Digital image processing
3998:Electromagnetic spectrum
2258:, Archetype 2015, p. 64.
2214:, Archetype 2015, p. 64.
1982:
1956:("artificial vermilion")
1212:
662:This pigment is made by
472:The Battle of San Romano
214:) is a color family and
201:National Museum of China
185:Assumption of the Virgin
4802:List of colors by shade
2674:Varichon, Anne (2005).
2547:Studies in Conservation
2423:Cox, Robert E. (2009).
1911:: Normalized to (byte)
1750:: Normalized to (byte)
1574:: Normalized to (byte)
1409:: Normalized to (byte)
498:illuminated manuscripts
168:: Normalized to (byte)
4807:List of color palettes
2693:Yan, Chunling (2008).
2549:(8), (1963) pp. 84â97.
1081:
968:
728:Villa of the Mysteries
672:
550:
426:in northern California
402:used with great care.
204:
188:
5043:Alchemical substances
5038:Mercury(II) compounds
4731:Color Marketing Group
4486:On Vision and Colours
4419:Tinctures in heraldry
4030:Structural coloration
2910:Bright pink (Crayola)
2741:Butterworth-Heinemann
2716:Ball, Philip (2001).
2657:A Dictionary of Color
2598:A Closer Look: Colour
2130:A Closer look: Colour
2110:A Dictionary of Color
2097:A Dictionary of Color
2001:A Dictionary of Color
1742:Strong reddish orange
1074:
966:
929:The main gate of the
830:(772â846) wrote in a
752:Tomb of the Red Queen
660:
627:Tomb of the Red Queen
542:
508:, and in the art and
438:Cinnabar crystals on
398:CaTaO2N and LaTaON2.
194:
179:The Venetian painter
178:
4812:List of color spaces
4704:Tint, shade and tone
4587:Cultural differences
4402:Polychromatic colors
4387:Complementary colors
4375:Monochromatic colors
2475:Daniel V. Thompson,
1566:Vivid reddish orange
973:Vermilion flycatcher
866:lead-oxide pigment.
791:, a relative of the
783:Chinese lacquer tree
614:, Sican, Moche, and
510:lacquerware of China
337:Zosimus of Panopolis
160:Vivid reddish orange
31:Vermilion (cinnabar)
19:For other uses, see
4792:List of colors: NâZ
4787:List of colors: GâM
4782:List of colors: AâF
3633:Desert sand (color)
3411:Syracuse red-orange
2900:Bittersweet shimmer
2532:Il Libro dell' Arte
2348:2000Natur.404..980J
1903:Deep reddish orange
1899:ISCCâNBS descriptor
1738:ISCCâNBS descriptor
1562:ISCCâNBS descriptor
1397:ISCCâNBS descriptor
1130:Blessed Virgin Mary
635:Fanny López Jiménez
378:, then heated in a
352:aethiopes mineralis
156:ISCCâNBS descriptor
5028:Inorganic pigments
4839:List of web colors
4834:List of RAL colors
4240:Color reproduction
4205:LĂŒscher color test
4042:Color of chemicals
3658:Golden Gate Bridge
3638:Engineering orange
2810:2019-01-11 at the
2562:, August 20, 2009.
2530:Cennino Cennini's
2254:Il Libro dell'Arte
2252:Cennino Cennini's
2210:Il Libro dell'Arte
2208:Cennino Cennini's
1082:
989:In art and culture
978:Vermilion cardinal
969:
554:even as a cosmetic
444:Tongren Prefecture
422:crystals from the
205:
189:
5023:Quaternary colors
4990:
4989:
4930:
4929:
4712:
4711:
4504:
4503:
4494:Theory of Colours
4336:
4335:
4248:Color photography
4200:Color preferences
4143:Impossible colors
4133:Color vision test
4128:Color temperature
4106:Color calibration
4035:Animal coloration
3940:
3939:
3928:
3927:
3628:Dark orange (web)
3579:Champagne (color)
3485:
3484:
3473:
3472:
2825:"Vermilion"
2727:978-2-7541-0503-3
2708:978-7-119-04531-3
2685:978-2-02-084697-4
2606:978 1 85709 442 8
2434:978-1-59477-303-7
2342:(6781): 980â982.
1916:
1915:
1755:
1754:
1579:
1578:
1515:(16°, 100%, 100%)
1414:
1413:
1217:The Dutch singer
1171:Chinese mythology
983:Vermilion tanager
931:Shaolin Monastery
571:Villa dei Misteri
173:
172:
5050:
5008:Shades of orange
4980:
4979:
4970:
4969:
4770:
4769:
4636:Color dimensions
4625:Human skin color
4515:
4514:
4392:Analogous colors
4358:
4357:
4344:
4270:Color management
4187:Color psychology
4153:Opponent process
4069:Color perception
3988:
3987:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3806:Princeton orange
3727:Orange (Pantone)
3722:Orange (Crayola)
3554:Atomic tangerine
3534:Aerospace orange
3530:
3529:
3521:
3520:Shades of orange
3512:
3505:
3498:
3489:
3488:
2984:Chocolate cosmos
2925:Cantaloupe melon
2881:
2880:
2872:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2801:
2789:
2761:, 51(8): 759â761
2754:
2731:
2712:
2700:
2689:
2660:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2633:"Vermilion City"
2629:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2609:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2556:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2420:
2414:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2392:. Archived from
2382:
2376:
2375:
2356:10.1038/35010082
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2303:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2265:
2259:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2221:
2215:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2144:
2133:
2126:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2030:
2008:
1993:
1883:
1878:
1853:
1848:
1826:
1821:
1788:
1787:
1769:
1768:
1722:
1717:
1692:
1687:
1665:
1660:
1627:
1626:
1611:Medium Vermilion
1608:
1607:
1604:Medium vermilion
1546:
1541:
1516:
1511:
1489:
1484:
1451:
1450:
1432:
1431:
1381:
1376:
1351:
1346:
1324:
1319:
1286:
1285:
1267:
1266:
1242:video games and
1052:
1039:
1022:The painting of
1019:
999:
942:
926:
910:
894:
882:
743:
723:
708:Yangshao culture
703:
683:
666:, prepared in a
583:Byzantine Empire
530:Yangshao culture
494:Byzantine Empire
467:
455:
446:, Guizhou, China
435:
416:
360:Break the flask.
341:Jabir ibn Hayyan
142:
137:
112:
107:
85:
80:
47:
46:
28:
27:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5018:Tertiary colors
4993:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4958:
4926:
4843:
4761:
4718:
4708:
4631:
4610:Blue in culture
4581:
4500:
4447:Secondary color
4423:
4380:black-and-white
4352:
4345:
4332:
4234:
4220:National colors
4215:Political color
4195:Color symbolism
4181:
4111:Color constancy
4089:Color blindness
4063:
4020:Spectral colors
3977:
3971:
3941:
3936:
3929:
3801:Portland orange
3523:
3519:
3516:
3486:
3481:
3474:
3247:
3073:Fire engine red
2920:Candy apple red
2885:Amaranth purple
2874:
2870:
2867:
2822:
2812:Wayback Machine
2798:Causes of Color
2792:
2780:
2772:
2767:
2751:
2728:
2709:
2686:
2669:
2667:Further reading
2664:
2663:
2655:Maerz and Paul
2654:
2650:
2641:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2540:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:Anne Varichon,
2490:
2483:
2474:
2470:
2461:
2459:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2401:
2390:Paintmaking.com
2384:
2383:
2379:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2313:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2266:
2262:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2222:
2218:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2174:
2159:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2116:
2108:Maerz and Paul
2107:
2103:
2095:Maerz and Paul
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2038:Merriam-Webster
2032:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2011:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1949:Scarlet (color)
1942:
1912:
1881:
1863:
1858:
1852:(11°, 82%, 67%)
1851:
1831:
1824:
1804:
1782:
1767:
1751:
1720:
1702:
1697:
1691:(14°, 73%, 85%)
1690:
1670:
1663:
1643:
1621:
1606:
1575:
1544:
1526:
1521:
1514:
1494:
1487:
1467:
1445:
1430:
1410:
1379:
1361:
1356:
1350:(3°, 71%, 100%)
1349:
1329:
1322:
1302:
1280:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1233:
1215:
1193:Vermilion Sands
1188:
1169:cosmology (cf.
1165:In Han China's
1162:
1069:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1031:
1020:
1011:
1000:
991:
961:
954:
943:
934:
927:
918:
911:
902:
895:
886:
883:
772:
766:
759:
744:
735:
724:
715:
704:
695:
684:
643:
607:
605:In the Americas
593:It is known as
591:
562:Capitoline Hill
538:Pliny the Elder
518:
486:
479:
468:
459:
456:
447:
436:
427:
417:
408:
376:mercury sulfide
369:Cennino Cennini
311:mercury sulfide
303:
291:mercury sulfide
287:crystallography
271:Kermes vermilio
236:
224:mercury sulfide
169:
140:
122:
117:
110:
90:
83:
63:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5056:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4974:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4606:Color history
4604:
4603:
4602:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4490:
4489:(Schopenhauer)
4482:
4477:
4474:Color analysis
4471:
4469:Color triangle
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4433:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4366:
4364:
4355:
4347:
4346:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4275:Color printing
4272:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4210:Kruithof curve
4207:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4082:Sonochromatism
4073:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3994:
3992:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3970:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:Spanish orange
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:Persian orange
3788:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3742:Orange (wheel)
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3702:Hunyadi yellow
3698:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3416:Tea rose (red)
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2820:
2814:
2802:
2800:. WebExhibits.
2790:
2788:. WebExhibits.
2778:
2771:
2770:External links
2768:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2755:
2749:
2732:
2726:
2713:
2707:
2690:
2684:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2648:
2624:
2610:
2589:
2587:, p. 387.
2577:
2571:Yan Chunling,
2564:
2560:New York Times
2551:
2538:
2528:Lara Broecke,
2521:
2509:
2497:
2481:
2468:
2440:
2433:
2415:
2399:
2396:on 2013-01-04.
2377:
2322:
2289:
2260:
2250:Lara Broecke,
2243:
2236:
2216:
2206:Lara Broecke,
2199:
2187:
2185:, p. 146.
2183:St. Clair 2016
2172:
2157:
2134:
2114:
2101:
2088:
2086:, p. 211.
2076:
2050:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:List of colors
1959:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1941:
1938:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:(56, 103, 21°)
1718:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1598:World Wide Web
1594:X11 web colors
1577:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:(58, 158, 17°)
1542:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1380:(60, 138, 14°)
1377:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1232:
1229:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:Vermilion Bird
1173:), one of the
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1145:
1133:
1126:
1111:
1087:Shaolin temple
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1001:
994:
990:
987:
986:
985:
980:
975:
960:
957:
956:
955:
951:Forbidden City
944:
937:
935:
928:
921:
919:
912:
905:
903:
896:
889:
887:
884:
877:
856:iodine scarlet
765:
762:
761:
760:
745:
738:
736:
725:
718:
716:
705:
698:
696:
685:
678:
642:
639:
606:
603:
590:
587:
558:Roman triumphs
517:
514:
496:, then in the
485:
482:
481:
480:
469:
462:
460:
457:
450:
448:
437:
430:
428:
418:
411:
407:
404:
365:
364:
361:
358:
355:
302:
299:
242:came from the
235:
232:
197:carved lacquer
171:
170:
162:
161:
158:
152:
151:
150:Maerz and Paul
148:
144:
143:
141:(52, 130, 14°)
138:
120:
114:
113:
111:(5°, 77%, 89%)
108:
87:
86:
81:
60:
59:
56:
50:
49:
38:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5055:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:Shades of red
5001:
5000:
4998:
4983:
4975:
4973:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:organizations
4715:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4660:Pastel colors
4658:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4442:Primary color
4440:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:Light-on-dark
4407:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4343:
4329:
4328:Color mapping
4326:
4324:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:Color balance
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4230:Chromotherapy
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4170:Tetrachromacy
4168:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4094:Achromatopsia
4092:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4077:Chromesthesia
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:Color physics
3989:
3986:
3984:
3983:Color science
3980:
3975:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3932:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:Safety orange
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Giants orange
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:Chrome Orange
3616:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:Carrot orange
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3477:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:Red (Pantone)
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:Red (Munsell)
3256:
3254:
3253:Red (Crayola)
3251:
3249:
3248:(pigment red)
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Off-red (RGB)
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2871:Shades of red
2864:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2750:0-7506-5749-9
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2658:
2652:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2620:
2614:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2586:
2585:Eastaugh 2004
2581:
2574:
2568:
2561:
2555:
2548:
2542:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2478:
2472:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2239:
2237:0-486-21597-0
2233:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2194:Philip Ball,
2191:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2158:9781473630819
2154:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2084:Eastaugh 2004
2080:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2040:. 21 May 2018
2039:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1882:(40, 94, 17°)
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:(170, 56, 30)
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:(217, 96, 59)
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:(255, 83, 73)
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1219:Simone Simons
1207:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:J. G. Ballard
1195:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:Five Elements
1164:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1098:Chan Buddhism
1095:
1092:
1091:Buddhist monk
1088:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
993:
992:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
965:
952:
948:
941:
936:
932:
925:
920:
916:
909:
904:
900:
893:
888:
881:
876:
875:
874:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:
784:
779:
777:
771:
757:
753:
749:
742:
737:
733:
729:
722:
717:
713:
709:
702:
697:
693:
689:
682:
677:
676:
675:
671:
669:
665:
659:
655:
653:
649:
638:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
602:
600:
596:
589:In South Asia
586:
584:
579:
577:
574:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
549:
547:
541:
539:
533:
531:
527:
523:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
477:
476:Paolo Uccello
473:
466:
461:
454:
449:
445:
441:
434:
429:
425:
421:
415:
410:
409:
403:
399:
397:
393:
387:
383:
381:
377:
372:
370:
362:
359:
356:
353:
349:
348:
347:
344:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
322:
318:
316:
312:
308:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
272:
266:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
202:
198:
193:
186:
182:
177:
167:
163:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
115:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
84:(227, 66, 52)
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
57:
55:
51:
45:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
4692:Fluorescence
4655:Colorfulness
4648:Dichromatism
4492:
4484:
4454:Chromaticity
4437:Color mixing
4429:Color theory
4362:Color scheme
4225:Chromophobia
4174:
3737:Orange (web)
3707:Light orange
3569:Butterscotch
3564:Burnt orange
3539:Alloy orange
3430:
3088:Imperial red
2829:
2797:
2785:
2758:
2736:
2717:
2696:
2675:
2656:
2651:
2640:. Retrieved
2636:
2627:
2613:
2597:
2592:
2580:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2546:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2492:
2476:
2471:
2460:. Retrieved
2456:
2424:
2418:
2410:
2394:the original
2389:
2380:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2314:. Retrieved
2309:
2305:
2292:
2273:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2148:
2129:
2109:
2104:
2096:
2091:
2079:
2068:. Retrieved
2042:. Retrieved
2037:
2028:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1967:Red pigments
1935:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1908:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1585:
1580:
1571:
1488:(255, 69, 0)
1421:
1415:
1406:
1237:
1222:
1216:
1203:
1191:
1175:four symbols
1139:
1105:
1102:Zen Buddhism
1075:
1024:Saint Jerome
915:Ming dynasty
899:Song dynasty
868:
840:
824:Tang dynasty
821:
817:ferric oxide
786:
780:
773:
673:
661:
656:
650:, made with
644:
624:
608:
598:
592:
580:
569:
551:
546:Roman pounds
543:
534:
519:
490:Ancient Rome
487:
471:
424:Almaden Mine
400:
388:
384:
373:
366:
351:
345:
334:
330:De Lapidibus
329:
326:Theophrastus
323:
319:
304:
278:
276:
269:
267:
265:for worm.
262:
258:
251:
247:
239:
237:
227:
211:
207:
206:
184:
165:
25:
4829:Color chart
4687:Iridescence
4519:Basic terms
4510:Color terms
4464:Color wheel
4459:Color solid
4323:Color space
4309:subtractive
4292:Color model
4163:Unique hues
4059:Colorimetry
4025:Chromophore
3885:Tigerâs Eye
3747:Papaya whip
3732:Orange peel
3401:Salmon pink
3221:Persian red
3137:Light coral
3014:Cornell red
2895:Bittersweet
2819:, Colourlex
2782:"Vermilion"
2697:Chinese Red
2573:Chinese Red
2064:"Vermilion"
2034:"Vermilion"
1954:Persian red
1927:lacquerware
1919:Chinese red
1799:#AA381E
1795:Hex triplet
1772:Chinese Red
1765:Chinese red
1638:#D9603B
1634:Hex triplet
1462:#FF4500
1458:Hex triplet
1297:#FF5349
1293:Hex triplet
1231:Video games
1153:Torii Gates
1094:Bodhidharma
852:Persian red
809:Han dynasty
776:lacquerware
764:Chinese red
524:village of
506:Renaissance
502:Middle Ages
396:perovskites
392:cadmium red
281:is used in
254:, from the
222:(a form of
210:(sometimes
58:#E34234
54:Hex triplet
4997:Categories
4849:Shades of:
4682:Brightness
4414:Web colors
4370:Color tool
4353:philosophy
4258:Color cast
4158:Afterimage
4148:Metamerism
4121:Color code
4116:Color task
4099:Dichromacy
3890:Titian Red
3426:Turkey red
3347:Rosy brown
3332:Rose taupe
3322:Rose ebony
3246:Red (CMYK)
3177:OU crimson
3162:Misty rose
3093:Indian red
3068:Fire brick
3004:Coral pink
2999:Coquelicot
2642:2023-11-16
2462:2018-02-04
2316:2014-01-13
2070:2023-04-11
2044:2018-06-16
2015:References
1590:X11 colors
1586:orange-red
1435:Orange-Red
1428:Orange-red
1422:red-orange
1270:Red-Orange
1262:Red orange
1256:Red-orange
1251:Variations
1224:Vermillion
1186:Literature
953:of Beijing
848:iron oxide
805:poison ivy
768:See also:
688:ĂatalhöyĂŒk
646:expensive
526:ĂatalhöyĂŒk
283:mineralogy
259:vermiculus
248:vermeillon
244:Old French
228:red orange
212:vermillion
4699:Grayscale
4672:Lightness
4667:Luminance
4476:(fashion)
4176:The dress
3895:UT orange
3875:Tangerine
3796:Persimmon
3663:Goldenrod
3431:Vermilion
3391:Rusty red
3337:Rose vale
3263:Red (NCS)
3241:Red-brown
3142:Light red
2979:Chili red
2905:Blood red
2817:Vermilion
2479:, p. 103.
2457:ThoughtCo
2364:1476-4687
2167:936144129
2020:Citations
2005:vermilion
1997:vermilion
1923:China red
1759:vermilion
1600:in 1991.
1583:web color
1401:Vivid red
1160:Mythology
1149:Shintoism
959:In nature
834:praising
832:song poem
813:red ochre
522:neolithic
516:Antiquity
277:The term
240:vermilion
208:Vermilion
203:, Beijing
5033:Sulfides
4972:Category
4954:Lighting
4677:Darkness
4497:(Goethe)
4297:additive
4285:Quattron
3900:Xanthous
3712:Mahogany
3342:Rosewood
3327:Rose red
3182:Penn red
3172:Old rose
3152:Mahogany
3063:Falu red
3058:Dark red
3009:Cordovan
2989:Cinnabar
2930:Cardinal
2915:Burgundy
2890:Barn red
2808:Archived
2495:, p. 112
2372:10801123
2132:. p. 41.
1940:See also
1892:ISCC-NBS
1731:Plochere
1123:Chaldean
1089:, where
1067:Religion
1043:designs.
1028:Masaccio
1008:cinnabar
864:fugitive
844:orpiment
836:Jiangnan
828:Bai Juyi
801:urushiol
756:Palenque
714:, China.
652:red lead
631:Palenque
492:and the
440:dolomite
420:Cinnabar
307:cinnabar
295:red lead
279:cinnabar
220:cinnabar
4936:Related
4897:Magenta
4822:history
4726:Pantone
4013:Visible
4008:Rainbow
3870:Tangelo
3826:Saffron
3811:Pumpkin
3549:Apricot
3406:Scarlet
3307:Redwood
3053:Crimson
2969:Carmine
2834:. 1905.
2344:Bibcode
2312:: 50â61
1977:Kumkuma
1418:Crayola
1390:Crayola
1239:Pokémon
1205:Manfred
1141:sindoor
1119:Ezekiel
1107:Kung Fu
1077:Sindoor
1056:Theyyam
1004:Pompeii
949:in the
732:Pompeii
712:Shaanxi
692:aurochs
664:alchemy
599:married
595:sindoor
581:In the
566:Pompeii
500:of the
484:History
406:Gallery
252:vermeil
216:pigment
4949:Qualia
4944:Vision
4892:Purple
4887:Violet
4867:Yellow
4862:Orange
4557:Orange
4552:Purple
4542:Yellow
3976:topics
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3421:Tomato
3396:Salmon
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3157:Maroon
3147:Madder
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3098:Jasper
3083:Garnet
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
2994:Claret
2974:Cerise
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2747:
2724:
2705:
2682:
2604:
2431:
2370:
2362:
2336:Nature
2274:Nature
2234:
2165:
2155:
1931:Taoist
1888:Source
1860:CIELCh
1777:
1727:Source
1699:CIELCh
1616:
1551:Source
1523:CIELCh
1440:
1420:color
1386:Source
1358:CIELCh
1275:
1060:Kerala
860:minium
668:retort
648:minium
380:retort
263:vermis
181:Titian
147:Source
119:CIELCh
36:
4982:Index
4922:Black
4912:White
4907:Brown
4872:Green
4774:Lists
4766:Names
4748:(CIE)
4717:Color
4577:Brown
4572:White
4562:Black
4532:Green
4351:Color
4047:Water
4003:Light
3974:Color
3880:Tawny
3786:Peach
3717:Melon
3643:Flame
3623:Coral
3559:Brown
3544:Amber
3231:Poppy
3078:Folly
2619:"æ·źćć"
2302:(PDF)
1983:Notes
1244:anime
1213:Music
1136:Hindu
1115:Judah
871:seals
858:âand
797:Korea
793:sumac
785:, or
620:Andes
576:Pliny
556:. In
442:from
315:toxic
256:Latin
246:word
4917:Gray
4902:Pink
4882:Blue
4877:Cyan
4567:Gray
4547:Pink
4527:Blue
4314:CMYK
3816:Rust
3653:Gold
3436:Wine
3352:Rust
3317:Rose
3312:Rojo
3226:Pink
2745:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2703:ISBN
2680:ISBN
2602:ISBN
2429:ISBN
2368:PMID
2360:ISSN
2232:ISBN
2163:OCLC
2153:ISBN
1945:Red
1806:sRGB
1645:sRGB
1581:The
1469:sRGB
1416:The
1304:sRGB
1085:The
748:Maya
726:The
616:Inca
612:Maya
285:and
65:sRGB
4857:Red
4643:Hue
4537:Red
4302:RGB
3236:Red
2352:doi
2340:404
2278:doi
1921:or
1833:HSV
1672:HSV
1555:X11
1496:HSV
1331:HSV
1147:In
1058:of
1026:by
754:in
730:in
474:by
92:HSV
4999::
2828:.
2796:.
2784:.
2743:.
2739:.
2635:.
2484:^
2455:.
2443:^
2402:^
2388:.
2366:.
2358:.
2350:.
2338:.
2334:.
2310:23
2308:.
2304:.
2276:.
2272:.
2175:^
2161:.
2137:^
2117:^
2053:^
2036:.
1873:,
1869:,
1862:uv
1843:,
1839:,
1816:,
1812:,
1712:,
1708:,
1701:uv
1682:,
1678:,
1655:,
1651:,
1536:,
1532:,
1525:uv
1506:,
1502:,
1479:,
1475:,
1371:,
1367:,
1360:uv
1341:,
1337:,
1314:,
1310:,
1151:,
854:,
850:,
846:,
573:).
512:.
317:.
297:.
132:,
128:,
121:uv
102:,
98:,
75:,
71:,
3966:e
3959:t
3952:v
3511:e
3504:t
3497:v
2862:e
2855:t
2848:v
2753:.
2730:.
2711:.
2688:.
2645:.
2621:.
2608:)
2465:.
2437:.
2374:.
2354::
2346::
2319:.
2286:.
2280::
2240:.
2169:.
2073:.
2047:.
1909:B
1877:)
1875:h
1871:C
1867:L
1865:(
1847:)
1845:v
1841:s
1837:h
1835:(
1820:)
1818:b
1814:g
1810:r
1808:(
1748:B
1716:)
1714:h
1710:C
1706:L
1704:(
1686:)
1684:v
1680:s
1676:h
1674:(
1659:)
1657:b
1653:g
1649:r
1647:(
1572:B
1540:)
1538:h
1534:C
1530:L
1528:(
1510:)
1508:v
1504:s
1500:h
1498:(
1483:)
1481:b
1477:g
1473:r
1471:(
1407:B
1375:)
1373:h
1369:C
1365:L
1363:(
1345:)
1343:v
1339:s
1335:h
1333:(
1318:)
1316:b
1312:g
1308:r
1306:(
1264:.
1132:.
1110:.
1100:(
815:(
309:(
166:B
136:)
134:h
130:C
126:L
124:(
106:)
104:v
100:s
96:h
94:(
79:)
77:b
73:g
69:r
67:(
23:.
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