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462:(Antônio, the Counselor) began rising to prominence in Bahia's hinterlands. He was one of the many itinerant religious figures in the backcountry of Brazil. Conselheiro traveled from village to village with his followers, assisting the local communities and garnering support from small farmers, "collecting money and organizing labor for the construction of churches, dams and cemeteries". As an increasing number of supporters joined his cause, Conselheiro drew the attention and hostility of the local landowners, who disapproved of his ideals.
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monarchist conspiracy. "The desperately poor peasants" had been fighting by themselves without help, and had "no connection whatsoever with real monarchists – white, upper-class urbanites, who were horrified at the very thought of associating with such a 'riffraff' of 'fanatics'" The war "turned out to have been an inglorious massacre of destitute wretches", in which the military had made a "common practice – approved by the commanders" – of tying up prisoners and beheading them in public.
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Attacking the settlement, the troops found the artillery barrages had turned the settlement of huts into a "maze" that was impossible for the advancing soldiers to navigate. On March 6, 1897, after only two days of fighting, the surviving officers had no choice but to vote to retreat. Moreira César's
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that engaged in the battle varied anywhere from 1,000 to 3,000 men, and accounts reported that they were armed with "old muskets, pikes, scythes, long poles, and implements of the land." Despite some considerable losses, estimated at around 150 men, the
Canudenses drove the state police soldiers off.
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then took it upon themselves to go to
Juazeiro to claim the wood. Hearing of this plan, the judge responded by requesting police forces from the state governor, Luis Viana, claiming an imminent "invasion" of his town by Conselheiro and his followers. Viana recounts that he had been informed by Leoni
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Determining what exactly happened in the war is problematic, as the two main historical source groups consist of military chronicles (written to justify the army's actions) and far-from-impartial journalistic reports. According to Peter Robb, "he foreign correspondents who covered what was soon being
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fled the settlement. Others accepted an offer of surrender with the promise of their lives being spared. This offer was not honored however. One of the forces' generals had the men "rounded by soldiers, and hacked to death in front of hundreds of witness, including many of their wives and children."
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The defeat of the Pires
Ferreira campaign produced sensationalist media reports about the ferocity and fanaticism of Canudos' inhabitants, which provoked an outcry and calls for reprisals against the settlement. Rather than causing its inhabitants to flee, the armed conflict caused the settlement to
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It was eventually determined that Antônio
Conselheiro himself had likely died of dysentery on September 22. Before Canudos was burned down and dynamited, Conselheiro's body was exhumed, the head was removed, and it was "displayed on a pike" to be "held high at the front of a military parade for all
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This period was characterized by considerable political, social and economic instability, as the military fought to put down revolts all over the country. It was, therefore "immensely unpopular" and dangerous to be known as anything other than republican during this time. At the onset of this early
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and cattle raising, severely lacking infrastructure. The disenfranchised population drew equally from rural and urban portions of the region and represented a "broad spectrum of ethnic and economic origins". It was a fertile ground for the growth of dissatisfaction with the new
Republic, proclaimed
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Reports of the fighting stated that hundreds of
Canudos defenders and federal soldiers died every day. The last assault persisted until the beginning of October, when the military forces set off 90 dynamite bombs in the settlement, thus marking the defeat of the settlement of Canudos. Galvão wrote
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The troops set off on June 16. This time, the attackers were aided by the rampant hunger and malnutrition (and most of all thirst) among the inhabitants of
Canudos, and the heavy losses they had suffered in the previous attacks. They were hindered by the fact that the rebels now possessed "some of
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Antônio
Conselheiro and his followers were branded as "monarchists" by the press, with the authorities seeing the settlement as a threat to the recently proclaimed Brazilian Republic, which was still in process of consolidating itself. Rumors spread that the inhabitants of Canudos were planning to
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Although forewarned about the numbers and resolve of the rebels, the military thought it impossible that the rebels could resist such a strong regular army force. A day after arriving in Monte Santo, completely disregarding "the intense heat and parched land," the force advanced on
Canudos. Their
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with minimal losses on the army's side, which had some initial success with artillery against the villagers' trenches. However, the soldiers were eventually surrounded by more than 4,000 insurrectionists. Running short of ammunition, food and water, and with the rebels continuing to fight despite
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were allied with other monarchists scheming to launch a "restoration" of the monarchy. The unstable political climate along with the scarcity of military resources in Bahia led the state government to seek aid from the federal government to crush the increasingly threatening settlement. Since the
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protection, as the location was hard to access. Within two years, as the religious community prospered, Conselheiro convinced several thousand followers to join him, eventually making it the second-largest urban center in Bahia at the time. The settlement was supported by cultivation of crops and
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Euclides da Cunha did not see the fighting but did bear witness afterward, Robb says, and his "obsession with progress and modernity, the scientific racism that told him the people of the northeastern interior were doomed to backwardness by their mixed race" led him to tell a story filled with
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While the troops were initially dispatched for the sole purpose of preventing the assault, Leoni managed to convince their commander Pires
Ferreira to march on Canudos. With scant information about terrain and the defensive resources of Canudos' population, a small, 100-man force commanded by
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According to Walnice Nogueira Galvão, one of the most important results of the war was the complete "solidification of the republican regime" and final exorcism of "the specter of monarchical restoration". But over time, "public opinion underwent a striking about-face" about the danger of a
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A few days before the end, a surrender was negotiated. However, to the chagrin of the army, the only insurrectionists who actually surrendered were about three hundred women, who had been reduced to walking skeletons by extreme hunger, accompanied by their children and a few old men.
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The government and the local media quickly publicized the soldiers’ defeat in the backlands of Bahia. The media (i.e. newspapers) played an essential role in escalating the conflict, spreading rumors that rather than being a local and unsophisticated uprising, the
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preconceptions — which is, however, the only story we have. Barbara Celarent described Euclides da Cunha point of view of the war as "a tragic encounter between atavistic barbarism and modern civilization," where "civilization itself reverted to barbarism".
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protests were overlooked, and he died before dawn due to a fatal wound. Moreira César's shocking failure may have been brought on by epileptic seizures. Starting to retreat, the soldiers panicked and a disastrous rout ensued, many were killed by pursuing
382:, a region which suffered from severe droughts. Conselheiro and his followers came into attrition with the local authorities after founding the village of Canudos. The situation soon escalated, with Bahia's government requesting assistance from the
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crushing victories and journalists responding with cries of alarm, the national military and civilian authorities labeled Canudos a dangerous threat to national order and to the prestige of the armed forces and the new government.
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763:, who went with his entire staff to Monte Santo, the nearby city which had served as the gathering point for the army and where the large military force was being assembled. Machine guns and large artillery pieces, such as
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869:(1902) estimated approximately 30,000 (25,000 residents and 5,000 attackers) died; Roelofse-Campbell also gives this estimate. Robert M. Levine, gives a lower figure of around 15,000. Joel Singer estimates only 5000 dead.
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called the War of Canudos, as if it were a conflict between nations rather than the extermination of a tiny community within a single country, were nearly all embedded with the army of the Brazilian republic."
897:, established in 1986, preserves many of the important sites and serves as a monument to the war. The stated purpose of the park is "to make it impossible to forget the martyrs led by Antônio Conselheiro".
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732:, the country’s largest cities, where monarchism was very unpopular, demonstrations in the streets turned into riots and four monarchist newspaper offices were destroyed, and the owner of one lynched.
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of "rumors which were current, and which were more or less well-founded, to the effect that the flourishing city in question was to be assaulted within a few days by Antônio Conselheiro’s followers."
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to see." According to Peter Robb, it "was taken to the Medical Faculty of Bahia to be studied for abnormalities." When all resistance ceased and "peace" was restored, only 150 survivors remained.
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The incident that served as the catalyst for Canudos’ eventual destruction was a dispute over delivery of lumber. Conselheiro had placed an order of wood from a business in the neighboring town of
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figure by the unstable Republic at the time. The ultra-conservative doctrine he preached, implicitly criticizing the "wayward behavior" of many priests, was "attractive" to many
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and slaughtered. Fearing another failed expedition, the troops retreated to the town of Monte Santo. Walnice Nogueira Galvão and Levine agree there was a siege and starvation.
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Pressured, the federal government sent a new expedition under general Arthur Oscar de Andrade Guimarães, assisted by four other generals, and with the direct involvement of
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747:(The Killer), a British-manufactured cannon used in the War of Canudos by the Brazilian Army against the rebels. Photograph from a replica, taken from the movie
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of Bahia. Wagon trains that carried supplies "sank up to their hubs in sand." This was also disregarded and the troops continued their forced march to Canudos.
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the most advanced weapons of the time" (repeating rifles "like the Austrian Mannlicher and the Belgian Comblains"), abandoned by fleeing republican troops.
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and Bahia, he eventually decided to settle permanently in 1893 with his followers in the backlands of Bahia, in the farming community of Canudos, near
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he often did business with to construct a new church. However, a new local judge, Arlindo Leoni, opposed Conselheiro and prevented the delivery. Some
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A month later a second campaign began with over 8,000 soldiers who encircled and laid siege to Canudos. This starved the population into submission.
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export of leather, with residents allowed to retain private property and businesses. "The poor were maintained through donations to the community".
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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The conflict came to a brutal end in October 1897, when the fourth and final expedition, led by General Arthur Oscar, with a large fraction of the
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On January 12, 1897, Republican troops, which comprised 547 men, 14 officers, and 3 surgeons, left Juazeiro for Canudos. The attack on the
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celebrated their victory against the expedition in a particularly destructive way; burning ranches and farm buildings, creating a ring of
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marching from the religious settlement to Juazeiro surprised the troops at Uauá and a fierce battle ensued. Estimates of the number of
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Accounts of the expedition differ. Robert Levine wrote that hundreds of men in the first battalion of 2,350 were trapped by the
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A view of the village of Canudos. Typical constructions such as the one in the foreground were very basic, made of mud and straw
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779:(Killer), went with the 3,000-man force, and had to be hauled with enormous effort through the unforgiving roadless landscape.
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On February 20, Moreira and his soldiers arrived at Monte Santo. Antônio Moreira César had recently crushed another
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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that the fighting ended on October 5, 1897, when there was no surrender, but no more fire from the rebels.
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Immediately after the final assault, soldiers "smashed, leveled, and burned all 5,200 in the settlement."
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First Brazilian Republic had only recently been founded, it saw the rebel settlers as a monarchist and
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Benício, Manoel. O Rei dos Jagunços. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fundação Getúlio Vargas. 2a. edição, 1997
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Macedo Soares, Henrique Duque-Estrada de. A Guerra de Canudos.Rio de Janeiro: Typ. Altiva, 1902
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Euclides da Cunha. Os Sertões, 1902. (Rebellion in the Backlands, University of Chicago Press)
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1896. The caption reads: " even daring to tell the Republic: 'hold on! You shall not pass...'"
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Calasans, José. No Tempo de Antônio Conselheiro. Salvador, Livraria Progresso Editora, 1959.
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The troops then retreated to Juazeiro and awaited reinforcements from the state of Bahia.
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Caricature showing Antônio Conselheiro with an entourage of jesters armed with ancient
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The only photograph of Antônio Conselheiro, taken after his death in September 1897
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Vale of Tears: Revisiting the Canudos Massacre in Northeastern Brazil, 1893-1897
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Although the original town of Canudos has been covered by the reservoir of the
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republican era, a man by the name of Antônio Vicente Mendes Maciel, known as
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Ferreira was sent towards the settlement on 4 November 1896. However, the
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Levine wrote that throughout this expedition, an undetermined number of
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on November 15, 1889, after a military coup against the ruling emperor,
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Levine, Robert M. (October 1991). "Canudos in the National Context".
970:(Survivors, the Children of the War of Canudos). Documentary film by
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Ruins of the Bom Jesus church after the destruction of Canudos, 1897
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grow exponentially, and it now numbered over 30,000 residents.
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Movement squashed; settlement destroyed and survivors massacred
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Estimates for the number of dead in the War of Canudos vary.
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heavy losses, the Republican soldiers retreated to nearby
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and predicted the return of the legendary Portuguese king
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The conflict had its origins in the former settlement of
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Singer, Joel David, The Wages of War. 1816-1965 (1972)
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Map of northern Bahia, showing the location of Canudos
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João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá, Marquis of Paranaguá
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within a radius of seven miles of Canudos. With the
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1610:Madden, Lori (1993). "The Canudos War in History".
1583:Madden, Lori (1993). "The Canudos War in History".
1462:Madden, Lori (1993). "The Canudos War in History".
1435:Madden, Lori (1993). "The Canudos War in History".
1408:Madden, Lori (1993). "The Canudos War in History".
1381:Madden, Lori (1993). "The Canudos War in History".
1316:Madden, Lori (1993). "The Canudos War in History".
1094:Madden, Lori (1993). "The Canudos War in History".
709:equipment quickly turned out be inadequate for the
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968:Sobreviventes – Os Filhos da Guerra de Canudos
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90:{{Translated|fr|Guerre de Canudos}}
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368:(1889). The conflict arose from a
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1204:University of California Press
362:abolition of slavery in Brazil
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1692:American Journal of Sociology
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1017:List of wars involving Brazil
757:Carlos Machado de Bittencourt
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1345:"The Canudos War in History"
1343:Madden, Lori (Winter 1993).
998:. Mon 9 Jun 2014 07:50 GMT.
912:Arinos, Afonso. Os Jagunços.
854:Survivors from Canudos, 1897
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465:Conselheiro claimed to be a
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1905:Fourth Republic (1946–1964)
1880:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)
1546:University of Chicago Press
1540:Cunha, Euclides da (2010).
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1885:United Kingdom (1815–1822)
1542:Rebellion in the Backlands
1198:Levine, Robert M. (1992).
341:[ˈɡɛʁɐdʒikɐˈnudus]
52:Machine translation, like
2972:
2950:
2919:
2872:
2854:José Bonifácio de Andrada
2839:Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira
2791:
2740:
2729:
2694:
2614:
2483:
2375:
2277:
2268:
2246:
2160:
2151:
2139:President of the Republic
2057:
2048:
1932:
1923:
1860:
1652:: 503–509. Archived from
648:to await reinforcements.
531:Initial military campaign
366:overthrow of the monarchy
337:Portuguese pronunciation:
308:
295:
223:
172:
132:
121:
116:
38:the corresponding article
3031:First Brazilian Republic
2904:Revolta de Ribeirãozinho
2834:Arlindo Veiga dos Santos
2062:Administrative divisions
1568:: CS1 maint: location (
1548:. pp. xxxii–xxxiv.
1259:10.37389/abei.v12i0.3575
992:War of Canudos in Brazil
932:
679:An experienced colonel,
619:Second military campaign
346:First Brazilian Republic
1262:(inactive 2024-07-22).
771:, including a powerful
667:Third military campaign
443:subsistence agriculture
99:For more guidance, see
2880:Independence of Brazil
2768:Moderate Liberal Party
2218:Science and technology
1900:Vargas Era (1930–1946)
805:
752:
751:by Jorge Furtado, 1994
676:
628:
578:
544:
418:
332:
224:Commanders and leaders
140:1896 – October 2, 1897
3056:Wars involving Brazil
2892:Federalist Revolution
1612:Luso-Brazilian Review
1585:Luso-Brazilian Review
1464:Luso-Brazilian Review
1437:Luso-Brazilian Review
1410:Luso-Brazilian Review
1383:Luso-Brazilian Review
1349:Luso-Brazilian Review
1318:Luso-Brazilian Review
1096:Luso-Brazilian Review
1012:Revolutions of Brazil
799:
743:
681:Antônio Moreira César
674:
626:
562:
538:
416:
348:and the residents of
309:Casualties and losses
101:Knowledge:Translation
72:copyright attribution
3041:Rebellions in Brazil
2995:Monarchism in Brazil
2036:World Heritage Sites
1969:Environmental issues
1942:Brazilian Antarctica
1494:Robb, Peter (2004).
504:on the banks of the
314:Less than 5,000 dead
205:Canudos inhabitants
3061:Massacres in Brazil
2844:Antônio Conselheiro
2585:Syncretic Religions
2493:Freedom of religion
2175:Automotive industry
1713:on 19 December 2013
1274:on 16 February 2020
609:President of Brazil
460:Antônio Conselheiro
374:Antônio Conselheiro
266:Antônio Conselheiro
3000:Brazilian nobility
2849:José do Patrocínio
2783:Progressive League
2778:Conservative Party
2545:Eastern Orthodoxy
2538:Ukrainian Catholic
2233:Telecommunications
1890:Empire (1822–1889)
1875:Indigenous peoples
1202:(First ed.).
922:Mario Vargas Llosa
895:Canudos State Park
893:in the 1960s, the
806:
753:
677:
629:
613:Prudente de Morais
579:
570:Revista Illustrada
545:
526:Military campaigns
502:Monte Santo, Bahia
419:
384:federal government
80:interlanguage link
3026:Conflicts in 1897
3021:Conflicts in 1896
3008:
3007:
2980:Kingdom of Brazil
2973:Relevant Articles
2952:Petrópolis branch
2886:Revolta da Armada
2873:Historical Events
2741:Political Parties
2650:
2649:
2610:
2609:
2552:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2517:Armenian Catholic
2322:Income inequality
2264:
2263:
2147:
2146:
2134:Political parties
2129:National Congress
2092:Freedom of speech
2077:Foreign relations
2044:
2043:
1659:on 4 October 2012
1496:A Death in Brazil
1022:Juazeiro Sedition
996:BBC World Service
939:Guerra de Canudos
867:Euclides da Cunha
506:Vaza-Barris River
333:Guerra de Canudos
321:
320:
249:Febrônio de Brito
168:
167:
112:
111:
45:
3093:
3086:Civilians in war
3076:Brazilian rebels
2985:Empire of Brazil
2921:Vassouras branch
2804:Machado de Assis
2773:Regressive Party
2753:Portuguese Party
2735:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2630:
2623:
2548:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2440:National symbols
2275:
2274:
2213:
2185:Economic history
2170:Animal husbandry
2158:
2157:
2055:
2054:
1930:
1929:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1776:Folha de S.Paulo
1767:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1735:White, Matthew.
1732:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1706:. Archived from
1689:
1680:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1559:
1537:
1510:
1509:
1491:
1480:
1479:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1313:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1270:. Archived from
1261:
1237:
1208:
1207:
1195:
1112:
1111:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1048:
984:, Brazil, 1978.
972:Paulo Fontenelle
961:. Brazil, 1997.
851:
837:
576:
517:Basis of history
437:backcountry (or
370:millenarian cult
343:
338:
287:
274:
253:Virgílio Pereira
244:
185:
184:
183:
134:
133:
126:
114:
113:
91:
85:
58:Google Translate
43:
27:
26:
19:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3036:Peasant revolts
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2968:
2946:
2915:
2868:
2824:José de Alencar
2787:
2758:Brazilian Party
2736:
2727:
2690:
2681:
2651:
2646:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2606:
2479:
2465:Science fiction
2455:Public holidays
2371:
2332:Life expectancy
2260:
2242:
2211:
2143:
2119:Law enforcement
2040:
2026:Water resources
2006:Protected areas
1919:
1856:
1847:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1779:
1778:(in Portuguese)
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1733:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1687:
1681:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1608:
1604:
1581:
1577:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1538:
1513:
1506:
1492:
1483:
1460:
1456:
1433:
1429:
1406:
1402:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1341:
1337:
1314:
1301:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1238:
1211:
1196:
1115:
1092:
1088:
1065:10.2307/1006824
1049:
1040:
1035:
1008:
974:, Brazil, 2007.
935:
903:
891:military regime
889:, built by the
883:
859:
858:
857:
856:
855:
852:
843:
842:
841:
838:
827:
761:Minister of War
738:
669:
637:Conselheiristas
621:
597:Conselheiristas
588:Conselheiristas
533:
528:
519:
510:Conselheiristas
411:
392:Conselheiristas
364:(1888) and the
336:
291:
283:
270:
259:
240:
181:
179:
156:
127:
108:
107:
106:
89:
83:
46:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3099:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3081:Brazilian Army
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3051:1897 in Brazil
3048:
3046:1896 in Brazil
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2956:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2929:Pedro Henrique
2925:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2898:War of Canudos
2895:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2809:Joaquim Nabuco
2806:
2801:
2799:André Rebouças
2795:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2763:Restorer Party
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
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2692:
2691:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2645:
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2639:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2616:
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2612:
2611:
2608:
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2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2481:
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2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
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2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
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2349:
2344:
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2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2256:Rail transport
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2102:Women's rights
2099:
2094:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1991:Largest cities
1988:
1983:
1978:
1976:Extreme points
1973:
1972:
1971:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1952:Climate change
1944:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
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1866:
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1858:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1805:
1794:
1793:External links
1791:
1788:
1787:
1762:
1753:
1724:
1704:10.1086/668402
1698:(2): 536–542.
1670:
1629:
1602:
1575:
1555:978-0143106074
1554:
1511:
1505:978-0312424879
1504:
1481:
1454:
1427:
1400:
1373:
1335:
1299:
1209:
1113:
1086:
1037:
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1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
989:
975:
965:
959:Marieta Severo
943:Sérgio Rezende
934:
931:
930:
929:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
902:
899:
882:
879:
853:
846:
845:
844:
839:
832:
831:
830:
829:
828:
826:
823:
804:, No. 82, 1897
737:
734:
726:Rio de Janeiro
668:
665:
656:scorched earth
620:
617:
532:
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527:
524:
518:
515:
410:
407:
403:Brazilian Army
325:War of Canudos
319:
318:
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306:
305:
302:
298:
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256:Pires Ferreira
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193:Brazilian Army
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119:
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117:War of Canudos
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97:
86:
64:
61:
50:
47:
33:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
3098:
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2896:
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2884:
2881:
2878:
2877:
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2871:
2865:
2864:Eduardo Prado
2862:
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2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Liberal Party
2746:
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2734:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
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2697:
2695:Organizations
2693:
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2563:Protestantism
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2535:
2532:
2528:
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2509:
2508:
2507:Christianity
2506:
2504:
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2342:Social issues
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2302:Demographics
2180:Central Bank
2087:Human rights
2067:Constitution
1937:Amazon basin
1813:The Guardian
1811:
1780:, retrieved
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1741:Necrometrics
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76:edit summary
67:
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3066:Politicides
2962:(1940–2007)
2937:(1981–2022)
2931:(1921–1981)
2900:(1896-1897)
2894:(1893-1895)
2888:(1893-1894)
2707:Black Guard
2511:Catholicism
2425:Malandragem
2390:Archaeology
2317:Immigration
2223:Stock index
2165:Agriculture
1964:Environment
1618:(2): 5–22.
1591:(2): 5–22.
1000:BBC iPlayer
986:IMDB record
963:IMDB record
955:Paulo Betti
947:José Wilker
802:Don Quixote
749:A Matadeira
745:A matadeira
646:Monte Santo
3015:Categories
2684:Monarchism
2550:Antiochian
2475:Television
2445:Newspapers
2420:Literature
2292:Corruption
2287:Censorship
2212:(currency)
2082:Government
1782:2016-11-04
1059:(2): 208.
1033:References
818:Canudenses
788:Canudenses
719:Canudenses
696:battalions
660:Canudenses
652:Canudenses
641:Canudenses
602:separatist
584:Canudenses
553:Canudenses
494:Pernambuco
483:sertanejos
479:monarchist
452:sertanejos
431:Portuguese
427:Belo Monte
409:Background
329:Portuguese
279:João Abade
2595:Quimbanda
2590:Candomblé
2460:Sculpture
2435:Mythology
2385:Animation
2327:Languages
2307:Education
2248:Transport
2109:Judiciary
2072:Elections
2021:Time Zone
1996:Mountains
1959:Coastline
1925:Geography
1801:from the
1564:cite book
1416:(2): 21.
1389:(2): 10.
1268:186307865
1081:147510781
825:Aftermath
777:Matadeira
769:howitzers
730:São Paulo
693:artillery
471:Sebastian
435:semi-arid
433:) in the
356:state of
94:talk page
40:in French
2941:Bertrand
2637:Category
2575:Hinduism
2524:Maronite
2503:Buddhism
2485:Religion
2450:Painting
2400:Carnaval
2282:Abortion
2228:Taxation
2200:Industry
2124:Military
2050:Politics
2031:Wildlife
2001:Pantanal
1870:Timeline
1854:articles
1746:12 April
1717:11 April
1663:11 April
1544:. 1957:
1470:(2): 8.
1443:(2): 7.
1366:12 April
1355:(2): 6.
1324:(2): 6.
1278:11 April
1102:(2): 8.
1006:See also
691:and one
685:infantry
549:Juazeiro
448:Pedro II
296:Strength
210:Jagunços
145:Location
70:provide
2621:Outline
2600:Umbanda
2580:Judaism
2531:Melkite
2415:Cuisine
2377:Culture
2362:Welfare
2270:Society
2238:Tourism
2195:Exports
2153:Economy
2011:Regions
1986:Islands
1981:Geology
1947:Climate
1862:History
1624:3513950
1597:3513950
1476:3513950
1449:3513950
1422:3513950
1395:3513950
1361:3513950
1330:3513950
1108:3513950
1073:1006824
978:Canudos
945:, with
765:mortars
689:cavalry
498:Sergipe
467:prophet
425:(named
423:Canudos
372:led by
352:in the
350:Canudos
285:†
272:†
242:†
216:militia
92:to the
74:in the
2912:(1993)
2906:(1902)
2882:(1822)
2792:People
2688:Brazil
2642:Portal
2498:Baháʼí
2470:Sports
2410:Comics
2405:Cinema
2337:People
2312:Health
2205:Mining
2190:Energy
2016:Rivers
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379:sertão
304:25,000
281:
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214:Civil
187:Brazil
161:Result
154:Brazil
3071:Bahia
2724:(UNR)
2628:Index
2570:Islam
2430:Music
2367:Youth
2297:Crime
2210:Real
1810:from
1711:(PDF)
1688:(PDF)
1657:(PDF)
1642:(PDF)
1620:JSTOR
1593:JSTOR
1472:JSTOR
1445:JSTOR
1418:JSTOR
1391:JSTOR
1357:JSTOR
1326:JSTOR
1264:S2CID
1104:JSTOR
1077:S2CID
1069:JSTOR
933:Media
490:Ceará
473:(see
358:Bahia
150:Bahia
54:DeepL
2935:Luiz
2395:Arts
2097:LGBT
1748:2022
1719:2022
1665:2022
1570:link
1550:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1368:2022
1294:link
1280:2022
767:and
728:and
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