557: : « Sont considĂ©rĂ©s comme militants wallons tous ceux qui ont participĂ© Ă lâaffirmation politique de la Wallonie, de maniĂšre tangible, de prĂšs ou de loin, dans une organisation ou Ă titre individuel, par leurs discours, leurs Ă©crits, leurs engagements ou leurs fonctions. Le Mouvement wallon est lui-mĂȘme dĂ©fini par lâensemble des organisations et groupements dont le programme est centrĂ© sur lâĂ©mancipation politique de la Wallonie ; Ă ces associations sâajoutent les partis politiques qui portent cette revendication sur le terrain Ă©lectoral et contribuent Ă la concrĂ©tisation des objectifs des associations et des militants qui les ont prĂ©cĂ©dĂ©s. Le Mouvement wallon est considĂ©rĂ© dans ses composantes les plus larges : dĂ©fenseurs du fĂ©dĂ©ralisme, du sĂ©paratisme, de la rĂ©union Ă la France, de lâune ou lâautre forme de dĂ©centralisation ; les dĂ©fenseurs de la langue et de la civilisation françaises se confondent avec les dĂ©fenseurs dâune Wallonie considĂ©rĂ©e comme seule capable de redresser son Ă©conomie et de prĂ©server ses libertĂ©s. »
172:"In fact, the Walloon Movement is the first (and virtually the only) organisation to warn public opinion against the implications of the Benelux policy and, as a counterbalancing or complementary force, to call for closer economic and cultural cooperation with France. When viewed as a modern version of Orangism, the pro-Benelux policy can be seen to promote certain Flemish interests. According to Georges Dotreppe, a member of the directory of "Wallonie Libre", the Benelux concept, created on English soil and orientated towards Great Britain and the United States, supports an Anglo-Saxon anti-French policy which in no way embraces the interest of Wallonia, a sister community of France."
451:
188:", published in 1903, denounces the subjection of the Walloons to the Flemings, who are merely the successors of the previous Dutch, Austrians and Spanish occupiers of Wallonia. The French soul of the Walloons must drive them to yearn for a return to "l'Ćuvre de Quatre-vingt-treize" (the invasion of the Southern Netherlands provinces by the French in 1793) and the destruction of the international agreements of 1814 and 1830. The same thesis is developed in the "Walloon's Catechism", widely distributed in the same year of 1903.
334:. The first Walloon militants then set up a "French-speaking and Walloon defence movement" to fight against the official recognition of Dutch. The militants from the French-speaking areas were joined by members of the liberal bourgeoisie from Brussels and the Dutch-speaking provinces. These allies somewhat surprisingly joined the Francophiles because much of their work was in the bureaucracy where the introduction of another language would have been prejudicial.
3620:
3632:
3656:
3644:
90:, the movement was born as a movement of administrative colonisation of Flanders. It took then the character of a movement asserting the existence of Wallonia and a Walloon identity without giving up the defence of French. Wallonia asserted timidly since 1898 but which becomes the principal claim since 1905 with a climax at the
442:â FIW) but after electoral failures, especially the European elections on 17 June 1984, they sank into oblivion. It is the Rattachist trend that today gathers the most enthusiasm of Walloon militants unhappy with the result of institutional reforms in favour of the autonomy of Wallonia within Belgium.
816:
A first «sentimental» vote where militants vote with their heart and a second «of reason» are organized. At first, the reunion of
Wallonia and France won with a relative majority of 456 votes out of 1048 voters, or 46.4%. At the second, the unanimity minus two votes votes for the autonomy of Wallonia
751:
On nous a fait croire à la percée socialiste en
Flandre. Il suffit de voir les chiffres. Pour moi, le combat reste entier, mais je choisis le meilleur terrain et les meilleures armes. Pour le moment, le meilleur terrain et les meilleures armes sont en Wallonie, la meilleure route passe par la défense
380:
published on first page a plea in favour of the administrative separation of the country: "Let us take the offensive openly and continue as of today the obtention of a separatist regime, before they strip us and reduce more still". Concepts of autonomy vary from federalism to confederalism within the
284:
The
Walloon Movement ideology with the arrival of socialists within it was subsumed by a proletarian internationalism, Jules Destrée considered that "the Walloon Movement is not in contradiction with internationalism. On the contrary, by creating a nation new, free and independent, it facilitates the
693:
servir une certaine politique flamande. DâaprĂšs
Georges Dotreppe, membre du directoire de la Wallonie libre, le Benelux, nĂ© en terre anglaise et tournĂ© vers la Grande-Bretagne et les Ătats-Unis, favorise la politique anglo-saxonne anti-française, ce qui ne sert en rien la Wallonie, sĆur de la France.
692:
En fait, Le
Mouvement wallon est le premier, et quasi le seul, Ă mettre lâopinion publique en garde contre les implications de Benelux et Ă rĂ©clamer, en contrepartie ou en complĂ©ment, un rapprochement Ă©conomique et culturel avec la France. QualifiĂ© de version moderne de lâorangisme, le Benelux peut
407:
The RDSW draft was presented at the
Walloon nation congress in 1945 but only during the "sentimental vote", in which it received only 154 votes out of 1048 voters, or 14.6%. After the congress, this trend remained discrete until the sixties. During the general strike of 1960â1961 Renardism appeared,
403:
take part, on the future statute of
Wallonia. The independence manifesto was written in November 1943, after the departure of the federalists, in the form of a draft Constitution for a Walloon republic. Its principle rests on "the formation of an independent Walloon State, suitable to be associated
318:
Militants at that time were in favour of the "Belgian contract" that, according to them, allowed only French to be used in
Belgium's official life. Belgian revolutionaries in 1830 decided to give preference to the French language, firstly in order to reduce the influence of the Dutch from whom they
264:
They made us believe in the socialist opening in
Flanders. Just look at numbers. For me, the combat remains whole, but I choose the best ground and the best weapons. For the moment, the best ground and the best weapons are in Wallonia, the best road passes by the defense of the Walloon interests. I
126:
resulted in political and linguistic strife with some violence during the 1970s and 1980s. The
Fourons are still considered by walloon activists as a part of Wallonia occupied by Flanders, for example Walloon Minister-President Jean-Claude Van Cauwenberghe during a speech in 2001 described Wallonia
105:
where the radical ideas of 1912 were born again bringing into existence the linguistic laws of 1932. During the Second World War, several activists distinguished themselves within Resistance by forming various clandestine groupings. This world war radicalised even more the movement which for the
717:
dĂ©nonce la sujĂ©tion des Wallons aux Flamands : ceux-ci ne font d'ailleurs que succĂ©der aux Hollandais, Autrichiens et Espagnols qui ont occupĂ© la Wallonie. L'Ăąme française des Wallons doit les porter Ă vouloir le retour à «l'Ćuvre de Quatre-vingt-treize» et la destruction des accords
248:, in a speech on 9 November 1913, declared that 'the Walloon Movement is not, cannot be, as well as the Flemish Movement a cause of division of the worker class. On the contrary, each time that there will be only their interests of class, workers, all workers must find themselves united.'
47:
and language within Belgium, either within the framework of the 1830 Deal or either defending the linguistic rights of French-speakers. The movement began as a defence of the primacy of French but later gained political and socio-economic objectives. In French, the terms
734:
le Mouvement wallon nâest pas, ne peut pas ĂȘtre, de mĂȘme que le mouvement flamand, une cause de division de la classe ouvriĂšre. Au contraire, chaque fois quâil ne sâagira que de leurs intĂ©rĂȘts de classe, les ouvriers, tous les ouvriers doivent se retrouver
227:, an anticlerical Catholic priest. The movement was the focus of several attempts to create left-wing party, for example the Walloon Democratic and Socialist Rally (Rassemblement démocratique et socialiste wallon) created during World War II.
772:
Le Mouvement wallon nâest pas en contradiction avec lâinternationalisme. Au contraire, en crĂ©ant une nation nouvelle, libre et indĂ©pendante, il facilite la crĂ©ation dâententes solides entre les nations, ce qui est par dĂ©finition
394:
which arose at the end of 1942. It grouped together politicians and Walloon militants. The RDSW's attempt to create a unique party for the left was without success. It also aimed to be a working group, in which the liberal
389:
This trend inside the Walloon Movement is the youngest. It was born during the Second World War, in the Walloon Democratic and Socialist Rally ("Rassemblement dĂ©mocratique et socialiste wallon" â RDSW), a group mainly from
350:
408:
an independentist trend for a socialist and syndical Wallonia, but its failure after this strike forces this syndical enterprise to be folded back on the constitution of a federalistic lobbying group, the
428:
244:
The tension between the class struggle and Walloon empowerment brought forth two view points. One prioritised the class struggle and the other, Renardism saw both being achieved together.
803:"la formation dâun Ătat wallon indĂ©pendant, susceptible de s'associer avec un Ătat flamand et un Ătat bruxellois, mais intĂ©grĂ© dans le systĂšme dĂ©fensif de la France" Paul Delforge,
60:
are also used to describe, sometimes pejoratively, the movement and its activists. To a lesser extent, the Walloon Movement is also associated with the representation of the small
101:
The First World War and a reviving of Belgian patriotism applied a brake to the movement and its spin offs. Walloon militants banded together in 1930s under the patronage of the
181:
381:
Belgian framework according to autonomist activists but there are also separatists promoting autonomy within a European framework in the case of a "Europe of the Regions".
787:"Prenons ouvertement l'offensive et poursuivons dÚs aujourd'hui l'obtention d'un régime séparatiste, avant qu'on ne nous ait dépouillé et réduit plus encore." Fred Joris,
356:
This trend became again more widespread with the end of the linguistic censuses and fixing of the linguistic border in 1962â1963. At the elections of 1965, a party called
377:
409:
91:
916:
467:(literally "re-attachment-ism") has historically been a sub-group within the Walloon Movement which advocates the secession of Wallonia and its merger into France.
2996:
420:
102:
349:
The defence of francophones and the French language started up after the failure to keep unilingual belgicism. Various organizations represented it, as the
319:
had separated and secondly because they were from the Francophile bourgeoisieâif not actually originating from Franceâand supported the principles of the
180:", the French irredentist trend in the Walloon Movement, is a good example of this love for the French republic. This sentiment is notably expressed by
396:
673:
Proposition de décret spécial instituant une Constitution wallonne déposée par M. Jean-Claude Van Cauwenberghe et Consorts, 4 May 2006, pp.3 et 13.
486:
433:
224:
925:
909:
525:
1737:
87:
675:
114:
with at its head André Renard who ally Walloon Movement claims and workers' claims. Gilson Act of 8 November 1962 and the transfer of
718:
internationaux de 1814 et 1830. Il dĂ©veloppe la mĂȘme thĂšse dans le CatĂ©chisme du Wallon, largement diffusĂ© en cette mĂȘme annĂ©e 1903.
902:
235:
Many Walloon militants consider their movement as an incarnation of the social struggle and a way to fight for the workers' cause.
752:
des intĂ©rĂȘts wallons. Je suis en mĂȘme temps socialiste et wallon et j'Ă©pouse les thĂšses wallonnes parce qu'elles sont socialistes.
152:
The central theme of the Walloon Movement is the ideals of the French revolution and a love of French language and culture. This
2409:
1370:
872:
788:
1704:
1025:
955:
474:
amongst others. They believed that only union with France would secure Belgium's independence from the Netherlands. France had
3242:
3212:
2314:
612:
567:
3237:
3162:
1954:
1918:
1254:
894:
61:
1275:
804:
3403:
1673:
1171:
139:' and he also proposed in 2006 a Walloon constitution with a bi-regional status for the municipality in the Article 9.
2939:
986:
111:
1730:
357:
3488:
3343:
2592:
2399:
1407:
77:
696:
470:
The origins of this idea can be traced to "Reunionism" which emerged after the Belgian Revolution, advocated by
3192:
3147:
2404:
2225:
889:
658:
207:
societies, it quickly became a rallying cry for a liberal-socialist coalition against the conservatives of the
3593:
are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of
3282:
3277:
3207:
3167:
3152:
2934:
2889:
2509:
2157:
1488:
1391:
1083:
548:
498:
3681:
3448:
3393:
3363:
3272:
3247:
3232:
3157:
3137:
2235:
2147:
1923:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1432:
1417:
1120:
279:
3267:
1386:
2904:
2127:
2077:
1723:
1057:
3610:
3262:
3142:
2173:
1365:
976:
419:
During the 1970s and '80s, several parties with an independentist programme were created, such as the
265:
am at the same time socialist and Walloon and I embrace the Walloon theses because they are socialist.
3676:
2436:
2132:
1062:
479:
3222:
2944:
3539:
3197:
3001:
1913:
1078:
208:
106:
first time speaks about independence ideas, and which will lead to its active participation in the
270:
The struggle was typified by the internecine strife between workers during the strike of 1960â61.
2981:
2453:
2357:
2268:
2183:
2062:
404:
with a Flemish State and a State of Brussels, but integrated in the defensive system of France".
338:
3559:
2514:
2929:
2819:
2597:
2561:
2443:
2288:
2137:
1509:
1452:
1427:
1360:
929:
482:
and Reunionists envisaged the whole of Belgium joining with France rather than Wallonia alone.
3252:
3217:
3202:
3081:
2909:
2899:
2864:
2859:
2844:
2824:
2788:
2571:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2416:
2195:
2152:
2122:
2100:
2047:
1970:
1881:
1564:
1559:
1534:
1514:
1244:
924:
285:
creation of solid agreements between the nations, which is by definition internationalism".
82:
Historians agree that the Walloon political movement began in 1880 with the foundation of a
3458:
3257:
3106:
3066:
3041:
2884:
2854:
2839:
2829:
2798:
2793:
2783:
2757:
2718:
2612:
2489:
2484:
2463:
2426:
2394:
2362:
2352:
2331:
2258:
2142:
2057:
2017:
1844:
1791:
1683:
1601:
1544:
1529:
1519:
1467:
1259:
1249:
1239:
1192:
1135:
510:
8:
3508:
3388:
3182:
3121:
3086:
2991:
2894:
2849:
2814:
2778:
2773:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2682:
2628:
2576:
2566:
2499:
2468:
2421:
2326:
2242:
2215:
2178:
2105:
2072:
2052:
2022:
1908:
1808:
1663:
1658:
1611:
1554:
1549:
1539:
1422:
1328:
1234:
1145:
1140:
971:
568:"Belgium's German Minority Mostly Unmoved by Autonomy Debate | DW | 28.01.2008"
471:
306:
220:
632:
3594:
3544:
3297:
3177:
3051:
3026:
2834:
2752:
2723:
2672:
2662:
2607:
2602:
2536:
2526:
2504:
2458:
2336:
2304:
2220:
2205:
2200:
2067:
1975:
1933:
1839:
1829:
1824:
1803:
1786:
1746:
1678:
1524:
1447:
1437:
1130:
1125:
981:
497:, clearly Francophile and rattachist. This trend is currently represented by the party
315:
as Belgium's sole official language was a historical campaign of the Walloon Movement.
211:
whose power base was in the Flemish-speaking provinces. During the interbellum between
200:
3187:
1099:
485:
Rattachism re-emerged during the Twentieth Century within the Walloon Movement. Count
156:
gave rise to the Walloon Movement and the Walloon militants' aim of growing closer to
3569:
3554:
3348:
3036:
2728:
2677:
2633:
2494:
2431:
2263:
2230:
2035:
2027:
1928:
1865:
1688:
1668:
1472:
654:
608:
320:
204:
123:
119:
3483:
3172:
2667:
2283:
2278:
2210:
2190:
2084:
2012:
1980:
1860:
1776:
1002:
937:
649:« de Fourons à Mouscron, de Nivelles à Arlon » Maarten Van Ginderachter,
450:
400:
327:
245:
3624:
3463:
3433:
2958:
2367:
2273:
2110:
312:
24:
3513:
256:
3660:
3636:
3418:
3398:
2966:
2115:
1616:
871:, Revue Belge d'Histoire Contemporaine, XXV, 1994â1995, 3-4, pp. 539â568.
572:
520:
331:
107:
65:
44:
493:
that affirms French identity of the Walloon. He participated in the newspaper
3670:
3648:
3061:
3056:
3011:
3006:
2986:
2309:
1985:
1412:
475:
3590:
3478:
3328:
3091:
3076:
3046:
3016:
2976:
1585:
1312:
216:
153:
3549:
3518:
3498:
3378:
3333:
3287:
3116:
3101:
3096:
3031:
2971:
2448:
2321:
1606:
940:
353:
in the 1930s which fought for bilingualism in some communes of Brussels.
341:
was enacted and Dutch was recognized as an official language of Belgium.
289:
252:
212:
161:
3619:
653:, Gand, Acamedia Press, coll. « Cahiers Jan Dhondt, 3 », 2005
3564:
3408:
3338:
1834:
1796:
1041:
933:
869:
Tendances rĂ©centes de l'historiographie du mouvement wallon (1981â1995)
459:
337:
This idea quickly began to disappear after 1898, the year in which the
177:
720:» Herve Hasquin, Dictionnaire d'histoire de Belgique, Ăd. Hatier, 1998
86:
following the first linguistic laws of the 1870s. For historians like
3468:
3453:
3443:
3438:
3383:
3368:
2657:
1781:
1715:
631:
with the inscription "occupés par la Flandre" (occupied by Flanders)
239:
3428:
3353:
3227:
3111:
1307:
1218:
1202:
1161:
628:
515:
132:
128:
40:
36:
3493:
1580:
1462:
1344:
1104:
391:
110:
in 1950. Then follows a lull long of a decade which ends with the
3503:
3473:
3423:
3413:
3318:
3071:
3021:
2040:
1949:
1457:
1442:
1291:
1176:
1166:
165:
32:
368:
The autonomist or separatist trend appeared on 15 March 1898 in
3373:
3358:
3323:
3313:
1493:
857:, Institut Jules Destrée, coll. Notre Histoire, Charleroi, 1997
157:
115:
627:
Jose Happart inaugurated a twinning board with the commune of
360:(FDBF, now FDF) arose and had three deputies and one senator.
288:
Walloon militants often regard Belgium as an invention of the
3523:
1197:
605:
Federal Solutions to Ethnic Problems: Accommodating Diversity
136:
607:. Exeter Studies in Ethno Politics. Routledge. p. 29.
830:
35:
political movements that either assert the existence of a
3608:
888:, Cahiers Jan Dhondt 3, Acamedia Press, Gand, 2005
864:, Courrier Hebdomadaire du CRISP, No. 1392, 1993.
3668:
230:
62:German-speaking population in the East Belgium
1731:
910:
526:List of active separatist movements in Europe
351:League against the Flemishisation of Brussels
358:Democratic Front of Francophones of Brussels
84:Walloon and French-speaking defence movement
758:, Charleroi, LiĂšge, Bruxelles, 1984, p. 119
640:
16:Category of political ideologies in Belgium
3589:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on
3233:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)
1738:
1724:
917:
903:
850:, Institut Jules Destrée, Charleroi, 2000
791:(The steps of the Walloon Movement). 1995
344:
223:joined the Walloon Movement, notably the
142:
775:» La Défense wallonne, n°1, January 1914
737:» La Défense wallonne, n°1, January 1914
703:(Encyclopaedia of the Walloon Movement).
602:
449:
440:Front pour l'Indépendance de la Wallonie
203:movement from its beginning. Started in
547:See the definition of Paul Delforge in
300:
3669:
3193:Galician independence movement (Spain)
1745:
1705:First-level NUTS of the European Union
862:Mouvement Wallon et identité nationale
756:Combat syndical et conscience wallonne
429:Front for the Independence of Wallonia
3243:Patani United Liberation Organisation
3213:Inner Mongolian independence movement
1719:
898:
330:was quickly created to recognize the
295:
194:
3238:National Liberation Front of Corsica
3163:East Turkestan independence movement
255:and Walloon militancy. Conceived by
273:
251:Renardism is an ideology combining
13:
848:L'Encyclopédie du Mouvement wallon
14:
3693:
824:
805:Note on the Wallon independentism
633:Commune de Vellerat - Les Fourons
384:
3654:
3642:
3630:
3618:
817:within the framework of Belgium.
701:Encyclopédie du Mouvement wallon
376:). This propaganda paper of the
3344:Basque Country (greater region)
3203:Guangdong Independence Movement
836:
810:
794:
778:
761:
740:
723:
454:Flag of the Rattachism movement
147:
78:History of the Walloon Movement
3148:Assyrian independence movement
789:Les Ă©tapes du Mouvement wallon
706:
681:
664:
621:
596:
580:
560:
538:
425:Rassemblement populaire wallon
31:) is an umbrella term for all
1:
3283:Vojvodina Autonomist Movement
3278:Tibetan independence movement
3208:Hawaiian sovereignty movement
3168:Faroese independence movement
3153:Catalan independence movement
554:Walloon Movement Encyclopedia
531:
499:Rassemblement Wallonie-France
445:
363:
112:1960â61 Winter General Strike
3364:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
3273:Taiwan independence movement
3248:Ryukyu independence movement
3158:Champa independence movement
3138:Alsace independence movement
280:Proletarian internationalism
231:Class struggle and Renardism
7:
3228:Mapuche separatist movement
1669:Irish (in Northern Ireland)
591:Histoire des nations belges
550:Methodological introduction
504:
199:The Walloon Movement was a
186:The Belgians or the French?
10:
3698:
3263:Silesian Autonomy Movement
3143:Assam separatist movements
2298:Northern & Middle Asia
884:Maarten Van Ginderachter,
593:, Ed. Labor, 2005, p. 207.
457:
414:Mouvement Populaire Wallon
304:
277:
237:
164:, as expressed in an anti-
160:and more distant from the
75:
71:
3580:
3532:
3306:
3268:Székely autonomy movement
3130:
2957:
2922:
2877:
2807:
2766:
2748:
2741:
2696:
2653:
2646:
2621:
2585:
2557:
2550:
2477:
2387:
2380:
2345:
2297:
2251:
2166:
2093:
2005:
1998:
1963:
1942:
1901:
1894:
1874:
1853:
1817:
1769:
1762:
1753:
1697:
1651:
1625:
1594:
1573:
1502:
1481:
1400:
1379:
1353:
1337:
1321:
1300:
1284:
1268:
1227:
1211:
1185:
1154:
1113:
1092:
1071:
1050:
1034:
1016:
995:
964:
948:
841:
480:French Revolutionary Wars
3198:Greenlandic independence
878:
491:Catechism of the Walloon
476:ruled the entire country
410:Walloon Popular Movement
259:, he finely defined it:
92:Walloon congress of 1912
886:Het kraaien van de haan
831:Jules Destrée Institute
603:Anderson, Liam (2013).
378:Walloon League of LiĂšge
339:Coremans-De Vriendt law
118:(Voeren in Dutch) from
3223:MÄori protest movement
455:
345:Front for francophones
268:
174:
143:Ideological background
28:
3253:Scottish independence
3218:Kashubian Association
2940:Indigenous Australian
695:» Marie-Paule Bouvy,
453:
421:Walloon Popular Rally
261:
170:
103:Walloon Concentration
3459:Marathi Abhimaangeet
3258:Siberian regionalism
511:Partition of Belgium
301:Unilingual Belgicism
94:and Jules Destrée's
3682:History of Wallonia
3550:American Indigenous
3183:Free Papua Movement
2593:Balkar and Karachay
2388:Southeastern Europe
1919:Indigenous Canadian
1408:Balkar and Karachay
1371:Free City of Danzig
867:Chantal Kesteloot,
860:Chantal Kesteloot,
855:L'Identité wallonne
773:lâinternationalisme
472:Alexandre Gendebien
307:Belgian nationalism
184:, who in his book "
3595:ethnic nationalism
3298:Welsh independence
3178:Free Aceh Movement
2410:in North Macedonia
2252:South-eastern Asia
1747:Ethnic nationalism
1392:TransylvaniaâBanat
853:Philippe Destate,
456:
399:and the socialist
296:Role and campaigns
195:Left-wing politics
96:Letter to the King
3606:
3605:
3349:Catalan Countries
2953:
2952:
2918:
2917:
2873:
2872:
2737:
2736:
2642:
2641:
2376:
2375:
1994:
1993:
1890:
1889:
1713:
1712:
754:» Robert Moreau,
614:978-0-415-78161-9
321:French Revolution
253:syndical struggle
127:'from Fourons to
3689:
3677:Walloon movement
3659:
3658:
3657:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3622:
3614:
3599:
3484:Republika Srpska
3293:Walloon Movement
3173:Flemish Movement
2746:
2745:
2651:
2650:
2555:
2554:
2385:
2384:
2003:
2002:
1899:
1898:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1717:
1716:
1674:Northern English
1617:Western Armenian
1276:North Kazakhstan
1026:Republika Srpska
919:
912:
905:
896:
895:
818:
814:
808:
802:
798:
792:
786:
782:
776:
769:
765:
759:
748:
744:
738:
731:
727:
721:
714:
710:
704:
689:
685:
679:
678:
672:
668:
662:
648:
644:
638:
637:
625:
619:
618:
600:
594:
588:
584:
578:
577:
564:
558:
546:
542:
495:Le RĂ©veil wallon
437:
401:Fernand Dehousse
397:Fernand Schreurs
370:The Walloon Soul
328:Flemish Movement
274:Internationalism
124:Limburg Province
37:Walloon identity
29:Mouvement wallon
21:Walloon Movement
3697:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3617:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3584:
3576:
3528:
3464:Northern Epirus
3434:Ketuanan Melayu
3302:
3188:Future of Ă
land
3126:
3062:Native American
2959:Pan-nationalism
2949:
2914:
2878:Northern Europe
2869:
2803:
2762:
2742:Southern Europe
2733:
2692:
2638:
2617:
2581:
2546:
2473:
2372:
2341:
2293:
2247:
2162:
2089:
1990:
1959:
1938:
1929:Native American
1886:
1875:Southern Africa
1870:
1849:
1813:
1755:
1749:
1744:
1714:
1709:
1693:
1647:
1621:
1590:
1569:
1498:
1477:
1396:
1375:
1349:
1333:
1317:
1296:
1285:North Macedonia
1280:
1264:
1223:
1207:
1181:
1150:
1109:
1088:
1067:
1058:Turkish Cypriot
1046:
1030:
1018:
1012:
991:
960:
956:Northern Epirus
944:
923:
881:
844:
839:
827:
822:
821:
815:
811:
800:
799:
795:
784:
783:
779:
767:
766:
762:
746:
745:
741:
729:
728:
724:
712:
711:
707:
697:note on Benelux
687:
686:
682:
674:
670:
669:
665:
651:Le Chant du coq
646:
645:
641:
635:
626:
622:
615:
601:
597:
586:
585:
581:
566:
565:
561:
544:
543:
539:
534:
507:
462:
448:
431:
427:â RPW) and the
387:
366:
347:
311:The defence of
309:
303:
298:
282:
276:
242:
233:
197:
150:
145:
80:
74:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3695:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3664:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3627:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3419:Karakalpakstan
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3399:East Turkestan
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2951:
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2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
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2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
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2862:
2857:
2852:
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2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2697:United Kingdom
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2647:Western Europe
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2586:North Caucasus
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2551:Eastern Europe
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2478:Central Europe
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:Romani (Gypsy)
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2391:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2346:South Caucasus
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2315:South Mongolia
2307:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
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2240:
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2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
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2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1896:
1892:
1891:
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1884:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
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1832:
1827:
1821:
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1811:
1806:
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1800:
1799:
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1757:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1679:Northern Irish
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1652:United Kingdom
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
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1614:
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1315:
1310:
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1286:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1255:South Tyrolean
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1209:
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1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
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1029:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
979:
974:
968:
966:
962:
961:
959:
958:
952:
950:
946:
945:
922:
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914:
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899:
893:
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880:
877:
876:
875:
865:
858:
851:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
833:
826:
825:External links
823:
820:
819:
809:
793:
777:
760:
739:
722:
705:
699:in the online
680:
663:
639:
620:
613:
595:
579:
573:Deutsche Welle
559:
536:
535:
533:
530:
529:
528:
523:
521:Wallonie Libre
518:
513:
506:
503:
487:Albert du Bois
458:Main article:
447:
444:
386:
385:Independentism
383:
374:L'Ăme wallonne
365:
362:
346:
343:
332:Dutch language
302:
299:
297:
294:
278:Main article:
275:
272:
238:Main article:
232:
229:
221:Christian left
219:, many of the
209:Catholic Party
196:
193:
182:Albert du Bois
149:
146:
144:
141:
120:LiĂšge Province
108:Royal Question
76:Main article:
73:
70:
66:Walloon Region
51:wallingantisme
45:French culture
43:and/or defend
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3694:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3591:ethnic groups
3588:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:Local (China)
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
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3427:
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3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:Herzeg-Bosnia
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
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2227:
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2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2184:in Bangladesh
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:Southern Asia
2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
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2139:
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2034:
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2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:South America
1962:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
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1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:North America
1900:
1897:
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1883:
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1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:Eastern Greek
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1572:
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1461:
1459:
1456:
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1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:Crimean Tatar
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
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1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1219:Cham Albanian
1217:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1146:North Catalan
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
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1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1063:Greek Cypriot
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
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969:
967:
963:
957:
954:
953:
951:
947:
942:
939:
935:
931:
927:
920:
915:
913:
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906:
901:
900:
897:
891:
887:
883:
882:
874:
870:
866:
863:
859:
856:
852:
849:
846:
845:
832:
829:
828:
813:
806:
797:
790:
781:
774:
764:
757:
753:
743:
736:
726:
719:
709:
702:
698:
694:
684:
677:
667:
661:, p. 50.
660:
656:
652:
643:
634:
630:
624:
616:
610:
606:
599:
592:
583:
575:
574:
569:
563:
556:
555:
551:
541:
537:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
461:
452:
443:
441:
435:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
405:
402:
398:
393:
382:
379:
375:
371:
361:
359:
354:
352:
342:
340:
335:
333:
329:
324:
322:
316:
314:
308:
293:
291:
286:
281:
271:
267:
266:
260:
258:
254:
249:
247:
246:Jules Destrée
241:
236:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
192:
191:
187:
183:
179:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
140:
138:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
79:
69:
67:
63:
59:
58:
53:
52:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3586:
3585:
3514:Székely Land
3479:Pashtunistan
3329:Balawaristan
3292:
3102:South Slavic
3092:Scandinavian
2687:
2622:Volga Region
2236:in Sri Lanka
2094:Eastern Asia
1955:Puerto Rican
1770:North Africa
1754:Nationalisms
1313:Transnistria
1007:
885:
868:
861:
854:
847:
837:Bibliography
812:
796:
780:
771:
763:
755:
750:
742:
733:
725:
716:
708:
700:
691:
683:
666:
650:
642:
623:
604:
598:
590:
582:
571:
562:
553:
549:
540:
494:
490:
484:
469:
464:
463:
439:
424:
418:
413:
406:
388:
373:
369:
367:
355:
348:
336:
325:
317:
310:
287:
283:
269:
263:
262:
257:André Renard
250:
243:
234:
217:World War II
205:liberal left
198:
189:
185:
175:
171:
154:francophilia
151:
148:Francophilia
100:
95:
83:
81:
56:
55:
50:
49:
20:
18:
3519:Tamil Eelam
3499:Saraikistan
3379:Hatay State
3334:Balochistan
3288:Wallmapuwen
2982:Bangladeshi
2454:Montenegrin
2358:Azerbaijani
2322:Pan-Turkism
2063:Palestinian
2006:Middle East
1914:Greenlandic
1818:East Africa
1322:Netherlands
1079:Greenlandic
1019:Herzegovina
941:nationalism
930:regionalism
801:(in French)
785:(in French)
768:(in French)
747:(in French)
730:(in French)
713:(in French)
688:(in French)
671:(in French)
647:(in French)
636:(in French)
589:Lode Wils,
587:(in French)
545:(in French)
478:during the
465:Rattachisme
432: [
290:Bourgeoisie
225:Abbé Mahieu
213:World War I
162:Netherlands
57:wallingants
3671:Categories
3565:Indigenous
3509:Sindhudesh
3489:Santa Cruz
3409:Hutu Power
3339:Bangsamoro
2930:Australian
2905:Lithuanian
2820:Andalusian
2598:Circassian
2562:Belarusian
2510:in Austria
2444:Macedonian
2400:in Albania
2289:Vietnamese
2123:Hongkonger
2116:chauvinist
1797:Pharaonism
1510:Andalusian
1428:Circassian
1269:Kazakhstan
1017:Bosnia and
965:Azerbaijan
934:separatism
659:9038208308
532:References
460:Rattachism
446:Rattachism
364:Autonomism
305:See also:
178:Rattachism
3469:Occitania
3454:Manchukuo
3444:Lezgistan
3439:Kurdistan
3384:Hazarajat
3369:Circassia
3131:Movements
3082:Pakistani
3057:Mongolian
2997:Congolese
2910:Norwegian
2900:Icelandic
2865:Valencian
2860:Navarrese
2845:Castilian
2825:Aragonese
2789:Sardinian
2572:Ukrainian
2542:Slovenian
2522:Hungarian
2437:in Cyprus
2417:Aromanian
2405:in Kosovo
2310:Mongolian
2226:Sinhalese
2196:Dravidian
2153:Taiwanese
2101:Cantonese
2078:in Cyprus
2048:Jordanian
1971:Argentine
1943:Caribbean
1934:Québécois
1882:Afrikaner
1565:Valencian
1560:Navarrese
1535:Castilian
1515:Aragonese
1489:Vojvodina
1361:Kashubian
1245:Sardinian
1172:Javakheti
1162:Abkhazian
943:in Europe
938:stateless
926:Movements
240:Renardism
201:left wing
88:Lode Wils
3625:Politics
3429:Katarism
3354:Chameria
3307:Projects
3112:Turanian
3107:Tunisian
3077:Oceanian
3067:Nigerian
3017:Hispanic
3012:Germanic
3002:European
2935:Hawaiian
2885:Estonian
2855:Galician
2840:Canarian
2830:Asturian
2799:Venetian
2794:Sicilian
2784:Padanian
2758:Corsican
2719:Scottish
2613:Ossetian
2532:Silesian
2515:Völkisch
2490:Bavarian
2485:Austrian
2464:Romanian
2449:Moldovan
2427:Croatian
2395:Albanian
2363:Georgian
2353:Armenian
2332:Siberian
2259:Filipino
2174:Assamese
2143:Okinawan
2128:Japanese
2058:Lebanese
2036:Diaspora
2018:Assyrian
1986:Peruvian
1895:Americas
1845:Tigrayan
1792:Egyptian
1698:See also
1684:Scottish
1602:Assyrian
1545:Galician
1530:Canarian
1520:Asturian
1468:Siberian
1458:Ossetian
1443:Karelian
1366:Silesian
1308:Gagauzia
1260:Venetian
1250:Sicilian
1240:Padanian
1203:Swabians
1193:Bavarian
1177:Ossetian
1167:Adjarian
1136:Corsican
1121:Alsatian
629:Vellerat
516:Wallonia
505:See also
489:and his
416:â MPW).
168:policy:
133:Nivelles
129:Mouscron
41:Wallonia
3661:Germany
3637:Belgium
3611:Portals
3504:Silesia
3474:Ossetia
3449:Luhansk
3424:Karelia
3414:Ilirida
3394:Donetsk
3319:Assyria
3122:Ugandan
3087:Russian
3032:Iranian
3022:Iberian
2992:Chinese
2967:African
2923:Oceania
2895:Finnish
2890:Faroese
2850:Catalan
2815:Spanish
2779:Lombard
2774:Italian
2714:English
2709:Cornish
2704:British
2688:Walloon
2683:Occitan
2668:Flemish
2658:Arpitan
2629:Chuvash
2577:Yiddish
2567:Russian
2500:Frisian
2469:Serbian
2422:Bosniak
2327:Pashtun
2243:Tripuri
2216:Punjabi
2179:Bengali
2158:Tibetan
2106:Chinese
2073:Turkish
2053:Kurdish
2041:Zionism
2032:Jewish
2023:Iranian
1981:Mapuche
1976:Criollo
1950:Haitian
1909:Chicano
1854:Nigeria
1809:Sahrawi
1664:English
1659:Cornish
1643:Luhansk
1638:Donetsk
1633:Crimean
1626:Ukraine
1612:Kurdish
1555:Murcian
1550:Leonese
1540:Catalan
1423:Chuvash
1418:Chechen
1413:Bashkir
1387:Székely
1380:Romania
1329:Frisian
1301:Moldova
1292:Ilirida
1235:Lombard
1186:Germany
1155:Georgia
1141:Occitan
1100:Ă
landic
1093:Finland
1084:Faroese
1072:Denmark
1042:Istrian
1035:Croatia
1008:Walloon
1003:Flemish
996:Belgium
977:Kurdish
972:Artsakh
949:Albania
552:to the
166:Benelux
131:, from
116:Fourons
72:History
64:of the
39:and of
33:Belgium
3649:France
3560:German
3545:Racial
3389:Danzig
3374:Crimea
3359:Champa
3324:Azawad
3314:Arakan
3117:Turkic
3097:Slavic
3072:Nordic
3052:Libyan
3042:Korean
3027:Indian
3007:Finnic
2987:Celtic
2835:Basque
2753:Basque
2724:Ulster
2673:French
2663:Breton
2608:Lezgin
2603:Ingush
2537:Slovak
2527:Polish
2505:German
2381:Europe
2337:Uyghur
2305:Baloch
2221:Sindhi
2206:Meitei
2201:Hazara
2148:Ryukyu
2138:Manchu
2133:Korean
2068:Syrian
1924:Lakota
1840:Somali
1830:Amhara
1825:Acholi
1804:Kabyle
1787:Coptic
1782:Berber
1763:Africa
1595:Turkey
1586:Scania
1574:Sweden
1525:Basque
1494:Kosovo
1482:Serbia
1453:Manchu
1448:Lezgin
1438:Ingush
1401:Russia
1354:Poland
1338:Norway
1212:Greece
1131:Breton
1126:Basque
1114:France
1051:Cyprus
987:Talysh
982:Lezgin
842:French
657:
611:
313:French
158:France
25:French
3570:White
3555:Black
3533:Other
3524:Tibet
3494:SĂĄpmi
3047:Latin
3037:Iraqi
2977:Asian
2945:MÄori
2808:Spain
2767:Italy
2729:Welsh
2678:Irish
2634:Tatar
2495:Czech
2432:Greek
2269:Malay
2264:Khmer
2231:Tamil
2028:Iraqi
1866:Ogoni
1689:Welsh
1503:Spain
1473:Tatar
1228:Italy
1198:Sorbs
879:Dutch
436:]
392:LiĂšge
137:Arlon
3587:Note
2972:Arab
2284:Thai
2279:Shan
2211:Naga
2191:Bodo
2085:Zaza
2013:Arab
1999:Asia
1861:Igbo
1835:Hutu
1777:Arab
1581:SĂĄmi
1463:SĂĄmi
1345:SĂĄmi
1105:SĂĄmi
936:and
735:unis
655:ISBN
609:ISBN
215:and
54:and
19:The
2368:Laz
2274:Mon
2111:Han
928:of
890:pdf
873:pdf
676:PDF
135:to
122:to
3673::
1756:in
932:,
570:.
501:.
434:fr
326:A
323:.
292:.
98:.
68:.
27::
3613::
3598:.
1739:e
1732:t
1725:v
918:e
911:t
904:v
807:.
770:«
749:«
732:«
715:«
690:«
617:.
576:.
438:(
423:(
412:(
372:(
190:"
176:"
23:(
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