202:
368:, when the majority of its speakers were either killed or expelled and resettled in other parts of the world, the dialect became separated from its geographical roots and its users dispersed. After the war only a small number of pre-war Varsavians returned there while the vast majority of the inhabitants of the city came from other parts of Poland. Because of that, the language spoken in Warsaw became heavily influenced by other dialects of the Polish language. The only boroughs of Warsaw where the dialect was preserved to some extent were
291:
The dialect was composed of a variety of different class dialects: the language of the suburbs differed from the language of the city centre and each professional group used its own version of the dialect, slightly different from the others. It is therefore difficult to state the exact
324:
was enriched with many borrowed words from the
Masovian dialect. The mixture was then heavily influenced by the languages spoken by the burghers of Warsaw and the royal court of Poland. These included the
312:
or resettled in other parts of Poland. Currently it is almost completely extinct as a primary language and is mostly used by authors and artists for stylisation in literature, poetry and songwriting.
257:
of 1944 the subdialect has been in decline. It is estimated that in modern times it is almost extinct as the native language and is preserved mostly in literary works.
431:
253:. It evolved as late as the 18th century, under notable influence of several languages spoken in the city. After the destruction of Warsaw in the aftermath of the
2105:
419:
364:
the language spoken by different classes and professions of Warsaw evolved independently, although were eventually mixed and interlinked. After the
1990:
1144:
810:
1360:
1985:
379:
Since the 1960s the uniformisation of the language spoken throughout Poland under the influence of the mass media (such as the
2110:
2075:
184:
503:
All of the above sub-dialects were constantly mixing with each other and the lexical basis of most of them was similar.
1845:
1863:
766:
201:
758:
320:
The Warsaw dialect became a separate dialect of the Polish language some time in the 18th century, when the Polish
1218:
1161:
941:
921:
540:
174:
1137:
936:
931:
926:
2080:
869:
803:
2085:
1980:
911:
891:
653:
1975:
1603:
1170:
1030:
1015:
2090:
2010:
1448:
591:
511:
Due to the large number of prisons in Warsaw, the influence of the Warsaw dialect on the evolution of
450:
As mentioned above, the Warsaw dialect was further divided onto several sub-dialects. Those included:
2095:
1767:
1130:
515:
was immense and to some extent the shape of the latter language is a distant relative of the former.
2100:
1807:
796:
427:
387:) lead to a rapid decline in speakers of all the dialects of Polish, the Warsaw dialect included.
1868:
1785:
1713:
1504:
1461:
1177:
901:
530:
The most important differences between literary Polish and the Warsaw dialect are the following:
321:
269:
84:
308:. After 1944 it became dispersed as most of the inhabitants of Warsaw were either killed in the
1705:
1638:
1633:
1598:
1557:
1328:
1060:
1055:
1050:
948:
89:
1898:
1852:
1777:
1755:
1670:
1659:
1467:
1439:
1418:
1229:
1184:
983:
99:
1914:
1408:
1378:
1337:
1257:
1020:
988:
680:
The Warsaw dialect did not develop a literary form. It has been used by several authors in
415:
346:
1003:
390:
Among the notable artists who used the Warsaw dialect in their books, songs and poems are
8:
2015:
1924:
1723:
1690:
1591:
1581:
1550:
1350:
1237:
1200:
1189:
1085:
1065:
1586:
1523:
1498:
1345:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1266:
886:
864:
399:
104:
2000:
973:
958:
463:
2035:
2025:
1886:
1802:
1740:
1643:
1625:
1608:
1565:
1539:
1485:
1480:
1403:
1368:
1287:
1210:
998:
968:
881:
830:
762:
681:
411:
407:
1387:
1090:
978:
180:
2020:
1956:
1760:
1474:
1425:
1413:
1398:
1277:
1272:
1153:
896:
847:
493:
423:
395:
354:
342:
330:
326:
285:
277:
242:
114:
94:
2040:
1838:
1797:
1790:
1544:
1534:
1509:
1492:
1282:
1250:
1205:
1195:
1100:
1080:
1045:
1025:
852:
819:
708:
Bronisław
Wieczorkiewicz (1960). "Charakterystyka gwary warszawskiej XIX wieku".
685:
672:
The Warsaw dialect has much of its lexicon borrowed from a variety of languages.
611:
595:
524:
497:
365:
350:
334:
309:
281:
266:
254:
246:
234:
225:
217:
109:
76:
40:
1070:
2055:
2030:
1823:
1745:
1735:
1678:
1456:
1393:
1296:
1040:
1035:
993:
963:
953:
916:
906:
876:
857:
477:
403:
391:
2069:
2005:
1995:
1695:
1571:
1316:
1242:
1105:
1095:
1075:
840:
1613:
361:
206:
748:(in Polish). Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego. p. 120.
1942:
1929:
569:
1683:
734:
1879:
1858:
1750:
835:
783:
473:
430:. The most extensive studies of the Warsaw dialect were carried out by
380:
1904:
1730:
1718:
159:
147:
1949:
1873:
1831:
1122:
746:
Twoja mowa cię zdradza; regionalizmy i dialektyzmy języka polskiego
573:
523:
The basic phonology of the Warsaw dialect was that of the standard
512:
487:
469:
192:
788:
454:
Sub-dialects of different boroughs – for instance the language of
1936:
1892:
273:
188:
755:
Miasto; przestrzeń zróżnicowana językowo, kulturowo i społecznie
730:(in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 487.
721:(in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 371.
703:(in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. p. 516.
481:
349:
the dialect incorporated a great number of borrowed words from
305:
301:
250:
455:
384:
369:
338:
532:
459:
373:
191:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
468:
Professional sub-dialects – for instance the language of
725:
716:
707:
698:
735:
Stanisław Dubisz; Halina Karaś; Nijola Kolis (1995).
752:
739:(in Polish). Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna. p. 175.
272:, with notable (mostly lexical) influences from the
486:Sub-dialects of criminals – a regional version of
2067:
688:with different sounds denoted by approximation.
300:The dialect was originally spoken in and around
492:Jewish sub-dialect – a regional version of the
205:A street band playing Warsaw folk music during
2106:Cultural history of Poland during World War II
1138:
804:
759:Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego
743:
265:The Warsaw dialect is composed mostly of the
598:before and , especially in ending syllable
27:
1145:
1131:
811:
797:
621:replacement of the vowel cluster by or
295:
200:
185:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2068:
1986:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony
719:Z badań nad gwarą warszawską XIX wieku
440:The Warsaw Dialect Yesterday and Today
1126:
792:
224:
39:
1152:
728:Słownik gwary warszawskiej XIX wieku
640:replacement of the vowel with or
527:, with several notable differences.
818:
506:
241:), is a regional subdialect of the
13:
753:Małgorzata Święcicka, ed. (2006).
16:Variety of Polish spoken in Warsaw
14:
2122:
777:
726:Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz (1966).
717:Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz (1963).
699:Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz (1968).
675:
345:. In the 19th century during the
260:
942:Southern Greater Polish dialect
922:Northern Greater Polish dialect
701:Gwara warszawska dawniej i dziś
445:
436:Gwara warszawska wczoraj i dziś
1846:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin
937:Eastern Greater Polish dialect
932:Central Greater Polish dialect
927:Western Greater Polish dialect
276:dialect of Polish, as well as
1:
691:
667:
1981:Slavic second palatalization
892:Greater Poland dialect group
684:and written with a standard
518:
496:, largely influenced by the
7:
2111:Endangered Slavic languages
1976:Slavic first palatalization
1031:Masovian Borderland dialect
1016:Lesser Poland dialect group
572:, especially in word-final
10:
2127:
2076:Cultural history of Warsaw
559:
315:
249:, centered on the city of
226:[ˈɡvaravarˈʂafska]
41:[ˈɡvaravarˈʂafska]
2049:
1966:
1913:
1822:
1776:
1768:Slavic dialects of Greece
1704:
1669:
1658:
1624:
1522:
1447:
1438:
1377:
1359:
1336:
1327:
1228:
1160:
826:
171:
157:
145:
140:
73:
63:
55:
47:
35:
26:
21:
784:Polish-Warsaw dictionary
757:(in Polish). Bydgoszcz:
737:Dialekty i gwary polskie
432:Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz
912:Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect
902:Bory Tucholskie dialect
712:(in Polish) (6): 61–82.
296:Geographic distribution
1061:Eastern Lublin dialect
1056:Western Lublin dialect
1051:Eastern Krakow dialect
949:Masovian dialect group
744:Marian Kucała (1994).
710:Przegląd Humanistyczny
238:
221:
209:
173:This article contains
28:
1899:Taimyr Pidgin Russian
984:Near Mazovian dialect
686:set of Polish letters
568:disappearance of the
288:and other languages.
204:
2081:Dialects by location
989:Far Mazovian dialect
552:English translation
416:Stanisław Staszewski
347:Partitions of Poland
2086:Languages of Poland
1925:Pan-Slavic language
1724:Burgenland Croatian
1604:Marcho-Magdeburgian
1201:Old Church Slavonic
1086:Podegrodzie dialect
2011:Illič-Svityč's law
1991:Monophthongization
1499:Camaldolese Slovak
1312:Canadian Ukrainian
1178:Up to Proto-Slavic
1171:Proto-Balto-Slavic
400:Stanisław Grzesiuk
239:dialekt warszawski
210:
2091:Culture in Warsaw
2063:
2062:
2056:extinct languages
1887:Solombala English
1818:
1817:
1741:Prekmurje Slovene
1654:
1653:
1434:
1433:
1288:Doukhobor Russian
1211:Glagolitic script
1120:
1119:
1004:Białystok dialect
999:Podlachia dialect
969:Masurian dialects
682:Polish literature
665:
664:
412:Zygmunt Staszczyk
408:Irena Kwiatkowska
214:Warsaw subdialect
199:
198:
181:rendering support
177:phonetic symbols.
120:Warsaw subdialect
22:Warsaw subdialect
2118:
2096:City colloquials
1957:Slavonic-Serbian
1808:Cieszyn Silesian
1679:Carpathian Rusyn
1667:
1666:
1445:
1444:
1334:
1333:
1219:Modern languages
1154:Slavic languages
1147:
1140:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1066:Przemyśl dialect
897:Kociewie dialect
813:
806:
799:
790:
789:
772:
749:
740:
731:
722:
713:
704:
655:
596:velar consonants
539:Sound affected (
533:
507:Derived dialects
494:Yiddish language
428:Stasiek Wielanek
424:Stefan Wiechecki
420:Jarema Stępowski
396:Wiktor Gomulicki
292:classification.
243:Masovian dialect
228:
222:gwara warszawska
150:
79:
43:
31:
29:gwara warszawska
19:
18:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2101:Polish dialects
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2045:
1968:
1962:
1916:
1909:
1839:Bohemian Romani
1824:Mixed languages
1814:
1791:Pannonian Rusyn
1772:
1714:Banat Bulgarian
1700:
1662:
1650:
1620:
1518:
1510:Pannonian Rusyn
1430:
1373:
1355:
1323:
1283:Alaskan Russian
1258:Old Novgorodian
1251:Old East Slavic
1224:
1206:Cyrillic script
1196:Church Slavonic
1156:
1151:
1121:
1116:
1101:Podhale dialect
1081:Goral ethnolect
1046:Lasovia dialect
1026:Sieradz dialect
1021:Łęczyca dialect
974:Suwałki dialect
959:Ostróda dialect
822:
820:Polish language
817:
780:
775:
769:
761:. p. 434.
694:
678:
670:
651:
646:
630:zawualowany ()
627:zawoalowany ()
549:Warsaw dialect
546:Polish example
525:Polish language
521:
509:
498:Polish language
448:
366:Warsaw Uprising
318:
310:Warsaw Uprising
298:
267:Polish language
263:
255:Warsaw Uprising
247:Polish language
179:Without proper
146:
136:
80:
77:Language family
75:
66:
65:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
2124:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2036:Van Wijk's law
2033:
2031:Ruki sound law
2028:
2026:Pedersen's law
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1921:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1869:Romano-Serbian
1866:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1786:Eastern Slovak
1782:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1660:Microlanguages
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1531:East Lechitic
1528:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1505:Eastern Slovak
1502:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1486:White Croatian
1483:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1462:Biblical Czech
1453:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1394:Serbo-Croatian
1391:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1193:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1091:Żywiec dialect
1088:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1041:Krakow dialect
1038:
1036:Kielce dialect
1033:
1028:
1023:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1009:Warsaw dialect
1006:
1001:
996:
994:Kurpie dialect
991:
986:
981:
979:Łowicz dialect
976:
971:
966:
964:Warmia dialect
961:
956:
954:Lubawa dialect
946:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
917:Kujawy dialect
914:
909:
907:Krajna dialect
904:
899:
884:
879:
874:
873:
872:
862:
861:
860:
850:
845:
844:
843:
838:
827:
824:
823:
816:
815:
808:
801:
793:
787:
786:
779:
778:External links
776:
774:
773:
767:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
695:
693:
690:
677:
676:Writing system
674:
669:
666:
663:
662:
660:
657:
648:
643:
641:
637:
636:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
618:
617:
615:
610:hand or palm (
608:
605:
602:
599:
592:palatalisation
588:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
576:
565:
564:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
537:
520:
517:
508:
505:
501:
500:
490:
484:
466:
447:
444:
404:Alina Janowska
392:Hanka Bielicka
317:
314:
297:
294:
262:
261:Classification
259:
231:Warsaw dialect
197:
196:
183:, you may see
169:
168:
163:
155:
154:
151:
143:
142:
141:Language codes
138:
137:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
83:
81:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
49:
48:Native to
45:
44:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2123:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:Meillet's law
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1837:20th century
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:Slavomolisano
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1696:West Polesian
1694:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:Lower Sorbian
1637:
1635:
1634:Upper Sorbian
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:West Lechitic
1597:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1558:Middle Polish
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1419:Slavomolisano
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1388:Alpine Slavic
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1317:Simple speech
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:Simple speech
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1107:
1106:Spisz dialect
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:Orawa dialect
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1076:Biecz dialect
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
950:
947:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
893:
890:
889:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
871:
868:
867:
866:
863:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
849:
846:
842:
841:Middle Polish
839:
837:
834:
833:
832:
829:
828:
825:
821:
814:
809:
807:
802:
800:
795:
794:
791:
785:
782:
781:
770:
768:83-7096-607-1
764:
760:
756:
751:
747:
742:
738:
733:
729:
724:
720:
715:
711:
706:
702:
697:
696:
689:
687:
683:
673:
661:
658:
649:
644:
642:
639:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
619:
616:
613:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
593:
590:
589:
586:
584:
582:
580:
577:
575:
571:
567:
566:
563:
558:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
538:
535:
534:
531:
528:
526:
516:
514:
504:
499:
495:
491:
489:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:
451:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
313:
311:
307:
303:
293:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
223:
219:
215:
208:
203:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
176:
170:
167:
164:
162:
161:
156:
152:
149:
144:
139:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:Indo-European
82:
78:
72:
68:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
36:Pronunciation
34:
30:
25:
20:
2051:
2041:Winter's law
2001:Havlík's law
1955:
1948:
1941:
1897:
1885:
1878:
1853:Mednyj Aleut
1851:
1844:
1836:
1706:South Slavic
1663:and dialects
1570:
1556:
1549:
1497:
1473:
1468:Czechoslovak
1466:
1449:Czech-Slovak
1386:
1361:Transitional
1329:South Slavic
1265:
1256:
1249:
1217:
1185:Proto-Slavic
1183:
1176:
1169:
1071:Lwów dialect
1008:
754:
745:
736:
727:
718:
709:
700:
679:
671:
570:nasal vowels
561:
560:
529:
522:
510:
502:
449:
446:Sub-dialects
439:
435:
434:in his book
389:
378:
362:World War II
359:
319:
299:
290:
264:
230:
213:
211:
207:World War II
172:
165:
158:
119:
90:Balto-Slavic
2016:Ivšić's law
1943:Army Slavic
1930:Interslavic
1915:Constructed
1778:West Slavic
1671:East Slavic
1440:West Slavic
1409:Montenegrin
1230:East Slavic
604:rękę ( or
536:Difference
474:shopkeepers
187:instead of
100:West Slavic
2070:Categories
2006:Hirt's law
1996:Dybo's law
1967:Historical
1880:Russenorsk
1859:Ponaschemu
1751:Shtokavian
1691:Podlachian
1592:Slovincian
1582:Pomeranian
1551:Old Polish
1351:Macedonian
1238:Belarusian
882:Morphology
836:Old Polish
692:References
668:Vocabulary
612:Accusative
381:television
322:substratum
270:substratum
2054:indicate
1969:phonology
1917:languages
1905:Trasianka
1731:Kajkavian
1719:Chakavian
1644:Schleifer
1587:Kashubian
1369:Torlakian
1346:Bulgarian
1302:Ukrainian
1267:Ruthenian
848:Phonology
607:rękie ()
574:syllables
519:Phonology
482:policemen
353:and then
160:Glottolog
148:ISO 639-3
1950:Iazychie
1874:Runglish
1832:Balachka
1803:Silesian
1761:Bunjevac
1609:Polabian
1566:Silesian
1545:dialects
1540:Masurian
1524:Lechitic
1481:Moravian
1404:Croatian
1307:dialects
1278:dialects
887:Dialects
865:Spelling
853:Alphabet
659:beloved
650:kochany
645:kochany
555:Remarks
513:grypsera
488:grypsera
478:printers
274:Masovian
193:Help:IPA
115:Masovian
105:Lechitic
2052:Italics
1937:Lydnevi
1893:Surzhyk
1626:Sorbian
1475:Knaanic
1426:Slovene
1414:Serbian
1399:Bosnian
1379:Western
1338:Eastern
1273:Russian
1162:History
877:Grammar
870:History
858:Braille
831:History
633:veiled
464:Powiśle
355:Russian
343:English
331:Yiddish
327:Italian
316:History
286:Yiddish
278:Russian
245:of the
189:Unicode
1864:Quelia
1746:Resian
1535:Polish
1493:Slovak
1190:Accent
765:
562:Vowels
470:cabmen
360:Until
351:German
335:French
306:Poland
302:Warsaw
282:German
251:Warsaw
235:Polish
229:), or
218:Polish
110:Polish
95:Slavic
59:Warsaw
56:Region
51:Poland
1798:Goral
1736:Pomak
1684:Lemko
1457:Czech
1297:Rusyn
456:Praga
385:radio
370:Praga
339:Latin
1614:Rani
1572:Lach
763:ISBN
460:Wola
426:and
383:and
374:Wola
372:and
341:and
212:The
166:None
647:()
601:,
594:of
578:,
541:IPA
480:or
442:).
175:IPA
69:few
2072::
656:)
654:or
624:,
614:)
543:)
476:,
472:,
462:,
458:,
422:,
418:,
414:,
410:,
406:,
402:,
398:,
394:,
376:.
357:.
337:,
333:,
329:,
304:,
284:,
280:,
237::
220::
2058:.
1192:)
1188:(
1146:e
1139:t
1132:v
812:e
805:t
798:v
771:.
652:(
438:(
233:(
216:(
195:.
153:–
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
