61:
1290:
813:
375:
Following the assassination of
Chitepo on 18 March 1975, Sithole assumed leadership of the party, but faced immediate opposition from the more militant wing of ZANU, as Sithole was a proponent of détente. This crisis grew with the Mgagao Declaration, where ZANLA leaders and guerillas declared their
420:(registered as such) won a majority with ZAPU (registered as PF–ZAPU) in second place. ZAPU merged into ZANU–PF in 1987. Sithole's group (registered as ZANU) failed to win any seats in 1980. Later it won a few seats and was renamed
902:
765:
384:, with the support of ZANLA, who continued the murder and intimidation of farmers. Both groups continued to use the name ZANU. The Mugabe faction formed the
1349:
1329:
843:
376:
opposition to
Sithole, and led to the effective split of ZANU into a group led by Sithole, who renounced violent struggle, and the group led by
304:, the two major tribes of the country. Both ZANU and ZAPU formed political wings within the country (under those names) and military wings: the
1354:
954:
1058:
332:
Most of ZANU's operations were planned from exile, where the party leadership was based throughout the 1970s, when the party had offices in
1334:
890:
253:
141:
1298:
1105:
1344:
966:
758:
1339:
1263:
413:
353:
305:
1324:
1007:
257:
1269:
977:
960:
309:
1053:
873:
855:
774:
751:
196:
1275:
369:
879:
861:
1069:
896:
237:
127:
1111:
1099:
942:
827:
670:
510:
478:
1064:
867:
1117:
989:
447:
1129:
801:
833:
148:
30:
This article is about the political formation during the period 1963–1980. For the military formation, see
983:
710:
972:
908:
385:
401:
301:
849:
503:
The
Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia
442:
396:" or "ZANU Sithole", joined a transitional government of whites and blacks in 1979, led by Bishop
1093:
1031:
1001:
1075:
786:
660:
468:
1135:
1087:
920:
201:
372:(FROLIZI) in 1973 after Shamuyarira's bid for the party leadership was defeated by Chitepo.
1303:
1123:
1026:
914:
437:
191:
17:
8:
838:
153:
101:
96:
260:, where ZANU–PF has been in power ever since, and ZANU–Ndonga a minor opposition party.
1234:
1164:
365:
269:
245:
225:
173:
168:
76:
60:
1289:
1240:
1187:
1043:
1037:
730:
666:
506:
474:
229:
157:
312:(ZIPRA) respectively to fight the struggle from neighbouring countries – ZANLA from
1210:
722:
281:
91:
643:
Re-living the second
Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe
625:
Re-living the second
Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe
607:
Re-living the second
Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe
589:
Re-living the second
Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe
1293:
1081:
273:
86:
39:
743:
1228:
1204:
1048:
885:
161:
1318:
1216:
1181:
1158:
1152:
734:
711:"ZANU(PF) strategies in general elections, 1980-2000: Discourse and coercion"
397:
381:
377:
337:
241:
38:. For the political party led by Ndabaningi Sithole and Wilson Nkumbula, see
364:
There were two splits within ZANU prior to independence. The first was with
1222:
726:
566:
297:
277:
81:
948:
795:
425:
421:
417:
393:
249:
137:
35:
697:
313:
285:
71:
296:. In contrast to future developments, both parties drew from both the
1246:
638:
620:
602:
584:
548:
221:
812:
778:
321:
233:
404:
in London, where a new constitution and elections were prepared.
389:
400:. When sanctions remained in place, he joined Muzorewa for the
341:
333:
317:
289:
292:. The founders were dissatisfied with the militant tactics of
293:
31:
532:
637:
619:
601:
583:
34:. For the post-1980 history of the political party, see
240:(ZAPU) in 1963. ZANU split in 1975 into wings loyal to
662:
The
History of Africa: The Quest for Eternal Harmony
528:
526:
524:
522:
460:
424:; it remains a minor party with support among the
796:Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
773:
1316:
256:. These two sub-divisions ran separately at the
903:Zimbabwe African People's Union – Federal Party
519:
466:
347:
759:
654:
652:
565:
535:The Struggle for Zimbabwe: the Chimurenga war
416:to the newly constituted state of Zimbabwe,
1106:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress
844:Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai
284:decided to split from ZAPU at the house of
27:1963–1975 militant organisation in Rhodesia
766:
752:
692:Lord Soames, "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe."
649:
547:
573:. Cape Town: Haum (Standard Press, Ltd.).
354:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
306:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
1350:Political parties disestablished in 1975
1330:1963 establishments in Southern Rhodesia
891:Zimbabwe African National Union – Ndonga
407:
359:
961:Movement for Democratic Change Alliance
659:Asante, Molefi Kete (10 October 2014).
500:
388:with ZAPU in 1976, and became known as
14:
1317:
967:Movement for Democratic Change – Ncube
708:
658:
533:David Martin; Phyllis Johnson (1981).
327:
1355:Political parties established in 1963
1008:Zimbabwe United People's Organisation
874:United Movement for Democratic Change
856:National Alliance for Good Governance
747:
665:. Taylor & Francis. p. 397.
272:, Henry Hamadziripi, Mukudzei Midzi,
370:Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe
310:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
1335:1970s disestablishments in Rhodesia
505:. Africa World Press. p. 321.
467:Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. (2009).
268:ZANU was formed 8 August 1963 when
24:
1070:Responsible Government Association
356:(ZANLA) was ZANU's military wing.
25:
1366:
1345:African resistance to colonialism
1112:Southern Rhodesia Communist Party
943:Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe
645:. Stylus Publishing. p. 158.
627:. Stylus Publishing. p. 146.
609:. Stylus Publishing. p. 105.
591:. Stylus Publishing. p. 160.
1340:1975 disestablishments in Africa
1288:
926:Zimbabwe Youth in Alliance (ZYA)
868:Patriotic Union of Mandebeleland
811:
59:
1325:Zimbabwe African National Union
1118:Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party
996:Zimbabwe African National Union
990:United African National Council
897:Zimbabwe African People's Union
702:
686:
368:and others leaving to join the
238:Zimbabwe African People's Union
214:Zimbabwe African National Union
128:Zimbabwe African People's Union
52:Zimbabwe African National Union
1100:Rhodesian White People's Party
955:Movement for Democratic Change
631:
613:
595:
577:
559:
541:
494:
448:Zimbabwe African Peoples Union
13:
1:
1130:United National Federal Party
802:Citizens Coalition for Change
709:Kriger, N. (1 January 2005).
454:
392:. Sithole's faction, dubbed "
236:, formed as a split from the
537:. Zimbabwe Publishing House.
348:Relationship with armed wing
320:, and ZIPRA from Zambia and
263:
248:, later respectively called
7:
641:; Preben Kaarsholm (2006).
623:; Preben Kaarsholm (2006).
605:; Preben Kaarsholm (2006).
587:; Preben Kaarsholm (2006).
555:. London: Blake Publishing.
473:. Peter Lang. p. 117.
431:
10:
1371:
909:Zimbabwe Development Party
29:
1284:
1256:
1197:
1174:
1145:
1059:National Democratic Party
1017:
978:People's Democratic Party
933:
820:
809:
785:
501:Sibanda, Eliakim (2005).
402:Lancaster House Agreement
187:
179:
167:
147:
133:
123:
115:
107:
67:
58:
49:
862:National Patriotic Front
850:Mthwakazi Republic Party
443:Rhodesian propaganda war
1094:Rhodesia National Party
1002:Zimbabwe Unity Movement
949:Forum Party of Zimbabwe
571:The Battle for Rhodesia
470:Do 'Zimbabweans' Exist?
169:Political position
1076:Rhodesian Action Party
828:Coalition of Democrats
696:56#3 (1980): 405–419.
1136:United Rhodesia Party
1088:Rhodesia Labour Party
921:Zimbabwe Labour Party
880:United People's Party
694:International Affairs
414:1980 general election
408:Zimbabwe independence
360:Leadership and splits
258:1980 general election
1304:Politics of Zimbabwe
1124:United Federal Party
1027:Central Africa Party
915:Zimbabwe First Party
727:10.1093/afraf/adi016
438:Politics of Zimbabwe
192:Politics of Zimbabwe
1237:(ZANU, ZANU–Ndonga)
839:Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn
328:Operations in exile
154:African nationalism
102:Herbert Ushewokunze
97:Washington Malianga
1299:Parties by country
1235:Ndabaningi Sithole
1165:Emmerson Mnangagwa
934:Defunct Zimbabwean
553:The Great Betrayal
366:Nathan Shamuyarira
270:Ndabaningi Sithole
246:Ndabaningi Sithole
224:organisation that
77:Ndabaningi Sithole
1312:
1311:
1241:Morgan Tsvangirai
1188:Morgan Tsvangirai
1044:Confederate Party
1038:City Youth League
1018:Defunct Rhodesian
834:Liberal Democrats
775:Political parties
220:) was a militant
210:
209:
197:Political parties
158:African socialism
134:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
1362:
1292:
1211:Arthur Mutambara
984:Republican Front
815:
768:
761:
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745:
744:
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557:
556:
545:
539:
538:
530:
517:
516:
498:
492:
491:
489:
487:
464:
308:(ZANLA) and the
282:Leopold Takawira
92:Leopold Takawira
63:
47:
46:
21:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1280:
1266:(ZANU, ZANU–PF)
1252:
1225:(ZAPU, ZANU–PF)
1193:
1175:Prime Ministers
1170:
1141:
1082:Rhodesian Front
1019:
1013:
973:Patriotic Front
935:
929:
816:
807:
781:
772:
742:
715:African Affairs
707:
703:
691:
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434:
410:
386:Patriotic Front
362:
350:
330:
274:Herbert Chitepo
266:
206:
160:
156:
140:
124:Split from
100:
95:
90:
87:Herbert Chitepo
85:
80:
75:
54:
53:
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28:
23:
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15:
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11:
5:
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1260:
1258:
1257:Armed factions
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1229:Welshman Ncube
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1205:Nelson Chamisa
1201:
1199:
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1109:
1103:
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1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1049:Dominion Party
1046:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
970:
964:
963:(MDC-Alliance)
958:
952:
946:
939:
937:
931:
930:
928:
927:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
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886:United Parties
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
836:
831:
824:
822:
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763:
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612:
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451:
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430:
409:
406:
361:
358:
349:
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329:
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288:in Highfield,
265:
262:
230:white-minority
208:
207:
205:
204:
199:
194:
188:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
171:
165:
164:
162:Pan-Africanism
151:
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135:
131:
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125:
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117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
69:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1259:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:Abel Muzorewa
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:Robert Mugabe
1180:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:Robert Mugabe
1157:
1154:
1153:Canaan Banana
1151:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1054:Federal Party
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
940:
938:
932:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
893:(ZANU–Ndonga)
892:
889:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
829:
826:
825:
823:
821:Other parties
819:
814:
803:
800:
797:
794:
793:
791:
788:
787:Parliamentary
784:
780:
776:
769:
764:
762:
757:
755:
750:
749:
746:
736:
732:
728:
724:
721:(414): 1–34.
720:
716:
712:
705:
699:
695:
689:
674:
672:9781135013486
668:
664:
663:
655:
653:
644:
640:
634:
626:
622:
616:
608:
604:
598:
590:
586:
580:
572:
568:
567:Reed, Douglas
562:
554:
550:
544:
536:
529:
527:
525:
523:
514:
512:1-59221-275-1
508:
504:
497:
482:
480:9783039119417
476:
472:
471:
463:
459:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
405:
403:
399:
398:Abel Muzorewa
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:Simon Muzenda
379:
378:Robert Mugabe
373:
371:
367:
357:
355:
345:
343:
339:
338:Dar es Salaam
335:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:Robert Mugabe
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:Green, yellow
182:
178:
175:
172:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
152:
150:
146:
143:
142:ZANU – Ndonga
139:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:8 August 1963
110:
106:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
70:
66:
62:
57:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1243:(MDC, MDC–T)
1223:Joshua Nkomo
1207:(MDC–T, CCC)
1065:Reform Party
1032:Centre Party
995:
718:
714:
704:
693:
688:
676:. Retrieved
661:
642:
633:
624:
615:
606:
597:
588:
579:
570:
561:
552:
543:
534:
502:
496:
484:. Retrieved
469:
462:
411:
374:
363:
351:
344:and London.
331:
278:Edgar Tekere
267:
217:
213:
211:
82:Edgar Tekere
44:
678:20 November
422:ZANU-Ndonga
394:ZANU Mwenje
254:ZANU–Ndonga
40:ZANU–Ndonga
1319:Categories
1198:Key people
1146:Presidents
917:(ZimFirst)
549:Smith, Ian
455:References
314:Mozambique
286:Enos Nkala
72:Enos Nkala
1247:Ian Smith
1184:(ZANU–PF)
1167:(ZANU–PF)
1161:(ZANU–PF)
905:(ZAPU–FP)
798:(ZANU–PF)
735:0001-9909
639:Fay Chung
621:Fay Chung
603:Fay Chung
585:Fay Chung
290:Salisbury
264:Formation
222:socialist
202:Elections
174:Left-wing
116:Dissolved
1294:Politics
779:Zimbabwe
569:(1966).
551:(1997).
486:7 August
432:See also
322:Botswana
300:and the
234:Rhodesia
232:rule in
228:against
149:Ideology
68:Founders
1276:FROLIZI
1231:(MDC–N)
1213:(MDC–M)
1190:(MDC–T)
1108:(SRANC)
1020:parties
969:(MDC–N)
936:parties
846:(MDC–T)
789:parties
418:ZANU–PF
412:At the
390:ZANU-PF
302:Ndebele
250:ZANU–PF
180:Colours
138:ZANU–PF
108:Founded
36:ZANU–PF
1272:(ZAPU)
1219:(UANC)
1155:(ZANU)
1132:(UNFP)
1120:(SRLP)
1114:(SRCP)
1102:(RWPP)
1010:(ZUPO)
998:(ZANU)
992:(UANC)
899:(ZAPU)
876:(UMDC)
870:(PUMA)
858:(NAGG)
830:(CODE)
733:
698:online
669:
509:
477:
450:(ZAPU)
342:Maputo
334:Lusaka
318:Zambia
226:fought
1270:ZIPRA
1264:ZANLA
1138:(URP)
1126:(UFP)
1096:(RNP)
1090:(RLP)
1078:(RAP)
1072:(RGA)
1061:(NDP)
1040:(CYL)
1004:(ZUM)
980:(PDP)
957:(MDC)
951:(FPZ)
945:(CAZ)
923:(ZLP)
911:(ZDP)
882:(UPP)
864:(NPF)
852:(MRP)
804:(CCC)
298:Shona
294:Nkomo
32:ZANLA
1249:(RF)
1084:(RF)
1034:(CP)
986:(RF)
731:ISSN
680:2017
667:ISBN
507:ISBN
488:2013
475:ISBN
426:Ndau
380:and
352:The
316:and
280:and
252:and
244:and
218:ZANU
212:The
119:1975
18:ZANU
777:in
723:doi
719:104
1321::
729:.
717:.
713:.
651:^
521:^
428:.
340:,
336:,
324:.
276:,
99:,
94:,
89:,
84:,
79:,
74:,
767:e
760:t
753:v
737:.
725::
682:.
515:.
490:.
216:(
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
