2089:, citing an email, on 12 September 2017 the IHRA Permanent Office in Berlin confirmed: "The Plenary of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) adopted the working definition of antisemitism under the Romanian Chairmanship on 26 May 2016. The working definition, like all IHRA decision, is non-legally binding. The working definition is the text in the box", and that when their reporter sought explicit confirmation from IHRA was advised to "just include a link to the IHRA website". Lerman states that this confirmed that the definition and the examples were separate things. He said "The discussions, as I remember them, were quite intense and lengthy, both in the couloirs and in the plenary hall, until a decisive step was taken by the presidency, on the demand by some member states. Namely, the original draft text was cut into two, and only the first two-sentence part was to be the working-definition to be adopted, while the other part, the examples, remained what they were: examples to serve as illustrations, to guide the IHRA in its work. From then on, the plenary was able to move quickly on, and the non-legally binding working definition was unanimously adopted." In 2021
3223:'At the same time, the Working Definition has had its share of critics, as should be expected of any serious intergovernmental effort to address this difficult subject. In 2011, the United Kingdom's University and College Union (UCU), a trade union of English university professors, considered a motion to disassociate itself from the EUMC definition ... based on a belief that it 'confuses criticism of Israeli government policy and actions with genuine anti-Semitism' ... This triggered a lively controversy that engulfed not only the English academic and Jewish communities, but also Jewish, human rights, and higher education groups throughout Europe and Worldwide. In the United States, the meaning and application of the Working Definition have been contested even among those who support it. In 2011, Kenneth Stern, who was then the top anti-Semitism expert at the American Jewish Committee, drew intense criticism when he ... argued that the Working Definition was being invoked by complainants in federal civil rights cases before the United States Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights (OCR) to censor speech that is critical of Israel.'
2765:. Gould described "the IHRA definition as a quasi-law" and documents the meaning of the IHRA document's self-description as "legally non-binding," the history of its application, and the legal dynamics bearing on its deployment in university contexts. In a later opinion piece, Gould stated that "These dimensions are made all the more contentious by its imprecise content and the significant ambiguity around its legal status. On the basis of the many ways in which the IHRA definition has been used to censor speech, particularly on university campuses" and "that the definition's proponents have not paid enough attention to the harms of censoring Israel-critical speech." In the journal article, she also noted that since the adoption of the IHRA definition "at least five universities , and likely many more, have had planned events cancelled or otherwise censored due to a perceived need to comply with this definition, even in the absence of its legal ratification."
3028:
for data collectors in
European countries to identify what to include and exclude from their reports about antisemitism, and to have a common frame of reference so that data might be compared across borders." He "encouraged the Department of State's first Special Envoy for Antisemitism to promote the definition as an important tool." He stated that he used it effectively as the framework for a report on global antisemitism. However, he added: "approaches to antisemitism that endorse and promote academic freedom are more likely to work, in part because they underscore the academy's goal of increasing knowledge and promoting critical thinking.... approaches that explain academic freedom away or harm it will not only fail, they make the problem worse." Therefore, he has cautioned against the free speech implications of legislating for its use on college campuses.
2905:
Government and coverage of human rights abuses against
Palestinians. He said the definition was not intended to be binding and was not drafted as a comprehensible definition the British government's adoption of the working definition "has no legal effect" and recommended that any public bodies or organizations should follow the Home Affairs Committee recommendation and add to it the clarification that "it is not anti-Semitic to criticise the Government of Israel without additional evidence to suggest anti-Semitic intent." He concluded that "It is imprecise, confusing and open to misinterpretation and even manipulation... is not fit for any purpose that seeks to use it as an adjudicative standard" and political action against Israel is not properly characterised as antisemitic unless the action is intended to promote hatred or hostility against Jews in general.
3232:'The weaknesses of the "Working Definition" are the gateway to its political instrumentalization, for instance for morally discrediting opposing positions in the Arab-Israeli conflict with the accusation of antisemitism. This has relevant implications for fundamental rights. The increasing implementation of the "Working Definition" as a quasi-legal basis for administrative action promises regulatory potential. In fact, it is instead an instrument that all but invites arbitrariness. It can be used to abridge fundamental rights particularly freedom of speech with respect to disfavoured positions on Israel. In contrast to what the designation "Working Definition" suggests, no further development of the definition to rectify these weaknesses is occurring.'
2698:, the Israeli ambassador criticised Achiume for making "unfounded recommendations" that "clearly demonstrate a political agenda". In recent years, criticism of the definition has grown with critics arguing that it "primarily targets criticism of Israel and that it has been weaponized against Palestinian activists". In a statement published on 3 November 2022, 128 scholars, including leading Jewish academics at Israeli, European, United Kingdom and United States universities, said the definition has been "hijacked" and urged the United Nations not to adopt the definition due to its "divisive and polarising" effect. As of 20 April 2023, 104 human and civil rights organisations including
1620:, in the report the primary cause of rising antisemitism in Europe was assigned to young Muslim males, while in a press release for the subsequent final publication the EUMC assigned the rise in antisemitism to "young, disaffected white Europeans". Marcus writes, the larger issue was missed that the definition of antisemitism that the EUMC used was based on "seven stereotypical traits: deceptiveness, strange-ness, hostility, greed, corruption, conspiratorial power, and deicidal murderousness". The EUMC report concluded that anti-Israeli and anti-Zionism expression could only be considered antisemitic if it was based on the stereotype of Israel as the collective Jew.
2796:(IJV) launched an academic petition and a petition for Jewish-Canadian academics against the working definition, initially signed by more than 500 and more than 150 scholars respectively (the former reaching over 600 as of early 2022). According to IJV, 32 faculty associations and academic unions in Canada have taken positions against it. Following its participation in the Malmö International Forum on Holocaust Remembrance and Combating Antisemitism in October 2021, the Canadian government pledged to "continue to enhance the adoption and implementation of the IHRA working definition of antisemitism". Subsequently, according to IJV and
3195:, issued in May 2023, states: "Antisemitism is a stereotypical and negative perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred of Jews. It is prejudice, bias, hostility, discrimination, or violence against Jews for being Jews or Jewish institutions or property for being Jewish or perceived as Jewish. Antisemitism can manifest as a form of racial, religious, national origin, and/or ethnic discrimination, bias, or hatred; or, a combination thereof. However, antisemitism is not simply a form of prejudice or hate. It is also a pernicious conspiracy theory that often features myths about Jewish power and control."
3081:(CoP) that APN "... will not adopt the full version of the IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism (with the accompanying examples) ...". They clarified that "The problem is not with the definition itself but rather with the accompanying examples, which CoP members are requested to endorse as an integral part of the definition. Some of these examples go far beyond what can reasonably be regarded as antisemitism. They cross the line into the realm of politics and are already being used to score political points in the United States, and to quash legitimate criticism of deplorable Israeli government policies."
4880:, pp. 166–167: "The European Union has not recently afforded the International Definition the respect that it has elsewhere received. Neither the EUMC nor its successor agency, the European Union's Fundamental Rights Agency, has ever formally endorsed the definition. Rather, the agency's Executive Director issued it without formal review by her political overseers. This gave the document a peculiar vulnerability to the winds of political change. In 2013, as we have seen, the Fundamental Rights Agency took the Working Definition down from its website during the course of renovations."
2748:
different contexts in which people apply its definition... But people of goodwill who genuinely want to solve the conundrum – combating antisemitism while protecting free political speech – should welcome the code as a constructive initiative, and criticise it constructively... For this to happen, the seas of language are going to have to subside and critics must stop treating the IHRA document as immutable. In the
Judaism in which I was nurtured and educated, there is only one text whose status is sacred; and it was not written by a committee of the IHRA."
3070:
legitimate criticisms of Israel and advocacy for
Palestinian rights with antisemitism, as a means to suppress the former" and that "this conflation undermines both the Palestinian struggle for freedom, justice and equality and the global struggle against antisemitism. It also serves to shield Israel from being held accountable to universal standards of human rights and international law." The statement went on to urge governments, municipalities, universities and other institutions to reject the IHRA definition.
5019:
4053:, 1 January 2015, page 4: "However, the definition itself rapidly became a topic of controversy rather than consensus. The points at issue included what the status of a 'working definition' actually was, whether the working definition was an effective and coherent definition at all, and, finally, controversy dogged the application of the working definition to debate on the State of Israel and its policies. The criticisms have been damaging and the EUMC working definition largely has fallen out of favour."
3041:"Imagine a definition designed for Palestinians. If 'Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, and denying Israel the right to exist' is antisemitism, then shouldn't 'Denying the Palestinian people their right to self-determination, and denying Palestine the right to exist' be anti-Palestinianism? Would they then ask administrators to police and possibly punish campus events by pro-Israel groups who oppose the two state solution, or claim the Palestinian people are a myth?"
2003:(D-San Diego), who is Jewish, who said the bill "fails to effectively address the very real rise of antisemitism, all while defunding colleges and universities across the country and punishing many, if not all, of the non-violent protestors speaking out against the Israeli military’s conduct." The bill must now pass the Senate. More than 1,200 Jewish scholars have petitioned President Biden not to approve the measure, arguing that it criminalises legitimate criticism of Israel.
1734:, the EUMC director and head of research, and the ODIHR Tolerance and Non-Discrimination program director and antisemitism expert. The outcome was negotiated between Andrew Baker, Stern's colleague at the AJC, and Beate Winkler, director of the EUMC. According to Michael Whine of the Community Security Trust, "the Director of the ODIHR Tolerance and Non-Discrimination Division and the Advisor on Antisemitism played an active role in formulating the Working Definition."
1439:
68:
2582:, said many of IHRA's examples were "adopted word for word in our code of conduct" while "the ground is covered" for others. He said: "We should be going further than the IHRA definition and the language of the code is at times much stronger. We need to expand on a lot of the examples to ensure that we have a legally enforceable code so that we can enforce discipline as everyone wants to." The NEC's modified examples sparked criticism amid
2363:. An attempt to enshrine the definition in US federal law in 2024 encountered strong opposition, with 1,200 Jewish academics opposing the move as a dangerous conflation of criticism of Israel with antisemitism that would threaten freedom of speech.Their open letter asserted that '(c)riticism of the state of Israel, the Israeli government, policies of the Israeli government, or Zionist ideology is not — in and of itself — antisemitic.'
2919:
2078:
IRHA stated would be used to guide it in its work. After the caveat, "taking into account the overall context", the examples of what could constitute antisemitism include "Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations" and "claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor" (and nine other examples).
1754:
country cannot be regarded as antisemitic." The EUMC separated the working definition with eleven examples. This was presented as two separate groups, the first six examples were antisemitic tropes and the following five examples were introduced with the sentence: "Examples of the ways in which antisemitism manifests itself with regard to the state of Israel taking into account the overall context could include".
4149:: "In light of the longstanding commitment of the U.S. to free speech and other individual freedoms as demonstrated within our Constitution, the Office of the Special Envoy believes that this definition provides an adequate initial guide by which anti-Semitism can eventually both be defined and combated, and therefore presents this 'working definition' as a starting point in the fight against anti-Semitism. "
2870:
defence) of Israel or of
Zionism is not only generally lawful: it is affirmatively protected by law. Endeavours to conflate the two by characterising everything other than anodyne criticism of Israel as anti-Semitic are not new. What is new is the adoption by the UK government (and the Labour Party) of a definition of anti-Semitism which endorses the conflation." In July 2018, Sedley wrote a letter to
3016:
the vitally important but limited role of being the communications hub as various drafts and proposed language were circulated, slowly moving toward a consensus agreement where his role ended." Similarly, The
Antisemitism Policy Trust also notes "Stern did not write the IHRA definition but did, together with a number of others help draft text that the EUMC adapted when writing its definition."
2744:
not to perpetuate the notion that Jews stand alone." He later stated that "the case against IHRA is so strong" and "...the fundamental principle that IHRA is so flawed it should be abandoned..." In August 2019, he wrote: "The vagueness of the 'working definition' of antisemitism has licensed a free-for-all of interpretation, delighting opponents of
Palestinian demands for equal rights."
1779:
UK), international meetings of parliamentarians, United States
Department of State Reports, The United States Commission on Civil Rights, and in submissions to the United Nations Economic and Social Council Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights ... It continues to be referenced more and more because of its clear utility.
1528:, on 26 May 2016. It was subsequently accepted by the European Parliament and other national and international bodies and employed for internal use by a number of governmental and political institutions, although not all have explicitly included the illustrative examples. Pro-Israeli organizations have been advocates for the worldwide legal adoption of the IHRA definition.
2694:, the special rapporteur on contemporary racism, delivered a report that said the working definition was both ineffective and had "an impact on the human rights of minorities and vulnerable groups, including Jews", calling the definition "controversial" and "divisive". The United States envoy said he was "disappointed" that the report "politicized the IHRA definition" and
2578:(NEC) adopted without a vote a definition of antisemitism based on the IHRA definition, although it removed or amended four out of eleven IHRA examples, added three examples, and amended points showing how criticising Israel can be antisemitic. Labour said the wording in the code of conduct "expands on and contextualises" the IHRA examples. The Shadow Solicitor-General,
2409:
of speech. The government also noted that the police already used a previous version of the definition (the EUMC version) and that it "is a useful tool for criminal justice agencies and other public bodies to use to understand how anti-Semitism manifests itself in the 21st century". Later that month, the government announced it would formally adopt the definition.
2781:'s attempt to force universities to adopt it, stating that it "inhibits free speech and academic freedom; it deprives Palestinians of their own legitimate voice within the UK public space; and, finally, it inhibits us, as Israeli nationals, from exercising our democratic right to challenge our own government." In February 2021, the lead signatory of that letter,
3058:(JVL) saw the working definition as "attempts to widen the definition of antisemitism beyond its meaning of hostility towards, or discrimination against, Jews as Jews". In August 2018, JVL thought the IHRA examples of antisemitism fell short of providing "a clear and unambiguous statement based on attitudes to Jews as Jews, not attitudes to a country, Israel".
3412:
claiming: "A press officer at the FRA has explained that this was a discussion paper and was never adopted by the EU as a working definition, although it has been on the FRA website until recently when it was removed during a clear-out of non-official documents. The link to the FRA site provided by the complainant in his appeal no longer works.
2836:, criticised the IHRA definition as "unclear and confusing", saying it did not have "the clarity which would be required" from a legal definition of antisemitism." He addressed concerns that the definition conflates antisemitism with criticism of Israel and could be misused to curtail campaigning on behalf of Palestinians. He stated:
2889:. It is a right that may be qualified by proportionate legal restrictions necessary for protecting the rights of others: hence the legal bar on hate speech." Regarding the examples he said: "They point to the underlying purpose of the text: to neutralise serious criticism of Israel by stigmatising it as a form of antisemitism."
2664:'s governing body, having previously adopted the IHRA definition, said that it will reconsider the matter following rejection by an internal academic board which called on the university to "retract and replace IHRA working definition with a more precise definition of antisemitism". In a July 2021 opinion piece for the activist
3148:
policymakers and community leaders, aiming to enhance their understanding of the issues that intersect at the nexus of antisemitism, Israel, and
Zionism", the Nexus White Paper, titled "Understanding Antisemitism at its Nexus with Israel and Zionism", and the Nexus "Guide to Identifying Antisemitism in Debates about Israel".
3540:'What started as an honest attempt to tackle growing antisemitism quickly became weaponized by definitional warriors, among them the Zionist Organization of America (ZOA), the American Jewish Committee (AJC), and the Brandeis Center, all of whom have lobbied institutions and governments to adopt it.'(
3164:
published a definition of antisemitism which equates it with all other forms of discrimination, saying: "antisemitism is not an exceptional form of bigotry. People who hate, discriminate and/or attack Jews, will also hate, discriminate and/or attack other protected groups—including racialized people,
3031:
He has opposed efforts to enshrine it in university policies and in
December 2016 wrote a letter to members of the US Congress warning that giving the definition legal status would be "unconstitutional and unwise". In 2011, he co-authored an article about how the 'Working Definition' was being abused
2869:
arguing: "Shorn of philosophical and political refinements, anti-Semitism is hostility towards Jews as Jews. Where it manifests itself in discriminatory acts or inflammatory speech it is generally illegal, lying beyond the bounds of freedom of speech and of action. By contrast, criticism (and equally
2772:
wrote: "those who framed the IHRA's Working Definition of antisemitism were well-intentioned, and the definition itself has commendable features. But it's merely a work-in-progress." He later wrote "...endorsements have endowed the IHRA definition with almost sacrosanct status. But that does not mean
2617:
claimed it had adopted the definition in full. However, at the time their code of conduct approved in December 2017, which only governs the behavior of anyone representing the Party as an elected or appointed official or office-holder, did not mention antisemitism or specify a definition of it. Since
2547:
The IHRA definition is an important tool for the police and other public bodies to understand how antisemitism manifests itself, ... It is unacceptable that places receiving public money, such as universities and local authorities, choose not to accept our IHRA definition of antisemitism and use
2408:
In December 2016, the UK government responded that it had agreed to adopt the IHRA definition, but that the caveats were unnecessary given the definition's clause "criticism of Israel similar to that levelled against any other country cannot be regarded as antisemitic" is sufficient to ensure freedom
1778:
been referenced or relied upon in or by courts (in Lithuanian and Germany), congressional hearings in the United States, online reference tools, newspapers, blogs, scholarly articles, legal articles, radio shows, student groups, museums, national inquiries of parliamentarians (most importantly in the
6435:
Odze, speaking at the 21 February council meeting, said: ... 'This definition is supported by over 30 governments, including the UK, the Scottish and Welsh parliaments. Over 120 councils have adopted it, including 18 London boroughs. In fact, the only inner London boroughs that have not adopted
3015:
There is controversy surrounding the contribution made by Kenneth Stern to the drafting of the IHRA. In an article entitled "The Origins of the Working Definition" Rabbi Andrew Baker, Deidre Berger and Michael Whine, who were involved in the original IHRA definition, describe Stern as having "played
1920:
In June 2010 the State Department adopted a definition based on the EUMC definition, According to Marcus, while it was in effect the State Department definition was more important in determining U.S. government foreign policy than the EUMC definition since it represented an official policy position.
1863:
recommend it for adoption, an undertaking it repeated the following year in its progress report on implementing the Inquiry's recommendations, noting this had been delayed by the process of transforming into the FRA delayed this. In 2009, the leaders of the Labour and Conservative parties signed the
3027:
helped draft the working definition and its examples. In 2015, he re-affirmed his belief in its efficacy: "No definition of something as complex as antisemitism can be perfect, but this one, ten years after its creation, remains a very good one." He stated that the definition was created "as a tool
2747:
In the same month, Klug wrote: "...critics maintain that Labour (or anyone else) has to adopt the IHRA document 'in full'. But the text is not written in stone. It is a working definition with working examples. It is a living document, subject to revision and constantly needing to be adapted to the
2743:
wrote: "investing all in the IHRA working definition of antisemitism is just making matters worse. This is the time to take the path to working with other minority groups, civil society organizations and human rights bodies to confront antisemitism within the context of a wider antiracist struggle,
2689:
In early 2022, on the occasion of International Holocaust Remembrance Day, United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres reiterated a previous position, acknowledging "the efforts of countries that have agreed on the common definition of antisemitism" while at the same time avoiding any mention
2394:
gave evidence describing the definition as "helpful, comprehensive and fit for purpose", as well as a summary of some criticisms of the definition. Among the committee's recommendations were "that the IHRA definition, with our additional caveats, should be formally adopted by the UK Government, law
2077:
The IHRA states that "the Working Definition, including its examples, was reviewed and decided upon" by the plenary. In the press release announcing the adoption of the definition, along with the definition itself, were listed the same eleven examples that featured in the EUMC definition, which the
1853:
recommended that the UK adopt the definition and that it be promoted by the Government and law enforcement agencies. The Government Response the following year recognised the "useful work being done by the EUMC in identifying antisemitic discourse", noted that the government accepted the definition
1741:
which shared many features of Stern's earlier draft. Winkler published the definition "without formal review by her political overseers". Marcus writes that it was a "working definition" in two senses: a working guide to waidentifying antisemitism in practice, and a work-in-progress as opposed to a
5016:, p. 12: "Mr. Weitzman then provided the background to the adoption of the working definition on anti-Semitism during the IHRA Plenary meeting held in Bucharest on 26 May 2016. He explained that the definition is taken from the EUMC definition as there was not enough time to invent a new one."
2604:
examined over 250 articles and broadcast news segments of coverage of Labour's revised code of conduct on antisemitism, and found over 90 examples of misleading or inaccurate reporting. The research found evidence of "overwhelming source imbalance" in which coverage often entirely omitted critical
2064:
plenary meeting of the IHRA on 30 May 2016, where its 31 member countries voted to adopt it. Weitzman later told a workshop that the definition was copied from the EUMC version as there was "not enough time to invent a new one". The decision to adopt the text was based on consensus among IHRA's 31
1916:
report to Congress, noting that "a widely accepted definition of antisemitism can be useful in setting the parameters of the issue. Such a definition also helps to identify the statistics that are needed and focuses attention on the issues that policy initiatives should address ... The EUMC's
1753:
The definition included the concept of collective antisemitism. Several examples relate to animus towards Israel, including both Holocaust inversion and the application of double standards to Israel. The definition states that "However, criticism of Israel similar to that leveled against any other
1592:
was published in May 2004, along with a second report on perceptions of antisemitism based on interviews with European Jews. The antisemitism report was based on data collected by the 15 contact points of EUMC's monitoring network, RAXEN, then the robustness of the data evaluated by an independent
2896:
wrote: "Unfortunately, the definition and the examples are poorly drafted, misleading, and in practice have led to the suppression of legitimate debate and freedom of expression. Nevertheless, clumsily worded as it is, the definition does describe the essence of antisemitism: irrational hostility
2731:
wrote: "I fear this definition is imprecise, and isolates antisemitism from other forms of bigotry." He also said: "The text also carries dangers. It trails a list of 11 examples. Seven deal with criticism of Israel. Some of the points are sensible, some are not." He added: "Crucially, there is a
2589:
A statement by the UK Delegation to the IHRA stated that "Any 'modified' version of the IHRA definition that does not include all of its 11 examples is no longer the IHRA definition. Adding or removing language undermines the months of international diplomacy and academic rigour that enabled this
2403:
It is not antisemitic to criticise the Government of Israel, without additional evidence to suggest antisemitic intent. It is not antisemitic to hold the Israeli Government to the same standards as other liberal democracies, or to take a particular interest in the Israeli Government's policies or
1862:
and that this subsumed the EUMC and went further. It also noted that "from the EUMC's evidence to the Committee", the "definition is in fact a work in progress and has not been recommended to states for adoption". However, it undertook to re-examine this if the EUMC's successor body, the FRA, did
2904:
QC, an expert on freedom of speech and human rights, said that the working definition fails to cover the most insidious forms of hostility to Jewish people. He said that several of the examples are so loosely drafted that they are likely to chill free speech, legitimate criticisms of the Israeli
2880:
did not advise that everything perceived as racist was ipso facto racist. He advised that reported incidents that were perceived by the victim as racist should be recorded and investigated as such. His purpose was to reverse the dismissive culture that characterised the reporting and policing of
2776:
In January 2021, 66 UK Israeli academics wrote an open letter to Vice Chancellors, Members of Academic Senates, all other UK Academics and Students, calling on "all academic senates to reject governmental decrees to adopt it, or, where adopted already, act to revoke it", in response to Education
2102:
The IHRA definition has been adopted for internal use by a number of government and political institutions. By 2018, according to Lerman, the IHRA definition had been formally adopted by 6 of the 31 governments whose countries are members of IHRA, though he notes that it is unclear whether those
3069:
In July 2018, a statement signed by 39 left-wing Jewish organizations in 15 countries, including six based in the UK, was released criticising the working definition, declaring that it was "worded in such a way as to be easily adopted or considered by western governments to intentionally equate
3463:
Advocates of the IHRA definition are vigorously supportive of Israel and link anti-Zionism with antisemitism even though the definition itself does not explicitly say as much… Over the past couple of years, dissatisfaction with the IHRA definition both on its own terms and with how it has been
3411:
In a letter to European Union Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Baroness Catherine Ashton, the Simon Wiesenthal Centre's Director for International Relations, Dr. Shimon Samuels, noted 'The Trust has now, apparently, reversed its ruling following the Definition's removal,
2702:
and the ACLU also urged the United Nations not to adopt the definition saying in a letter that "The IHRA definition has often been used to wrongly label criticism of Israel as antisemitic, and thus chill and sometimes suppress, non-violent protest, activism and speech critical of Israel and/or
2659:
accused institutions of "dragging their feet" and warned that funding streams could be suspended. Following the letter, the UJS said that the number of adoptees rose to 48 while an open letter from a group of lawyers accused the education secretary of "improper interference" with universities'
2084:
notes that the EUMC and IHRA definitions are set out differently. The EUMC 38-word working definition is distinguished from the rest of the text by being set in bold type. The same text in the IHRA definition is also in bold type, and enclosed in a box containing the longer part of a prefatory
1703:
Antisemitism frequently charges Jews with conspiring to harm humanity, and it is often used to blame Jews for "why things go wrong". It is expressed in speech, writing, visual forms and action, and employs sinister stereotypes and negative character traits. (It may also be manifested on people
3147:
The Nexus Task Force, created in November 2019, analyzes issues at the intersection of Israel and antisemitism. On its web site, titled "Israel and Antisemitism: Policy at the Nexus of Two Critical Issues", the task force has published the Nexus Document, described as "a resource designed for
2735:
In February 2017, a letter signed by 243 British academics, who asserted that the "violation of the rights of Palestinians for more than 50 years" should not be silenced, contends "this definition seeks to conflate criticism of Israel with anti-Semitism" and raised concerns about muddying the
2351:
must take into consideration the working definition of antisemitism, as well as the IHRA list of Contemporary Examples of Anti-Semitism, "to the extent that any examples might be useful as evidence of discriminatory intent", when investigating complaints, expanding Title VI to protect against
1773:
In 2010, Stern wrote that "In the last five years, the definition has been increasingly used, because it provides a workable, non-ideological approach to task of identifying antisemitism." The definition was used by monitoring agencies and law enforcement officials in some European countries.
1659:
of the AJC, a human rights lawyer, was critical of the EUMC's original definition, as it was confusing about when attacks on Jews related to the Israel/Palestine conflict could be considered antisemitic, and required investigators to know the intentions of attackers. Meanwhile, the EUMC asked
1495:
is, that reads: "Antisemitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious
2605:
discussion of the 'working definition' and wrongly presented it as consensual and universally adopted, whilst few news reports stated that mainstream academic and legal opinion was overwhelmingly critical of the IHRA definition, including formal opinions from four leading UK barristers.
2021:
reported that the FRA told him around 2011 that: "Since its development we are not aware of any public authority in the EU that applies it FRA has no plans for any further development." He noted that an August 2010 FRA publication on antisemitism did not mention the working definition.
2548:
it when considering matters such as disciplinary procedures. I will use my position as Secretary of State to write to all universities and local authorities to insist that they adopt the IHRA definition at the earliest opportunity. ... Failure to act in this regard is unacceptable.
2844:, as practising settler colonialism or calling for policies of boycott divestment or sanctions against Israel can properly be characterized as antisemitic. A public authority which sought to apply the IHRA Definition to prohibit or sanction such activities would be acting unlawfully.
2590:
definition to exist. If one organization or institution can amend the wording to suit its own needs, then logically anyone else could do the same. We would once again revert to a world where antisemitism goes unaddressed simply because different entities cannot agree on what it is."
3036:
that the definition has been abused on various US university campuses. He warned that it could "restrict academic freedom and punish political speech" and questioned whether definitions created by minority groups should be legislatively enshrined, giving as one of several examples:
3152:, who contributed to the drafting of the IHRA definition and its examples, is an ex officio member of the Nexus Task Force. The "U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism", released on 25 May 2023, states that "the Administration welcomes and appreciates the Nexus Document."
2897:
towards Jews. The 11 examples are another matter. Seven of them refer to the state of Israel. This is where the problem arises. Some of them at least are not necessarily antisemitic. Whether they are or not depends on the context and on additional evidence of antisemitic intent."
1757:
The EUMC working definition was prominently referenced by the OSCE Cordoba conference in June that year. According to Lerman, the definition was promoted by the AJC, other American Jewish organizations, national Jewish representative bodies, Jewish defence organizations, the
2072:
Antisemitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious
1745:
The stated purpose of the definition was to "provide a guide for identifying incidents, collecting data and supporting the implementation and enforcement of legislation dealing with antisemitism", and the working definition stated: "Antisemitism is a certain perception of
3133:, demonization, and double standards as a litmus test for the former. Sharansky's definition was partially incorporated into the EUMC working definition, although was seen by scholars who advocate for that, such as Ken Marcus, as insufficiently rigorous to be used alone.
2807:
A 6 June 2023 report from the European Legal Support Center, an activist defender of Palestinian rights in Europe, analyzes dozens of case studies and the report authors say that they show the IHRA definition being used to restrict freedom of expression and assembly.
1951:
on combating antisemitism on campus, under the title of The Anti-Semitism Awareness Act, to codify the working definition. It would require the US Department of Education to refer to the definition in deciding if educational institutions had violated Title VI of the
3045:
In December 2019, Stern said: "It was created primarily so that European data collectors could know what to include and exclude. That way antisemitism could be monitored better over time and across borders. It was never intended to be a campus hate speech code ".
1631:(ODIHR) to work with the EUMC to develop better ways to monitor antisemitic incidents in OSCE countries. At the same time, according to Marcus, the EUMC, largely due to pressure from American Jewish organizations, scrapped its failed definition of antisemitism.
2881:
racial incidents. To derive from this fallacy a proposition that anything perceived by one or more Jewish people as antisemitic is legally an act of racism is not only absurd: it overlooks another aspect of legality, the right of free expression contained in
2093:
reported that "the governing plenary decided to adopt only the two-sentence passage as its definition, excluding the controversial examples. The examples were not endorsed as part of the working definition but as 'illustrations' to 'guide IHRA in its work'."
1762:, pro-Israel advocacy groups, and was approved by the OSCE and other pan-European organizations. According to Lerman, the EUMC working definition was widely criticized and the organization was put under pressure by supporters and critics of the definition.
2477:
stated that the council's refusal to host the charity event has vindicated concerns raised about the working definition and that it "demonstrates that freedom of expression on Palestine in this country is now being suppressed". The signatories included
1932:, published a letter stating that "It is a perversion of the definition to use it, as some are doing, in an attempt to censor what a professor, student, or speaker can say"; this generated significant controversy within the American Jewish community.
7560:
1660:"selected Jewish NGOs and academics to provide a simple working definition that would encompass antisemitic demonization of Israel, and which could also be used by their own RAXEN network of national focal points and by law enforcement agencies".
3183:, released in March 2021. This document, signed by some 200 international scholars, is intended to be used instead of the IHRA definition, or as a supplement to guide interpretation of the IHRA definition for groups that have already adopted it.
1750:, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities."
7672:"Leading British academics and Israeli citizens call on universities to reject the IHRA definition of antisemitism: The 66 scholars join a broadening coalition of left-to-moderate Jews across the world who oppose the controversial definition"
1963:
On 23 May 2018, the same bills were reintroduced with minor amendments. On 24 July 2018 they were referred again to the Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice. The Bill was criticised as an attack on free speech, including by the
1531:
The definition has been heavily criticised by academics, including legal scholars, who say that it stifles free speech relating to criticism of Israeli actions and policies. High-profile controversies took place in the United Kingdom in 2011
1905:, after investigating campus antisemitism, adopted the definition, to help universities identify the lines between hateful and non-hateful incidents. According to the AJC, in 2007 the EUMC definition was adopted as "an initial guide" by the
2271:, Facebook responded by saying its definition "draws on the spirit—and the text—of the IHRA" but demonstrated reluctance to adopt the examples that relate to Israel, and critics of the definition also lobbied the company not to adopt it.
1699:
Antisemitism is hatred toward Jews because they are Jews and is directed toward the Jewish religion and Jews individually or collectively. More recently, antisemitism has been manifested in the demonization of the State of Israel.
7812:
1627:(OSCE)'s Berlin Declaration recognised that post WW2 antisemitism had changed and was now at times directed against Jews as a collective and Israel as an embodiment of the Jew. The Berlin Declaration also tasked the OSCE's
2466:
refused to host the fifth annual charity bike ride event in aid of Palestinian children in Gaza called BigRide4Palestine due to concerns that criticism of Israel would violate the IHRA working definition of antisemitism.
1729:
At the suggestion of the AJC, the EUMC director organized a meeting of Jewish representatives to discuss the new definition of antisemitism which had been drafted; the consultation involved representatives of the AJC and
5225:
2395:
enforcement agencies and all political parties, to assist them in determining whether or not an incident or discourse can be regarded as antisemitic". The caveats were two additional clarifications designed to protect
5203:
Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel than to their interests of their own nation is listed by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance as an example of contemporary antisemitism in public
2043:
In November 2013, the FRA removed the definition from its website in "a clear-out of non-official documents"; a spokesperson stated at the time that "We are not aware of any official definition ". In April 2016,
6058:
1957:
6088:
4591:
1515:
agency, the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC). The publication was made "without formal review", and remained a working draft, until November 2013 when the EUMC's successor agency, the
7552:
1802:, and at the 2010 OSCE High Level Conference on Tolerance and Non-Discrimination in Astana urged participating states to use and promote the Working Definition. In February 2009, the first conference of the
7015:
3065:
passed a motion resolving that the definition could constitute a threat to freedom of expression by "conflating anti-semitism with criticism of Israel and legitimate defence of the rights of Palestinians."
1609:
or anti-Israel expression might be antisemitic (pp. 13–14) and highlighted the need to develop a common EU definition in order to collect and compare incidents across countries (pp. 25–29).
4452:
1708:
This was then followed by a list of illustrative examples, including five examples of the ways in which antisemitism manifests itself with regard to the State of Israel. According to both Marcus and
2724:, and criticism of Israeli actions and criticism of Zionism as a political ideology into the category of antisemitism and racially based violence towards, discrimination against, or abuse of, Jews.
6375:
6120:
2789:, affirming that "It contradicts universities' commitment to free speech and academic freedom, and it undermines the ongoing fight against racism, including antisemitism, in all its ugly forms."
2759:, published the first extended scholarly critique of the IHRA definition: "Legal Form and Legal Legitimacy: The IHRA Definition of Antisemitism as a Case Study in Censored Speech" in the journal
2015:(FRA), with a broader remit than racism and antisemitism. It has continued to deliver annual reports of antisemitic incidents in the EU countries, based on data from its national contact points.
3374:
2618:
then their code has been amended to include an interpretive annexe on discrimination, which does refer to the IHRA definition and says it was adopted in December 2016 (the date the Conservative
2060:
On 26 May 2016, IHRA adopted a non-legally binding working definition of antisemitism. The IHRA adoption took place following the efforts of Mark Weitzman of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, at the
2320:
2149:
The European Parliament called for member states to adopt the IHRA definition on 1 June 2017 – although Lerman notes that this is without explicitly quoting the examples. As of 29 March 2019,
7237:
7132:
1504:(IHRA) in 2016. Accompanying the working definition, but of disputed status, are 11 illustrative examples whose purpose is described as guiding the IHRA in its work, seven of which relate to
5784:
5319:
2804:(CAUT), representing 72,000 academic faculty and staff at some 125 universities and colleges, passed a motion opposing the adoption of the IHRA definition by Canadian academic institutions.
3352:
6986:
1520:(FRA), removed it from its website in "a clear-out of non-official documents". The working definition was adopted by the IHRA Plenary (consisting of representatives from 31 countries) in
7076:
7166:
8220:
7671:
5333:, that Russia was the only country blocking the adoption of the definition, which is controversial because it lists some forms of hate speech on Israel as an example of anti-Semitism."
4828:
6264:
4221:
5493:
2316:
7045:
5247:
2390:
reported on antisemitism in the UK. Its report included a long section on defining antisemitism, including a discussion of the working definition, noting that the President of the
1601:
Any acts or attitudes that are based on the perception of a social subject (individual, group, institution, or state) as "the ('deceitful', 'corrupt', 'conspiratorial', etc.) Jew".
6015:
5554:
5525:
2534:
9308:
8165:
7098:
6734:
6697:
3078:
3398:
9380:
5217:
1960:. This hearing was held on 7 November 2017; it "took a heated turn" as four of the nine witnesses argued that the definition infringes on freedom of speech regarding Israel.
1874:
formally adopted the Working Definition at its 2007 Conference. Some individual students unions followed suit, although at others motions to do so were defeated. In 2011, the
8389:
5049:
7259:
3847:
8188:
4851:
4698:
7334:
6963:
6803:
8995:
7302:
6048:
8139:
6080:
4583:
2282:, as at 26 September 2021, the IHRA definition has been adopted by 29 countries, the European Union, and numerous local governments and institutions around the world.
2267:'s Board of Directors, calling upon them to fully adopt the IHRA definition as the "cornerstone of Facebook's hate speech policy regarding antisemitism". According to
1588:, including a total of 75 reports, 15 from each member state and a synthesis report. This was to be followed by a comparable report on antisemitism. A report entitled
5824:
1798:. By 2010 it was recommended in the course leaders' Facilitators Guide in the OSCE OHDIR programme to assist law enforcement officials to understand and investigate
419:
6937:
3891:
3032:
in Title VI cases, because it was being employed in an attempt to "restrict academic freedom and punish political speech." In November 2017, Stern explained to the
2177:
said that while Ireland was "supportive of the definition", it "did not consider the illustrative examples that followed to be an integral part of the definition".
8291:
7007:
4117:
2601:
2304:
Australia and Australia Palestine Advocacy Network expressed concerns that the IHRA definition could be used to silence criticism of Israeli policies and actions.
1893:
stated in a Sub-Report for the Parliamentary Committee Against Antisemitism that the definition had "largely has fallen out of favour" due to criticisms received.
1803:
8006:
4772:
6371:
5854:
4916:
2821:
2376:
1819:
5261:
3165:
Muslims, LGBTQ2+, women, Indigenous peoples." They explicitly limit their definition of antisemitism to behaviour "most often associated with white supremacy".
8243:
6330:
3604:
496:
5380:
2103:
countries adopted the attached examples. The countries adopting the IHRA definition also appointed a national coordinator for the fight against antisemitism.
6770:
6216:
4655:
2882:
2235:
2068:
The document included two sections, a two-sentence definition plus the list of 11 examples. IHRA's 38-word basic "working definition" of antisemitism reads:
1712:, the novel element in the draft definition was identifying certain forms of criticism of Israel and Zionism as antisemitic, and Marcus also highlights the "
1577:(EUMC) by Council Regulation (EC) No 1035/97 of 2 June 1997 and commenced in June 1998. Its mandate was to monitor different forms of racism and xenophobia.
357:
9552:
9154:
6852:
6165:
4444:
1537:
5186:
4303:
2052:
annual conference endorsing the definition, the FRA stated that the working definition "is not an official EU definition and has not been adopted by FRA".
1980:
1624:
649:
8806:
6110:
6084:
2640:, told their annual conference the definition was "politically engineered to restrict criticism of Israel's heinous crimes upon the Palestinian people".
2107:
1628:
1574:
1497:
9177:
7977:
4066:
1552:
of the definition on college campuses in ways that might suppress and limit free speech. The controversy over the definition led to the creation of the
8770:
6602:
6550:
3370:
2940:
2933:
2188:
1770:
In 2008, the European Forum on Antisemitism commissioned translations of the Working Definition into each of the 33 languages used by the OSCE states.
17:
8344:
7411:
4989:
4508:
1616:(ZfA) analyzed a pre-release version of the EUMC report. The ZfA report was leaked to the press and poorly received. According to civil rights lawyer
7769:
5431:
3106:, warning that the IHRA definition of antisemitism could limit free speech about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict at U.S. colleges and universities.
1850:
7501:
7229:
7124:
5471:
1663:
During 2003–04, involving the "efforts of a large number of institutes and individual experts", and coordinated by Stern, together with Dina Porat,
8923:
6393:
5315:
2575:
5666:
3874:
3348:
9730:
9504:"In the Matter of the Adoption and Potential Application of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance Working Definition of Anti-Semitism"
8810:
8574:
4891:
4633:
4530:
2983:
2018:
767:
654:
6982:
6531:
5576:
2383:
does include a working definition of antisemitism in their guidance to police forces in the UK", which was then quoted in full in the article.
2173:, Ireland has neither adopted nor formally endorsed the definition and on 9 November 2021, the Minister for Children, Equality and Integration,
8375:
7794:
7675:
7068:
5906:
3192:
2955:
2356:
1466:
1362:
7715:
7158:
6418:
5298:
1917:
working definition provides a useful framework for identifying and understanding the problem and is adopted for the purposes of this report."
1533:
9725:
8212:
7447:
1929:
1841:
in training prosecutors and judges. It was also adopted formally by other governmental and non-governmental organizations in some countries.
1794:
The definition was used to some extent by some intergovernmental and EU agencies. For example, the OSCE used the definition in a 2005 report
7203:
5647:
5116:
4824:
4352:
4259:
3576:
2292:
announced that Australia would formally adopt the IHRA definition. While the announcement was welcomed by Zionist advocacy groups including
1573:
The Commission on Racism and Xenophobia (CRX) (also known as the Kahn Commission) was established in 1994. The CRX was transformed into the
9483:
8628:
7483:
4954:
4217:
1807:
1501:
753:
424:
352:
8157:
7699:
5280:
2962:
7037:
2801:
2471:
concluded that the working definition was an obstacle to constructive criticism of Israel. Twenty three signatories of an open letter to
2049:
1871:
1039:
9251:
9094:
9055:
7864:
6025:
5806:
5550:
5518:
5489:
2720:
argued that this definition proscribed legitimate criticism of the human rights record of the Israeli Government by attempting to bring
1742:
final statement to be approved by the EU's political leadership: "for this reason, formal endorsement was neither sought nor obtained".
6670:
2840:
Properly understood in its own terms the IHRA Definition does not mean that activities such as describing Israel as a state enacting a
2344:
1906:
1179:
9312:
7895:
6726:
4378:
4188:
1829:
Canadian Members of Parliament adopted a resolution to combat antisemitism in 2007 that cited the EUMC definition, and the Australian
9425:
8902:
7370:
6142:
3394:
2773:
that it is either perfect or even fit for purpose. It is – in fact – neither" and that it is "deeply-flawed and much misunderstood".
335:
9372:
8943:
2969:
8412:
5042:
3971:
2593:
In September 2018, the NEC decided to add all 11 IHRA examples (unamended) to the definition of antisemitism. A few days later the
1902:
9633:
9352:
7316:
4326:
2690:
of adoption by the UN as demanded by supporters. Guterres recited the definition itself but not the examples. On 31 October 2022,
1983:, the Antisemitism Awareness Act, which mandates the use of the IHRA definition by the Department of Education, was passed in the
9114:
7352:
6576:
3843:
8686:
8198:
5997:
5446:
4139:"Fact Sheet, Office to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism, Washington, DC, 8 February 2007, "Working Definition" of Anti-Semitism"
3084:
In December 2020, an updated list of individuals and organizations opposed to the adoption of the Working Definition, including
553:
9720:
9197:
9134:
8600:
6959:
6826:
2951:
1984:
1944:
1347:
32:
This article is about the definition promulgated by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance. For other definitions of
9532:
8845:
Countering Contemporary Antisemitism in Britain: Government and Civil Society Responses between Universalism and Particularism
8470:
6795:
5629:
5602:
3742:
2183:
was the seventeenth country to adopt the IHRA definition (December 2019) as a useful guidance tool in education and training.
9623:
9232:
8878:
8853:
6448:
4142:
3180:
3174:
2675:
2437:
2223:
1716:" nature of the definition and its examples, i.e. its focus on pragmatic identification rather than scholarly understanding.
1553:
1378:
119:
37:
9503:
8136:
2040:
In 2013, the FRA confirmed that it did not have the authority to "either set or repudiate any definitions" of antisemitism.
7645:
7502:"Human Rights and other Civil Society Groups Urge United Nations to Respect Human Rights in the Fight Against Antisemitism"
5748:
5329:: "Koren's statement came as confirmation to reports, including by the president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews,
5149:
4557:
4474:
4084:
3100:
2463:
2327:
claimed that adopting the IHRA definition would silence criticism of Israeli human rights abuses against the Palestinians.
1258:
231:
221:
174:
164:
8318:
8035:
2674:
stated that the government pressure "didn't go down well with university administrations" and that the arrival of the new
2355:
On May 25, 2023, the Biden administration did not fully embrace the IHRA definition of Anti Semitism when it launched the
9715:
6929:
6904:
2856:
2583:
2558:
1613:
761:
674:
340:
251:
214:
5351:
5248:"The 'IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism'. Fact-sheet and Recommendations issued by ECCP and Free Speech on Israel"
4113:
4046:
9463:
7429:
6491:
4614:
3626:
3085:
2793:
2652:(UJS) 29 of 133 universities had adopted the definition, with a further 80 institutions having no current plans to do.
1687:, and others, a proposed definition and set of examples was drafted. The draft working definition identified that some
1459:
959:
543:
330:
298:
276:
236:
7515:
Klug, Brian (March 2005). "Is Europe a lost cause? The European debate on antisemitism and the Middle East conflict".
5685:
5074:
9447:
8715:
5958:
5731:
4808:
3130:
3002:
2829:
2786:
2391:
1883:
1788:
1352:
667:
563:
476:
347:
9074:
4403:
3600:
6633:
5765:
3161:
2633:
1830:
575:
449:
281:
261:
6760:
3995:
All-Party Inquiry into Antisemitism: Government Response – One year on Progress Report, p. 6, Cm 7351, 12 May 2008
1956:
by tolerating antisemitic harassment. It was passed in the Senate, and on 22 December 2016 it was referred to the
644:
9371:
Sedley, Stephen; Janner-Klausner, Laura; Bindman, Geoffrey; Rose, Jacqueline; Kahn-Harris, Keith (27 July 2018).
2761:
2732:
danger that the overall effect will place the onus on Israel's critics to demonstrate they are not antisemitic."
2297:
1909:
within the U.S. Department of State, stating that it "should not be construed ... as United States policy".
1189:
602:
568:
103:
9533:"Expert Opinion of the "Working Definition of Antisemitism" of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance"
7845:
5711:
4299:
2976:
8996:"We need principles, not rules, to fight antisemitism: the IHRA definition and the politics of defining racism"
6331:"Jeremy Corbyn supporters on NEC call for Labour members to be disciplined for 'vexatious' antisemitism claims"
6259:
4726:
3395:"SWC to EU Baroness Ashton: 'Return Anti-Semitism Definition Document to EU Fundamental Rights Agency Website'"
3096:
1965:
1034:
1024:
684:
612:
392:
286:
9580:
2586:, leading the NEC to announce that it would review the decision in consultation with the UK Jewish community.
9683:
4798:
4062:
3863:
Decision, Vilnius District 2 Court, Judge A. Cinnas, #A11-01087-497/2005, 7 July 2005. Cited in Porat, Dina,
2833:
2387:
2239:
1810:, calling to governments to expand the use of the Working Definition. The second annual conference, held in
1549:
1452:
1416:
1311:
1253:
949:
699:
382:
9397:
7099:"New MRC research finds inaccuracies and distortions in media coverage of antisemitism and the Labour Party"
2681:
As of May 2021, the student governments at 30 universities in the United States had adopted the definition.
1826:, including a commitment to "reaffirm the EUMC – now Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) – working definition".
8870:
4500:
2564:
2456:
1875:
1300:
607:
580:
397:
305:
293:
6698:"Communities minister Robert Jenrick vows to tackle parts of local Government 'corrupted' by antisemitism"
6628:
6277:
2428:
and signed by 39 mainly Labour MPs welcomed the UK's formal adoption of the definition and noted that the
8953:"Legal Form and Legal Legitimacy: The IHRA Definition of Antisemitism as a Case Study in Censored Speech"
4699:"Bulgaria among 11 EU countries lacking official data on anti-Semitic incidents – European rights agency"
3129:
developed what he called the "three D" test to distinguish antisemitism from criticism of Israel, giving
3033:
2519:
2286:
2011:
The EUMC never granted any official status to the definition. In 2007, the EU replaced the EUMC with the
1540:
in 2018. The definition has been contested for weaknesses that critics say lend themselves to abuse, for
1511:
The definition was developed during 2003–04 and first published on 28 January 2005 on the website of the
1337:
246:
8771:"This Labour Party row will not be settled by relying on a flawed and faulty definition of antisemitism"
9735:
5187:"US House of Representatives votes to condemn antisemitism after Ilhan Omar's 'Israel loyalty' remarks"
3868:
2877:
2594:
2312:
747:
194:
9329:
8799:
6212:
3464:
deployed in the public sphere led two separate groups of people to develop what became the ND and JDA.
9740:
9710:
9543:
9406:
9065:
8691:
8475:
Brandeis Center - Advance the civil and human rights of the Jewish people and promote justice for all
5880:
3020:
2825:
2728:
2661:
2275:
2012:
1879:
1652:
1517:
1322:
1194:
364:
159:
154:
147:
9634:"Written Testimony of Kenneth S. Stern; Executive Director, Justus & Karin Rosenberg Foundation"
4852:"Report: The Independent Columnist Mira Bar Hillel Wrong on EU Anti-Semitism Definition Repudiation"
3921:
3899:
9705:
7388:
3204:
3120:
3062:
2756:
2649:
2452:
2348:
2255:
companies to fully adopt the working definition, and the following month 120 organizations, led by
2114:. The United Kingdom was the first country to adopt the definition (12 December 2016), followed by
2090:
1953:
1731:
1680:
1383:
1367:
1317:
1199:
694:
256:
129:
98:
9607:
3627:"Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: Diplomatic Progress in Combating Antisemitism The antisemitism"
9700:
9023:
8830:
7008:"Statement by Experts of the UK Delegation to the IHRA on the Working Definition of Antisemitism"
4917:"Statement by Experts of the UK Delegation to the IHRA on the Working Definition of Antisemitism"
3569:
3074:
3055:
2929:
2614:
2371:
In March 2016, the UK government published a short article on defining antisemitism, authored by
2278:, as at August, 2021, a total of 32 countries have adopted the IHRA definition. According to the
1996:
1973:
1332:
1084:
934:
821:
325:
266:
169:
93:
5218:"What is the IHRA definition of antisemitism? And why has Labour outraged Jews by rejecting it?"
4946:
4584:"Jewish Democrat Sara Jacobs on voting against bill: Anti-Zionism not 'inherently' antisemitism"
4432:
4063:
House of Commons Home Affairs Committee, Antisemitism in the UK, Tenth Report of Session 2016–17
9334:
9270:
Porat, Dina (2011). "The International Working Definition of Antisemitism and Its Detractors".
8244:"First-ever: 40+ Jewish groups worldwide oppose equating antisemitism with criticism of Israel"
5405:
4428:
4283:
2865:
2626:
2491:
2034:
1890:
1796:
Education on the Holocaust and Antisemitism: An Overview and Analysis of Educational Approaches
1644:
1342:
1305:
874:
491:
486:
320:
315:
271:
226:
204:
199:
179:
9222:
9198:"I warned that adopting the IHRA would shut down Palestinian protest – I've been proved right"
4287:
2563:
In December 2016, Labour adopted the working definition. It was formally accepted at the 2017
1597:. The report included a section on definitions, which concluded by proposing this definition:
9243:"Seminar: Turning words into action to address anti-Semitism, intolerance and discrimination"
8843:
8687:"Over 200 scholars create new anti-Semitism definition that excludes backing Israel boycotts"
7517:
6474:
2886:
2212:
2161:
have also adopted the IHRA definition. In November 2019, Greek Prime Minister announced that
2037:' to define similar accusations against Jews for using the Holocaust to manipulate non-Jews.
1442:
1270:
1049:
737:
727:
717:
639:
622:
444:
434:
414:
409:
310:
241:
189:
184:
51:
7885:
7430:"UN advisor cites 'human rights concerns' in call to reject popular antisemitism definition"
2211:
proposed a measure to adopt the definition, and the measure was accepted unanimously by the
8791:
7813:
Suppressing Palestinian Rights Advocacy through the IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism
6765:
5551:"Defining Anti-Semitism: A Conversation With the EU Coordinator on Combating Anti-Semitism"
4184:
2841:
2256:
1948:
1859:
1833:. According to Andrew Baker of the AJC, the definition is used by the Justice Ministers of
1426:
1233:
1184:
1129:
887:
827:
712:
501:
8795:
1560:, both of which expressly draw distinctions between antisemitism and criticism of Israel.
8:
9434:
7770:"Canadian Association of University Teachers Says No to Academic Censorship on Palestine"
7335:"Williamson wrong to force universities to abide by antisemitism definition, say lawyers"
5983:
5855:"Jewish Community Applauds First Greek Ministry to Adopt IHRA Definition of Antisemitism"
4746:
2797:
2721:
2579:
2433:
2380:
2174:
2169:'s National Assembly called on the government to adopt the IHRA definition. According to
2086:
2045:
2025:
Following on from the EUMC's 2004 report, the FRA's 2012 report on antisemitism equates "
1688:
1648:
1541:
1505:
1275:
1174:
1167:
858:
538:
481:
439:
8523:
4656:"1,200 Jewish professors call on Senate to reject controversial antisemitism definition"
4531:"The Anti-Semitism Awareness Act doesn't restrict free speech—it helps prevent bullying"
9600:
Sub-Report commissioned to assist the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism
9295:
9060:
8975:
8265:
8193:
7534:
6494:. "I am therefore pleased to confirm that I have adopted the IHRA's working definition"
6020:
4018:
3864:
2901:
2752:
2699:
2691:
2671:
2597:
voted by a majority of 205 to adopt the unamended definition to their standing orders.
2448:
1243:
1149:
1069:
1054:
897:
780:
775:
722:
632:
402:
8497:
7412:"UN head skirts adoption of IHRA antisemitism definition in Holocaust memorial speech"
5432:"New office will tackle racism in federal institutions as part of $ 45M national plan"
1651:, proposed the idea for a common definition during an NGO conference organized by the
1134:
964:
9619:
9553:"Trump Signs Order Against Anti-Semitism At Colleges, Worrying Free Speech Advocates"
9299:
9287:
9228:
9218:
9042:
8979:
8874:
8849:
8452:
7538:
6853:"FactCheck: Labour rulebook doesn't mention IHRA antisemitism definition or examples"
6166:"Trump Signs Order Against Anti-Semitism At Colleges, Worrying Free Speech Advocates"
6115:
6081:"New Zealand becomes an Observer of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance"
5931:
5262:"Controversial anti-Semitism 'definition' faces resistance over free speech concerns"
4804:
4558:"House passes antisemitism bill as Johnson highlights campus protests | CNN Politics"
3447:
2769:
2636:
did not adopt the definition. Their home affairs spokesman and former deputy leader,
2571:
2396:
1855:
1759:
1672:
1617:
1293:
1029:
809:
679:
590:
558:
516:
9019:"The IHRA Definition of Antisemitism: Defining Antisemitism by Erasing Palestinians"
4160:"Contemporary Global Anti-Semitism: A Report Provided to the United States Congress"
3867:, Stephen Roth Institute; Stern, Kenneth, "The Working Definition – A Reappraisal",
2215:, with Albania becoming the first Muslim country to formally adopt the definition).
9647:
9611:
9526:. The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism.
9421:
9283:
9279:
9032:
8967:
8753:
8442:
8404:
8349:
7714:
Bakan, Abigail B.; Paz, Alejandro I.; Zalik, Anna; Cowen, Deborah (11 April 2021).
7526:
6504:
4159:
3149:
3142:
3061:
In May 2018, the members' conference of the British civil liberties advocacy group
3024:
2893:
2778:
2656:
2479:
2429:
2421:
2347:. The order specifies that agencies responsible for enforcement of Title VI of the
2026:
1656:
1594:
1545:
1119:
1064:
1004:
869:
627:
471:
429:
124:
41:
9242:
8292:"Americans for Peace Now Refuses to Adopt 'Weaponized' Definition of Antisemitism"
8109:
5907:"Israel-Advocacy Groups Urge Facebook to Label Criticism of Israel as Hate Speech"
4800:
Europe as a Multiple Modernity: Multiplicity of Religious Identities and Belonging
4138:
2648:
According to the results of a Freedom of Information request filed in 2020 by the
2142:
adopted the IHRA definition of antisemitism and appointed Deputy Foreign Minister
9444:"Should a major university system have a particular definition of anti-Semitism?"
9202:
9155:"Why turning to Jewish exceptionalism to fight antisemitism is a failing project"
8924:"Will Britain's new definition of antisemitism help Jewish people? I'm sceptical"
8864:
8775:
8143:
6990:
6967:
6049:"Australian government to adopt international group's definition of antisemitism"
5330:
5323:
4773:"Why turning to Jewish exceptionalism to fight antisemitism is a failing project"
4192:
4146:
4070:
4050:
3878:
3851:
3608:
3378:
3356:
3126:
3089:
2666:
2441:
2417:
2413:
2412:
Subsequently, the definition has been adopted by some 120 UK councils and by the
2340:
2301:
2158:
1992:
1823:
1411:
1109:
1044:
1019:
1014:
999:
989:
979:
954:
732:
707:
9435:
The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism
9399:
Antisemitism Today: How It Is the Same, How It Is Different, and How to Fight It
8889:
8748:
8447:
8430:
7886:"Leading lawyer rounds on 'unclear and confusing' IHRA anti-Semitism definition"
7649:
7188:
6877:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6304:
6229:
5141:
3179:
Objections to the IHRA Definition of Antisemitism motivated the creation of the
1958:
United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice
1079:
9443:
9173:
8891:
Sidestepping Lethal Antisemitism – The EU's Response in the Aftermath of Terror
8834:
8213:"Far-left Jewish groups slam 'false accusations of anti-Semitism' against them"
7846:"Biden Embraces Antisemitism Definition That Has Upended Free Speech in Europe"
6376:"Government Response to Home Affairs Committee Report: 'Anti-Semitism in the UK
6211:
Foreign & Commonwealth Office and The Rt Hon Lord Pickles (30 March 2016).
3103:
2860:
2849:
2817:
2539:
2530:
2483:
2447:
It has also been adopted by religious and educational institutions such as the
2425:
2360:
2289:
2219:
2143:
1684:
1557:
1512:
1238:
1154:
1144:
1139:
974:
916:
548:
209:
80:
76:
9655:
9245:. Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE). 16–17 June 2016.
8408:
7530:
6190:
4825:
Antisemitism Summary overview of the situation in the European Union 2001–2011
4731:
2311:
formally became an observer of the IHRA. The announcement was welcomed by the
1737:
On 28 January 2005, the EUMC published on its website a working definition of
9694:
9599:
9484:"I drafted the definition of antisemitism. Rightwing Jews are weaponizing it"
9291:
9255:
9181:
9158:
9135:"Labour's code of conduct isn't antisemitic – it's a constructive initiative"
9118:
9046:
9014:
8999:
8971:
8831:"'Anti-antisemitism' was meant to unite American Jews. Why is it backfiring?"
8456:
6348:
6111:"Govt decision to join International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance welcomed"
4043:
3451:
3431:
2740:
2523:
2511:
2468:
2260:
2208:
2081:
1912:
In 2008, the State Department again endorsed the Working Definition in their
1709:
1406:
1327:
1211:
1104:
1089:
1059:
939:
689:
9178:"Labour should ditch the IHRA working definition of antisemitism altogether"
9037:
9018:
8952:
7978:"Government definition of antisemitism not fit, says Geoffrey Robertson, QC"
7038:"Leaks, antisemitism and democracy review – Alice Perry's latest NEC report"
6265:
report, oral and written evidence and government response on the HAC website
4634:"Will the US adopt IHRA's anti-Semitism definition? What's the controversy?"
595:
6053:
3435:
2872:
2507:
2503:
2473:
2372:
2336:
2252:
2170:
2030:
1936:
1738:
1676:
1668:
1606:
1581:
1492:
1421:
1280:
1221:
1124:
1009:
994:
832:
523:
67:
59:
7740:
7716:"Jewish scholars defend the right to academic freedom on Israel/Palestine"
1787:, it was referred to in a successful criminal case against an editor of a
617:
8682:
8266:"APN Letter to CoP Regarding the IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism"
7890:
5716:
5347:
5343:
2782:
2695:
2637:
2515:
2495:
2487:
2379:, which stated "for those seeking a definition of antisemitism, the UK's
2308:
2268:
2227:
2000:
1988:
1969:
1925:
1878:
passed a resolution opposing the use of the definition, which led to the
1114:
815:
528:
464:
6551:"King's College London adopts international definition of anti-Semitism"
5807:"Albania becomes first Muslim country to adopt anti-Semitism definition"
4475:"ACLU Statement on Senate Introduction of 'Anti-Semitism Awareness Act'"
8657:
7830:
7284:
7230:"Green Party fails to adopt IHRA antisemitism definition at Conference"
6230:"Jeremy Corbyn's response to anti-Semitism in Labour criticised by MPs"
5472:"Bulgaria appoints national coordinator for fight against antisemitism"
4856:
4260:"It's Jew vs. Jew as Congress weighs a new definition for antisemitism"
3092:
blogs by the National Coordinator of Independent Jewish Voices Canada.
2717:
2499:
2324:
2218:
In addition, at a sub-national or institutional level, the US state of
1799:
1713:
1640:
1485:
International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance definition of antisemitism
1388:
1216:
1099:
1094:
1074:
984:
969:
944:
892:
742:
533:
459:
9095:"Why all Labour members need to read parliament's antisemitism report"
7465:
6603:"UK council refused to host Palestinian event over antisemitism fears"
6419:"Hackney votes to adopt anti-semitism definition at Town Hall meeting"
5667:"Promised Government action on anti-Semitism is just blah, blah, blah"
5117:"Comparing Israel to Nazis is anti-Semitic, 31 Western states declare"
4892:"EU body disowns antisemitism 'definition' endorsed at NUS conference"
4827:(Report). European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. pp. 3–4.
4379:"New legislation seeks to define anti-Semitism in US education system"
4218:"Cary Nelson and Kenneth Stern Pen Open Letter on Campus Antisemitism"
1568:
7982:
7700:"Imposing an antisemitism definition on academics undermines freedom"
7204:"FactCheck: Conservative party rulebook doesn't mention antisemitism"
6394:"UK adopts antisemitism definition to combat hate crime against Jews"
4445:"Bill to fight rising anti-Semitism on campus introduced in Congress"
3371:"EU anti-racism agency unable to define anti-Semitism, official says"
2196:
2187:
adopted the IHRA definition in January 2020, and appointed Professor
2150:
2061:
1940:
1784:
1664:
1521:
1265:
882:
852:
847:
387:
9464:"RE: Oppose H.R. 6421/S. 10 The Anti-Semitism Awareness Act of 2016"
8548:
7764:
7762:
6436:
it yet are Westminster, Kensington and Chelsea, and as yet Hackney.'
5093:
2918:
2848:
He presented his legal opinion on the new working definition at the
8114:
7795:"Canada: academics vote to reject IHRA definition of anti-Semitism"
7448:"128 scholars ask UN not to adopt IHRA definition of anti-Semitism"
6983:"IHRA warns Labour against undermining its antisemitism definition"
6492:
Mayor of London's Question Time, 10 August 2017, Question 2017/3115
5577:"Lithuania to apply the uniform working definition of antisemitism"
5381:"Jewish groups urge EU Parliament to adopt antisemitism definition"
5281:"IHRA 'misrepresents' own definition of anti-Semitism, says report"
4732:
JUSTICE The International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists
4467:
3884:
2736:
definition of anti-Semitism and restricting free debate on Israel.
2444:, and over 120 local councils had formally adopted the definition.
2404:
actions, without additional evidence to suggest antisemitic intent.
2264:
2247:
2139:
2123:
1357:
1227:
842:
585:
9424:(2010). "The Working Definition of Antisemitism – A Reappraisal".
8800:"Summary Report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001"
8390:"So what's new? Rethinking the 'new antisemitism' in a global age"
7484:"Rights groups urge UN not to adopt IHRA anti-Semitism definition"
7466:"Scholars to UN: Don't adopt 'weaponised' antisemitism definition"
7317:"Antisemitism definition is undermining free speech | Letter"
7125:"Flawed reporting on antisemitism claims against the Labour party"
5490:"EU Parliament votes in favor of adopting antisemitism definition"
2359:
despite significant pressure to do so, but noted it alongside the
8575:"Understanding Antisemitism at its Nexus with Israel and Zionism"
8158:"Liberty members warn against IHRA's definition of anti-semitism"
7759:
4988:
Oryszczuk, Stephen; Frazer, Jenni; Ryan, Joan (5 November 2012).
4501:"The anti-semitism awareness act is back: Free speech is at risk"
4044:"Sub-Report for the Parliamentary Committee Against Antisemitism"
3854:. European Union Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia. 2004
3186:
2231:
2204:
2154:
2135:
2127:
2119:
1838:
1834:
1692:
1525:
910:
903:
864:
837:
9370:
8471:"The Louis D. Brandeis Center FAQs About Defining Anti-Semitism"
7865:"Adoption of anti-Semitism definition curbs free speech: Report"
7646:"Call to reject the IHRA's 'working definition of antisemitism'"
7285:"University formally adopts the IHRA definition of antisemitism"
6532:"Church adopts antisemitism definition and backs Holy Land work"
6359:
4220:. American Association of University Professors. 20 April 2011.
3343:
Great Britain. Department for Communities and Local Government.
2629:
formally adopted the IHRA definition with the working examples.
2535:
Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government
5881:"Social media giants: free speech is not hate speech - Opinion"
3079:
Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations
2820:
QC, who had been asked to give an opinion on the definition by
2755:, Professor of Islamic world and comparative literature at the
2200:
2192:
2180:
2166:
2162:
2131:
2115:
2111:
1815:
1811:
1248:
1204:
454:
5630:"Greece to officially adopt broad definition of anti-Semitism"
5398:
4344:
4114:"Defining Anti-Semitism Is The First Step Towards Stopping It"
3972:"Defining Anti-Semitism Is The First Step Towards Stopping It"
3505:
1822:
and the Canadian Government on November 7–9, 2010, issued the
1704:
mistaken as Jews, or on non-Jews seen as sympathetic to Jews.)
7371:"Universities – the new battlefield in the antisemitism wars"
7159:"The IHRA definition of antisemitism: where UK parties stand"
7069:"Labour votes for full antisemitism terms in standing orders"
4152:
2293:
2184:
2146:
as national co-ordinator for the fight against antisemitism.
803:
9073:
International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (26 May 2016).
8866:
The European Union, Antisemitism, and the Politics of Denial
4615:"800 Jewish scholars urge Biden to reject antisemitism bill"
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3677:
3675:
9115:"The Code of Conduct for Antisemitism: a tale of two texts"
8944:"Database: Challenging the IHRA Definition of Antisemitism"
8601:"Guide to Identifying Antisemitism in Debates about Israel"
8007:"In Defense of the IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism"
7707:
6577:"Four universities reject UK's definition of anti-Semitism"
4404:"What is the Anti-Semitism Awareness Act Really All About?"
4396:
3324:
3322:
3320:
1747:
1585:
9522:
Whine, Michael (2010). "Short History of the Definition".
8319:"Who's against adopting the IHRA antisemitism definition?"
7303:"Universities threatened with defunding over antisemitism"
6878:"Chief rabbi: Labour should toughen up anti-Semitism code"
6870:
4981:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3426:
3424:
2296:(the Australia/Israel and Jewish Affairs Council) and the
2165:
was set to adopt the IHRA definition. On 5 December 2019,
1987:
by a margin of 320 to 91. The bill was introduced by Rep.
9252:"How to break the impasse on Labour's anti-semitism mess"
6905:"Jewish groups slam Labour's new antisemitism guidelines"
5447:"Germany adopts international definition of antisemitism"
4727:"Improving Legal and Other Protections for Europe's Jews"
4370:
3716:
3672:
3660:
2660:
autonomy and right to free expression. In February 2021,
2245:
Israel's Minister of Strategic Affairs wrote an op-ed in
1580:
In 2002, it published a large-scale monitoring report on
1548:, who contributed to the original draft, has opposed the
9648:"Knesset finally adopts IHRA definition of antisemitism"
9524:
The Working Definition of Antisemitism – Six Years After
9427:
The Working Definition of Antisemitism – Six Years After
9309:"IHRA definition of antisemitism is not fit for purpose"
7922:
6671:"Freedom of expression on Palestine is being suppressed"
6192:
Launch of U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism
5648:"French parliament decides anti-Zionism is antisemitism"
4883:
3870:
The Working Definition of Antisemitism – Six Years After
3774:
3772:
3770:
3547:
3481:
3345:
All-party inquiry into antisemitism: government response
3317:
3168:
3109:
2459:
called for the union to formally reject the definition.
2048:
reported that, in response to a motion passed at the UK
1804:
Inter-parliamentary Coalition for Combating Antisemitism
8110:"Labour's ruling body holds crunch anti-Semitism talks"
6449:"Assembly backs international anti-Semitism guidelines"
5924:
5067:
3699:
3575:. European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.
3421:
2377:
Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government
1886:
describing the union as "institutionally antisemitic".
1820:
Canadian Parliamentary Coalition to Combat Antisemitism
9650: ; Zvika klein; The Jerusalem Post. 23 June 2022.
9602:. Institute for Jewish Policy Research. 1 January 2015
8241:
8189:"39 Jewish left-wing groups pen letter supporting BDS"
7958:
7910:
7626:
7614:
7592:
7590:
6653:
6651:
6441:
6385:
5785:"Albania joins global efforts to combat anti-Semitism"
5603:"Moldova Endorses Accepted Definition of Antisemitism"
4680:
4678:
4676:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3469:
1634:
1542:
obstructing campaigning for the rights of Palestinians
9353:"Debate continues over Labour's code on antisemitism"
9056:"Switzerland adopts IHRA definition of anti-Semitism"
8345:"ACLU Warns Against Adopting Antisemitism Definition"
8080:
8078:
8076:
8063:
8061:
8059:
7818:(Report). European Legal Support Center. 6 June 2023.
6818:
6411:
5898:
5872:
4990:"31 countries adopt broader anti-Semitism definition"
4085:"Why universities need a definition of anti-Semitism"
3998:
3767:
3687:
3648:
3636:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
2883:
article 10 of the European convention on human rights
2236:
Ministry of Education, Research and Religious Affairs
8829:
Brown, Nathan J.; Nerenberg, Daniel (13 June 2023).
8629:"The U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism"
8180:
7553:"Free speech on Israel under attack in universities"
6790:
6788:
6727:"Labour adopts IHRA antisemitism definition in full"
6016:"Australia endorses IHRA definition of antisemitism"
5352:"Government leads the way in tackling anti-Semitism"
5169:
5167:
4236:
4198:
3922:"The 2010 Ottawa Protocol on Combating Antisemitism"
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3757:
3755:
3601:"Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002–2003"
3570:"Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002-2003"
3524:
3522:
3520:
3493:
1981:
2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses
1625:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
1498:
European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia
9581:"Understanding the IHRA definition of antisemitism"
8807:
European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia
7946:
7934:
7602:
7587:
7353:"UCL board rejects IHRA definition of antisemitism"
6648:
6497:
6219:, College of Policing 2014, section 3.2.3 pp.35–28.
5766:"Argentina adopts IHRA definition of anti-Semitism"
4987:
4673:
4377:Cortellessa, Eric; Horovitz, David (6 April 2018).
4376:
4327:"Congress Is Trying To Decide Who's An Anti-Semite"
3963:
3892:"The London Declaration on Combating Anti-Semitism"
3784:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3251:
3155:
2108:
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
2085:sentence that begins outside the box. According to
1629:
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights
1575:
European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia
1569:
European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia
8946:. Foundation for Middle East Peace. pp. 1–49.
8714:
8310:
8090:
8073:
8056:
7713:
7698:
7575:
6896:
4969:
4253:
4251:
3951:
3939:
3294:
1999:(R-Ohio). A dissenting opinion was shared by Rep.
1590:Manifestations of antisemitism in the EU 2002–2003
9656:"Applying the Working Definition of Antisemitism"
6785:
6085:New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
5164:
4318:
3803:
3752:
3564:
3562:
3517:
2319:as a means of combating racism and antisemitism.
1851:All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism
9692:
8572:
8521:
8431:"Fighting Anti-Semitism in Contemporary Germany"
8387:
7389:"U.S. Campus Adoption of the Working Definition"
5825:"Fact Sheet: Working Definition of Antisemitism"
3914:
3263:
2106:In late 2016, adoption of the definition by the
1774:According to Stern, by 2010, the definition had
7880:
7878:
6827:"Antisemitism: Labour's tussle with definition"
5878:
5749:"Serbia adopts IHRA definition of antisemitism"
5686:"Cyprus adopts IHRA definition of antisemitism"
5075:"Quebec adopts IHRA definition of antisemitism"
4947:"To fight anti-Semitism, you have to define it"
4248:
2207:in October 2020 (Albanian Member of Parliament
8828:
6960:"Read Labour's new definition of antisemitism"
6322:
6222:
5732:"Italy adopts IHRA definition of antisemitism"
5374:
5372:
4721:
4719:
3559:
3541:
3193:U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism
3187:U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism
2357:U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism
2199:adopted the IHRA definition in June 2020, and
2191:as national coordinator against antisemitism.
1605:The report also explored the question of when
1363:U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism
7828:
7733:
5677:
5513:
5511:
5108:
4797:Topić, Martina; Sremac, Srdjan, eds. (2014).
4696:
4523:
4300:"Examining Anti-Semitism on College Campuses"
3839:
3837:
3835:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3381:, Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 4 December 2013.
1930:American Association of University Professors
1765:
1491:, is a non-legally binding statement on what
1460:
9540:International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance
8903:"Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism"
8790:
8598:
8495:
8364:
7875:
7391:. American Jewish Committee. 11 January 2021
6754:
6752:
6720:
6718:
6305:"Can Labour detoxify the anti-Semitism row?"
6296:
6143:"Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism"
5998:"Madrid adopts IHRA antisemitism definition"
5950:
5832:International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance
5742:
4909:
4350:
4324:
3553:
3397:. Simon Wiesenthal Center. 6 November 2013.
3389:
3387:
1808:London Declaration on Combating Antisemitism
1502:International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance
8749:"Why the antisemitism definition is flawed"
8719:[Anti-Semitism clearly redefined].
5712:"Cabinet approves anti-semitism definition"
5369:
5336:
4843:
4796:
4716:
4690:
4076:
3926:B'nai B'rith Canada/League for Human Rights
2802:Canadian Association of University Teachers
9227:. Oxford University Press. pp. 161–.
8712:
7545:
7260:Higher Education Institution Adoption Date
7152:
7150:
6270:
5724:
5508:
5464:
5438:
5142:"New Labour anti-Semitism code criticised"
5036:
5034:
4764:
4107:
4105:
4010:
3832:
3614:
2703:Zionism, including in the US and Europe."
2608:
1907:Office to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism
1467:
1453:
9501:
9306:
9036:
8994:Gould, Rebecca Ruth (19 November 2018b).
8768:
8746:
8623:
8621:
8446:
8381:
8036:"IHRA WORKING DEFINITION OF ANTISEMITISM"
7970:
7964:
7928:
7916:
7831:"Weaponizing the Antisemitism Accusation"
7632:
7620:
7195:
6844:
6749:
6715:
5986:. American Jewish Committee. 17 May 2019.
4738:
3384:
3339:
3337:
3003:Learn how and when to remove this message
2386:In October 2016, the cross-party Commons
9608:"Conceptualizing Anti-Jewish Hate Crime"
9249:
9053:
8941:
8186:
7648:. Israeli Academics - UK. Archived from
6758:
6529:
6328:
5904:
5342:
5114:
4697:Leviev-Sawyer, Clive (9 November 2017).
4581:
3487:
3446:(1). Indiana University Press: 133–145.
3436:"Who's Afraid of Defining Antisemitism?"
2785:, opposed the Working Definition in the
1903:United States Commission on Civil Rights
798:
9605:
9550:
9530:
9172:
9152:
8921:
8841:
8716:"Antisemitismus neu und klar definiert"
8681:
8374:was invoked but never defined (see the
8242:Jewish Voice for Peace (17 July 2018).
8155:
8004:
7221:
7147:
7066:
6902:
6824:
6724:
6278:"CARJ Briefing – Defining Antisemitism"
6253:
6251:
6163:
6046:
5776:
5581:Government of the Republic of Lithuania
5134:
5031:
4817:
4790:
4684:
4653:
4325:Cohler-Esses, Larry (9 November 2017).
4257:
4102:
4082:
4004:
3797:
3511:
3430:
3311:
3257:
3114:
2455:. However, in 2017 a resolution to the
1534:within the University and College Union
1496:facilities." It was first published by
27:IHRA-approved statement on antisemitism
14:
9731:Definition of antisemitism controversy
9693:
9578:
9350:
9327:
9307:Robertson, Geoffrey (31 August 2018).
9217:
9195:
8993:
8950:
8887:
8862:
8618:
8429:Younes, Anna-Esther (1 October 2020).
8428:
8342:
8316:
7952:
7940:
7608:
7596:
7227:
7156:
7135:from the original on 30 September 2018
7079:from the original on 17 September 2018
7048:from the original on 17 September 2018
6806:from the original on 17 September 2018
6737:from the original on 16 September 2018
6695:
6657:
6574:
6548:
6391:
6302:
5959:"Redefining anti-Semitism on Facebook"
5956:
5879:Farkash-Hacohen, Orit (22 July 2020).
5782:
5215:
4877:
4849:
4242:
4204:
3957:
3945:
3778:
3729:
3693:
3681:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3475:
3334:
3328:
2939:Please improve this section by adding
2352:discrimination based on antisemitism.
2138:(20 September 2017). In October 2017,
1724:
1683:'s Michael Whine, human rights expert
1348:Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism
9653:
9632:
9521:
9481:
9462:Stern, Kenneth S. (6 December 2016).
9461:
9441:
9420:
9395:
9373:"How should antisemitism be defined?"
9338:. Vol. 39, no. 9. p. 8
9269:
9132:
9112:
9092:
9013:
8713:Wendenburg, Valerie (26 March 2021).
8573:Nexus Task force (22 November 2020).
8522:Nexus Task Force (24 February 2021).
8463:
8422:
8168:from the original on 6 September 2018
8096:
8084:
8067:
7843:
7581:
6930:"Labour rejects anti-Semitism claims"
6761:"New Jewish group launched in Labour"
6600:
5852:
5799:
5709:
5378:
5278:
5173:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4889:
4770:
4744:
4649:
4647:
4612:
4555:
4111:
4016:
3969:
3826:
3761:
3749:, Tel Aviv University, 2005, pp. 5–17
3710:
3582:from the original on 29 December 2009
3528:
3499:
3366:
3364:
3288:
3181:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
3175:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
3169:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
3110:Competing definitions of antisemitism
2892:In July 2018, human rights solicitor
2676:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
2438:Greater Manchester Combined Authority
2321:Palestine Solidarity Network Aotearoa
2224:United States Department of Education
1554:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
1379:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
425:during the Israel-Hamas war (2023-24)
120:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
38:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
9726:Opposition to antisemitism in Europe
9551:Wamsley, Laurel (11 December 2019).
9241:
9075:"Working Definition of Antisemitism"
9072:
8769:Alderman, Geoffrey (31 July 2019b).
8747:Alderman, Geoffrey (12 July 2019a).
8102:
7514:
7240:from the original on 17 October 2018
7157:Weaver, Matthew (5 September 2018).
7117:
6940:from the original on 23 October 2018
6626:
6260:10th Report – Antisemitism in the UK
6248:
6164:Wamsley, Laurel (11 December 2019).
5984:"Adoption of the Working Definition"
5683:
5444:
5299:"Working Definition of Antisemitism"
5099:
5025:
5013:
4975:
3844:"Working definition of Antisemitism"
2952:"Working definition of antisemitism"
2912:
2600:Later in the month, a report by the
2464:Tower Hamlets London Borough Council
2259:, which is funded by philanthropist
1943:introduced a bipartisan bill in the
9482:Stern, Kenneth (13 December 2019).
8922:Feldman, David (28 December 2016).
8369:
8343:Alonso, Johanna (8 February 2024).
7563:from the original on 27 August 2018
7201:
7169:from the original on 1 October 2018
7018:from the original on 25 August 2018
6850:
6759:Sugarman, Daniel (25 August 2017).
6329:Sugarman, Daniel (30 August 2018).
5664:
5406:"Next steps on tackling hate crime"
5055:from the original on 25 August 2018
4850:Levitt, Joshua (11 December 2013).
4831:from the original on 20 August 2018
4613:Staff, The New Arab (10 May 2024).
4511:from the original on 15 August 2018
4455:from the original on 15 August 2018
4351:Trachtenberg, Barry (3 July 2018).
4306:from the original on 15 August 2018
4224:from the original on 15 August 2018
4083:Marcus, Kenneth L. (6 July 2015a).
2908:
2885:and now embodied in our law by the
2816:In March 2017, human rights lawyer
2559:Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party
2399:in discussion of Israel/Palestine:
2366:
2055:
1991:(R-NY) and led by co-sponsors Rep.
1719:
1635:2004 Stern, Porat and Bauer version
1614:Centre for Research on Antisemitism
675:21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness
24:
9572:
9442:Stern, Kenneth S. (22 June 2015).
9383:from the original on 8 August 2018
8842:Cardaun, Sarah K. (19 June 2015).
6629:"The BigRide4Palestine v the IHRA"
6392:Walker, Peter (12 December 2016).
5957:Gordon, Neve (22 September 2020).
5783:Semini, Llazar (23 October 2020).
5531:from the original on 16 April 2018
5445:Blas, Howard (21 September 2017).
5043:"Working Definition press release"
4957:from the original on 8 August 2018
4934:
4803:. Cambridge Scholars. p. 49.
4644:
4120:from the original on 7 August 2018
4112:Baker, Andrew (10 November 2017).
3970:Baker, Andrew (10 November 2017).
3898:. 18 February 2009. Archived from
3361:
3086:Independent Jewish Voices (Canada)
2794:Independent Jewish Voices (Canada)
2655:Subsequently, education secretary
2330:
1979:On 1 May 2024, amidst the ongoing
1481:working definition of antisemitism
1373:Working definition of antisemitism
135:Working definition of antisemitism
25:
18:Working Definition of Antisemitism
9752:
9675:
9579:Byford, Jovan (10 January 2021).
9531:Ullrich, Peter (September 2019).
9278:(3). Informa UK Limited: 93–101.
9272:Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs
9250:Perryman, Mark (15 August 2018).
9196:Lerman, Antony (10 August 2019).
9093:Klaff, Lesley (18 October 2016).
8816:from the original on 30 July 2009
8317:Balsam, Corey (9 December 2020).
8223:from the original on 18 July 2018
8187:Chernick, Ilanit (18 July 2018).
7862:
7696:
7409:
7067:Sabbagh, Dan (5 September 2018).
6825:Sabbagh, Dan (4 September 2018).
6725:Sabbagh, Dan (4 September 2018).
6696:Harpin, Lee (15 September 2019).
6530:Naysmith, Stephen (22 May 2019).
6217:"Hate Crime Operational Guidance"
6123:from the original on 27 June 2022
6091:from the original on 27 June 2022
6024:. 14 October 2021. Archived from
5905:Friedman, Lara (19 August 2020).
5853:Moshe, Shiri (14 February 2019).
5684:Wolf, Rachel (19 December 2019).
5627:
5557:from the original on 18 June 2018
5496:from the original on 18 July 2018
5228:from the original on 28 July 2018
5216:Daniel, Sugarman (20 July 2018).
5152:from the original on 30 July 2018
4631:
4258:Kampeas, Ron (10 November 2017).
3631:Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs
3401:from the original on 1 March 2016
3136:
3073:In November 2020, the leaders of
2830:Jews for Justice for Palestinians
2787:Times Higher Education Supplement
2684:
2392:Board of Deputies of British Jews
1924:In 2011, the AJC's Ken Stern and
1884:Board of Deputies of British Jews
1844:
1353:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
9544:Rosa Luxemburg Foundation papers
9502:Tomlinson, Hugh (8 March 2017).
9351:Sedley, Stephen (17 July 2018).
9311:. Doughty Street. Archived from
9153:Lerman, Antony (16 July 2018a).
8942:Friedman, Lara (9 August 2021).
8706:
8675:
8658:"Our definition of antisemitism"
8650:
8592:
8566:
8541:
8515:
8489:
8370:Cite error: The named reference
8336:
8284:
8258:
8235:
8205:
8149:
8130:
8028:
7998:
7856:
7837:
7822:
7805:
7787:
7774:Independent Jewish Voices Canada
7690:
7664:
7638:
7508:
7494:
7476:
7458:
7440:
7422:
7403:
7381:
7363:
7345:
7327:
7309:
7295:
7277:
7252:
7181:
7091:
7060:
7030:
7000:
6976:
6952:
6922:
6796:"Labour Rejects IHRA Definition"
6773:from the original on 1 July 2018
6689:
6663:
6620:
6594:
6568:
6542:
6523:
6485:
6467:
6365:
6205:
6183:
6157:
6135:
6103:
6073:
6061:from the original on 31 May 2022
6047:Doherty, Ben (15 October 2021).
6040:
6008:
5990:
5976:
5846:
5817:
5758:
5703:
5658:
5640:
5621:
5595:
5569:
5543:
5482:
5424:
5040:
3162:Independent Jewish Voices Canada
3156:Independent Jewish Voices Canada
3049:
2917:
2634:Green Party of England and Wales
2424:was proposed by Labour Party MP
1914:Contemporary Global Antisemitism
1896:
1831:Online Hate Prevention Institute
1438:
1437:
66:
9224:The Definition of Anti-Semitism
9054:Liphshiz, Cnaan (5 June 2021).
8960:Law, Culture and the Humanities
8005:Johnson, Alan (February 2021).
7898:from the original on 1 May 2018
7228:Harpin, Lee (10 October 2018).
6903:Rodgers, Sienna (5 July 2018).
6601:Gayle, Damien (3 August 2019).
6575:Frazer, Jenni (21 April 2017).
6303:Watson, Iain (30 August 2018).
5309:
5291:
5272:
5254:
5240:
5209:
5179:
5115:Liphshiz, Cnaan (2 June 2016).
5007:
4871:
4625:
4606:
4594:from the original on 3 May 2024
4575:
4549:
4493:
4437:
4422:
4292:
4277:
4210:
4178:
4132:
4056:
4036:
3989:
3857:
3735:
3594:
3534:
3347:, The Stationery Office, 2007,
3226:
3217:
2762:Law, Culture and the Humanities
2643:
2552:
2335:On 11 December 2019, President
2317:Holocaust Centre of New Zealand
2298:Zionist Federation of Australia
1623:Following the EUMC report, the
1500:(EUMC) in 2005 and then by the
762:Protocols of the Elders of Zion
9618:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
9328:Sedley, Stephen (4 May 2017).
9284:10.1080/23739770.2011.11446474
8156:Zeffman, Henry (1 June 2018).
7202:Lee, Georgina (20 July 2018).
6213:"A definition of antisemitism"
4771:Kuper, Richard (1 June 2011).
4745:Kuper, Richard (1 June 2011).
4654:Shimron, Yonat (14 May 2024).
4582:Timotija, Filip (1 May 2024).
4479:American Civil Liberties Union
4353:"Opinion – It Protects Israel"
4017:Hirsh, David (31 March 2004).
3747:Anti-Semitism Worldwide 2003/4
3097:American Civil Liberties Union
2863:wrote an opinion piece in the
2006:
1966:American Civil Liberties Union
718:Hunter (William Luther Pierce)
13:
1:
9721:January 2005 events in Europe
9133:Klug, Brian (20 July 2018b).
9113:Klug, Brian (17 July 2018a).
8951:Gould, Rebecca Ruth (2018a).
8888:Elman, R. Amy (March 2015b).
7829:Michael Young (6 June 2023).
6851:Lee, Georgina (29 May 2019).
6627:Cock, Sybil (5 August 2019).
6549:Frazer, Jenni (30 May 2018).
5379:Zieve, Tamara (30 May 2017).
4302:. House Judiciary Committee.
4116:. American Jewish Committee.
3239:
2941:secondary or tertiary sources
2834:Palestine Solidarity Campaign
2388:Home Affairs Select Committee
2240:Western Washington University
1901:According to Ken Marcus, the
1889:On 1 January 2015, Professor
1563:
1312:Campaign Against Antisemitism
420:during the Gaza War (2008-09)
9662:. No. 61. pp. 9–16
9654:Whine, Michael (Fall 2018).
8871:University of Nebraska Press
8435:Islamophobia Studies Journal
7844:Speri, Alice (6 June 2023).
6475:"Definition of Antisemitism"
4890:White, Ben (21 April 2016).
4019:"Defining antisemitism down"
3244:
3125:In 2003, Israeli politician
2706:
2678:has affected campus debate.
2576:National Executive Committee
2457:University and College Union
1876:University and College Union
1301:Anti-antisemitism in Germany
793:Antisemitism on the Internet
581:Jewish war conspiracy theory
7:
8549:"Israel & Antisemitism"
8448:10.13169/islastudj.5.2.0249
5316:"Israeli Envoy Raps Russia"
4556:Foran, Clare (1 May 2024).
3198:
3034:US House of Representatives
2711:
2584:allegations of antisemitism
2097:
1544:, and for being too vague.
1338:Southern Poverty Law Center
497:COVID-19 pandemic incidents
10:
9757:
9716:2005 in the European Union
9396:Stern, Kenneth S. (2006).
8907:Trump White House Archives
8739:
8323:The Blogs, Times of Israel
4747:"Hue and cry over the UCU"
3542:Brown & Nerenberg 2023
3172:
3140:
3118:
2595:Parliamentary Labour Party
2556:
2313:New Zealand Jewish Council
2050:National Union of Students
2033:. FRA also used the term '
1872:National Union of Students
1867:endorsing the definition.
1818:, in association with the
1766:Use of the EUMC definition
748:On the Jews and Their Lies
31:
9407:American Jewish Committee
9066:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
8692:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
8605:Israel & Antisemitism
8579:Israel & Antisemitism
8553:Israel & Antisemitism
8528:Israel & Antisemitism
8502:Israel & Antisemitism
8409:10.1080/00313220802377453
8388:Jonathan Judaken (2008).
8043:Antisemitism Policy Trust
7703:. Times Higher Education.
7531:10.1080/00313220500045253
7191:. The Conservative Party.
5932:"Open Letter to Facebook"
5121:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
3021:American Jewish Committee
2826:Independent Jewish Voices
2662:University College London
2622:adopted the definition).
2287:Australian Prime Minister
2276:American Jewish Committee
2251:in July 2020 calling for
2013:Fundamental Rights Agency
1880:Jewish Leadership Council
1653:American Jewish Committee
1518:Fundamental Rights Agency
1323:Fundamental Rights Agency
756:Undisputed Over The World
571: Jewish conspiracy
9330:"Defining Anti-Semitism"
8972:10.1177/1743872118780660
8246:. Jewish Voice for Peace
6257:Home Affairs Committee.
5476:European Jewish Congress
5410:Scottish Government News
4185:"Defining Anti-Semitism"
4164:U.S. Department of State
4145:17 November 2017 at the
3850:24 November 2015 at the
3607:9 September 2018 at the
3554:Allen & Nielsen 2002
3210:
3205:Three Ds of antisemitism
3121:Three Ds of antisemitism
3101:U.S. Education Secretary
3023:'s antisemitism expert,
2811:
2800:, in November 2021, the
2757:University of Birmingham
2650:Union of Jewish Students
2349:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1954:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1732:European Jewish Congress
1681:Community Security Trust
1384:Three Ds of antisemitism
1368:Wiener Holocaust Library
1318:Community Security Trust
1180:Black Death persecutions
695:The Dearborn Independent
668:Antisemitic publications
9038:10.1111/1467-923x.12883
9024:The Political Quarterly
8863:Elman, R. Amy (2015a).
8848:. Brill. pp. 79–.
8270:Americans for Peace Now
6505:"Early day motion 1493"
4049:31 October 2017 at the
3896:British Embassy, Israel
3865:"Defining Antisemitism"
3743:"Defining Antisemitism"
3514:, pp. 1–21, 3, 16.
3075:Americans for Peace Now
3056:Jewish Voice for Labour
2625:In September 2018, the
2609:Other political parties
2565:Labour Party Conference
2345:combatting antisemitism
2157:(20 January 2019), and
1974:Arab American Institute
1538:within the Labour Party
1333:Simon Wiesenthal Center
1085:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
859:The Occidental Observer
822:Europa: The Last Battle
770:Between Blacks and Jews
768:The Secret Relationship
9606:Iganski, Paul (2009).
9335:London Review of Books
8142:24 August 2018 at the
7103:Media Reform Coalition
6989:25 August 2018 at the
6966:11 August 2018 at the
5322:15 August 2018 at the
4408:Anti-Defamation League
4069:9 October 2017 at the
3877:16 August 2014 at the
3095:In February 2024, the
3043:
2928:relies excessively on
2866:London Review of Books
2846:
2602:Media Reform Coalition
2550:
2533:, the newly appointed
2406:
2134:(23 August 2017), and
2075:
2035:secondary antisemitism
1781:
1706:
1645:Stephen Roth Institute
1612:In December 2003, the
1603:
1343:Stephen Roth Institute
1306:Anti-Defamation League
9557:National Public Radio
9176:(4 September 2018b).
9031:(4). Wiley: 825–831.
8397:Patterns of Prejudice
7518:Patterns of Prejudice
5787:. The Washington Post
4660:Religion News Service
4191:18 March 2018 at the
3377:9 August 2018 at the
3355:17 April 2018 at the
3039:
2838:
2822:Free Speech on Israel
2545:
2453:King's College London
2401:
2213:Parliament of Albania
2070:
1776:
1697:
1599:
1050:William Luther Pierce
728:The International Jew
640:Stab-in-the-back myth
623:Rootless cosmopolitan
9469:. The JKR Foundation
9315:on 29 September 2018
8524:"The Nexus Document"
7559:. 27 February 2017.
7234:The Jewish Chronicle
7044:. 5 September 2018.
6995:The Jewish Chronicle
6972:The Jewish Chronicle
6766:The Jewish Chronicle
6702:The Jewish Chronicle
6215:. The article cites
5350:(12 December 2016).
5222:The Jewish Chronicle
5191:The Jewish Chronicle
4951:Israel National News
3440:Antisemitism Studies
3115:Sharansky's three Ds
3088:, was posted in the
2855:In May 2017, former
2434:Scottish Governments
2285:On 14 October 2021,
2257:StopAntisemitism.org
1935:On 12 January 2016,
1860:institutional racism
1789:right-wing newspaper
1427:Zionist antisemitism
1234:Martyrdom in Judaism
960:Richard Girnt Butler
713:Hitlers Zweites Buch
299:textbook controversy
9015:Gould, Rebecca Ruth
8146:, Liberty, May 2018
7863:Staff, Al Jazeera.
7799:Middle East Monitor
7741:"Academic campaign"
7652:on 23 February 2021
7416:The Times of Israel
7359:. 12 February 2021.
7105:. 27 September 2018
6481:. 27 February 2017.
6263:. October 2016. Cf
5811:The Times of Israel
5770:The Times of Israel
5710:Psyllides, George.
5634:The Times of Israel
5268:. 22 February 2018.
5266:Middle East Monitor
4896:Middle East Monitor
4449:Washington Examiner
4383:The Times of Israel
3732:, pp. 161–162.
3684:, pp. 159–160.
3331:, pp. 166–167.
3077:(APN) wrote to the
2842:policy of apartheid
2798:Middle East Monitor
2722:criticism of Israel
2580:Nick Thomas-Symonds
2529:In September 2019,
2420:. In July 2018, an
2381:College of Policing
2263:, sent a letter to
2153:(24 January 2018),
2118:(22 January 2017),
2087:Middle East Monitor
2046:Middle East Monitor
1928:, President of the
1725:Initial publication
1689:criticism of Israel
1649:Tel Aviv University
1643:, then head of the
1506:criticism of Israel
1276:Spanish Inquisition
1175:Rhineland massacres
685:Culture of Critique
539:Cultural Bolshevism
9643:. 7 November 2017.
9448:The Jewish Journal
9219:Marcus, Kenneth L.
9061:The Jerusalem Post
8909:. 11 December 2019
8796:Nielsen, Jørgen S.
8792:Allen, Christopher
8599:Nexus Task Force.
8498:"Nexus Task Force"
8496:Nexus Task Force.
8272:. 25 November 2020
8194:The Jerusalem Post
8137:Resolutions Passed
8118:. 4 September 2018
7801:. 2 December 2021.
7472:. 3 November 2022.
7436:. 1 November 2022.
7131:. 5 October 2018.
6425:. 22 February 2018
6360:Sedley et al. 2018
6021:The Jerusalem Post
6002:The Jerusalem Post
5736:The Jerusalem Post
5690:The Jerusalem Post
5652:The Jerusalem Post
5478:. 19 October 2017.
5451:The Jerusalem Post
5412:. 19 November 2018
5385:The Jerusalem Post
5279:Kleinfeld, James.
5250:. 7 December 2017.
5079:The Jerusalem Post
4089:The Jerusalem Post
3713:, pp. 93–101.
3669:, p. 153-154.
3099:wrote a letter to
2902:Geoffrey Robertson
2878:William Macpherson
2753:Rebecca Ruth Gould
2727:In December 2016,
2700:Human Rights Watch
2692:E. Tendayi Achiume
2672:Jonathan Rosenhead
2615:Conservative Party
2613:In July 2018, the
2570:In July 2018, the
2449:Church of Scotland
2065:member countries.
1865:London Declaration
1760:Israeli government
1483:, also called the
1244:Pale of Settlement
1150:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1070:Kevin Alfred Strom
1055:Richard B. Spencer
898:Triple parentheses
781:The Turner Diaries
754:Our Race Will Rule
723:1988 Hamas Charter
517:Antisemitic tropes
403:Christian Identity
336:Conservative Party
9736:Freedom of speech
9625:978-0-275-99569-0
9612:Perry, Barbara A.
9509:. Matrix Chambers
9234:978-0-19-937565-3
8880:978-0-803-25541-8
8855:978-90-04-30089-7
8685:(25 March 2021).
8298:. 4 December 2020
7869:www.aljazeera.com
7747:. 25 October 2020
7678:. 4 February 2021
7341:. 7 January 2021.
7323:. 7 January 2021.
7305:. 9 October 2020.
7189:"Code of Conduct"
6455:. 8 February 2017
6236:. 16 October 2016
6145:. The White House
6116:Radio New Zealand
5936:Stop Antisemitism
5609:. 20 January 2019
5583:. 24 January 2018
5048:(Press release).
4735:, No.59, pp. 7–12
4632:Marsi, Federica.
4166:. 20 January 2009
4073:. 16 October 2016
3478:, pp. 21–22.
3434:(14 April 2022).
3013:
3012:
3005:
2987:
2770:Geoffrey Alderman
2632:In October 2018,
2627:Liberal Democrats
2397:freedom of speech
2307:On 24 June 2022,
2274:According to the
2242:have adopted it.
2126:(27 April 2017),
2122:(25 April 2017),
1856:MacPherson Report
1854:of racism in the
1673:Michael Berenbaum
1618:Kenneth L. Marcus
1477:
1476:
1259:Russian Civil War
1200:Ghettos in Europe
1030:Ernest G. Liebold
929:Prominent figures
810:The Daily Stormer
700:Ethnic Cleansing
680:The Barnes Review
559:Franklin Prophecy
16:(Redirected from
9748:
9741:New antisemitism
9711:2005 in politics
9687:
9686:
9684:Official website
9671:
9669:
9667:
9644:
9638:
9629:
9598:Feldman, David.
9595:
9593:
9591:
9567:
9565:
9563:
9547:
9537:
9527:
9518:
9516:
9514:
9508:
9498:
9496:
9494:
9478:
9476:
9474:
9468:
9458:
9456:
9454:
9438:
9432:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9404:
9392:
9390:
9388:
9367:
9365:
9363:
9347:
9345:
9343:
9324:
9322:
9320:
9303:
9266:
9264:
9262:
9246:
9238:
9221:(17 July 2015).
9214:
9212:
9210:
9192:
9190:
9188:
9169:
9167:
9165:
9149:
9147:
9145:
9129:
9127:
9125:
9109:
9107:
9105:
9099:The Conversation
9089:
9087:
9085:
9069:
9050:
9040:
9017:(28 July 2020).
9010:
9008:
9006:
8990:
8988:
8986:
8957:
8947:
8938:
8936:
8934:
8918:
8916:
8914:
8898:
8896:
8884:
8859:
8838:
8825:
8823:
8821:
8815:
8804:
8787:
8785:
8783:
8765:
8763:
8761:
8754:Jewish Telegraph
8733:
8732:
8730:
8728:
8718:
8710:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8699:
8679:
8673:
8672:
8670:
8668:
8654:
8648:
8647:
8645:
8643:
8633:
8625:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8611:
8596:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8570:
8564:
8563:
8561:
8559:
8545:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8519:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8493:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8482:
8467:
8461:
8460:
8450:
8426:
8420:
8419:
8418:on 18 June 2010.
8417:
8411:. Archived from
8403:(4–5): 531–560.
8394:
8385:
8379:
8373:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8350:Inside Higher Ed
8340:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8329:
8314:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8288:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8277:
8262:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8239:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8228:
8209:
8203:
8202:
8201:on 19 July 2018.
8197:. Archived from
8184:
8178:
8177:
8175:
8173:
8153:
8147:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8123:
8106:
8100:
8094:
8088:
8082:
8071:
8065:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8049:
8040:
8032:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8021:
8011:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7991:
7986:. 31 August 2018
7974:
7968:
7962:
7956:
7950:
7944:
7938:
7932:
7926:
7920:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7894:. 3 April 2017.
7882:
7873:
7872:
7860:
7854:
7853:
7841:
7835:
7834:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7780:
7766:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7737:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7726:
7720:The Conversation
7711:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7694:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7657:
7642:
7636:
7630:
7624:
7618:
7612:
7606:
7600:
7594:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7480:
7474:
7473:
7462:
7456:
7455:
7444:
7438:
7437:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7385:
7379:
7378:
7367:
7361:
7360:
7349:
7343:
7342:
7331:
7325:
7324:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7264:
7256:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7225:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7185:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7154:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7140:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7004:
6998:
6980:
6974:
6956:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6936:. 23 July 2018.
6926:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6848:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6800:Jewish Chronicle
6792:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6756:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6722:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6677:. 13 August 2019
6667:
6661:
6655:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6501:
6495:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6479:London City Hall
6471:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6453:London City Hall
6445:
6439:
6438:
6432:
6430:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6389:
6383:
6382:. December 2016.
6379:
6369:
6363:
6357:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6335:Jewish Chronicle
6326:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6284:. 22 August 2018
6274:
6268:
6255:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6226:
6220:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6119:. 25 June 2022.
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6087:. 23 June 2022.
6077:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6012:
6006:
6005:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5829:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5762:
5756:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5553:. 28 June 2017.
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5530:
5523:
5519:"IHRA Factsheet"
5515:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5376:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5340:
5334:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5148:. 17 July 2018.
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5112:
5106:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5047:
5038:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4943:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4742:
4736:
4723:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4651:
4642:
4641:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4507:. 10 June 2018.
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4441:
4435:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4296:
4290:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4255:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4156:
4150:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4080:
4074:
4060:
4054:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3888:
3882:
3861:
3855:
3841:
3830:
3824:
3801:
3795:
3782:
3776:
3765:
3759:
3750:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3714:
3708:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3623:
3612:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3574:
3566:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3490:, pp. 1–49.
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3408:
3406:
3391:
3382:
3368:
3359:
3341:
3332:
3326:
3315:
3309:
3292:
3286:
3261:
3255:
3233:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3150:Kenneth S. Stern
3143:Nexus Task Force
3131:delegitimization
3054:In August 2017,
3025:Kenneth S. Stern
3019:In 2004, as the
3008:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2945:
2921:
2913:
2909:Original drafter
2900:In August 2018,
2894:Geoffrey Bindman
2887:Human Rights Act
2876:saying: "...Sir
2792:In Spring 2021,
2779:Gavin Williamson
2751:In August 2018,
2657:Gavin Williamson
2480:Geoffrey Bindman
2462:In August 2019,
2422:Early Day Motion
2189:Milena Santerini
2175:Roderic O'Gorman
2056:IHRA publication
2027:new antisemitism
1995:(D-NJ) and Rep.
1783:For example, in
1720:EUMC publication
1695:is antisemitic:
1657:Kenneth S. Stern
1639:Israeli scholar
1595:Alexander Pollak
1546:Kenneth S. Stern
1469:
1462:
1455:
1441:
1440:
1120:Nichifor Crainic
1065:Julius Streicher
1005:Heinrich Himmler
870:Renegade Tribune
591:Judeo-Bolshevism
570:
564:Host desecration
544:Cultural Marxism
430:Holocaust denial
70:
47:
46:
42:Nexus Task Force
21:
9756:
9755:
9751:
9750:
9749:
9747:
9746:
9745:
9706:2005 in Judaism
9691:
9690:
9682:
9681:
9678:
9665:
9663:
9636:
9626:
9589:
9587:
9575:
9573:Further reading
9570:
9561:
9559:
9535:
9512:
9510:
9506:
9492:
9490:
9472:
9470:
9466:
9452:
9450:
9437:. pp. 1–8.
9430:
9411:
9409:
9402:
9386:
9384:
9361:
9359:
9341:
9339:
9318:
9316:
9260:
9258:
9235:
9208:
9206:
9203:The Independent
9186:
9184:
9163:
9161:
9143:
9141:
9123:
9121:
9103:
9101:
9083:
9081:
9004:
9002:
8984:
8982:
8955:
8932:
8930:
8912:
8910:
8901:
8894:
8881:
8856:
8819:
8817:
8813:
8802:
8781:
8779:
8776:The Independent
8759:
8757:
8742:
8737:
8736:
8726:
8724:
8711:
8707:
8697:
8695:
8680:
8676:
8666:
8664:
8656:
8655:
8651:
8641:
8639:
8636:The White House
8631:
8627:
8626:
8619:
8609:
8607:
8597:
8593:
8583:
8581:
8571:
8567:
8557:
8555:
8547:
8546:
8542:
8532:
8530:
8520:
8516:
8506:
8504:
8494:
8490:
8480:
8478:
8477:. 14 March 2022
8469:
8468:
8464:
8427:
8423:
8415:
8392:
8386:
8382:
8371:
8365:
8355:
8353:
8341:
8337:
8327:
8325:
8315:
8311:
8301:
8299:
8290:
8289:
8285:
8275:
8273:
8264:
8263:
8259:
8249:
8247:
8240:
8236:
8226:
8224:
8217:Times of Israel
8211:
8210:
8206:
8185:
8181:
8171:
8169:
8154:
8150:
8144:Wayback Machine
8135:
8131:
8121:
8119:
8108:
8107:
8103:
8095:
8091:
8083:
8074:
8066:
8057:
8047:
8045:
8038:
8034:
8033:
8029:
8019:
8017:
8009:
8003:
7999:
7989:
7987:
7976:
7975:
7971:
7963:
7959:
7951:
7947:
7939:
7935:
7927:
7923:
7915:
7911:
7901:
7899:
7884:
7883:
7876:
7861:
7857:
7842:
7838:
7827:
7823:
7815:
7811:
7810:
7806:
7793:
7792:
7788:
7778:
7776:
7768:
7767:
7760:
7750:
7748:
7739:
7738:
7734:
7724:
7722:
7712:
7708:
7695:
7691:
7681:
7679:
7670:
7669:
7665:
7655:
7653:
7644:
7643:
7639:
7631:
7627:
7619:
7615:
7607:
7603:
7595:
7588:
7580:
7576:
7566:
7564:
7551:
7550:
7546:
7513:
7509:
7504:. 4 April 2023.
7500:
7499:
7495:
7482:
7481:
7477:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7446:
7445:
7441:
7428:
7427:
7423:
7408:
7404:
7394:
7392:
7387:
7386:
7382:
7375:Labour Briefing
7369:
7368:
7364:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7333:
7332:
7328:
7315:
7314:
7310:
7301:
7300:
7296:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7268:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7257:
7253:
7243:
7241:
7226:
7222:
7212:
7210:
7200:
7196:
7187:
7186:
7182:
7172:
7170:
7155:
7148:
7138:
7136:
7123:
7122:
7118:
7108:
7106:
7097:
7096:
7092:
7082:
7080:
7065:
7061:
7051:
7049:
7036:
7035:
7031:
7021:
7019:
7006:
7005:
7001:
6991:Wayback Machine
6981:
6977:
6968:Wayback Machine
6957:
6953:
6943:
6941:
6928:
6927:
6923:
6913:
6911:
6901:
6897:
6887:
6885:
6876:
6875:
6871:
6861:
6859:
6849:
6845:
6835:
6833:
6823:
6819:
6809:
6807:
6794:
6793:
6786:
6776:
6774:
6757:
6750:
6740:
6738:
6723:
6716:
6706:
6704:
6694:
6690:
6680:
6678:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6656:
6649:
6639:
6637:
6625:
6621:
6611:
6609:
6599:
6595:
6585:
6583:
6573:
6569:
6559:
6557:
6547:
6543:
6528:
6524:
6514:
6512:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6490:
6486:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6458:
6456:
6447:
6446:
6442:
6428:
6426:
6423:Hackney Citizen
6417:
6416:
6412:
6402:
6400:
6390:
6386:
6377:
6370:
6366:
6358:
6349:
6339:
6337:
6327:
6323:
6313:
6311:
6301:
6297:
6287:
6285:
6276:
6275:
6271:
6256:
6249:
6239:
6237:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6210:
6206:
6197:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6174:
6172:
6162:
6158:
6148:
6146:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6126:
6124:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6094:
6092:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6064:
6062:
6045:
6041:
6031:
6029:
6028:on 23 June 2022
6014:
6013:
6009:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5967:
5965:
5955:
5951:
5941:
5939:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5915:
5913:
5911:Jewish Currents
5903:
5899:
5889:
5887:
5877:
5873:
5863:
5861:
5851:
5847:
5837:
5835:
5834:. 27 March 2019
5827:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5790:
5788:
5781:
5777:
5764:
5763:
5759:
5747:
5743:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5708:
5704:
5694:
5692:
5682:
5678:
5671:The Irish Times
5665:Shatter, Alan.
5663:
5659:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5626:
5622:
5612:
5610:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5586:
5584:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5560:
5558:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5509:
5499:
5497:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5443:
5439:
5434:. 25 June 2019.
5430:
5429:
5425:
5415:
5413:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5389:
5387:
5377:
5370:
5360:
5358:
5341:
5337:
5331:Jonathan Arkush
5327:Times of Israel
5324:Wayback Machine
5314:
5310:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5277:
5273:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5231:
5229:
5214:
5210:
5196:
5194:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5172:
5165:
5155:
5153:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5125:
5123:
5113:
5109:
5098:
5094:
5084:
5082:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5039:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5012:
5008:
4998:
4996:
4986:
4982:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4945:
4944:
4935:
4925:
4923:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4898:
4888:
4884:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4860:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4832:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4779:
4769:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4743:
4739:
4725:Michael Whine.
4724:
4717:
4707:
4705:
4703:The Sofia Globe
4695:
4691:
4683:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4652:
4645:
4630:
4626:
4611:
4607:
4597:
4595:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4554:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4512:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4456:
4451:. 30 May 2018.
4443:
4442:
4438:
4427:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4375:
4371:
4361:
4359:
4349:
4345:
4335:
4333:
4323:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4256:
4249:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4193:Wayback Machine
4183:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4147:Wayback Machine
4137:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4110:
4103:
4093:
4091:
4081:
4077:
4071:Wayback Machine
4061:
4057:
4051:Wayback Machine
4042:David Feldman,
4041:
4037:
4027:
4025:
4015:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3968:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3879:Wayback Machine
3862:
3858:
3852:Wayback Machine
3842:
3833:
3825:
3804:
3796:
3785:
3777:
3768:
3760:
3753:
3740:
3736:
3728:
3717:
3709:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3641:
3637:
3625:Michael Whine.
3624:
3615:
3609:Wayback Machine
3599:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3456:
3454:
3429:
3422:
3413:
3404:
3402:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3379:Wayback Machine
3369:
3362:
3357:Wayback Machine
3342:
3335:
3327:
3318:
3310:
3295:
3287:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3201:
3189:
3177:
3171:
3158:
3145:
3139:
3127:Natan Sharansky
3123:
3117:
3112:
3090:Times of Israel
3052:
3009:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2934:primary sources
2922:
2911:
2857:Court of Appeal
2814:
2716:In March 2005,
2714:
2709:
2687:
2667:Labour Briefing
2646:
2611:
2561:
2555:
2537:, wrote in the
2442:London Assembly
2418:Mayor of London
2414:London Assembly
2369:
2341:executive order
2333:
2302:New Israel Fund
2159:North Macedonia
2130:(25 May 2017),
2110:was blocked by
2100:
2058:
2009:
1993:Josh Gottheimer
1899:
1847:
1824:Ottawa Protocol
1768:
1727:
1722:
1637:
1571:
1566:
1489:IHRA definition
1473:
1432:
1431:
1412:Self-hating Jew
1402:
1394:
1393:
1314:
1296:
1286:
1285:
1170:
1160:
1159:
1135:Philippe PĂ©tain
1130:László Ferenczy
1110:Gheorghe Buzatu
1045:Eustace Mullins
1040:Kevin MacDonald
1020:Osama bin Laden
1015:Arthur J. Jones
1000:Joseph Goebbels
990:Theodor Fritsch
980:Louis Farrakhan
965:Édouard Drumont
955:James von Brunn
930:
922:
921:
876:The Right Stuff
794:
786:
785:
772:
769:
758:
755:
733:La Libre Parole
708:La France juive
670:
660:
659:
554:Finance control
519:
509:
508:
450:Nation of Islam
378:
370:
369:
277:Imperial Russia
150:
140:
139:
115:
86:
85:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9754:
9744:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9701:2005 documents
9689:
9688:
9677:
9676:External links
9674:
9673:
9672:
9651:
9645:
9641:docs.house.gov
9630:
9624:
9603:
9596:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9568:
9548:
9528:
9519:
9499:
9479:
9459:
9439:
9422:Stern, Kenneth
9418:
9393:
9368:
9348:
9325:
9304:
9267:
9247:
9239:
9233:
9215:
9193:
9174:Lerman, Antony
9170:
9150:
9130:
9110:
9090:
9070:
9051:
9011:
8991:
8948:
8939:
8919:
8899:
8885:
8879:
8860:
8854:
8839:
8826:
8788:
8766:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8705:
8674:
8649:
8617:
8591:
8565:
8540:
8514:
8488:
8462:
8421:
8380:
8363:
8335:
8309:
8283:
8257:
8234:
8204:
8179:
8148:
8129:
8101:
8089:
8072:
8055:
8027:
7997:
7969:
7965:Robertson 2018
7957:
7945:
7933:
7929:Tomlinson 2017
7921:
7917:Tomlinson 2017
7909:
7874:
7855:
7836:
7821:
7804:
7786:
7758:
7732:
7706:
7697:Borer, Hagit.
7689:
7663:
7637:
7633:Alderman 2019b
7625:
7621:Alderman 2019a
7613:
7601:
7586:
7574:
7544:
7507:
7493:
7475:
7457:
7439:
7421:
7410:Magid, Jacob.
7402:
7380:
7362:
7344:
7326:
7308:
7294:
7289:Varsity Online
7276:
7251:
7220:
7208:Channel 4 News
7194:
7180:
7146:
7116:
7090:
7059:
7029:
6999:
6975:
6951:
6921:
6895:
6884:. 17 July 2018
6869:
6857:Channel 4 News
6843:
6817:
6784:
6748:
6714:
6688:
6662:
6647:
6619:
6593:
6567:
6541:
6522:
6511:. 9 March 2011
6496:
6484:
6466:
6440:
6410:
6384:
6364:
6347:
6321:
6295:
6269:
6247:
6221:
6204:
6182:
6156:
6134:
6102:
6072:
6039:
6007:
5989:
5975:
5949:
5923:
5897:
5871:
5859:The Algemeiner
5845:
5816:
5798:
5775:
5757:
5753:Jerusalem Post
5741:
5723:
5702:
5676:
5657:
5639:
5628:Oster, Marcy.
5620:
5594:
5568:
5542:
5507:
5481:
5463:
5437:
5423:
5397:
5368:
5335:
5308:
5290:
5271:
5253:
5239:
5208:
5193:. 8 March 2019
5178:
5163:
5133:
5107:
5092:
5081:. 14 June 2021
5066:
5030:
5018:
5006:
4980:
4968:
4953:. 3 May 2018.
4933:
4908:
4882:
4870:
4842:
4816:
4809:
4789:
4763:
4737:
4715:
4689:
4672:
4643:
4624:
4605:
4574:
4548:
4522:
4492:
4466:
4436:
4429:H.R. 5924
4421:
4395:
4369:
4343:
4317:
4291:
4284:H.R. 6421
4276:
4264:Jerusalem Post
4247:
4235:
4209:
4197:
4177:
4151:
4131:
4101:
4075:
4055:
4035:
4009:
3997:
3988:
3962:
3950:
3938:
3913:
3902:on 12 May 2010
3883:
3856:
3831:
3802:
3783:
3781:, p. 161.
3766:
3751:
3734:
3715:
3698:
3696:, p. 160.
3686:
3671:
3659:
3657:, p. 153.
3647:
3645:, p. 152.
3635:
3613:
3593:
3558:
3546:
3533:
3516:
3504:
3502:, p. 825.
3492:
3480:
3468:
3432:Penslar, Derek
3420:
3383:
3360:
3333:
3316:
3293:
3262:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3225:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3197:
3188:
3185:
3173:Main article:
3170:
3167:
3157:
3154:
3141:Main article:
3138:
3137:Nexus Document
3135:
3119:Main article:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:Miguel Cardona
3051:
3048:
3011:
3010:
2925:
2923:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2861:Stephen Sedley
2850:House of Lords
2818:Hugh Tomlinson
2813:
2810:
2768:In July 2019,
2739:In July 2018,
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2686:
2685:United Nations
2683:
2645:
2642:
2610:
2607:
2557:Main article:
2554:
2551:
2540:Sunday Express
2531:Robert Jenrick
2484:Lindsey German
2426:Luciana Berger
2368:
2367:United Kingdom
2365:
2361:Nexus Document
2332:
2329:
2290:Scott Morrison
2280:Jerusalem Post
2226:, the city of
2220:South Carolina
2144:Georg Georgiev
2099:
2096:
2057:
2054:
2008:
2005:
1898:
1895:
1846:
1845:United Kingdom
1843:
1767:
1764:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1685:Felice D. Gaer
1636:
1633:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1558:Nexus Document
1513:European Union
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1401:Related topics
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1254:Russian Empire
1246:
1241:
1239:Nuremberg Laws
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1195:Jewish quarter
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:Richard Wagner
1152:
1147:
1145:Stepan Bandera
1142:
1140:Symon Petliura
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
975:Adolf Eichmann
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
917:Veterans Today
914:
911:The Unz Review
907:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
872:
867:
862:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
818:
813:
806:
801:
795:
792:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
778:
773:
766:
764:
759:
752:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
671:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
655:ZOG conspiracy
652:
650:White genocide
647:
645:Well poisoning
642:
637:
636:
635:
630:
620:
615:
610:
605:
603:Judeo-Masonism
600:
599:
598:
588:
583:
578:
573:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
520:
515:
514:
511:
510:
507:
506:
505:
504:
499:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
468:
467:
462:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
406:
405:
395:
390:
385:
379:
377:Manifestations
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
362:
361:
360:
355:
345:
344:
343:
338:
331:United Kingdom
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
302:
301:
291:
290:
289:
284:
279:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
218:
217:
212:
210:Dreyfus affair
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
151:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
132:
127:
125:Nexus Document
122:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
88:
87:
84:
83:
81:discrimination
77:Jewish history
72:
71:
63:
62:
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9753:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9698:
9696:
9685:
9680:
9679:
9661:
9657:
9652:
9649:
9646:
9642:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9604:
9601:
9597:
9586:
9582:
9577:
9576:
9558:
9554:
9549:
9545:
9541:
9534:
9529:
9525:
9520:
9505:
9500:
9489:
9485:
9480:
9465:
9460:
9449:
9445:
9440:
9436:
9429:
9428:
9423:
9419:
9408:
9401:
9400:
9394:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9369:
9358:
9354:
9349:
9337:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9314:
9310:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9273:
9268:
9257:
9256:openDemocracy
9253:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9236:
9230:
9226:
9225:
9220:
9216:
9205:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9183:
9182:openDemocracy
9179:
9175:
9171:
9160:
9159:openDemocracy
9156:
9151:
9140:
9136:
9131:
9120:
9119:openDemocracy
9116:
9111:
9100:
9096:
9091:
9080:
9076:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9048:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9030:
9026:
9025:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9001:
9000:openDemocracy
8997:
8992:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8954:
8949:
8945:
8940:
8929:
8925:
8920:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8893:
8892:
8886:
8882:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8867:
8861:
8857:
8851:
8847:
8846:
8840:
8836:
8835:+972 magazine
8832:
8827:
8812:
8808:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8778:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8756:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8744:
8722:
8717:
8709:
8694:
8693:
8688:
8684:
8678:
8663:
8659:
8653:
8638:. 25 May 2023
8637:
8630:
8624:
8622:
8606:
8602:
8595:
8580:
8576:
8569:
8554:
8550:
8544:
8529:
8525:
8518:
8503:
8499:
8492:
8476:
8472:
8466:
8458:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8425:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8391:
8384:
8377:
8367:
8352:
8351:
8346:
8339:
8324:
8320:
8313:
8297:
8293:
8287:
8271:
8267:
8261:
8245:
8238:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8208:
8200:
8196:
8195:
8190:
8183:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8152:
8145:
8141:
8138:
8133:
8117:
8116:
8111:
8105:
8098:
8093:
8086:
8081:
8079:
8077:
8069:
8064:
8062:
8060:
8044:
8037:
8031:
8015:
8008:
8001:
7985:
7984:
7979:
7973:
7966:
7961:
7954:
7949:
7942:
7937:
7931:, p. 10.
7930:
7925:
7918:
7913:
7897:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7881:
7879:
7870:
7866:
7859:
7851:
7850:The Intercept
7847:
7840:
7832:
7825:
7814:
7808:
7800:
7796:
7790:
7775:
7771:
7765:
7763:
7746:
7742:
7736:
7721:
7717:
7710:
7701:
7693:
7677:
7673:
7667:
7651:
7647:
7641:
7634:
7629:
7622:
7617:
7610:
7605:
7598:
7593:
7591:
7583:
7578:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7548:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7519:
7511:
7503:
7497:
7489:
7485:
7479:
7471:
7467:
7461:
7453:
7449:
7443:
7435:
7431:
7425:
7417:
7413:
7406:
7390:
7384:
7376:
7372:
7366:
7358:
7354:
7348:
7340:
7336:
7330:
7322:
7318:
7312:
7304:
7298:
7290:
7286:
7280:
7261:
7255:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7224:
7209:
7205:
7198:
7190:
7184:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7153:
7151:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7120:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7063:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7033:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7003:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6979:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6958:Harpin, Lee.
6955:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6925:
6910:
6906:
6899:
6883:
6879:
6873:
6858:
6854:
6847:
6832:
6828:
6821:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6791:
6789:
6772:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6755:
6753:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6721:
6719:
6703:
6699:
6692:
6676:
6672:
6666:
6659:
6654:
6652:
6636:
6635:
6630:
6623:
6608:
6604:
6597:
6582:
6578:
6571:
6556:
6552:
6545:
6537:
6533:
6526:
6510:
6509:UK Parliament
6506:
6500:
6493:
6488:
6480:
6476:
6470:
6454:
6450:
6444:
6437:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6399:
6395:
6388:
6381:
6373:
6368:
6361:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6336:
6332:
6325:
6310:
6306:
6299:
6283:
6279:
6273:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6254:
6252:
6235:
6231:
6225:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6194:
6193:
6186:
6171:
6167:
6160:
6144:
6138:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6106:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6076:
6060:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6043:
6027:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6011:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5985:
5979:
5964:
5960:
5953:
5938:. 29 May 2019
5937:
5933:
5927:
5912:
5908:
5901:
5886:
5882:
5875:
5860:
5856:
5849:
5833:
5826:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5786:
5779:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5754:
5750:
5745:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5706:
5691:
5687:
5680:
5672:
5668:
5661:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5635:
5631:
5624:
5608:
5604:
5598:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5527:
5520:
5514:
5512:
5495:
5491:
5485:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5452:
5448:
5441:
5433:
5427:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5373:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5339:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5286:
5282:
5275:
5267:
5263:
5257:
5249:
5243:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5175:
5170:
5168:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5122:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5102:
5096:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5035:
5027:
5022:
5015:
5010:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4978:, p. 12.
4977:
4972:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4874:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4846:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4812:
4810:9781443857819
4806:
4802:
4801:
4793:
4778:
4777:openDemocracy
4774:
4767:
4752:
4751:openDemocracy
4748:
4741:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4720:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4648:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4537:. 1 June 2018
4536:
4532:
4526:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4481:. 23 May 2018
4480:
4476:
4470:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4410:. 23 May 2018
4409:
4405:
4399:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4252:
4245:, p. 21.
4244:
4239:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4207:, p. 23.
4206:
4201:
4195:, 8 June 2010
4194:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4119:
4115:
4108:
4106:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4039:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4007:, p. 79.
4006:
4001:
3992:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3954:
3947:
3942:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3866:
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3853:
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3836:
3828:
3823:
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3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3799:
3794:
3792:
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3780:
3775:
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3763:
3758:
3756:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3731:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3695:
3690:
3683:
3678:
3676:
3668:
3663:
3656:
3651:
3644:
3639:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3611:. FRA website
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3578:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3537:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3513:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3489:
3488:Friedman 2021
3484:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3229:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3166:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3050:Organizations
3047:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3007:
3004:
2996:
2993:November 2020
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954: –
2953:
2949:
2948:Find sources:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2926:This section
2924:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2875:
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2868:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2845:
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2837:
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2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2741:Antony Lerman
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:David Feldman
2725:
2723:
2719:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2635:
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2628:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2560:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2524:Mark Serwotka
2521:
2520:Norman Warner
2517:
2513:
2512:Karma Nabulsi
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2469:Antony Lerman
2465:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
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2431:
2427:
2423:
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2415:
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2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
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2353:
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2331:United States
2328:
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2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:Adam Milstein
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2209:Taulant Balla
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
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2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2082:Antony Lerman
2079:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2019:Richard Kuper
2016:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1897:United States
1894:
1892:
1891:David Feldman
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1849:In 2006, the
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:, issued the
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1717:
1715:
1714:praxeological
1711:
1710:Antony Lerman
1705:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
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1654:
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1646:
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1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1550:weaponization
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1417:Weaponization
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:Philosemitism
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:Philosemitism
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
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1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:The Holocaust
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
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9377:The Guardian
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7557:The Guardian
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6054:The Guardian
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5348:Javid, Sajid
5344:May, Theresa
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4685:Feldman 2016
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4619:The New Arab
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4505:Kuwait Times
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4005:Cardaun 2015
4000:
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3900:the original
3895:
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3798:Lerman 2018a
3746:
3741:Dina Porat,
3737:
3689:
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3650:
3638:
3633:IV: 3 (2010)
3630:
3596:
3584:. Retrieved
3549:
3536:
3512:Ullrich 2019
3507:
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3483:
3471:
3462:
3455:. Retrieved
3443:
3439:
3410:
3403:. Retrieved
3344:
3312:Lerman 2018b
3260:, p. 6.
3258:Ullrich 2019
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2644:Universities
2631:
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2592:
2588:
2572:Labour Party
2569:
2562:
2553:Labour Party
2546:
2538:
2528:
2508:Kika Markham
2504:Jenny Manson
2474:The Guardian
2472:
2461:
2446:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2385:
2373:Eric Pickles
2370:
2354:
2337:Donald Trump
2334:
2306:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2253:social media
2246:
2244:
2234:, the Greek
2217:
2179:
2171:Alan Shatter
2148:
2105:
2101:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2042:
2039:
2031:anti-Zionism
2024:
2017:
2010:
1978:
1962:
1937:Peter Roskam
1934:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1900:
1888:
1869:
1864:
1848:
1828:
1795:
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1752:
1744:
1739:antisemitism
1736:
1728:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1677:Roni Stauber
1669:Yehuda Bauer
1662:
1638:
1622:
1611:
1607:anti-Zionist
1604:
1600:
1593:researcher,
1589:
1582:Islamophobia
1579:
1572:
1530:
1510:
1493:antisemitism
1488:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1422:Anti-Zionism
1372:
1281:Yellow badge
1226:
1222:Jewish quota
1125:Ioan Slavici
1080:Ernst ZĂĽndel
1010:Adolf Hitler
995:Nick Fuentes
935:Baked Alaska
909:
902:
875:
857:
833:Goebbels Gap
820:
808:
702:(video game)
701:
576:Jewish lobby
524:Andinia Plan
358:21st century
341:Labour Party
306:South Africa
294:Saudi Arabia
282:Soviet Union
215:21st-century
134:
60:Antisemitism
34:antisemitism
33:
29:
9616:Hate Crimes
9473:9 September
9453:9 September
9104:18 November
9005:20 November
8723:(in German)
8372:state178448
8356:15 February
8250:2 September
8172:5 September
8122:21 November
7990:1 September
7953:Sedley 2018
7941:Sedley 2017
7891:Jewish News
7656:23 February
7609:Gould 2018b
7597:Gould 2018a
7434:The Forward
6673:. Letters.
6658:Lerman 2019
6581:Jewish News
6555:Jewish News
6515:17 November
6459:17 November
6429:16 November
6403:17 November
5717:Cyprus Mail
5456:19 November
5416:19 November
5390:19 November
5361:19 November
5028:, p. .
4999:19 November
4994:Jewish News
4926:19 November
4901:18 November
4878:Marcus 2015
4863:18 November
4708:19 November
4541:19 November
4485:19 November
4414:19 November
4388:19 November
4362:19 November
4357:The Forward
4336:19 November
4331:The Forward
4243:Marcus 2015
4205:Marcus 2015
4170:17 November
4094:18 November
4028:17 November
3981:18 November
3976:The Forward
3958:Elman 2015b
3946:Elman 2015a
3779:Marcus 2015
3730:Marcus 2015
3694:Marcus 2015
3682:Marcus 2015
3667:Marcus 2015
3655:Marcus 2015
3643:Marcus 2015
3476:Marcus 2015
3405:17 February
3329:Marcus 2015
2783:Hagit Borer
2696:Gilad Erdan
2638:Shahrar Ali
2516:Clare Short
2496:Ghada Karmi
2492:Kate Hudson
2488:Nadia Hijab
2309:New Zealand
2269:Neve Gordon
2228:Bal Harbour
2073:facilities.
2007:FRA removal
2001:Sara Jacobs
1989:Mike Lawler
1970:James Zogby
1968:(ACLU) and
1926:Cary Nelson
1271:Segregation
1168:Persecution
1115:Nae Ionescu
816:Disclose.tv
529:Blood libel
465:Strasserism
247:New Zealand
195:Costa Rican
114:Definitions
9695:Categories
8805:. Vienna:
8667:17 January
8610:18 January
8584:18 January
8507:18 January
8302:4 December
8276:4 December
8097:Stern 2016
8085:Stern 2017
8068:Stern 2015
7582:Klug 2018b
7488:Al Jazeera
7470:EUobserver
7452:Al Jazeera
7244:17 October
7213:8 November
7173:17 October
7109:11 October
7042:LabourList
6909:LabourList
6536:The Herald
6340:8 November
6314:8 November
5963:Al Jazeera
5791:24 October
5607:Algemeiner
5285:Al Jazeera
5174:Gould 2020
4857:Algemeiner
4638:Al Jazeera
4288:S. 10
3906:2 November
3827:Whine 2010
3762:Stern 2006
3711:Porat 2011
3529:Stern 2019
3500:Gould 2020
3289:Stern 2010
3240:References
2963:newspapers
2930:references
2777:Secretary
2718:Brian Klug
2620:government
2500:Mike Leigh
2339:signed an
2325:John Minto
2091:Al-Jazeera
1997:Max Miller
1800:hate crime
1641:Dina Porat
1564:Background
1389:Yad Vashem
1294:Opposition
1266:Refuseniks
1217:Jewish hat
1190:Expulsions
1100:A. C. Cuza
1095:Horia Sima
1075:Rick Wiles
1025:David Lane
985:Henry Ford
970:David Duke
945:Louis Beam
893:Terrorgram
888:Stormfront
743:Mein Kampf
608:Kosher tax
596:Żydokomuna
534:Cohen Plan
410:Creativity
9513:14 August
9387:14 August
9362:14 August
9342:14 August
9300:147328841
9292:2373-9770
9209:10 August
9187:20 August
9164:14 August
9144:14 August
9124:14 August
9084:21 August
9047:0032-3179
8985:22 August
8980:149909747
8933:14 August
8457:2325-8381
8376:help page
8162:The Times
7983:The Times
7567:27 August
7539:144601300
7269:22 August
7022:25 August
6681:14 August
6640:14 August
6612:14 August
5126:21 August
5026:OSCE 2016
5014:OSCE 2016
4976:OSCE 2016
4835:20 August
4782:26 August
4515:14 August
4459:14 August
4310:14 August
4228:14 August
3452:2474-1817
3349:p. 3
3245:Citations
3160:In 2020,
2707:Criticism
2323:chairman
2197:Argentina
2151:Lithuania
2062:Bucharest
1941:Tim Scott
1791:in 2005.
1785:Lithuania
1667:scholars
1665:Holocaust
1522:Bucharest
950:Don Black
883:StoneToss
853:Metapedia
848:Jew Watch
738:The Light
492:Secondary
487:Religious
398:Christian
388:Alt-right
365:Venezuela
287:Stalinist
262:Palestine
160:Australia
155:Argentina
148:Geography
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