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241:. Both messengers and station operators enjoyed extended privileges. Even for everybody else, the requirements of the Yam took precedence before their other duties and interests, and they had to support it whenever it became necessary. This kind of support was made possible by the strict discipline within the empire, which also led to a high level of security, often described as
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The Yam operated with a chain of relay stations at certain distances to each other, usually around 20–40 miles (32–64 km) apart. A messenger would arrive at a station and give his information to another messenger, and meanwhile rest and let the other messenger go on to the next station to hand
186:. Ögedei Khan gave special attention to Yam because Mongol armies travelled quickly; their messengers had to be even faster, and they covered 200–300 kilometres (120–190 mi) per day. The system was used to speed up the process of information and
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the document to yet another messenger. This way information or documents were constantly on the move without each messenger getting tired. In each relay station, there would be spare horses, food, and shelter.
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The name Yam was adopted into most
Western languages from Russian, in which it probably is from Mongolian
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At first, the system was also available to merchants free of cost. The abuse of this possibility led
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Mongol rider on the Yam (Postal) System. Diez Albums, SBB-PK, Diez A fol. 71, p. 28, no. 1.
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271:. While it was not the first messenger system in history (earlier ones existed in the
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532:Очерк ямских и почтовых учреждений от древних времён до царствования Екатерины II
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The service has been described in great detail by
European travellers including
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levied onto both urban and rural populations. It was controlled by a
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point route messenger system extensively used and expanded by
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354:. Many major Russian cities had whole suburbs and villages (
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Relay stations provided food, shelter and spare horses for
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Postal service system originating from the Mongol-period
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to require that commercial users pay for the services.
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As one of the most fundamental tools for managing the
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List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
444:. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. 2017. p. 229.
830:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
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279:), it was unprecedented in size and efficiency.
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472:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World
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504:. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. pp. 40–41.
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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442:The Diez albums: contexts and contents
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474:. New York: Three Rivers Press.
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110:February 2023
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65:Find sources:
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49:
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43:This article
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31:
19:
1520:Genghis Khan
1289:Kievan Rus'
1267:(1237–1300s)
1259:(1237–1300s)
1103:Western Xia
1065:Qara Khitai
898:Major cities
877:Golden Horde
853:Yuan dynasty
740:Organization
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625:Khong Tayiji
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413:Pony Express
396:Gavrilov-Yam
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199:Golden Horde
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188:intelligence
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1595:Sartaq Khan
1564:Kublai Khan
1559:Möngke Khan
1533:Ögedei Khan
1512:Great Khans
1478:(1314–1318)
1470:(1268–1301)
1422:(1260–1323)
1406:(1253–1256)
1389:Middle East
1283:(1238–1239)
1224:(1221–1327)
1083:(1219–1256)
1075:(1219–1221)
1057:(1264–1308)
1049:(1207-1308)
915:Azov (Azaq)
581:Terminology
524: [
388: [
385:Yam-Tyosovo
373: [
348: [
330: [
319: [
250:Möngke Khan
225:Description
169:great khans
165:Ögedei Khan
1763:Categories
1731:Nogai Khan
1615:Özbeg Khan
1546:Güyük Khan
1440:Civil wars
1428:Palestine
1337:Lithuania
1257:Circassia
990:Xacitarxan
975:Soltaniyeh
712:Darughachi
429:References
418:Royal Road
364:yamshchiks
265:Marco Polo
184:messengers
157:checkpoint
80:newspapers
1600:Orda Khan
1590:Batu Khan
1454:(1260–64)
1398:(1241–43)
1396:Anatolia
1371:(1287–88)
1363:(1285–86)
1355:(1264–65)
1347:(1259–60)
1339:(1258–59)
1315:(1241–42)
1307:(1241–42)
1299:(1240–41)
1275:(1229–36)
1265:Chechnya
1205:(1300–02)
1169:Southeast
1148:(1253–56)
1130:(1235–79)
1122:(1231–60)
1114:(1211–34)
1067:(1216–18)
1055:Sakhalin
1015:Campaigns
965:Saray-Jük
955:Samarkand
930:Karakorum
889:Ilkhanate
647:Political
345:yamshchik
219:Örtege in
205:Etymology
145:Mongolian
18:Yamshchik
1726:Boroldai
1706:Khubilai
1686:Bo'orchu
1659:Military
1553:(regent)
1540:(regent)
1527:(regent)
1412:Baghdad
1361:Hungary
1305:Hungary
1248:Georgia
1195:Vietnam
1047:Siberia
945:Maragheh
845:Khanates
793:Religion
788:Military
737:Politics
687:Kurultai
650:Military
402:See also
357:slobodas
338:yamskoy
327:yam duty
1696:Boroqul
1691:Guo Kan
1681:Negudar
1666:Subutai
1566: (
1404:Alamut
1377:Serbia
1369:Poland
1353:Thrace
1345:Poland
1281:Alania
1146:Yunnan
1081:Persia
1039:Central
1018:Battles
925:Bolghar
920:Bukhara
905:Almalik
707:Kheshig
635:Tarkhan
300:Achinsk
273:Persian
94:scholar
1676:Muqali
1650:Ghazan
1645:Arghun
1635:Hulegu
1525:Tolui
1501:People
1462:(1262)
1420:Syria
1414:(1258)
1379:(1291)
1331:(1242)
1323:(1242)
1239:Europe
1222:India
1203:Burma
1189:(1293)
1178:Burma
1156:Japan
1137:Tibet
1120:Korea
980:Tabriz
950:Qarshi
910:Avarga
756:Topics
660:Jarlig
620:Jinong
615:Khanum
610:Khatun
600:Khagan
592:Titles
534:, 1884
508:
478:
448:
340:prikaz
267:, and
180:Mongol
161:supply
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1721:Kadan
1716:Bayan
1701:Jelme
1640:Abaqa
1630:Kebek
1610:Toqta
1605:Berke
1585:Jochi
1578:Khans
1215:South
1187:Java
940:Majar
882:Wings
702:Tümen
682:Yassa
665:Örtöö
630:Noyan
528:]
392:]
377:]
352:]
334:]
323:]
284:paiza
239:Yassa
215:Örtöö
182:army
173:khans
153:Örtöö
149:Өртөө
101:JSTOR
87:books
1671:Jebe
1625:Duwa
1094:East
1031:Asia
985:Ukek
935:Dadu
743:Life
670:Orda
605:Khan
506:ISBN
476:ISBN
446:ISBN
275:and
171:and
73:news
1711:Aju
394:or
381:yam
211:yam
141:Yam
56:by
1765::
530:,
526:ru
460:^
398:.
390:ru
375:ru
350:ru
332:ru
321:ru
263:,
259:,
245:.
201:.
190:.
175:.
155:,
151:,
147::
1570:)
561:e
554:t
547:v
514:.
484:.
454:.
217:(
143:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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