806:
461:
20:
604:
698:
367:
711:
About 115,000 years ago average temperatures dropped markedly and warmth-loving woodland species were displaced. This significant turning point in average temperatures marked the end of the Eemian interglacial and start of the
Weichselian glacial stage. It is divided into three sections, based on the
590:
It is not known if the ice sheet disintegrated into scattered remains before vanishing or if it shrank while maintaining its coherence as a single ice mass. It is possible that while some ice remained east of Sarek
Mountains parts of the ice sheet survived temporarily in the high mountains. Remnants
741:
Brörup
Interstadial (also WF II) – Several profiles show a short period of cooling shortly after the start of the Brörup Interstadial, but this does not appear in all profiles. This led some authors to distinguish the first warm period as the Amersfoort Interstadial. However, since then, this first
565:
When ice margin retreat resumed the ice sheet became increasingly concentrated in the
Scandinavian Mountains (it had left Russia 10.6 ka BP and Finland 10.1 ka BP). Further retreat of the ice margin led the ice sheet to concentrate in two parts of the Scandinavian Mountains, one part in
1428:
Stroeven, Arjen P; Hättestrand, Clas; Kleman, Johan; Heyman, Jakob; Fabel, Derek; Fredin, Ola; Goodfellow, Bradley W; Harbor, Jonathan M; Jansen, John D; Olsen, Lars; Caffee, Marc W; Fink, David; Lundqvist, Jan; Rosqvist, Gunhild C; Strömberg, Bo; Jansson, Krister N (2016).
712:
temperature variation: the
Weichselian Early Glacial, the Weichselian High Glacial (also Weichselian Pleniglacial) and the Weichselian Late Glacial. During the Weichselian, there were frequent major variations in climate in the northern hemisphere, the so-called
2051:
Thomas Litt; Karl-Ernst Behre; Klaus-Dieter Meyer; Hans-JĂĽrgen
Stephan; Stefan Wansa (2007), T. Litt im Auftrag der Deutschen Stratigraphischen Kommission (ed.), "Stratigraphische Begriffe für das Quartär des norddeutschen Vereisungsgebietes",
582:
hosted the last remnant of the
Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. As the ice sheet retreated to the Scandinavian Mountains this was not a return to its former mountain centred glaciation from which the ice sheet grew out; it was dissimilar in that the
443:
The Last
Glacial Maximum extent was first reached 22 ka BP in the southern boundary of the ice sheet in Denmark, Germany and Western Poland (Sławskie Lake District and Leszczyńskie Lake District). In Eastern Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and
421:) and with the ice sheet of the British Isles at about thousand years later. At this point the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet formed part of a larger Eurasian ice sheet complex—a contiguous glacial ice mass which spanned an area from Ireland to
310:. The initial glaciation of the Scandinavian Mountains would have been enabled by moisture coming from the Atlantic Ocean and the mountains high altitude. Perhaps the best modern analogues to this early glaciation are the ice fields of
317:. Since the proximity to the temperate North Atlantic typically precludes ice growth in Scandinavia, changes in the North Atlantic are thought to be required for glaciation to develop in Scandinavia. The freezing and glaciation of the
1700:Ågren, J. and Svensson, R., 2006. Land uplift model and system definitions used for the RH 2000 adjustment of the Baltic levelling ring. The 15th General Meeting of the Nordic Geodetic Commission, Copenhagen, 29 May–2 June 2006, 1–9
638:
lies the area with the highest uplift rates at present with values of about 9 mm/yr. Ongoing post-glacial rebound is thought to result in splitting of the Gulf of
Bothnia into a southern gulf and a northern lake across
578:. About 10.1 ka BP the linkage had disappeared and so did the Southern Norway centre of the ice sheet about a thousand years later. The northern centre remained a few hundred years more so that by 9.7 ka BP the eastern
507:
were free from ice during the
Younger Dryas. Before the Younger Dryas, deglaciation had not been uniform and small ice sheet re-advances had occurred forming a series of end-moraine systems, notably those in Götaland.
1216:; Gulliksen, Steinar; Larsen, Eiliv; Oddvar, Longva; Miller, Gifford H.; Sejrup, Hans-Petter; Sønstegaard, Eivind (1981). "A Middle Weichselain ice-free period in Western Norway: the Ålesund Interstadial".
742:
warm period and cooling phase has been included in the Brörup Interstadial. Northern Central Europe was populated by birch and pine woods. The Brörup Interstadial is identified with marine isotope stage 5c.
69:
1859:
Romanenko, F.A.; Shilova, O.S. (2011). "The Postglacial Uplift of the Karelian Coast of the White Sea according to Radiocarbon and Diatom Analyses of LacustrineBoggy Deposits of Kindo Peninsula".
802:
The short "Weichselian Late Glacial" (12,500 – c. 10,000 BC) was the period of slow warming after the Weichselian High Glacial. It was however again interrupted by some colder episodes.
1335:
Patton, Henry; Hubbard, Alun; Andreasen, Karin; Auriac, Amandine; Whitehouse, Pippa L.; Stroeven, Arjen P.; Shackleton, Calvin; Winsborrow, Monica; Heyman, Jakob; Hall, Adrian M. (2017).
432:
during the times of maximum extent. This means that in areas like north-east Sweden and northern Finland pre-existing landforms and deposits escaped glacier erosion and are particularly
1995:
Friedrich, M; Kromer, B; Spurk, M; Hofmann, J; Kaiser, KF (1999). "Paleo-environment and radiocarbon calibration as derived from Late Glacial/Early Holocene tree-ring chronologies".
910:
In addition to the above subdivisions the depositions of the Weichselian Late Glacial following the retreat of the ice sheet are divided into four stages: the Germanic Glacial (
397:
By circa 26 ka BP, the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet reached the mid-Norwegian continental shelf break. The growth of the ice sheet was accompanied by an eastward migration of the
666:
connected to the world's oceans uplift along the southern coast of the gulf has totaled 90 m. In the interval from 9,500–5,000 years ago the uplift rate was of 9–13 mm/
436:
at present. Also during times of maximum extent the ice sheet terminated to the east in a gently uphill terrain meaning that rivers drained into the glacier front and large
723:
Odderade Interstadial (WF IV) – The pollen spectra indicate a boreal forest. It starts with a tree birch phase, which rapidly transitions to pine forest. Also apparent are
996:(1923) proposed the so-called oscillation theory, which holds that the land-level had oscillated up and down "like a pendulum losing momentum" after deglaciation. The
402:
618:
bought by deglaciation is reflected in the shoreline changes of the Baltic Sea and other nearby bodies of water. In the Baltic Sea uplift has been greatest at the
848:
118:. The last cold period began about 115,000 years ago and ended 11,700 years ago. Its end corresponds with the end of the Pleistocene epoch and the start of the
239:
745:
Herning Stadial (also called WF I) – Was the first cold phase, in which northwestern Europe was largely treeless. It corresponds to marine isotope stage 5d.
401:
from the Scandinavian Mountains eastwards into Sweden and the Baltic Sea. As the ice sheets in northern Europe grew prior to the Last Glacial Maximum, the
2170:
2123:
123:
333:
that blockades the entering of North Pacific water to the Arctic Ocean would have been detrimental for the inception of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet.
631:
574:
and Norway. These two centres were linked for a time. The linkage constituted a major drainage barrier that formed various large and ephemeral
1394:
753:(57,000 – c. 15,000 BC) the ice sheet advanced into North Germany. In this period, however, several interstadials have been documented.
1518:
232:
674:
the uplift rate had decreased to 5–5.5 mm/yr, to then rise briefly before arriving at the present uplift rate of 4 mm/yr.
1902:
Smith, Colby A.; Larsson, Olof; Engdahl, Mats (2017). "Early Holocene coastal landslides linked to land uplift in western Sweden".
1286:"Behavior of the northwestern part of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum – a response to external forcing"
790:
Schalkholz Stadial (WP I) – The first ice advance may have already reached the southern Baltic Sea coast. At the type locality of
630:
is at present the highest known point on Earth to have been uplifted by postglacial isostatic rebound. North of the High Coast at
2056:(in German), vol. 56, No. 1/2, Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nägele und Obermiller), pp. 7–65,
899:, the Weichselian Glacial ended with an abrupt climb in temperature around 9,660 ± 40 BC. This was the start of our present
738:
Rederstall Stadial (also WF III) – In North Germany the pollen spectra indicate a grassy tundra followed later by shrubby tundra.
1580:"Tracing the last remnants of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet: Ice-dammed lakes and a catastrophic outburst flood in northern Sweden"
2116:
1983:
1958:
778:
Moershoofd Interstadial – The pollen spectra show a treeless tundra vegetation with a high proportion of sedges (Cyperaceae).
757:
Glaciation and ice sheet advances to North Germany (Brandenburg Phase, Frankfurt Phase, Pomeranian Phase, Mecklenburg Phase).
225:
339:
posits that parts of the Norwegian coast were likely free from glacier ice during most of the Weichselian prior to the
2109:
2096:
1843:
1113:
1067:
1656:
Berglund, M. (2012). "The highest postglacial shore levels and glacio-isostatic uplift pattern in northern Sweden".
1482:
1480:
Olvmo, M. (1992). "Glaciofluvial canyons and their relation to the Late Weiochselian deglaciation in Fennoscandia".
1249:
1716:
1632:
298:
The Fennoscandian Ice Sheet of the Weichselian glaciation most likely grew out of a mountain glaciation of small
2101:
321:
could effect this by causing "relatively fresher" water from the Arctic and the North Pacific to flow east of
2226:
2054:
Stratigraphie von Deutschland – Quartär. Special Issue. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart/Quaternary Science Journal
713:
386:
Note that the coastlines are modern; coastlines during the Weichselian were different as sea level was lower.
374: Maximum extent of the ice (Brandenburg Stage) during the Weichselian in Germany and Poland (red line).
2231:
1257:
465:
464:
17.-18.000 year old fossils of marine mammals from below the retreating Scandinavian Ice Sheet in Denmark,
1285:
2221:
592:
318:
1754:
1584:
1341:
1290:
80:), Vistulian glaciation, Weichsel or, less commonly, the Weichsel glaciation, Weichselian cold period (
787:
Oerel Interstadial (WP II) – The pollen diagrams point to a treeless, shrubby tundra in North Germany.
530:
It is speculated that during the Younger Dryas a small glacier readvance in Sweden created a natural
354:
municipality in Norway where its existence was first established based on the local fossil record of
326:
159:
1786:
1544:
2241:
1248:
Larsen, Eiliv; Fredin, Ola; LysĂĄ, Astrid; Amantov, Aleksey; Feldskaar, Willy; Ottesen, Dag (2016).
1028:
997:
1791:
1129:
Lofverstrom, Marcus; Thompson, Diane M.; Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.; Brady, Esther C. (2022-06-09).
950:
531:
429:
2050:
784:
Ebersdorf Stadial (WP III) – In North Germany this period is characterised by pollen-free sands.
2236:
2175:
935:
644:
475:), Germany, Poland and Belarus were ice-free 16 ka BP. The ice margin then retreated until the
307:
52:
1835:
836:
824:
2195:
2031:
1550:(Report). Medelande (in Swedish). Vol. 2009. Länstyrensen i Jönköpings Län. p. 1–49
1131:"The importance of Canadian Arctic Archipelago gateways for glacial expansion in Scandinavia"
1026:
Fredin, Ola (2002). "Glacial inception and Quaternary mountain glaciations in Fennoscandia".
1000:
society expelled Cleve for her unrelenting support of this theory once it became discredited.
648:
350:
in Fennoscandia called the Ă…lesund interstadial. The interstadial receives its name from the
1827:
1826:
Sporrong, Ulf (2003). "The Scandinavian landscape and its resources". In Helle, Knut (ed.).
1712:"Investigations of Fennoscandian glacial isostatic adjustment using modern sealevel records"
2160:
2004:
1913:
1868:
1800:
1725:
1667:
1593:
1491:
1442:
1350:
1299:
1147:
1033:
686:
591:
east of the Sarek Mountains formed various ephemeral ice-dammed lakes that caused numerous
391:
340:
282:
274:
2072:
1390:"Weichselian stratigraphy, geomorphology and glacial dynamics in southern Finnish Lapland"
1250:"Causes of time-transgressive glacial maxima positions of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet"
8:
1904:
1658:
805:
719:
The Weichsel Early Glacial (115,000–60,000 BC) is in turn divided into four stages:
579:
491:
and the southeastern coast of Finland had been added to the ice-free regions. In Russia,
449:
115:
32:
2008:
1917:
1872:
1804:
1729:
1671:
1597:
1495:
1446:
1354:
1303:
1151:
1130:
1037:
703:
1929:
1884:
1755:"Late Weichselian and Holocene shore displacement history of the Baltic Sea in Finland"
1683:
1640:
The Global and the Local: The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe
1231:
1199:
1163:
817:– In this period the proportion of non-tree pollens climbed again, especially those of
677:
Emergence above sea level is thought to have resulted in the triggering of a series of
448:
in Russia the ice sheet reached its maximum extent about 19 ka BP. In the remainder of
128:
56:
2016:
1045:
781:
Glinde Interstadial (WP IV) – The pollen diagrams indicate a treeless, shrubby tundra.
266:
40:
2200:
2180:
2092:
2077:
1979:
1954:
1933:
1888:
1839:
1828:
1812:
1687:
1679:
1167:
1138:
1109:
1063:
671:
615:
524:
1606:
1579:
1455:
1430:
1363:
1336:
1311:
2185:
2067:
2057:
2012:
1921:
1876:
1808:
1759:
1733:
1675:
1611:
1601:
1499:
1460:
1450:
1403:
1368:
1358:
1307:
1284:
Rørvik, K.-L.; Laberd, J. S.; Hald, M.; Ravna, E. K.; Vorren, T. O. (August 2010).
1227:
1218:
1195:
1186:
1155:
1041:
659:
433:
64:
1925:
1503:
1519:
De glacialrelikta kräftdjurens utbredning i södra Sverige (Götaland och Svealand)
575:
551:
437:
189:
146:
134:
100:
73:
2131:
760:
Denekamp Interstadial – The pollen spectra indicates a shrubby tundra landscape.
611:
around 7000 years BP. Note the reduced area of Finland due to higher sea levels.
460:
19:
2165:
1159:
555:
500:
418:
204:
1880:
1095:, London: University of London Press, 1970 (7th edn.), p. 254. SBN 340 09022 7
707:
by Thomas J. Crowley (Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 9, 1995, pp. 377–389)
366:
2215:
2081:
1408:
1389:
896:
814:
682:
640:
608:
516:
488:
476:
422:
355:
330:
270:
209:
16:
Last glacial period and its associated glaciation in northern parts of Europe
1633:"A scientific outsider: Astrid Cleve von Euler and her passion for research"
643:
no earlier than in about 2,000 years. Isostatic rebound exposed a submarine
635:
554:. The survival of these cold-water taxa into the present-day means they are
1575:
1213:
1181:
993:
989:
975:
900:
845:– The cool period is characterised by a maximum number of non-tree pollens.
842:
795:
701:
Depiction of the Earth at the last glacial maximum. Illustration based on:
655:
623:
567:
445:
347:
336:
199:
2145:
2062:
1738:
1711:
852:
830:
768:
627:
603:
492:
406:
258:
108:
480:
2133:
1373:
945:
940:
818:
791:
764:
619:
584:
542:
496:
398:
214:
194:
171:
1616:
1465:
520:
351:
2155:
1545:
Sommenröding: En kartläggning av rödingens lekområden 2006 & 2008
1128:
884:
868:
678:
663:
504:
410:
322:
314:
299:
44:
1789:(1995). "Relief and saprolites through time on the Baltic Shield".
904:
833:– This cool period is characterised by a reduction in tree pollens.
571:
472:
414:
119:
2150:
876:
798:) pollen-free sands indicate a largely vegetation-free landscape.
484:
381:
303:
278:
142:
111:
104:
1710:
Davis, J.L.; Mitrovica, J.X.; Scherneck, H.-G.; Fan, H. (1999).
1524:(Report) (in Swedish). Länsstyrelsen Blekinge län. pp. 1–19
1184:(1981). "The Early and Middle Weichselian in Norway: a review".
839:– The period begins with a rapid increase in tree birch pollens.
471:
As the ice margin started to recede 22–17 ka BP Denmark (except
1427:
860:
728:
692:
547:
60:
36:
697:
527:
part of the meltwater was routed through a series of canyons.
1212:
988:
In the late 19th and early 20th century, N. O. Holst (1899),
732:
724:
536:
512:
311:
1542:
1334:
973:
species of Sommen evolved into a distinct subspecies called
851:– This interstadial is typified by a rise in the pollens of
67:. This glaciation is also known as the Weichselian ice age (
1994:
667:
262:
1709:
809:
Weichselian Late Glacial with mid-European culture groups
626:. Within the High Coast the relict shoreline at 286 m in
827:– This section is again dominated by birch tree pollens.
587:
lagged behind as the ice mass concentrated in the west.
1573:
1247:
2033:
Einführung in das Quartär. Das Zeitalter der Gletscher
922:) (Gotland becomes ice-free) and the Finnish Glacial (
1283:
479:
when the ice sheet stabilized. By this time, most of
405:
coalesced with the ice sheet that was growing in the
252:
281:
the Midlandian glaciation and in North America, the
1901:
1423:
1421:
1419:
918:) (Denmark becomes ice-free), The Gotland Glacial (
455:
114:. The preceding warm period in this region was the
23:
Europe during the Weichselian and WĂĽrm cold periods
914:) (Germany becomes ice-free), the Danish Glacial (
2036:(in German), Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 72
1978:, New York, London, etc., Springer, 2010 p. 173.
1905:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
1785:
1659:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
1569:
1567:
1565:
2213:
1858:
1416:
1337:"Deglaciation of the Eurasian ice sheet complex"
1243:
1241:
428:The central parts of the Weichsel ice sheet had
288:
1752:
1651:
1649:
1124:
1122:
511:During deglaciation, meltwater formed numerous
452:the largest glacier advance occurred 17 ka BP.
293:
1562:
1516:
895:Following the last of these cold periods, the
767:(Cyperaceae) and temporarily a high number of
394:extent began after the Ă…lesund interstadial.
2117:
2029:
1395:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland
1330:
1328:
1238:
233:
39:. In the Alpine region it corresponds to the
1646:
1119:
1021:
1019:
1017:
704:Ice age terrestrial carbon changes revisited
693:Sequence and subdivisions of the Weichselian
329:. According to this view any closing of the
1945:
1943:
1510:
2124:
2110:
1536:
1325:
240:
226:
2071:
2061:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1737:
1615:
1605:
1464:
1454:
1407:
1372:
1362:
1014:
55:and extended as far as the east coast of
1951:Quaternary field trips in central Europe
1940:
1825:
1655:
1180:
926:) (Finland and Norway become ice-free).
804:
696:
658:the rate of post-glacial rebound in the
602:
595:down the rivers of northernmost Sweden.
459:
365:
257:In other regions Major Glacial 4 of the
18:
1834:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1753:Tikkanen, Matti; Oksanen, Juha (2002).
1630:
1543:Melin, Daniel; Rydberg, Daniel (2009).
763:Hengelo Interstadial – The pollen show
598:
361:
2214:
1988:
1963:
1387:
1078:
1076:
1025:
2105:
2091:, Justus Perthes Verlag, Gotha, 1995
1779:
1479:
560:
534:that brought freshwater taxa such as
92:or, rarely, the Weichselian complex (
1830:The Cambridge History of Scandinavia
346:Between 38 and 28 ka BP there was a
51:ice sheet) that spread out from the
1073:
969:In the isolation that followed the
390:The growth of the ice sheet to its
380: Greatest extent of the older
13:
1232:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1981.tb00500.x
1200:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1981.tb00508.x
253:Naming in other parts of the world
43:. It was characterized by a large
14:
2253:
2132:The cold and warm periods of the
2089:Physische Geographie Deutschlands
1953:, Volume 1, Pfeil, 1995, p. 375.
1108:. London: Penguin, 1984, p. 265.
1062:. London: Penguin, 1984, p. 580.
550:that were never connected to the
1680:10.1111/j.1468-0459.2011.00443.x
1106:Dictionary of Physical Geography
1093:Principles of Physical Geography
1060:Dictionary of Physical Geography
456:Deglaciation up to Younger Dryas
2023:
1895:
1852:
1819:
1746:
1717:Journal of Geophysical Research
1703:
1694:
1624:
1607:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105862
1473:
1456:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.09.016
1381:
1364:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.05.019
1312:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.05.022
1277:
982:
963:
261:is given a local name. In the
133:(1858–1944) named it using the
2087:H. Liedtke & J. Marcinek:
2073:11858/00-1735-0000-0001-B9EB-9
1578:; Svendsen, John Inge (2019).
1483:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Geomorphologie
1431:"Deglaciation of Fennoscandia"
1206:
1174:
1098:
1085:
1052:
1:
2044:
2017:10.1016/s1040-6182(99)00015-4
1926:10.1080/04353676.2017.1329624
1642:. 2nd ICESHS. Cracow, Poland.
1046:10.1016/s1040-6182(02)00031-9
1007:
325:disrupting the convection of
289:Development of the glaciation
31:is the regional name for the
1813:10.1016/0169-555X(94)00076-4
1258:Norwegian Journal of Geology
593:glacial lake outburst floods
466:Copenhagen Zoological Museum
294:Early and Middle Weichselian
7:
1082:Litt et al. (2007: pp.45ff)
929:
689:zone came above sea level.
319:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
160:Evolution of the Baltic Sea
103:it was the youngest of the
10:
2258:
1631:Espmark, Kristina (2006).
1585:Quaternary Science Reviews
1435:Quaternary Science Reviews
1342:Quaternary Science Reviews
1291:Quaternary Science Reviews
1160:10.1038/s41561-022-00956-9
731:as well as low numbers of
2141:
1976:Earth Systems and Society
1881:10.1134/S1028334X12020079
1638:. In Kokowski, M. (ed.).
714:Dansgaard–Oeschger events
384:glaciation (yellow line).
327:North Atlantic Deep Water
153:) in present-day Poland.
35:in the northern parts of
1997:Quaternary International
1787:Lidmar-Bergströrm, Karna
1029:Quaternary International
956:
751:Weichselian High Glacial
84:), Weichselian glacial (
1517:Kinsten, Björn (2010).
1504:10.1127/zfg/36/1992/343
1388:Sarala, Pertti (2005).
951:Toba catastrophe theory
403:Fennoscandian Ice Sheet
122:. The German geologist
2030:Karl N. Thome (1998),
1861:Doklady Earth Sciences
1409:10.17741/bgsf/77.2.001
1104:Whittow, John (1984).
1058:Whittow, John (1984).
936:Timeline of glaciation
849:Meiendorf Interstadial
810:
708:
662:has varied. Since the
645:joint valley landscape
612:
468:
387:
348:relatively warm period
308:Scandinavian Mountains
150:
77:
53:Scandinavian Mountains
29:Weichselian glaciation
24:
998:Geologiska föreningen
808:
700:
681:in western Sweden as
649:Stockholm archipelago
606:
463:
430:cold-based conditions
369:
22:
2227:Last Glacial Maximum
2063:10.3285/eg.56.1-2.02
1739:10.1029/1998jb900057
1298:(17–18): 2224–2237.
687:groundwater recharge
616:Isostatic adjustment
599:Isostatic adjustment
392:Last Glacial Maximum
362:Last Glacial Maximum
341:Last Glacial Maximum
283:Wisconsin glaciation
275:Devensian glaciation
174:(130,000–115,000 BC)
2232:Last Glacial Period
2009:1999QuInt..61...27F
1974:John Dodson (ed.),
1949:Wolfgang Schirmer,
1918:2017GeAnA..99..288S
1873:2012DokES.442..242R
1805:1995Geomo..12...45L
1730:1999JGR...104.2733D
1672:2012GeAnA..94..321B
1598:2019QSRv..22105862R
1496:1992ZGm....36..343O
1447:2016QSRv..147...91S
1355:2017QSRv..169..148P
1304:2010QSRv...29.2224R
1152:2022NatGe..15..482L
1038:2002QuInt..95...99F
837:Bølling oscillation
825:Allerød oscillation
685:increased when the
519:. In north-central
450:northwestern Russia
179:(115,000–12,600 BC)
177:Ice sheets and seas
116:Eemian interglacial
33:Last Glacial Period
2222:Pleistocene events
811:
709:
613:
561:Final deglaciation
469:
388:
217:(4,000 BC–present)
192:(12,600–10,300 BC)
57:Schleswig-Holstein
25:
2209:
2208:
2201:Last Interglacial
1984:978-90-481-8716-4
1959:978-39-238-7191-9
1724:(B2): 2733–2747.
1139:Nature Geoscience
1032:. 95–96: 99–112.
634:off the coast of
250:
249:
215:Modern Baltic Sea
197:(10,300–9,500 BC)
90:Weichselian Stage
82:Weichsel-Kaltzeit
2249:
2136:in North Germany
2126:
2119:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2084:
2075:
2065:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1992:
1986:
1972:
1961:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1833:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1609:
1571:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1523:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1458:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1366:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1071:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1023:
1001:
986:
980:
967:
660:Kandalaksha Gulf
576:ice-dammed lakes
556:glacial relicts.
438:proglacial lakes
379:
373:
242:
235:
228:
212:(7,500–4,000 BC)
207:(8,000–7,500 BC)
202:(9,500–8,000 BC)
156:
155:
132:
94:Weichsel-Komplex
86:Weichsel-Glazial
78:Weichsel-Eiszeit
72:
65:Northwest Russia
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2242:Northern Europe
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2137:
2130:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2028:
2024:
1993:
1989:
1973:
1964:
1948:
1941:
1900:
1896:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1824:
1820:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1751:
1747:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1654:
1647:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1574:Regnéll, Carl;
1572:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1478:
1474:
1426:
1417:
1386:
1382:
1333:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1211:
1207:
1179:
1175:
1133:
1127:
1120:
1103:
1099:
1091:F.J. Monkhouse
1090:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1057:
1053:
1024:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1004:
987:
983:
968:
964:
959:
932:
695:
672:Atlantic period
670:. Prior to the
622:in the western
601:
580:Sarek Mountains
572:Northern Sweden
570:and another in
568:Southern Norway
563:
552:Baltic Ice Lake
458:
385:
377:
375:
371:
364:
296:
291:
267:WĂĽrm glaciation
255:
246:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
190:Baltic Ice Lake
175:
126:
124:Konrad Keilhack
101:Northern Europe
68:
41:WĂĽrm glaciation
17:
12:
11:
5:
2255:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2085:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2022:
1987:
1962:
1939:
1912:(3): 288–311.
1894:
1867:(2): 544–548.
1851:
1844:
1818:
1778:
1745:
1702:
1693:
1666:(3): 321–337.
1645:
1623:
1561:
1535:
1509:
1490:(3): 343–363.
1472:
1415:
1380:
1324:
1276:
1237:
1226:(4): 381–393.
1205:
1194:(4): 447–462.
1173:
1146:(6): 482–488.
1118:
1097:
1084:
1072:
1051:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1002:
981:
961:
960:
958:
955:
954:
953:
948:
943:
938:
931:
928:
912:Germaniglazial
893:
892:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
800:
799:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
761:
758:
747:
746:
743:
739:
736:
694:
691:
600:
597:
562:
559:
546:to lakes like
501:Kola Peninsula
499:, the bulk of
457:
454:
434:well preserved
419:Before Present
376:
370:
363:
360:
295:
292:
290:
287:
254:
251:
248:
247:
245:
244:
237:
230:
222:
219:
218:
205:Mastogloia Sea
186:
185:
181:
180:
168:
167:
163:
162:
49:Fenno-Scandian
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2254:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Younger Dryas
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2097:3-623-00840-0
2094:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1845:9780521472999
1841:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1792:Geomorphology
1788:
1782:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1749:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1576:Mangerud, Jan
1570:
1568:
1566:
1546:
1539:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1410:
1405:
1402:(2): 71–104.
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1214:Mangerud, Jan
1209:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1182:Mangerud, Jan
1177:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1114:0-14-051094-X
1111:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1068:0-14-051094-X
1065:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1013:
999:
995:
991:
985:
978:
977:
972:
966:
962:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
897:Younger Dryas
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:dwarf birches
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:Younger Dryas
813:
812:
807:
803:
797:
793:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
770:
769:dwarf birches
766:
762:
759:
756:
755:
754:
752:
744:
740:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
720:
717:
715:
706:
705:
699:
690:
688:
684:
683:pore pressure
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
641:Norra Kvarken
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
610:
609:Littorina Sea
605:
596:
594:
588:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
558:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:
539:
538:
533:
528:
526:
523:and southern
522:
518:
514:
509:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:Baltic states
487:, all of the
486:
482:
478:
477:Younger Dryas
474:
467:
462:
453:
451:
447:
441:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
423:Novaya Zemlya
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
383:
368:
359:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
332:
331:Bering Strait
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:Great Britain
268:
264:
263:Alpine region
260:
243:
238:
236:
231:
229:
224:
223:
221:
220:
216:
211:
210:Littorina Sea
206:
201:
196:
191:
188:
187:
183:
182:
178:
173:
170:
169:
165:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2190:
2088:
2053:
2032:
2025:
2003:(1): 27–39.
2000:
1996:
1990:
1975:
1950:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1829:
1821:
1799:(1): 45–61.
1796:
1790:
1781:
1771:December 22,
1769:. Retrieved
1764:
1758:
1748:
1721:
1715:
1705:
1696:
1663:
1657:
1639:
1626:
1589:
1583:
1552:. Retrieved
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1512:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1438:
1434:
1399:
1393:
1383:
1346:
1340:
1315:. Retrieved
1295:
1289:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1265:(2): 159–170
1262:
1256:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1143:
1137:
1105:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1059:
1054:
1027:
994:Astrid Cleve
990:Ernst Antevs
984:
976:Sommen charr
974:
970:
965:
923:
919:
915:
911:
909:
901:interglacial
894:
888:
880:
872:
864:
856:
843:Oldest Dryas
801:
796:Dithmarschen
772:
750:
748:
718:
710:
702:
676:
656:deglaciation
653:
624:Bothnian Sea
614:
589:
564:
541:
535:
529:
525:Östergötland
510:
470:
446:Pskov Oblast
442:
427:
396:
389:
345:
337:Jan Mangerud
335:
297:
256:
200:Ancylus Lake
176:
138:
98:
93:
89:
85:
81:
48:
28:
26:
2191:Weichselian
2146:Pre-Tiglian
1374:10037/11970
1349:: 148–172.
1317:25 November
1269:January 20,
992:(1921) and
924:Finiglazial
920:Gotiglazial
916:Daniglazial
857:Betula nana
831:Older Dryas
819:heliophytes
794:(county of
773:Betula nana
628:Skuleberget
607:Map of the
532:lock system
493:Lake Ladoga
407:Barents Sea
259:Pleistocene
166:Pleistocene
127: [
109:Pleistocene
59:, northern
2216:Categories
2134:Quaternary
2045:Literature
1617:1956/21672
1592:: 105862.
1466:1956/11701
1441:: 91–121.
1008:References
971:Salvelinus
946:Quaternary
941:Glaciology
869:sandthorns
792:Schalkholz
679:landslides
636:SkellefteĂĄ
632:Furuögrund
620:High Coast
585:ice divide
543:Salvelinus
497:Lake Onega
440:built up.
409:24 ka BP (
399:ice divide
300:ice fields
265:it is the
195:Yoldia Sea
172:Eemian Sea
2176:Cromerian
2156:Eburonian
2082:0424-7116
1934:133775764
1889:129656482
1688:128972883
1554:April 20,
1528:April 19,
1168:249524145
889:Artemisia
885:sagebrush
881:Juniperus
873:Hippophae
664:White Sea
505:White Sea
323:Greenland
315:Patagonia
141:) of the
70:‹See Tfd›
45:ice sheet
2196:Holstein
2171:Bavelian
2166:Menapian
930:See also
905:Holocene
877:junipers
503:and the
481:Götaland
473:Bornholm
415:thousand
411:kiloannī
304:ice caps
184:Holocene
139:Weichsel
120:Holocene
105:glacials
2161:Waalian
2151:Tiglian
2005:Bibcode
1914:Bibcode
1869:Bibcode
1801:Bibcode
1726:Bibcode
1668:Bibcode
1594:Bibcode
1492:Bibcode
1443:Bibcode
1351:Bibcode
1300:Bibcode
1148:Bibcode
1034:Bibcode
861:willows
749:In the
725:larches
521:SmĂĄland
517:sandurs
485:Gotland
413:or one
382:Saalian
352:Ă…lesund
306:in the
279:Ireland
143:Vistula
112:ice age
107:of the
2181:Elster
2095:
2080:
1982:
1957:
1932:
1887:
1842:
1760:Fennia
1686:
1219:Boreas
1187:Boreas
1166:
1112:
1066:
903:, the
883:) and
867:sp.),
765:sedges
729:spruce
654:Since
548:Sommen
513:eskers
417:years
378:
372:
356:shells
312:Andean
147:Polish
137:name (
135:German
74:German
61:Poland
37:Europe
2186:Saale
1930:S2CID
1885:S2CID
1767:(1–2)
1684:S2CID
1636:(PDF)
1548:(PDF)
1522:(PDF)
1253:(PDF)
1164:S2CID
1134:(PDF)
957:Notes
865:Salix
733:alder
537:Mysis
277:, in
269:, in
151:Wisła
131:]
47:(the
2093:ISBN
2078:ISSN
1980:ISBN
1955:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1773:2017
1556:2019
1530:2019
1319:2022
1271:2018
1110:ISBN
1064:ISBN
727:and
540:and
515:and
302:and
273:the
63:and
27:The
2068:hdl
2058:doi
2013:doi
1922:doi
1877:doi
1865:442
1809:doi
1765:180
1734:doi
1722:104
1676:doi
1612:hdl
1602:doi
1590:221
1500:doi
1461:hdl
1451:doi
1439:147
1404:doi
1369:hdl
1359:doi
1347:169
1308:doi
1228:doi
1196:doi
1156:doi
1042:doi
875:),
859:),
647:as
99:In
96:).
88:),
2218::
2076:,
2066:,
2011:.
2001:61
1999:.
1965:^
1942:^
1928:.
1920:.
1910:99
1908:.
1883:.
1875:.
1863:.
1838:.
1836:37
1807:.
1797:12
1795:.
1763:.
1757:.
1732:.
1720:.
1714:.
1682:.
1674:.
1664:94
1662:.
1648:^
1610:.
1600:.
1588:.
1582:.
1564:^
1498:.
1488:36
1486:.
1459:.
1449:.
1437:.
1433:.
1418:^
1400:77
1398:.
1392:.
1367:.
1357:.
1345:.
1339:.
1327:^
1306:.
1296:29
1294:.
1288:.
1263:96
1261:.
1255:.
1240:^
1224:10
1222:.
1192:10
1190:.
1162:.
1154:.
1144:15
1142:.
1136:.
1121:^
1075:^
1040:.
1016:^
907:.
891:).
775:).
716:.
668:yr
651:.
495:,
483:,
425:.
358:.
343:.
285:.
149::
129:de
76::
2125:e
2118:t
2111:v
2070::
2060::
2019:.
2015::
2007::
1936:.
1924::
1916::
1891:.
1879::
1871::
1848:.
1815:.
1811::
1803::
1775:.
1742:.
1736::
1728::
1690:.
1678::
1670::
1620:.
1614::
1604::
1596::
1558:.
1532:.
1506:.
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