95:
397:
on March 15. Because the Nazis had repeatedly said they had no interest ruling over territory with "Czechs, Poles, and non-Germans", there was widespread confusion over the inherent contradiction in seizing Czech land. Bell points out that there is no contradiction if you take Hitler at his own word.
351:
demanded an investigation after several engineers at
Telefunken became suspicious. Runge was able to convince Göring that his team's inability to develop the technology was due to incompetence. Moreover, he bluffed Göring that British submarines could not possibly be using centimetric radar. Göring
174:
While researching his philosophy dissertation in 2008, Jason Bell consulted
Winthrop Bell's archive at Mount Allison University. They were closed to previous researchers. He was shocked to find the archive full of Winthrop's dispatches from his years as a spy. Jason wrote a biography of Winthrop's
416:
In part two, Bell presses his point by quoting Hitler's aspiration to "take up where we left off six hundred years ago". Unlike medieval
Germans, who interbred with their captives, Hitler rails at length against such admixture. Bell also turns Hitler's interpretation of Germany's "slow execution"
408:
and closely reads Hitler's plans for how conquered territory will be managed: exclusively by
Germans. He concludes, "Germany is to conquer huge stretches of territory now inhabited by non-Germans, but at the same time the enlarged German Reich is not to include any non-Germans in its population,
327:
plot to thwart German advances in radar. Before it was classified, he published their research to make sure the entire world had access to German technology and eliminated the Nazi's advantage. He also slowed progress by creating two separate radar research tracks, one within
Telefunken under
426:
as a model. Bell predicted that Hitler would "arrange the stages of the 'gradual execution' as to mask its real nature as long as possible not only from the victims but also from the rest of the world." He presciently concludes that "isolation" from Hitler's policy is impossible".
205:
reporter, and he filed many news stories that were syndicated in
English media. At the same time, he was filing reports to MI6 and penetrating deeply into post-war Germany's complicated political factions. He witnessed the military fighting between them and noted how dangerous the
248:
where he reported that tensions were extremely high. Bell warned, "every day incidents occur showing how imminent is the danger of an outburst which would lead to the fiercest and bloodiest kind of civil war." A month later, Bell's prediction took the form of
385:
finally agreed to publish it. Bell revised his essay, and it was published in two installments: "Exterminate Non-Germans, Dogma of 'Mein Kampf'" (November 25) and "Hitler's
Extermination Policy is World-Wide" (December 2).
271:
Bell left
Germany on November 4, 1919 and returned to London. He spent the rest of the year warning about the rising threat in Germany. Bell had seen how dangerous the radical Germans were and how obsessed they were with
1002:
253:. When he returned to Berlin, Bell found it "in the throes of a great strike and a sinister political background. It might not take much to overthrow the Government but what would follow only the Gods know."
421:
into a prescription for Nazi treatment of conquered lands. Hitler writes, "A clever victor will as far as possible impose his requirements upon the vanquished bit by bit," and he invokes the extermination of
374:
meant exactly what he said in the book. He wrote an essay saying the Nazis were bent on exterminating non-Aryans around the world. He finished the essay by April 6, but no one would print it. When Hitler
268:. The Freikorps allied with the Russians in the assault. Bell worked to insure that the UK could win the battle and not overreact to the labyrinthian scheme of German reactionaries.
308:, where he met his friend Edith Stein. He also visited his old advisor Edmund Husserl at the end of the trip. They traveled onto Göttingen, where they began an 18-day trip with
599:
Bell, Jason M. (2011). "The German
Translation of Royce's Epistemology by Husserl's Student Winthrop Bell: A Neglected Bridge of Pragmatic-Phenomenological Interpretation?".
1149:
128:, for more than three years. After the war, he gave talks about his experiences as a prisoner and warned that the terms of peace were too steep for Germans to survive.
985:
150:
In his latter years he focused his energies on historical research, much of which concerned the group of mid-18th-Century immigrants to Nova Scotia known as the "
1134:
190:
on
December 3, 1918. Bell gave Borden his view of the German situation. By December 9, he was informally a Canadian agent and briefing intelligence agencies at
1144:
1099:
960:
352:
never told his counterparts in the German Navy about the discovery. Meanwhile, the Royal Navy were in fact using the new technology and devastating the
394:
786:
711:
343:
neared, Runge lied that it was impractical and insured that research was defunded in 1942. In February 1943, when the Germans shot down a British
281:
874:
1169:
28:
1129:
198:
and officially became an MI6 agent, with Canada underwriting the cost of his employment. He returned to Germany on February 21, 1919.
300:
Winthrop Bell resumed his espionage career in 1934. This time, he took his wife Hazel with him on a trip that began on June 26th in
1119:
848:
676:
812:
828:
694:
656:
564:
496:
261:
770:"GERMAN UPHEAVAL SHATTERED IDOLS: FORMER WAR PRISONER SAYS PEOPLE WERE DUPED BY LEADERS." The Globe. April 15, 1920. 10.
459:
1124:
753:
1164:
858:
469:
398:
He instructs readers to ignore Hitler's speeches, because they are rife with inconsistencies. Bell focuses on
1088:
250:
1093:
899:
820:
340:
215:
159:
1035:
229:
understand how desperate the situation was in Germany in 1919. He personally briefed UK Prime Minister
84:
47:
until his work as a spy for MI6 was uncovered. In 1939, Bell published the first major warning of the
1020:
381:
1076:
121:
64:
1070:
195:
1139:
519:
238:
646:
556:
226:
144:
80:
36:
932:
Cracking the Nazi Code: The Untold Story of Agent A12 and the Solving of the Holocaust Code.
1159:
1154:
418:
222:
1065:
620:
8:
844:
151:
642:
624:
616:
423:
411:
Hitler proposes that those existing populations shall be, quite literally, exterminated
376:
230:
140:
72:
40:
533:
854:
824:
731:
690:
652:
628:
560:
492:
465:
68:
329:
723:
686:
682:
608:
552:
547:
Bell, Jason (February 2014). "On Four Originators of Transatlantic Phenomenology".
390:
348:
211:
182:
During the interview phase of Winthrop Bell's recruitment, Canadian Prime Minister
1081:
581:
486:
117:
94:
60:
444:
727:
612:
344:
289:
257:
88:
225:
knowing how volatile the German state was. He was instrumental in helping the
1113:
735:
312:
who had been a intelligence asset for Bell during his first stint as a spy.
309:
245:
234:
187:
183:
754:"Canada's unsung hero: Academic turned spy foresaw WW II, says UNB scholar"
76:
1066:
Mount Allison University Archives Website Concerning Winthrop Pickard Bell
91:. Bell wrote his doctoral dissertation about Royce's theory of knowledge.
787:"The history of espionage shows how spying contributes to a free society"
672:
333:
110:
44:
404:
389:
Part one begins with British astonishment at Hitler's violation of the
366:
316:
32:
945:
207:
191:
48:
25:
520:"Winthrop Pickard Bell: Man of the Maritimes, Citizen of the World"
347:
they were shocked to realize it had functioning centimetric radar.
324:
1018:
Bell, Winthrop. "Exterminate Non-Germans, Dogma of 'Mein Kampf'",
305:
301:
285:
202:
133:
961:"From the Archive: The Paris Peace Conference and Upper Silesia"
1103:
1048:
Bell, Winthrop. "Hitler's Extermination Policy is World-Wide",
371:
353:
125:
101:
1077:
Mount Allison University Archives: Winthrop Pickard Bell fonds
320:
1003:
Technological Intelligence and the Radar War in World War II
549:
Josiah Royce, Edmund Husserl, William Hocking, Winthrop Bell
1089:
The "Foreign Protestants" and the Settlement of Nova Scotia
323:
research. He told Bell that he was engaged in an elaborate
273:
265:
156:
The "Foreign Protestants" and the Settlement of Nova Scotia
129:
87:, which is where he completed his doctoral studies under
280:, and asked permission to publish it commercially. The
900:
An unofficial person of history: Winthrop Pickard Bell
284:
refused. He retired as a spy and taught philosophy at
139:
In 1920, Bell returned to North America to teach at
98:
Engraving by Winthorp P. Bell on a cell-door in the
1150:
Harvard University Department of Philosophy faculty
815:. In Kersten, Frederick; Zaner, Richard M. (eds.).
113:was among his friends during his Göttingen period.
43:. He was best known for his work as a historian of
1100:Register of the Foreign Protestants of Nova Scotia
221:Bell pleaded with his superiors to ameliorate the
164:Register of the Foreign Protestants of Nova Scotia
1082:Nova Scotia Archives: Winthrop Pickard Bell Fonds
1111:
304:. Traveling as a businessman, Winthrop went to
256:In the fall of 1919, Bell was able to warn the
120:he was held in the civilian internment camp at
1135:World War I civilian detainees held by Germany
990:Paris Peace Conference and Beyond, 1919-1939
850:The Context of the Phenomenological Movement
379:, five months after Bell wrote his warning,
276:. He consolidated his jeremiad into a book,
210:were to stability. He found the demoralized
201:Winthrop Bell's professional cover was as a
99:
1145:Academic staff of the University of Toronto
843:
710:Bell, Winthrop Pickard; Angus, Ian (2012).
166:was published some years after his death.
79:. He traveled to Germany and attended the
747:
745:
709:
641:
147:. He entered the private sector in 1927.
817:Phenomenology:Continuation and Criticism
780:
778:
776:
651:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 16.
514:
512:
510:
508:
132:recruited, trained, and returned him to
93:
1112:
810:
751:
742:
557:10.5422/fordham/9780823255283.003.0005
484:
457:
194:. In late January 1919, Bell met with
958:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
773:
671:
648:Edith Stein: A Philosophical Prologue
505:
402:theme of expanding Germany to create
24:(May 12, 1884 – April 4, 1965) was a
784:
598:
579:
546:
359:
295:
959:Waite, Katherine (August 7, 2020).
332:'s purview and the other under the
13:
1170:20th-century Canadian philosophers
1071:Winthrop Pickard Bell Bibliography
1009:. WINTER 2016 - Volume 5, Issue 1.
905:
752:Fraser, Elizabeth (June 4, 2019).
485:Cairns, Dorion (October 2, 2012).
458:Cairns, Dorion (October 2, 2012).
278:Report on the Condition in Germany
14:
1181:
1059:
580:Ward, Roger (January 25, 2015).
488:The Philosophy of Edmund Husserl
461:The Philosophy of Edmund Husserl
244:In July of 1919, he was sent to
1120:Mount Allison University alumni
1042:
1027:
1012:
995:
978:
952:
937:
892:
867:
837:
804:
764:
703:
665:
1130:University of Göttingen alumni
785:Bell, Jason (April 29, 2023).
635:
592:
573:
540:
526:
478:
451:
437:
63:, Nova Scotia and educated at
1:
430:
169:
158:, which was published by the
154:". His most notable book was
16:Canadian academic (1884–1965)
54:
7:
1094:University of Toronto Press
251:the First Silesian Uprising
237:on the same day during the
160:University of Toronto Press
10:
1186:
1073:, Mount Allison University
992:. British Online Archives.
728:10.5840/symposium201216226
621:10.5406/pluralist.6.1.0046
613:10.5406/pluralist.6.1.0046
370:in 1939, he realized that
339:When the great advance of
1125:Harvard University alumni
853:. Springer. p. 229.
678:Letters to Roman Ingarden
319:, Runge was in charge of
186:invited him to dinner at
100:
1165:McGill University alumni
1039:. Hutchinson, 1972. 598.
445:"Winthrop Bell Archives"
65:Mount Allison University
1024:. November 25, 1939. 2.
965:British Online Archives
902:. J.C. Young, 2005. vi.
811:Cairns, Dorion (1973).
534:"Winthrop Pickard Bell"
464:. Springer. p. v.
196:Mansfield Smith-Cumming
106:of Göttingen University
85:University of Göttingen
75:where he studied under
1052:. December 2, 1939. 2.
949:. December 5, 1918. 9.
712:"The Idea of a Nation"
584:The Relevance of Royce
288:before going into the
239:Paris Peace Conference
177:Cracking the Nazi Code
107:
943:"Sir Robert Borden".
898:MacLeod, Lois Mary. "
341:centimetre wave radar
227:Allies of World War I
218:to be great sources.
145:University of Toronto
97:
81:University of Leipzig
37:University of Toronto
22:Winthrop Pickard Bell
934:Pegasus Books, 2024.
845:Spiegelberg, Herbert
419:Treaty of Versailles
223:Treaty of Versailles
143:. He also taught at
879:preserve.lib.unb.ca
643:MacIntyre, Alasdair
262:October 1919 attack
152:Foreign Protestants
791:The Globe and Mail
551:. pp. 47–68.
231:David Lloyd George
141:Harvard University
108:
73:Harvard University
1001:Lorber, Azriel. "
847:(March 9, 2013).
830:978-94-010-2379-5
696:978-1-939272-25-6
658:978-0-7425-5953-0
566:978-0-8232-5528-3
498:978-94-007-5043-2
360:Holocaust Warning
296:Return to Germany
212:Prussian officers
69:McGill University
1177:
1086:Bell, Winthrop.
1053:
1046:
1040:
1033:Hitler, Adolph.
1031:
1025:
1016:
1010:
999:
993:
984:Bell, Winston. "
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
956:
950:
941:
935:
928:
903:
896:
890:
889:
887:
885:
871:
865:
864:
841:
835:
834:
823:. pp. 5–6.
821:Martinus Nijhoff
808:
802:
801:
799:
797:
782:
771:
768:
762:
761:
749:
740:
739:
707:
701:
700:
687:ICS Publications
683:Washington, D.C.
669:
663:
662:
639:
633:
632:
596:
590:
589:
577:
571:
570:
544:
538:
537:
530:
524:
523:
516:
503:
502:
482:
476:
475:
455:
449:
448:
441:
391:Munich Agreement
349:Heinrich Himmler
105:
104:
83:and finally the
1185:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1110:
1109:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1043:
1032:
1028:
1017:
1013:
1000:
996:
983:
979:
969:
967:
957:
953:
942:
938:
929:
906:
897:
893:
883:
881:
873:
872:
868:
861:
842:
838:
831:
809:
805:
795:
793:
783:
774:
769:
765:
750:
743:
708:
704:
697:
670:
666:
659:
640:
636:
597:
593:
578:
574:
567:
545:
541:
532:
531:
527:
518:
517:
506:
499:
483:
479:
472:
456:
452:
443:
442:
438:
433:
364:When Bell read
362:
345:Stirling bomber
298:
216:Achim von Arnim
172:
118:First World War
59:He was born in
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1183:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1108:
1107:
1097:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1060:External links
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:Saturday Night
1041:
1026:
1021:Saturday Night
1011:
994:
986:Berlin, July 2
977:
951:
936:
904:
891:
875:"Bibliography"
866:
859:
836:
829:
803:
772:
763:
741:
702:
695:
664:
657:
634:
591:
572:
565:
539:
525:
504:
497:
477:
470:
450:
435:
434:
432:
429:
395:Czechoslovakia
382:Saturday Night
377:invaded Poland
361:
358:
330:Hermann Göring
297:
294:
290:private sector
282:Foreign Office
258:United Kingdom
175:career called
171:
168:
89:Edmund Husserl
56:
53:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1182:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:MI6 personnel
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1004:
998:
991:
987:
981:
966:
962:
955:
948:
947:
940:
933:
930:Bell, Jason.
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
901:
895:
880:
876:
870:
862:
860:9789401732703
856:
852:
851:
846:
840:
832:
826:
822:
819:. The Hague:
818:
814:
813:"My Own Life"
807:
792:
788:
781:
779:
777:
767:
759:
755:
748:
746:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
698:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:
674:
668:
660:
654:
650:
649:
644:
638:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:The Pluralist
595:
587:
585:
576:
568:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:
535:
529:
521:
515:
513:
511:
509:
500:
494:
490:
489:
481:
473:
471:9789400750432
467:
463:
462:
454:
446:
440:
436:
428:
425:
420:
414:
412:
407:
406:
401:
396:
392:
387:
384:
383:
378:
373:
369:
368:
357:
355:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
310:Wilhelm Runge
307:
303:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
269:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
247:
246:Upper Silesia
242:
240:
236:
235:Robert Borden
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:Robert Borden
180:
178:
167:
165:
162:in 1961; his
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
103:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
52:
51:in English.
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
27:
23:
19:
1087:
1049:
1044:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1014:
1007:RCAF Journal
1006:
997:
989:
980:
968:. Retrieved
964:
954:
944:
939:
931:
894:
882:. Retrieved
878:
869:
849:
839:
816:
806:
794:. Retrieved
790:
766:
757:
722:(2): 34–46.
719:
715:
705:
677:
673:Stein, Edith
667:
647:
637:
607:(1): 46–62.
604:
600:
594:
583:
575:
548:
542:
528:
491:. Springer.
487:
480:
460:
453:
439:
415:
410:
403:
400:Mein Kampf's
399:
393:by invading
388:
380:
365:
363:
338:
314:
299:
277:
270:
255:
243:
220:
200:
181:
176:
173:
163:
155:
149:
138:
115:
109:
77:Josiah Royce
58:
21:
20:
18:
1160:1965 deaths
1155:1884 births
988:." (1919).
582:"Review of
136:as a spy.
116:During the
111:Edith Stein
45:Nova Scotia
31:who taught
1114:Categories
1036:Mein Kampf
431:References
417:under the
405:lebensraum
367:Mein Kampf
317:Telefunken
260:about the
214:, such as
188:Claridge's
170:Spy Career
33:philosophy
946:The Times
796:April 15,
736:1480-2333
716:Symposium
629:144317418
208:Freikorps
192:Whitehall
55:Biography
49:Holocaust
758:CBC News
675:(2014).
645:(2007).
424:Carthage
409:because
325:sabotage
122:Ruhleben
29:academic
26:Canadian
1096:, 1961.
970:July 1,
884:May 19,
356:fleet.
306:Cologne
302:Antwerp
286:Harvard
203:Reuters
134:Germany
124:, near
61:Halifax
41:Harvard
35:at the
1104:CD-ROM
857:
827:
734:
693:
655:
627:
619:
563:
495:
468:
372:Hitler
354:U-boat
126:Berlin
102:Karzer
71:, and
625:S2CID
617:JSTOR
321:radar
972:2024
886:2022
855:ISBN
825:ISBN
798:2024
732:ISSN
691:ISBN
653:ISBN
561:ISBN
493:ISBN
466:ISBN
336:.
334:navy
274:Jews
266:Riga
233:and
39:and
1005:".
724:doi
609:doi
553:doi
413:."
315:At
292:.
264:on
130:MI6
1116::
1102:,
1092:.
963:.
907:^
877:.
789:.
775:^
756:.
744:^
730:.
720:16
718:.
714:.
689:.
685::
681:.
623:.
615:.
603:.
559:.
507:^
241:.
179:.
67:,
1106:.
974:.
888:.
863:.
833:.
800:.
760:.
738:.
726::
699:.
661:.
631:.
611::
605:6
588:.
586:"
569:.
555::
536:.
522:.
501:.
474:.
447:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
