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Walloon Movement

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557: : « Sont considĂ©rĂ©s comme militants wallons tous ceux qui ont participĂ© Ă  l’affirmation politique de la Wallonie, de maniĂšre tangible, de prĂšs ou de loin, dans une organisation ou Ă  titre individuel, par leurs discours, leurs Ă©crits, leurs engagements ou leurs fonctions. Le Mouvement wallon est lui-mĂȘme dĂ©fini par l’ensemble des organisations et groupements dont le programme est centrĂ© sur l’émancipation politique de la Wallonie ; Ă  ces associations s’ajoutent les partis politiques qui portent cette revendication sur le terrain Ă©lectoral et contribuent Ă  la concrĂ©tisation des objectifs des associations et des militants qui les ont prĂ©cĂ©dĂ©s. Le Mouvement wallon est considĂ©rĂ© dans ses composantes les plus larges : dĂ©fenseurs du fĂ©dĂ©ralisme, du sĂ©paratisme, de la rĂ©union Ă  la France, de l’une ou l’autre forme de dĂ©centralisation ; les dĂ©fenseurs de la langue et de la civilisation françaises se confondent avec les dĂ©fenseurs d’une Wallonie considĂ©rĂ©e comme seule capable de redresser son Ă©conomie et de prĂ©server ses libertĂ©s. Â» 172:"In fact, the Walloon Movement is the first (and virtually the only) organisation to warn public opinion against the implications of the Benelux policy and, as a counterbalancing or complementary force, to call for closer economic and cultural cooperation with France. When viewed as a modern version of Orangism, the pro-Benelux policy can be seen to promote certain Flemish interests. According to Georges Dotreppe, a member of the directory of "Wallonie Libre", the Benelux concept, created on English soil and orientated towards Great Britain and the United States, supports an Anglo-Saxon anti-French policy which in no way embraces the interest of Wallonia, a sister community of France." 451: 188:", published in 1903, denounces the subjection of the Walloons to the Flemings, who are merely the successors of the previous Dutch, Austrians and Spanish occupiers of Wallonia. The French soul of the Walloons must drive them to yearn for a return to "l'Ɠuvre de Quatre-vingt-treize" (the invasion of the Southern Netherlands provinces by the French in 1793) and the destruction of the international agreements of 1814 and 1830. The same thesis is developed in the "Walloon's Catechism", widely distributed in the same year of 1903. 334:. The first Walloon militants then set up a "French-speaking and Walloon defence movement" to fight against the official recognition of Dutch. The militants from the French-speaking areas were joined by members of the liberal bourgeoisie from Brussels and the Dutch-speaking provinces. These allies somewhat surprisingly joined the Francophiles because much of their work was in the bureaucracy where the introduction of another language would have been prejudicial. 3620: 3632: 3656: 3644: 90:, the movement was born as a movement of administrative colonisation of Flanders. It took then the character of a movement asserting the existence of Wallonia and a Walloon identity without giving up the defence of French. Wallonia asserted timidly since 1898 but which becomes the principal claim since 1905 with a climax at the 442:– FIW) but after electoral failures, especially the European elections on 17 June 1984, they sank into oblivion. It is the Rattachist trend that today gathers the most enthusiasm of Walloon militants unhappy with the result of institutional reforms in favour of the autonomy of Wallonia within Belgium. 816:
A first «sentimental» vote where militants vote with their heart and a second «of reason» are organized. At first, the reunion of Wallonia and France won with a relative majority of 456 votes out of 1048 voters, or 46.4%. At the second, the unanimity minus two votes votes for the autonomy of Wallonia
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On nous a fait croire à la percée socialiste en Flandre. Il suffit de voir les chiffres. Pour moi, le combat reste entier, mais je choisis le meilleur terrain et les meilleures armes. Pour le moment, le meilleur terrain et les meilleures armes sont en Wallonie, la meilleure route passe par la défense
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published on first page a plea in favour of the administrative separation of the country: "Let us take the offensive openly and continue as of today the obtention of a separatist regime, before they strip us and reduce more still". Concepts of autonomy vary from federalism to confederalism within the
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The Walloon Movement ideology with the arrival of socialists within it was subsumed by a proletarian internationalism, Jules Destrée considered that "the Walloon Movement is not in contradiction with internationalism. On the contrary, by creating a nation new, free and independent, it facilitates the
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servir une certaine politique flamande. D’aprĂšs Georges Dotreppe, membre du directoire de la Wallonie libre, le Benelux, nĂ© en terre anglaise et tournĂ© vers la Grande-Bretagne et les États-Unis, favorise la politique anglo-saxonne anti-française, ce qui ne sert en rien la Wallonie, sƓur de la France.
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En fait, Le Mouvement wallon est le premier, et quasi le seul, Ă  mettre l’opinion publique en garde contre les implications de Benelux et Ă  rĂ©clamer, en contrepartie ou en complĂ©ment, un rapprochement Ă©conomique et culturel avec la France. QualifiĂ© de version moderne de l’orangisme, le Benelux peut
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The RDSW draft was presented at the Walloon nation congress in 1945 but only during the "sentimental vote", in which it received only 154 votes out of 1048 voters, or 14.6%. After the congress, this trend remained discrete until the sixties. During the general strike of 1960–1961 Renardism appeared,
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take part, on the future statute of Wallonia. The independence manifesto was written in November 1943, after the departure of the federalists, in the form of a draft Constitution for a Walloon republic. Its principle rests on "the formation of an independent Walloon State, suitable to be associated
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Militants at that time were in favour of the "Belgian contract" that, according to them, allowed only French to be used in Belgium's official life. Belgian revolutionaries in 1830 decided to give preference to the French language, firstly in order to reduce the influence of the Dutch from whom they
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They made us believe in the socialist opening in Flanders. Just look at numbers. For me, the combat remains whole, but I choose the best ground and the best weapons. For the moment, the best ground and the best weapons are in Wallonia, the best road passes by the defense of the Walloon interests. I
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resulted in political and linguistic strife with some violence during the 1970s and 1980s. The Fourons are still considered by walloon activists as a part of Wallonia occupied by Flanders, for example Walloon Minister-President Jean-Claude Van Cauwenberghe during a speech in 2001 described Wallonia
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where the radical ideas of 1912 were born again bringing into existence the linguistic laws of 1932. During the Second World War, several activists distinguished themselves within Resistance by forming various clandestine groupings. This world war radicalised even more the movement which for the
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dĂ©nonce la sujĂ©tion des Wallons aux Flamands : ceux-ci ne font d'ailleurs que succĂ©der aux Hollandais, Autrichiens et Espagnols qui ont occupĂ© la Wallonie. L'Ăąme française des Wallons doit les porter Ă  vouloir le retour Ă  «l'Ɠuvre de Quatre-vingt-treize» et la destruction des accords
248:, in a speech on 9 November 1913, declared that 'the Walloon Movement is not, cannot be, as well as the Flemish Movement a cause of division of the worker class. On the contrary, each time that there will be only their interests of class, workers, all workers must find themselves united.' 47:
and language within Belgium, either within the framework of the 1830 Deal or either defending the linguistic rights of French-speakers. The movement began as a defence of the primacy of French but later gained political and socio-economic objectives. In French, the terms
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le Mouvement wallon n’est pas, ne peut pas ĂȘtre, de mĂȘme que le mouvement flamand, une cause de division de la classe ouvriĂšre. Au contraire, chaque fois qu’il ne s’agira que de leurs intĂ©rĂȘts de classe, les ouvriers, tous les ouvriers doivent se retrouver
227:, an anticlerical Catholic priest. The movement was the focus of several attempts to create left-wing party, for example the Walloon Democratic and Socialist Rally (Rassemblement démocratique et socialiste wallon) created during World War II. 772:
Le Mouvement wallon n’est pas en contradiction avec l’internationalisme. Au contraire, en crĂ©ant une nation nouvelle, libre et indĂ©pendante, il facilite la crĂ©ation d’ententes solides entre les nations, ce qui est par dĂ©finition
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which arose at the end of 1942. It grouped together politicians and Walloon militants. The RDSW's attempt to create a unique party for the left was without success. It also aimed to be a working group, in which the liberal
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This trend inside the Walloon Movement is the youngest. It was born during the Second World War, in the Walloon Democratic and Socialist Rally ("Rassemblement dĂ©mocratique et socialiste wallon" – RDSW), a group mainly from
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an independentist trend for a socialist and syndical Wallonia, but its failure after this strike forces this syndical enterprise to be folded back on the constitution of a federalistic lobbying group, the
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The tension between the class struggle and Walloon empowerment brought forth two view points. One prioritised the class struggle and the other, Renardism saw both being achieved together.
803:"la formation d’un État wallon indĂ©pendant, susceptible de s'associer avec un État flamand et un État bruxellois, mais intĂ©grĂ© dans le systĂšme dĂ©fensif de la France" Paul Delforge, 60:
are also used to describe, sometimes pejoratively, the movement and its activists. To a lesser extent, the Walloon Movement is also associated with the representation of the small
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The First World War and a reviving of Belgian patriotism applied a brake to the movement and its spin offs. Walloon militants banded together in 1930s under the patronage of the
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Belgian framework according to autonomist activists but there are also separatists promoting autonomy within a European framework in the case of a "Europe of the Regions".
787:"Prenons ouvertement l'offensive et poursuivons dÚs aujourd'hui l'obtention d'un régime séparatiste, avant qu'on ne nous ait dépouillé et réduit plus encore." Fred Joris, 356:
This trend became again more widespread with the end of the linguistic censuses and fixing of the linguistic border in 1962–1963. At the elections of 1965, a party called
377: 409: 91: 916: 467:(literally "re-attachment-ism") has historically been a sub-group within the Walloon Movement which advocates the secession of Wallonia and its merger into France. 2996: 420: 102: 349:
The defence of francophones and the French language started up after the failure to keep unilingual belgicism. Various organizations represented it, as the
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had separated and secondly because they were from the Francophile bourgeoisie—if not actually originating from France—and supported the principles of the
180:", the French irredentist trend in the Walloon Movement, is a good example of this love for the French republic. This sentiment is notably expressed by 396: 673:
Proposition de décret spécial instituant une Constitution wallonne déposée par M. Jean-Claude Van Cauwenberghe et Consorts, 4 May 2006, pp.3 et 13.
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with at its head André Renard who ally Walloon Movement claims and workers' claims. Gilson Act of 8 November 1962 and the transfer of
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internationaux de 1814 et 1830. Il dĂ©veloppe la mĂȘme thĂšse dans le CatĂ©chisme du Wallon, largement diffusĂ© en cette mĂȘme annĂ©e 1903.
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Many Walloon militants consider their movement as an incarnation of the social struggle and a way to fight for the workers' cause.
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des intĂ©rĂȘts wallons. Je suis en mĂȘme temps socialiste et wallon et j'Ă©pouse les thĂšses wallonnes parce qu'elles sont socialistes.
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The central theme of the Walloon Movement is the ideals of the French revolution and a love of French language and culture. This
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amongst others. They believed that only union with France would secure Belgium's independence from the Netherlands. France had
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The origins of this idea can be traced to "Reunionism" which emerged after the Belgian Revolution, advocated by
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societies, it quickly became a rallying cry for a liberal-socialist coalition against the conservatives of the
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are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of
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During the 1970s and '80s, several parties with an independentist programme were created, such as the
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am at the same time socialist and Walloon and I embrace the Walloon theses because they are socialist.
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first time speaks about independence ideas, and which will lead to its active participation in the
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The struggle was typified by the internecine strife between workers during the strike of 1960–61.
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with a Flemish State and a State of Brussels, but integrated in the defensive system of France".
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and Reunionists envisaged the whole of Belgium joining with France rather than Wallonia alone.
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creation of solid agreements between the nations, which is by definition internationalism".
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Historians agree that the Walloon political movement began in 1880 with the foundation of a
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as Belgium's sole official language was a historical campaign of the Walloon Movement.
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whose power base was in the Flemish-speaking provinces. During the interbellum between
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Rattachism re-emerged during the Twentieth Century within the Walloon Movement. Count
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gave rise to the Walloon Movement and the Walloon militants' aim of growing closer to
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that affirms French identity of the Walloon. He participated in the newspaper
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in the 1930s which fought for bilingualism in some communes of Brussels.
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was enacted and Dutch was recognized as an official language of Belgium.
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Tendances rĂ©centes de l'historiographie du mouvement wallon (1981–1995)
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This idea quickly began to disappear after 1898, the year in which the
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following the first linguistic laws of the 1870s. For historians like
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with the inscription "occupés par la Flandre" (occupied by Flanders)
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in 1950. Then follows a lull long of a decade which ends with the
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The autonomist or separatist trend appeared on 15 March 1898 in
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Jose Happart inaugurated a twinning board with the commune of
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Walloon militants often regard Belgium as an invention of the
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Federal Solutions to Ethnic Problems: Accommodating Diversity
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political movements that either assert the existence of a
3608: 888:, Cahiers Jan Dhondt 3, Acamedia Press, Gand, 2005 864:, Courrier Hebdomadaire du CRISP, No. 1392, 1993. 3668: 230: 62:German-speaking population in the East Belgium 1731: 910: 526:List of active separatist movements in Europe 351:League against the Flemishisation of Brussels 358:Democratic Front of Francophones of Brussels 84:Walloon and French-speaking defence movement 758:, Charleroi, LiĂšge, Bruxelles, 1984, p. 119 640: 16:Category of political ideologies in Belgium 3589:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on 3233:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines) 1738: 1724: 917: 903: 850:, Institut Jules DestrĂ©e, Charleroi, 2000 791:(The steps of the Walloon Movement). 1995 344: 223:joined the Walloon Movement, notably the 142: 775:» La DĂ©fense wallonne, n°1, January 1914 737:» La DĂ©fense wallonne, n°1, January 1914 703:(Encyclopaedia of the Walloon Movement). 602: 449: 440:Front pour l'IndĂ©pendance de la Wallonie 203:movement from its beginning. Started in 547:See the definition of Paul Delforge in 300: 3669: 3193:Galician independence movement (Spain) 1745: 1705:First-level NUTS of the European Union 862:Mouvement Wallon et identitĂ© nationale 756:Combat syndical et conscience wallonne 429:Front for the Independence of Wallonia 3243:Patani United Liberation Organisation 3213:Inner Mongolian independence movement 1719: 898: 330:was quickly created to recognize the 295: 194: 3238:National Liberation Front of Corsica 3163:East Turkestan independence movement 255:and Walloon militancy. Conceived by 273: 251:Renardism is an ideology combining 13: 848:L'EncyclopĂ©die du Mouvement wallon 14: 3693: 824: 805:Note on the Wallon independentism 633:Commune de Vellerat - Les Fourons 384: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3618: 817:within the framework of Belgium. 701:EncyclopĂ©die du Mouvement wallon 376:). This propaganda paper of the 3344:Basque Country (greater region) 3203:Guangdong Independence Movement 836: 810: 794: 778: 761: 740: 723: 454:Flag of the Rattachism movement 147: 78:History of the Walloon Movement 3148:Assyrian independence movement 789:Les Ă©tapes du Mouvement wallon 706: 681: 664: 621: 596: 580: 560: 538: 425:Rassemblement populaire wallon 31:) is an umbrella term for all 1: 3283:Vojvodina Autonomist Movement 3278:Tibetan independence movement 3208:Hawaiian sovereignty movement 3168:Faroese independence movement 3153:Catalan independence movement 554:Walloon Movement Encyclopedia 531: 499:Rassemblement Wallonie-France 445: 363: 112:1960–61 Winter General Strike 3364:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 3273:Taiwan independence movement 3248:Ryukyu independence movement 3158:Champa independence movement 3138:Alsace independence movement 280:Proletarian internationalism 231:Class struggle and Renardism 7: 3228:Mapuche separatist movement 1669:Irish (in Northern Ireland) 591:Histoire des nations belges 550:Methodological introduction 504: 199:The Walloon Movement was a 186:The Belgians or the French? 10: 3698: 3263:Silesian Autonomy Movement 3143:Assam separatist movements 2298:Northern & Middle Asia 884:Maarten Van Ginderachter, 593:, Ed. Labor, 2005, p. 207. 457: 414:Mouvement Populaire Wallon 304: 277: 237: 164:, as expressed in an anti- 160:and more distant from the 75: 71: 3580: 3532: 3306: 3268:SzĂ©kely autonomy movement 3130: 2957: 2922: 2877: 2807: 2766: 2748: 2741: 2696: 2653: 2646: 2621: 2585: 2557: 2550: 2477: 2387: 2380: 2345: 2297: 2251: 2166: 2093: 2005: 1998: 1963: 1942: 1901: 1894: 1874: 1853: 1817: 1769: 1762: 1753: 1697: 1651: 1625: 1594: 1573: 1502: 1481: 1400: 1379: 1353: 1337: 1321: 1300: 1284: 1268: 1227: 1211: 1185: 1154: 1113: 1092: 1071: 1050: 1034: 1016: 995: 964: 948: 841: 480:French Revolutionary Wars 3198:Greenlandic independence 878: 491:Catechism of the Walloon 476:ruled the entire country 410:Walloon Popular Movement 259:, he finely defined it: 92:Walloon congress of 1912 886:Het kraaien van de haan 831:Jules DestrĂ©e Institute 603:Anderson, Liam (2013). 378:Walloon League of LiĂšge 339:Coremans-De Vriendt law 118:(Voeren in Dutch) from 3223:Māori protest movement 455: 345:Front for francophones 268: 174: 143:Ideological background 28: 3253:Scottish independence 3218:Kashubian Association 2940:Indigenous Australian 695:» Marie-Paule Bouvy, 453: 421:Walloon Popular Rally 261: 170: 103:Walloon Concentration 3459:Marathi Abhimaangeet 3258:Siberian regionalism 511:Partition of Belgium 301:Unilingual Belgicism 94:and Jules DestrĂ©e's 3682:History of Wallonia 3550:American Indigenous 3183:Free Papua Movement 2593:Balkar and Karachay 2388:Southeastern Europe 1919:Indigenous Canadian 1408:Balkar and Karachay 1371:Free City of Danzig 867:Chantal Kesteloot, 860:Chantal Kesteloot, 855:L'IdentitĂ© wallonne 773:l’internationalisme 472:Alexandre Gendebien 307:Belgian nationalism 184:, who in his book " 3595:ethnic nationalism 3298:Welsh independence 3178:Free Aceh Movement 2410:in North Macedonia 2252:South-eastern Asia 1747:Ethnic nationalism 1392:Transylvania–Banat 853:Philippe Destate, 456: 399:and the socialist 296:Role and campaigns 195:Left-wing politics 96:Letter to the King 3606: 3605: 3349:Catalan Countries 2953: 2952: 2918: 2917: 2873: 2872: 2737: 2736: 2642: 2641: 2376: 2375: 1994: 1993: 1890: 1889: 1713: 1712: 754:» Robert Moreau, 614:978-0-415-78161-9 321:French Revolution 253:syndical struggle 127:'from Fourons to 3689: 3677:Walloon movement 3659: 3658: 3657: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3623: 3622: 3614: 3599: 3484:Republika Srpska 3293:Walloon Movement 3173:Flemish Movement 2746: 2745: 2651: 2650: 2555: 2554: 2385: 2384: 2003: 2002: 1899: 1898: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1740: 1733: 1726: 1717: 1716: 1674:Northern English 1617:Western Armenian 1276:North Kazakhstan 1026:Republika Srpska 919: 912: 905: 896: 895: 818: 814: 808: 802: 798: 792: 786: 782: 776: 769: 765: 759: 748: 744: 738: 731: 727: 721: 714: 710: 704: 689: 685: 679: 678: 672: 668: 662: 648: 644: 638: 637: 625: 619: 618: 600: 594: 588: 584: 578: 577: 564: 558: 546: 542: 495:Le RĂ©veil wallon 437: 401:Fernand Dehousse 397:Fernand Schreurs 370:The Walloon Soul 328:Flemish Movement 274:Internationalism 124:Limburg Province 37:Walloon identity 29:Mouvement wallon 21:Walloon Movement 3697: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3617: 3609: 3607: 3602: 3584: 3576: 3528: 3464:Northern Epirus 3434:Ketuanan Melayu 3302: 3188:Future of Åland 3126: 3062:Native American 2959:Pan-nationalism 2949: 2914: 2878:Northern Europe 2869: 2803: 2762: 2742:Southern Europe 2733: 2692: 2638: 2617: 2581: 2546: 2473: 2372: 2341: 2293: 2247: 2162: 2089: 1990: 1959: 1938: 1929:Native American 1886: 1875:Southern Africa 1870: 1849: 1813: 1755: 1749: 1744: 1714: 1709: 1693: 1647: 1621: 1590: 1569: 1498: 1477: 1396: 1375: 1349: 1333: 1317: 1296: 1285:North Macedonia 1280: 1264: 1223: 1207: 1181: 1150: 1109: 1088: 1067: 1058:Turkish Cypriot 1046: 1030: 1018: 1012: 991: 960: 956:Northern Epirus 944: 923: 881: 844: 839: 827: 822: 821: 815: 811: 800: 799: 795: 784: 783: 779: 767: 766: 762: 746: 745: 741: 729: 728: 724: 712: 711: 707: 697:note on Benelux 687: 686: 682: 674: 670: 669: 665: 651:Le Chant du coq 646: 645: 641: 635: 626: 622: 615: 601: 597: 586: 585: 581: 566: 565: 561: 544: 543: 539: 534: 507: 462: 448: 431: 427:– RPW) and the 387: 366: 347: 311:The defence of 309: 303: 298: 282: 276: 242: 233: 197: 150: 145: 80: 74: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3695: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3664: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3542: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3419:Karakalpakstan 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3399:East Turkestan 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2700: 2698: 2697:United Kingdom 2694: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2647:Western Europe 2644: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2589: 2587: 2586:North Caucasus 2583: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2551:Eastern Europe 2548: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2478:Central Europe 2475: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2459:Romani (Gypsy) 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2391: 2389: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2346:South Caucasus 2343: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2315:South Mongolia 2307: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2108: 2103: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2009: 2007: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1905: 1903: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1764: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1728: 1720: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1679:Northern Irish 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1655: 1653: 1652:United Kingdom 1649: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1255:South Tyrolean 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1028: 1022: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1010: 1005: 999: 997: 993: 992: 990: 989: 984: 979: 974: 968: 966: 962: 961: 959: 958: 952: 950: 946: 945: 922: 921: 914: 907: 899: 893: 892: 880: 877: 876: 875: 865: 858: 851: 843: 840: 838: 835: 834: 833: 826: 825:External links 823: 820: 819: 809: 793: 777: 760: 739: 722: 705: 699:in the online 680: 663: 639: 620: 613: 595: 579: 573:Deutsche Welle 559: 536: 535: 533: 530: 529: 528: 523: 521:Wallonie Libre 518: 513: 506: 503: 487:Albert du Bois 458:Main article: 447: 444: 386: 385:Independentism 383: 374:L'Âme wallonne 365: 362: 346: 343: 332:Dutch language 302: 299: 297: 294: 278:Main article: 275: 272: 238:Main article: 232: 229: 221:Christian left 219:, many of the 209:Catholic Party 196: 193: 182:Albert du Bois 149: 146: 144: 141: 120:LiĂšge Province 108:Royal Question 76:Main article: 73: 70: 66:Walloon Region 51:wallingantisme 45:French culture 43:and/or defend 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3694: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3591:ethnic groups 3588: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3540:Local (China) 3538: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3404:Herzeg-Bosnia 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 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2177: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2167:Southern Asia 2165: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964:South America 1962: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1902:North America 1900: 1897: 1893: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1748: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1607:Eastern Greek 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1433:Crimean Tatar 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1219:Cham Albanian 1217: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1146:North Catalan 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1063:Greek Cypriot 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1021: 1015: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 998: 994: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 969: 967: 963: 957: 954: 953: 951: 947: 942: 939: 935: 931: 927: 920: 915: 913: 908: 906: 901: 900: 897: 891: 887: 883: 882: 874: 870: 866: 863: 859: 856: 852: 849: 846: 845: 832: 829: 828: 813: 806: 797: 790: 781: 774: 764: 757: 753: 743: 736: 726: 719: 709: 702: 698: 694: 684: 677: 667: 661:, p. 50. 660: 656: 652: 643: 634: 630: 624: 616: 610: 606: 599: 592: 583: 575: 574: 569: 563: 556: 555: 551: 541: 537: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 461: 452: 443: 441: 435: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 405: 402: 398: 393: 382: 379: 375: 371: 361: 359: 354: 352: 342: 340: 335: 333: 329: 324: 322: 316: 314: 308: 293: 291: 286: 281: 271: 267: 266: 260: 258: 254: 249: 247: 246:Jules DestrĂ©e 241: 236: 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 192: 191: 187: 183: 179: 173: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 140: 138: 134: 130: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 104: 99: 97: 93: 89: 85: 79: 69: 67: 63: 59: 58: 53: 52: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 3586: 3585: 3514:SzĂ©kely Land 3479:Pashtunistan 3329:Balawaristan 3292: 3102:South Slavic 3092:Scandinavian 2687: 2622:Volga Region 2236:in Sri Lanka 2094:Eastern Asia 1955:Puerto Rican 1770:North Africa 1754:Nationalisms 1313:Transnistria 1007: 885: 868: 861: 854: 847: 837:Bibliography 812: 796: 780: 771: 763: 755: 750: 742: 733: 725: 716: 708: 700: 691: 683: 666: 650: 642: 623: 604: 598: 590: 582: 571: 562: 553: 549: 540: 494: 490: 484: 469: 464: 463: 439: 424: 418: 413: 406: 388: 373: 369: 367: 355: 348: 336: 325: 317: 310: 287: 283: 269: 263: 262: 257:AndrĂ© Renard 250: 243: 234: 217:World War II 205:liberal left 198: 189: 185: 175: 171: 154:francophilia 151: 148:Francophilia 100: 95: 83: 81: 56: 55: 50: 49: 20: 18: 3519:Tamil Eelam 3499:Saraikistan 3379:Hatay State 3334:Balochistan 3288:Wallmapuwen 2982:Bangladeshi 2454:Montenegrin 2358:Azerbaijani 2322:Pan-Turkism 2063:Palestinian 2006:Middle East 1914:Greenlandic 1818:East Africa 1322:Netherlands 1079:Greenlandic 1019:Herzegovina 941:nationalism 930:regionalism 801:(in French) 785:(in French) 768:(in French) 747:(in French) 730:(in French) 713:(in French) 688:(in French) 671:(in French) 647:(in French) 636:(in French) 589:Lode Wils, 587:(in French) 545:(in French) 478:during the 465:Rattachisme 432: [ 290:Bourgeoisie 225:AbbĂ© Mahieu 213:World War I 162:Netherlands 57:wallingants 3671:Categories 3565:Indigenous 3509:Sindhudesh 3489:Santa Cruz 3409:Hutu Power 3339:Bangsamoro 2930:Australian 2905:Lithuanian 2820:Andalusian 2598:Circassian 2562:Belarusian 2510:in Austria 2444:Macedonian 2400:in Albania 2289:Vietnamese 2123:Hongkonger 2116:chauvinist 1797:Pharaonism 1510:Andalusian 1428:Circassian 1269:Kazakhstan 1017:Bosnia and 965:Azerbaijan 934:separatism 659:9038208308 532:References 460:Rattachism 446:Rattachism 364:Autonomism 305:See also: 178:Rattachism 3469:Occitania 3454:Manchukuo 3444:Lezgistan 3439:Kurdistan 3384:Hazarajat 3369:Circassia 3131:Movements 3082:Pakistani 3057:Mongolian 2997:Congolese 2910:Norwegian 2900:Icelandic 2865:Valencian 2860:Navarrese 2845:Castilian 2825:Aragonese 2789:Sardinian 2572:Ukrainian 2542:Slovenian 2522:Hungarian 2437:in Cyprus 2417:Aromanian 2405:in Kosovo 2310:Mongolian 2226:Sinhalese 2196:Dravidian 2153:Taiwanese 2101:Cantonese 2078:in Cyprus 2048:Jordanian 1971:Argentine 1943:Caribbean 1934:QuĂ©bĂ©cois 1882:Afrikaner 1565:Valencian 1560:Navarrese 1535:Castilian 1515:Aragonese 1489:Vojvodina 1361:Kashubian 1245:Sardinian 1172:Javakheti 1162:Abkhazian 943:in Europe 938:stateless 926:Movements 240:Renardism 201:left wing 88:Lode Wils 3625:Politics 3429:Katarism 3354:Chameria 3307:Projects 3112:Turanian 3107:Tunisian 3077:Oceanian 3067:Nigerian 3017:Hispanic 3012:Germanic 3002:European 2935:Hawaiian 2885:Estonian 2855:Galician 2840:Canarian 2830:Asturian 2799:Venetian 2794:Sicilian 2784:Padanian 2758:Corsican 2719:Scottish 2613:Ossetian 2532:Silesian 2515:Völkisch 2490:Bavarian 2485:Austrian 2464:Romanian 2449:Moldovan 2427:Croatian 2395:Albanian 2363:Georgian 2353:Armenian 2332:Siberian 2259:Filipino 2174:Assamese 2143:Okinawan 2128:Japanese 2058:Lebanese 2036:Diaspora 2018:Assyrian 1986:Peruvian 1895:Americas 1845:Tigrayan 1792:Egyptian 1698:See also 1684:Scottish 1602:Assyrian 1545:Galician 1530:Canarian 1520:Asturian 1468:Siberian 1458:Ossetian 1443:Karelian 1366:Silesian 1308:Gagauzia 1260:Venetian 1250:Sicilian 1240:Padanian 1203:Swabians 1193:Bavarian 1177:Ossetian 1167:Adjarian 1136:Corsican 1121:Alsatian 629:Vellerat 516:Wallonia 505:See also 489:and his 416:– MPW). 168:policy: 133:Nivelles 129:Mouscron 41:Wallonia 3661:Germany 3637:Belgium 3611:Portals 3504:Silesia 3474:Ossetia 3449:Luhansk 3424:Karelia 3414:Ilirida 3394:Donetsk 3319:Assyria 3122:Ugandan 3087:Russian 3032:Iranian 3022:Iberian 2992:Chinese 2967:African 2923:Oceania 2895:Finnish 2890:Faroese 2850:Catalan 2815:Spanish 2779:Lombard 2774:Italian 2714:English 2709:Cornish 2704:British 2688:Walloon 2683:Occitan 2668:Flemish 2658:Arpitan 2629:Chuvash 2577:Yiddish 2567:Russian 2500:Frisian 2469:Serbian 2422:Bosniak 2327:Pashtun 2243:Tripuri 2216:Punjabi 2179:Bengali 2158:Tibetan 2106:Chinese 2073:Turkish 2053:Kurdish 2041:Zionism 2032:Jewish 2023:Iranian 1981:Mapuche 1976:Criollo 1950:Haitian 1909:Chicano 1854:Nigeria 1809:Sahrawi 1664:English 1659:Cornish 1643:Luhansk 1638:Donetsk 1633:Crimean 1626:Ukraine 1612:Kurdish 1555:Murcian 1550:Leonese 1540:Catalan 1423:Chuvash 1418:Chechen 1413:Bashkir 1387:SzĂ©kely 1380:Romania 1329:Frisian 1301:Moldova 1292:Ilirida 1235:Lombard 1186:Germany 1155:Georgia 1141:Occitan 1100:Ålandic 1093:Finland 1084:Faroese 1072:Denmark 1042:Istrian 1035:Croatia 1008:Walloon 1003:Flemish 996:Belgium 977:Kurdish 972:Artsakh 949:Albania 552:to the 166:Benelux 131:, from 116:Fourons 72:History 64:of the 39:and of 33:Belgium 3649:France 3560:German 3545:Racial 3389:Danzig 3374:Crimea 3359:Champa 3324:Azawad 3314:Arakan 3117:Turkic 3097:Slavic 3072:Nordic 3052:Libyan 3042:Korean 3027:Indian 3007:Finnic 2987:Celtic 2835:Basque 2753:Basque 2724:Ulster 2673:French 2663:Breton 2608:Lezgin 2603:Ingush 2537:Slovak 2527:Polish 2505:German 2381:Europe 2337:Uyghur 2305:Baloch 2221:Sindhi 2206:Meitei 2201:Hazara 2148:Ryukyu 2138:Manchu 2133:Korean 2068:Syrian 1924:Lakota 1840:Somali 1830:Amhara 1825:Acholi 1804:Kabyle 1787:Coptic 1782:Berber 1763:Africa 1595:Turkey 1586:Scania 1574:Sweden 1525:Basque 1494:Kosovo 1482:Serbia 1453:Manchu 1448:Lezgin 1438:Ingush 1401:Russia 1354:Poland 1338:Norway 1212:Greece 1131:Breton 1126:Basque 1114:France 1051:Cyprus 987:Talysh 982:Lezgin 842:French 657:  611:  313:French 158:France 25:French 3570:White 3555:Black 3533:Other 3524:Tibet 3494:SĂĄpmi 3047:Latin 3037:Iraqi 2977:Asian 2945:Māori 2808:Spain 2767:Italy 2729:Welsh 2678:Irish 2634:Tatar 2495:Czech 2432:Greek 2269:Malay 2264:Khmer 2231:Tamil 2028:Iraqi 1866:Ogoni 1689:Welsh 1503:Spain 1473:Tatar 1228:Italy 1198:Sorbs 879:Dutch 436:] 392:LiĂšge 137:Arlon 3587:Note 2972:Arab 2284:Thai 2279:Shan 2211:Naga 2191:Bodo 2085:Zaza 2013:Arab 1999:Asia 1861:Igbo 1835:Hutu 1777:Arab 1581:SĂĄmi 1463:SĂĄmi 1345:SĂĄmi 1105:SĂĄmi 936:and 735:unis 655:ISBN 609:ISBN 215:and 54:and 19:The 2368:Laz 2274:Mon 2111:Han 928:of 890:pdf 873:pdf 676:PDF 135:to 122:to 3673:: 1756:in 932:, 570:. 501:. 434:fr 326:A 323:. 292:. 98:. 68:. 27:: 3613:: 3598:. 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Index

French
Belgium
Walloon identity
Wallonia
French culture
German-speaking population in the East Belgium
Walloon Region
History of the Walloon Movement
Lode Wils
Walloon congress of 1912
Walloon Concentration
Royal Question
1960–61 Winter General Strike
Fourons
LiĂšge Province
Limburg Province
Mouscron
Nivelles
Arlon
francophilia
France
Netherlands
Benelux
Rattachism
Albert du Bois
left wing
liberal left
Catholic Party
World War I
World War II

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