Song dynasty - Knowledge

56: 4175: 5118: 4690: 4969: 3718: 3027: 5050: 5034: 4561: 5138: 3733: 3167: 2948: 3968: 901: 4061: 4545: 4577: 3948: 5321: 2470: 14732: 2148: 3283: 4830:, while his other maps featured a uniform graduated scale of 1:900,000. A 3 ft (0.91 m) squared map of 1137—carved into a stone block—followed a uniform grid scale of 100 li for each gridded square, and accurately mapped the outline of the coasts and river systems of China, extending all the way to India. Furthermore, the world's oldest known terrain map in printed form comes from the edited encyclopedia of Yang Jia in 1155, which displayed western China without the formal grid system that was characteristic of more professionally made Chinese maps. Although 624: 3939: 2932: 4086: 2313: 3864: 2548: 3158: 2536: 2688: 5088:('Treatise on Architectural Methods') in 1103, greatly expanded upon the works of Yu Hao and compiled the standard building codes used by the central government agencies and by craftsmen throughout the empire. He addressed the standard methods of construction, design, and applications of moats and fortifications, stonework, greater woodwork, lesser woodwork, wood-carving, turning and drilling, sawing, bamboo work, tiling, wall building, painting and decoration, brickwork, glazed tile making, and provided proportions for 5218: 4236: 5202: 3471: 3000: 4377: 4355: 3178: 3434: 3959: 2708: 10363: 2697: 3564: 2717: 2359: 4679: 4149:. Foreigners, in turn, affected the Chinese economy. For example, many West and Central Asian Muslims went to China to trade, becoming a preeminent force in the import and export industry, while some were even appointed as officers supervising economic affairs. Sea trade with the South-west Pacific, the Hindu world, the Islamic world, and East Africa brought merchants great fortune and spurred an enormous growth in the 3412: 5291:. The scientist and statesman Shen Kuo was known for his criticism relating to architecture, saying that it was more important for an artist to capture a holistic view of a landscape than it was to focus on the angles and corners of buildings. For example, Shen criticized the work of the painter Li Cheng for failing to observe the principle of "seeing the small from the viewpoint of the large" in portraying buildings. 3355:. A guilty individual or parties brought to court for a criminal or civil offense were not viewed as wholly innocent until proven otherwise, while even accusers were viewed with a high level of suspicion by the judge. Due to costly court expenses and immediate jailing of those accused of criminal offenses, people in the Song preferred to settle disputes and quarrels privately, without the court's interference. 419: 2418: 3587: 14744: 4166: 3899:, hare, partridge, pheasant, francolin, quail, fox, badger, clam, crab, and many others. Dairy products were rare in Chinese cuisine at this time. Beef was rarely consumed since the bull was a valuable draft animal, and dog meat was absent from the diet of the wealthy, although the poor could choose to eat dog meat if necessary (yet it was not part of their regular diet). People also consumed 3852:

merchants might choose to wear more ornate clothing and male blouses that came down below the waist. Acceptable apparel for scholar-officials was rigidly defined by the social ranking system. However, as time went on this rule of rank-graded apparel for officials was not as strictly enforced. Each official was able to display his awarded status by wearing different-colored traditional

5181:, towering 84 m (276 ft) in total height. Some of the bridges reached lengths of 1,220 m (4,000 ft), with many being wide enough to allow two lanes of cart traffic simultaneously over a waterway or ravine. The government also oversaw construction of their own administrative offices, palace apartments, city fortifications, ancestral temples, and Buddhist temples. 4052:. Much of this iron was reserved for military use in crafting weapons and armouring troops, but some was used to fashion the many iron products needed to fill the demands of the growing domestic market. The iron trade within China was advanced by the construction of new canals, facilitating the flow of iron products from production centres to the large market in the capital city. 3299:

local elites supervised local affairs and sponsored necessary facilities of local communities; any local magistrate appointed to his office by the government relied upon the cooperation of the few or many local gentry in the area. For example, the Song government—excluding the educational-reformist government under Emperor Huizong—spared little amount of state revenue to maintain

5298:. About 100 km (62 mi) from Gongxian is another Song dynasty tomb at Baisha, which features "elaborate facsimiles in brick of Chinese timber frame construction, from door lintels to pillars and pedestals to bracket sets, that adorn interior walls." The two large chambers of the Baisha tomb also feature conical-shaped roofs. Flanking the avenues leading to these tombs 3241:, and equality in competition for those wishing to attain an official seat in government. Using statistics gathered by the Song state, Edward A. Kracke, Sudō Yoshiyuki, and Ho Ping-ti supported the hypothesis that simply having a father, grandfather, or great-grandfather who had served as an official of state did not guarantee one would obtain the same level of authority. 5394:(1081–1129) stated "... the inscriptions on stone and bronze are made at the time the events took place and can be trusted without reservation, and thus discrepancies may be discovered." Historian R.C. Rudolph states that Zhao's emphasis on consulting contemporary sources for accurate dating is parallel with the concern of the German historian 3279:, and marriage alliances to secure appointments. By the late 11th century, the founding elite became obsolete, while political partisanship and factionalism at court undermined the marriage strategies of the professional elite, which dissolved as a distinguishable social group and was replaced by a multitude of gentry families. 5402:

compiled during the Huizong reign periods of Zheng He and Xuan He (1111–1125). Hong Mai obtained old vessels from the Han dynasty and compared them with the descriptions offered in the catalogue, which he found so inaccurate he stated he had to "hold my sides with laughter." Hong Mai pointed out that

5340:

In addition to the Song gentry's antiquarian pursuits of art collecting, scholar-officials during the Song became highly interested in retrieving ancient relics from archaeological sites, in order to revive the use of ancient vessels in ceremonies of state ritual. Scholar-officials of the Song period

5013:

had been mounted on Chinese ships since the 1st century, as evidenced by a preserved Han tomb model of a ship. In the Song period, the Chinese devised a way to mechanically raise and lower rudders in order for ships to travel in a wider range of water depths. The Song arranged the protruding teeth of

3851:

regulated the food that one consumed and the clothes that one wore according to status and social class. Clothing was made of hemp or cotton cloths, restricted to a color standard of black and white. Trousers were the acceptable attire for peasants, soldiers, artisans, and merchants, although wealthy

3298:

would now take over grassroots affairs on the vast local level. Excluding the scholar-officials in office, this elite social class consisted of exam candidates, examination degree-holders not yet assigned to an official post, local tutors, and retired officials. These learned men, degree-holders, and

2755:

The Song government confiscated portions of land owned by the landed gentry in order to raise revenue for these projects, an act which caused dissension and loss of loyalty amongst leading members of Song society but did not stop the Song's defensive preparations. Financial matters were made worse by

2308:

ended these northern border clashes. The Song were forced to provide tribute to the Khitans, although this did little damage to the Song economy since the Khitans were economically dependent upon importing massive amounts of goods from the Song. More significantly, the Song state recognized the Liao

5349:

of the Shang era. Some attempted to recreate these bronze vessels by using imagination alone, not by observing tangible evidence of relics; this practice was criticized by Shen Kuo in his work of 1088. Yet Shen Kuo had much more to criticize than this practice alone. Shen objected to the idea of his

2522:

After their fall to the Jin, the Song lost control of North China. Now occupying what has been traditionally known as "China Proper", the Jin regarded themselves the rightful rulers of China. The Jin later chose earth as their dynastic element and yellow as their royal color. According to the theory

4876:

thousands of documents and volumes of written literature, consumed eagerly by an increasingly literate public. The advancement of printing deeply affected education and the scholar-official class, since more books could be made faster while mass-produced, printed books were cheaper in comparison to

3494:

Military strategy and military training were treated as sciences that could be studied and perfected; soldiers were tested in their skills of using weaponry and in their athletic ability. The troops were trained to follow signal standards to advance at the waving of banners and to halt at the sound

2955:

The Song dynasty was an era of administrative sophistication and complex social organization. Some of the largest cities in the world were found in China during this period (Kaifeng and Hangzhou had populations of over a million). People enjoyed various social clubs and entertainment in the cities,

3859:

Women wore long dresses, blouses that came down to the knee, skirts, and jackets with long or short sleeves, while women from wealthy families could wear purple scarves around their shoulders. The main difference in women's apparel from that of men was that it was fastened on the left, not on the

3426:

marshals, each independently responsible to the Emperor. Since the Emperor rarely led campaigns personally, Song forces lacked unity of command. The imperial court often believed that successful generals endangered royal authority, and relieved or even executed them (notably Li Gang, Yue Fei, and

3346:

up until the modern era. Roving sheriffs maintained law and order in the municipal jurisdictions and occasionally ventured into the countryside. Official magistrates overseeing court cases were not only expected to be well-versed in written law but also to promote morality in society. Magistrates

3319:

played a prominent role in Song culture and society. A scholar-official would be frowned upon by his peers if he pursued means of profiteering outside of his official salary; however, this did not stop many scholar-officials from managing business relations through the use of intermediary agents.

3307:

schools; instead, the bulk of the funds for schools was drawn from private financing. This limited role of government officials was a departure from the earlier Tang dynasty (618–907), when the government strictly regulated commercial markets and local affairs; now the government withdrew heavily

3043:

for her marriage, women naturally gained many new legal rights in ownership of property. Under certain circumstances, an unmarried daughter without brothers, or a surviving mother without sons, could inherit one-half of her father's share of undivided family property. There were many notable and

3038:

Although women were on a lower social tier than men according to Confucian ethics, they enjoyed many social and legal privileges and wielded considerable power at home and in their own small businesses. As Song society became more and more prosperous and parents on the bride's side of the family

4286:

and Yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time. In turn, the invading Mongols employed northern Chinese soldiers and used these same types of gunpowder weapons against the Song. By the 14th century the firearm and cannon could also be found in Europe, India, and the Middle East,

4194:

investors usually divided their investment among many ships, and each ship had many investors behind it. One observer thought eagerness to invest in overseas trade was leading to an outflow of copper cash. He wrote, "People along the coast are on intimate terms with the merchants who engage in

3454:

were separated from the regular infantry and placed in their own units as they were prized combatants, providing effective missile fire against cavalry charges. The government was eager to sponsor new crossbow designs that could shoot at longer ranges, while crossbowmen were also valuable when

3232:

helped to widely circulate Confucian teachings and to educate more and more eligible candidates for the exams. This can be seen in the number of exam takers for the low-level prefectural exams rising from 30,000 annual candidates in the early 11th century to 400,000 candidates by the late 13th

5184:

The professions of the architect, craftsman, carpenter, and structural engineer were not seen as professionally equal to that of a Confucian scholar-official. Architectural knowledge had been passed down orally for thousands of years in China, in many cases from a father craftsman to his son.

4128:

The economic power of Song China can be attested by the growth of the urban population of its capital city Hangzhou. The population was 200,000 at the start of the 12th century and increased to 500,000 around 1170 and doubled to over a million a century later. This economic power also heavily

3425:

The Song military was chiefly organized to ensure that the army could not threaten Imperial control, often at the expense of effectiveness in war. Northern Song's Military Council operated under a Chancellor, who had no control over the imperial army. The imperial army was divided among three

3894:

Song restaurant and tavern menus are recorded. They list entrees for feasts, banquets, festivals, and carnivals. They reveal a diverse and lavish diet for those of the upper class. They could choose from a wide variety of meats and seafood, including shrimp, geese, duck, mussel, shellfish,

3274:

with the transition of the periods from Tang to Song. At the beginning of the dynasty, government posts were disproportionately held by two elite social groups: a founding elite who had ties with the founding emperor and a semi-hereditary professional elite who used long-held clan status,

4326:

that allowed a figure mounted on the vehicle to always point in the southern direction, no matter how the vehicle's wheels turned about. The concept of the differential gear that was used in this navigational vehicle is now found in modern automobiles in order to apply an equal amount of

4195:

overseas trade, either because they are fellow-countrymen or personal acquaintances. ... money to take with them on their ships for purchase and return conveyance of foreign goods. They invest from ten to a hundred strings of cash, and regularly make profits of several hundred percent".

3044:

well-educated women, and it was a common practice for women to educate their sons during their earliest youth. The mother of the scientist, general, diplomat, and statesman Shen Kuo taught him essentials of military strategy. There were also exceptional women writers and poets, such as

2527:(wuxing), the earth element follows the fire, the dynastic element of the Song, in the sequence of elemental creation. Therefore, their ideological move showed that the Jin considered Song reign in China complete, with the Jin replacing the Song as the rightful rulers of China Proper. 2355:). Heavy losses on both sides prompted the Vietnamese commander Thường Kiệt (1019–1105) to make peace overtures, allowing both sides to withdraw from the war effort; captured territories held by both Song and Vietnamese were mutually exchanged in 1082, along with prisoners of war. 2410:(1019–1086). As one faction supplanted another in the majority position of the court ministers, it would demote rival officials and exile them to govern remote frontier regions of the empire. One of the prominent victims of the political rivalry, the famous poet and statesman 2984:(202 BCE – CE 220) postal system to provide swift communication throughout the empire. The central government employed thousands of postal workers of various ranks to provide service for post offices and larger postal stations. In rural areas, farming peasants either 4019:

and Yangtze River. Both private and government-controlled industries met the needs of a growing Chinese population in the Song; prominent merchant families and private businesses were allowed to occupy industries that were not already government-operated monopolies.

5108:

work of tie beams and cross beams, and diagrams showing the various building types of halls in graded sizes. He also outlined the standard units of measurement and standard dimensional measurements of all building components described and illustrated in his book.

5354:; Shen rightfully attributed the discovered handicrafts and vessels from ancient times as the work of artisans and commoners from previous eras. He also disapproved of his peers' pursuit of archaeology simply to enhance state ritual, since Shen not only took an 4035:

was pursued by both private entrepreneurs who owned their own smelters as well as government-supervised smelting facilities. The Song economy was stable enough to produce over 100,000,000 kg (220,000,000 lb) of iron products per year. Large-scale

3776:

deeply affected the pre–Neo-Confucian doctrine of Cheng Yi. The philosophical work of Cheng Yi in turn influenced Zhu Xi. Although his writings were not accepted by his contemporary peers, Zhu's commentary and emphasis upon the Confucian classics of the

3445:

as lower members in the hierarchic social order, a person could gain status and prestige in society by becoming a high-ranking military officer with a record of victorious battles. At its height, the Song military had one million soldiers divided into

2767:(r. 1206–1227), initially invaded the Jin dynasty in 1205 and 1209, engaging in large raids across its borders, and in 1211 an enormous Mongol army was assembled to invade the Jin. The Jin dynasty was forced to submit and pay tribute to the Mongols as 2379:, which included measures such as improving the recruitment system of officials, increasing the salaries for minor officials, and establishing sponsorship programs to allow a wider range of people to be well educated and eligible for state service. 3539:

written in 1044. It was the first known book to have listed formulas for gunpowder; it gave appropriate formulas for use in several different kinds of gunpowder bombs. It also provided detailed descriptions and illustrations of double-piston pump

2335:(1031–1095). However, this campaign was ultimately a failure due to a rival military officer of Shen disobeying direct orders, and the territory gained from the Western Xia was eventually lost. The Song fought against the Vietnamese kingdom of 3351:(999–1062) embodied the upright, moral judge who upheld justice and never failed to live up to his principles. Song judges specified the guilty person or party in a criminal act and meted out punishments accordingly, often in the form of 2272:, and its arrival in 1081. However, China's closest neighbouring states had the greatest impact on its domestic and foreign policy. From its inception under Taizu, the Song dynasty alternated between warfare and diplomacy with the ethnic 4310:—were marked by the mechanical striking of a drum or bell as an auditory signal. The specifications for the 11th-century odometer were written by Chief Chamberlain Lu Daolong, who is quoted extensively in the historical text of the 4992:

for canal systems allowed different water levels to be raised and lowered for separated segments of a canal, which significantly aided the safety of canal traffic and allowed for larger barges. There was the Song-era innovation of

3602:

The visual arts during the Song dynasty were heightened by new developments such as advances in landscape and portrait painting. The gentry elite engaged in the arts as accepted pastimes of the cultured scholar-official, including

3689:

was the eighth emperor of the Song dynasty and he was a renowned artist as well as a patron of the art and the catalogue of his collection listed over 6,000 known paintings. A prime example of a highly venerated court painter was

2366:

During the 11th century, political rivalries divided members of the court due to the ministers' differing approaches, opinions, and policies regarding the handling of the Song's complex society and thriving economy. The idealist

4098:

The annual output of minted copper currency in 1085 reached roughly six billion coins. The most notable advancement in the Song economy was the establishment of the world's first government issued paper-printed money, known as

2398:

reform, the establishment of several government monopolies, the support of local militias, and the creation of higher standards for the Imperial examination to make it more practical for men skilled in statecraft to pass.

4273:

manuscript of 1044 was the first book in history to provide formulas for gunpowder and their specified use in different types of bombs. While engaged in a war with the Mongols, in 1259 the official Li Zengbo wrote in his

3976:

City views of the Song dynasty from paintings. Clockwise from upper left: A Northern Song dynasty (960–1127) era Chinese painting of a water-powered mill for grain, with surrounding river transport. The bridge scene from

3253:

and considers only three paternal ascendants of exam candidates while ignoring the demographic reality of Song China, the significant proportion of males in each generation that had no surviving sons, and the role of the

5358:

approach with the study of archaeology, but he also emphasized the study of functionality and investigating what was the ancient relics' original processes of manufacture. Shen used ancient texts and existing models of

3258:. Many felt disenfranchised by what they saw as a bureaucratic system that favored the land-holding class able to afford the best education. One of the greatest literary critics of this was the official and famous poet 4840:) since the Sui dynasty, the illustrated gazetteer became much more common during the Song dynasty, when the foremost concern was for illustrative gazetteers to serve political, administrative, and military purposes. 2833:

continued the assault against the Song, gaining a temporary foothold on the southern banks of the Yangtze. By the winter of 1259, Uriyangkhadai's army fought its way north to meet Kublai's army, which was besieging

3130:—was spoken by actors on stage. The four largest drama theatres in Kaifeng could hold audiences of several thousand each. There were also notable domestic pastimes, as people at home enjoyed activities such as the 2674:

boasted 70,000 men on 600 warships, and the Song forces only 3,000 men on 120 warships, the Song dynasty forces were victorious in both battles due to the destructive power of the bombs and the rapid assaults by

4186:

and corresponding printing plate. The Jiaozi was a form of promissory banknote which appeared around the 11th century in the Sichuan capital of Chengdu, China. Numismatists regard it as the first paper money in

3525:

army. This defeat not only marked the eventual submission of the Southern Han to the Song dynasty, but also the last instance where a war elephant corps was employed as a regular division within a Chinese army.

3388:

in order to determine cause of death (strangulation, poisoning, drowning, blows, etc.) and to prove whether death resulted from murder, suicide, or accidental death. Song Ci stressed the importance of proper

3315:, including artisans, artists, educational tutors, and entertainers. Despite the disdain for trade, commerce, and the merchant class exhibited by the highly cultured and elite exam-drafted scholar-officials, 3117:

and art collectors' clubs, horse-loving clubs, poetry clubs, and music clubs. Like regional cooking and cuisines in the Song, the era was known for its regional varieties of performing arts styles as well.

3113:, singers and musicians, prostitutes, and places to relax, including tea houses, restaurants, and organized banquets. People attended social clubs in large numbers; there were tea clubs, exotic food clubs, 2390:(1067–1085), Wang Anshi severely criticized the educational system and state bureaucracy. Seeking to resolve what he saw as state corruption and negligence, Wang implemented a series of reforms called the 2854:

to make an immediate assault and succeeded in pushing the Mongol forces back to the northern banks of the Yangtze. There were minor border skirmishes until 1265, when Kublai won a significant battle in

3294:

Due to Song's enormous population growth and the body of its appointed scholar-officials being accepted in limited numbers (about 20,000 active officials during the Song period), the larger scholarly

2866:, the last obstacle in his way to invading the rich Yangtze River basin. Kublai officially declared the creation of the Yuan dynasty in 1271. In 1275, a Song force of 130,000 troops under Chancellor 4133:

wrote in 1154 of the prowess of Chinese merchant ships in the Indian Ocean and of their annual voyages that brought iron, swords, silk, velvet, porcelain, and various textiles to places such as

3793:

also adopted Zhu Xi's teaching, known as the Shushigaku (朱子學, School of Zhu Xi) of Japan, and in Korea the Jujahak (주자학). Buddhism's continuing influence can be seen in painted artwork such as

2756:

the fact that many wealthy, land-owning families—some of which had officials working for the government—used their social connections with those in office in order to obtain tax-exempt status.

4157:. However, there was risk involved in such long overseas ventures. In order to reduce the risk of losing money on maritime trade missions abroad, wrote historians Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais: 11295: 2074:, the populace intermingled at public festivals and private clubs, and cities had lively entertainment quarters. The spread of literature and knowledge was enhanced by the rapid expansion of 5378:

Despite the gentry's overriding interest in archaeology simply for reviving ancient state rituals, some of Shen's peers took a similar approach to the study of archaeology. His contemporary

4903:) implemented a faster typesetting process, improved Bi's baked-clay movable type character set with a wooden one, and experimented with tin-metal movable type. The wealthy printing patron 8734:

Anderson, James A. (2008), "'Treacherous Factions': Shifting Frontier Alliances in the Breakdown of Sino-Vietnamese Relations on the Eve of the 1075 Border War", in Wyatt, Don J. (ed.),

4949:, which permitted accurate navigation on the open sea regardless of the weather. The magnetized compass needle – known in Chinese as the "south-pointing needle" – was first described by 2039:, use of early-ripening rice from Southeast and South Asia, and production of widespread food surpluses. The Northern Song census recorded 20 million households, double that of the 5398:(1795–1886), and was in fact emphasized by many Song scholars. The Song scholar Hong Mai (1123–1202) heavily criticized what he called the court's "ridiculous" archaeological catalogue 5386:

and archaeology. During the 11th century, Song scholars discovered the ancient shrine of Wu Liang (78–151 CE), a scholar of the Han dynasty; they produced rubbings of the carvings and

4582:

The oldest known illustration of an endless power-transmitting chain drive. It was used for coupling the main driving shaft of the Kaifeng clock tower to the armillary sphere gear box.

2555:

was under the control of the Jin dynasty. The Xia dynasty's territory generally remained unchanged. In the southwest, the Song dynasty bordered a territory about a sixth its size, the

3824:

philosophy and practice to the present day. A true revival of Buddhism in Chinese society would not occur until the Mongol rule of the Yuan dynasty, with Kublai Khan's sponsorship of

2450:

While the central Song court remained politically divided and focused upon its internal affairs, alarming new events to the north in the Liao state finally came to its attention. The

2331:

The Song dynasty managed to win several military victories over the Tanguts in the early 11th century, culminating in a campaign led by the polymath scientist, general, and statesman

4125:, and Anqi. The size of the workforce employed in paper money factories was large; it was recorded in 1175 that the factory at Hangzhou employed more than a thousand workers a day. 3785:, Zhu Xi's Four Books and his commentary on them became standard requirements of study for students attempting to pass the civil service examinations. The neighbouring countries of 2035:

three times larger than that of Europe during the 12th century. China's population doubled in size between the 10th and 11th centuries. This growth was made possible by expanded

2466:

toppled and completely conquered the Liao dynasty by 1125. During the joint attack, the Song's northern expedition army removed the defensive forest along the Song-Liao border.

5185:

Structural engineering and architecture schools were known to have existed during the Song period; one prestigious engineering school was headed by the renowned bridge-builder

4024:

emphasize this toleration of market mechanisms over population growth or new farming technologies as the major cause of Song economic prosperity. Artisans and merchants formed

8799: 5096:. In his book, Li provided detailed and vivid illustrations of architectural components and cross-sections of buildings. These illustrations displayed various applications of 3109:. There were entertainment quarters in the cities providing a constant array of amusements. There were puppeteers, acrobats, theatre actors, sword swallowers, snake charmers, 3086:(618–907). With many ethnic foreigners travelling to China to conduct trade or live permanently, there came many foreign religions; religious minorities in China included 5078:

built into pagoda towers for diagonal wind bracing. Shen Kuo also preserved Yu's specified dimensions and units of measurement for various building types. The architect

3510:

in order to secure movements of troops and supplies. There were large ships in the Song navy that could carry 1,000 soldiers aboard their decks, while the swift-moving

2850:—a rival claimant to the Mongol Khaganate—forced Kublai to move back north with the bulk of his forces. In Kublai's absence, the Song forces were ordered by Chancellor 2347:

from 1075 to 1077 over a border dispute and the Song's severing of commercial relations with Đại Việt. After the Vietnamese forces inflicted heavy damages in a raid on

11288: 594: 580: 555: 541: 527: 513: 499: 485: 471: 4921:

that massive printing projects began to employ movable type printing. This includes the printing of sixty-six copies of a 5,020 volume long encyclopedia in 1725, the

2897:

and 1300 members of the royal clan. On Kublai's orders, carried out by his commander Bayan, the rest of the former imperial family of Song were unharmed; the deposed

10394: 5390:

decorating the walls of his tomb so that they could be analyzed elsewhere. On the unreliability of historical works written after the fact, the epigrapher and poet

3311:

The gentry distinguished themselves in society through their intellectual and antiquarian pursuits, while the homes of prominent landholders attracted a variety of

2909:, out of fear that Emperor Gong would stage a coup to restore his reign. Other members of the Song imperial family continued to live in the Yuan dynasty, including 2679:. The strength of the navy was heavily emphasized following these victories. A century after the navy was founded it had grown in size to 52,000 fighting marines. 14826: 3752:

had waned in influence but it retained its hold on the arts and on the charities of monasteries. Buddhism had a profound influence upon the budding movement of

14821: 5014:

anchors in a circular pattern instead of in one direction. David Graff and Robin Higham state that this arrangement " them more reliable" for anchoring ships.

5005:

to repair them while suspended out of the water. The Song used crossbeams to brace the ribs of ships in order to strengthen them in a skeletal-like structure.

2189:, reuniting much of the territory that had once belonged to the Han and Tang empires and ending the upheaval of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In 3891:, which sent 30,000 bushels as a tribute to Song. Champa rice was drought-resistant and able to grow fast enough to offer two harvests a year instead of one. 3714:(b. 177). This art project was a diplomatic gesture to the Jin dynasty while he negotiated for the release of his mother from Jurchen captivity in the north. 11281: 4129:

influenced foreign economies abroad. In 1120 alone, the Song government collected 18,000,000 ounces (510,000 kg) of silver in taxes. The Moroccan geographer

2304:). Song forces were repulsed by the Liao forces, who engaged in aggressive yearly campaigns into Northern Song territory until 1005, when the signing of the 4566:

A depiction of the 13th century "long serpent" rocket launcher. The holes in the frame are designed to keep the rockets separate, from the 1510 edition of

4306:. The Chinese odometer was a wheeled carriage, its gearwork being driven by the rotation of the carriage's wheels; specific units of distance—the Chinese 1886:

dynasties in northern China. After retreating to southern China following attacks by the Jin dynasty, the Song was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led

5255:

and other buildings aid modern-day scholars in their attempts to reconstruct and realize the nuances of Song architecture. Song dynasty artists such as

3856:

that hung to the ground around his feet, specific types of headgear, and even specific styles of girdles that displayed his graded-rank of officialdom.

2492:

of 1125 and 1127. Because of the removal of the previous defensive forest, the Jin army marched quickly across the North China Plain to Kaifeng. In the

4931:

replaced the old Chinese methods of movable type, while traditional woodblock printing in modern East Asia is used sparsely and for aesthetic reasons.

2905:

where he took up a monastic life. The former emperor would eventually be forced to commit suicide under the orders of Kublai's great-great-grandson,

2488:

However, the poor performance and military weakness of the Song army was observed by the Jurchens, who immediately broke the alliance, beginning the

2309:

state as its diplomatic equal. The Song created an extensive defensive forest along the Song-Liao border to thwart potential Khitan cavalry attacks.

7683: 4617:

appeared in medieval clockworks, derived from ancient clockworks of classical times). Su's tower featured a rotating gear wheel with 133 clock jack

3228:

and Tang dynasties, but by the Song period, it became virtually the only means for drafting officials into the government. The advent of widespread

2759:

Although the Song dynasty was able to hold back the Jin, a new foe came to power over the steppe, deserts, and plains north of the Jin dynasty. The

2058:

The expansion of the population, growth of cities, and emergence of a national economy led to the gradual withdrawal of the central government from

1941:, the Southern Song Empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land, sustaining a robust economy. In 1234, the Jin dynasty was 14791: 9619: 5074:

in the 10th and 11th centuries, respectively. Shen Kuo preserved the written dialogues of Yu Hao when describing technical issues such as slanting

2439:(1085–1100) and who remained in power until 1125. He revived the New Policies and pursued political opponents, tolerated corruption and encouraged 4743:, although it had earlier been described by Jia Xian in around 1100. Yang Hui also provided rules for constructing combinatorial arrangements in 5248: 2447:

in 1120. The rebellion may have been caused by an increasing tax burden, the concentration of landownership and oppressive government measures.

8919:

Chen, Yuan Julian (2018), "Frontier, Fortification, and Forestation: Defensive Woodland on the Song-Liao Border in the Long Eleventh Century",

4660:

was prepared in 1193 for instructing the crown prince on astronomical findings. The planispheres were engraved in stone several decades later.

13599: 14771: 10182: 5165:). Many of the pagoda towers built during the Song period were erected at heights that exceeded ten stories. Some of the most famous are the 4923: 1867: 14811: 10608: 3781:

as an introductory corpus to Confucian learning formed the basis of the Neo-Confucian doctrine. By the year 1241, under the sponsorship of

3700: 11212: 10936: 10875: 10767: 10382: 9659:, Manoa: Asian Interactions and Comparisons, a joint publication of the University of Hawaii Press and the Association for Asian Studies, 6575: 5571: 5421: 4897: 10115: 10102: 2443:(1100–1126) to neglect his duties to focus on artistic pursuits. Later, a peasant rebellion broke out in Zhejiang and Fujian, headed by 11064: 4940: 4885:

and expansion of the educated class of scholar elites, the latter which expanded dramatically in size from the 11th to 13th centuries.

4314:(compiled by 1345). In the Song period, the odometer vehicle was also combined with another old complex mechanical device known as the 4205: 4015:

and in multiple sailing vessels at a time when monetary gain was assured from the vigorous overseas trade and domestic trade along the

2431:

The continual alternation between reform and conservatism had effectively weakened the dynasty. This decline can also be attributed to

1980: 1817: 1757: 10602: 5079: 3685:

The imperial courts of the emperor's palace were filled with his entourage of court painters, calligraphers, poets, and storytellers.

2778:

The Mongols were allied with the Song, but this alliance was broken when the Song recaptured the former imperial capitals of Kaifeng,

2047:

dynasties. It is estimated that the Northern Song had a population of 90 million people, and 200 million by the time of the

12948: 4028:

that the state had to deal with when assessing taxes, requisitioning goods, and setting standard workers' wages and prices on goods.

2771:; when the Jin suddenly moved their capital city from Beijing to Kaifeng, the Mongols saw this as a revolt. Under the leadership of 1969:

was proclaimed the new Great Khan and in 1271 founded the Yuan dynasty. After two decades of sporadic warfare, Kublai Khan's armies

12530: 6523: 4011:

The Song dynasty had one of the most prosperous and advanced economies in the medieval world. Song Chinese invested their funds in

3993: 3983: 3368:(such as his argument for two throat valves instead of three); this perhaps spurred the interest in the performance of post-mortem 2956:

and there were many schools and temples to provide the people with education and religious services. The Song government supported

2406:), also known as the "Reformers", were opposed by the ministers in the "Conservative" faction led by the historian and Chancellor 55: 14786: 2209:

or military position) and promoted projects that ensured efficiency in communication throughout the empire. In one such project,

10243: 3290:, an educational institution equivalent to modern-day college. It was originally built in 1111 during the Northern Song dynasty. 1992: 11176: 9506:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7: Military Technology; The Gunpowder Epic

4792: 4267:, enabled the Song Chinese to ward off their militant enemies until the Song's ultimate collapse in the late 13th century. The 3377: 3304: 1871: 1447: 6571:

The Study on the Daughters' Rights to Possess and Arrange Their Parents' Property during the Period from Tang to Song dynasty

5231: 2571:

found new ways to bolster its strong economy and defend itself against the Jin dynasty. It had able military officers such as

14552: 13934: 11077: 10080: 10061: 10043: 10023: 10005: 9987: 9968: 9905: 9816: 9796: 9741: 9682: 9664: 9559: 9528: 9447: 9417: 9383: 9365: 9323: 9221: 9181: 9076: 9052: 9030: 9008: 8980: 8956: 8869: 8849: 8827: 8809: 8761: 8743: 8724: 4872:

was passed on to one of Shen Kuo's nephews, and was carefully preserved. Movable type enhanced the already widespread use of

3498:

The Song navy was of great importance during the consolidation of the empire in the 10th century; during the war against the

2906: 2000: 1747: 4927:, which necessitated the crafting of 250,000 movable type characters cast in bronze. By the 19th century the European style 10504: 10489: 10476: 10441: 10406: 10377: 9854:

West, Stephen H. (1997), "Playing With Food: Performance, Food, and The Aesthetics of Artificiality in The Sung and Yuan",

4302:, when the state needed to accurately measure distances traveled throughout the empire, the Chinese relied on a mechanical 4174: 3442: 3406: 2137: 1917:; 1127–1279) comprise the period following the loss of control over the northern half of Song territory to the Jurchen-led 1320: 1310: 161: 14458: 10097: 2551:

Southern Song in 1142. The western and southern borders remain unchanged from the previous map. However, the north of the

2650:. With a permanent navy, the Song were prepared to face the naval forces of the Jin on the Yangtze River in 1161, in the 1970: 1789: 951: 287: 4945:

The most important nautical innovation of the Song period seems to have been the introduction of the magnetic mariner's

4888:

The movable type invented by Bi Sheng was ultimately trumped by the use of woodblock printing due to the limitations of

4713:

for each rectangular grid. China's coastline and river systems are clearly defined and precisely pinpointed on the map.

2193:, he established a strong central government over the empire. The establishment of this capital marked the start of the 14604: 13604: 10509: 6289: 2496:

during the latter invasion, the Jurchens captured not only the capital, but the retired Emperor Huizong, his successor

941: 4589:

Su Song was best known for his horology treatise written in 1092, which described and illustrated in great detail his

4402:

thanks to Shen Kuo's astronomical observations. Su Song's celestial atlas of five star maps is actually the oldest in

2462:(1054–1126) advised Emperor Huizong to form an alliance with the Jurchens, and the joint military campaign under this 13248: 10273: 10175: 9044: 8770:

Bol, Peter K. (2001), "The Rise of Local History: History, Geography, and Culture in Southern Song and Yuan Wuzhou",

6011: 1618: 5382:(1007–1072) compiled an analytical catalogue of ancient rubbings on stone and bronze which pioneered ideas in early 4822:, a formal rectangular grid system, and use of a standard graduated scale of distances was applied to terrain maps. 3220:, in an effort to select the most capable individuals for governance. Selecting men for office through proven merit 2288:

in the northwest. The Song dynasty used military force in an attempt to quell the Liao dynasty and to recapture the

12526: 11151: 10499: 10389: 9497:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics

9258:——— (1996), "Song Dynasty Local Gazetteers and Their Place in The History of Difangzhi Writing", 5023: 4849: 4501: 4323: 4209: 2217:. Emperor Taizu also promoted groundbreaking scientific and technological innovations by supporting works like the 1984: 9192:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E." 8818:

Brose, Michael C. (2008), "People in the Middle: Uyghurs in the Northwest Frontier Zone", in Wyatt, Don J. (ed.),

5813:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E." 4516:

was the first to do so. He also improved the designs of astronomical instruments such as the widened astronomical

3308:

from regulating commerce and relied upon a mass of local gentry to perform necessary duties in their communities.

14230: 13127: 12208: 10135: 9759: 3706: 3529:

There was a total of 347 military treatises written during the Song period, as listed by the history text of the

1372: 13392: 5294:

There were also pyramidal tomb structures in the Song era, such as the Song imperial tombs located in Gongxian,

14781: 14776: 10231: 9551: 5315: 2257: 1810: 1762: 784: 4892:, yet movable type printing continued to be used and was improved in later periods. The Yuan scholar-official 14668: 11037: 10335: 10226: 3544:, as well as instructions for the maintenance and repair of the components and equipment used in the device. 3087: 2340: 1784: 1710: 1645: 836: 9488:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering

6001: 3816:

experienced a literary flourishing in the Song period, which saw the publication of several major classical

3619:(1051–1107) enjoyed antiquarian affairs, often borrowing or buying art pieces to study and copy. Poetry and 14801: 14663: 14547: 10535: 10204: 10168: 10142: 9733: 9230:

Hargett, James M. (1985), "Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960–1279)",

5466: 4462: 4319: 4283: 3553: 3166: 1720: 442: 8844:, Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press (first published by China Intercontinental Press), 7691: 5153:

Grandiose building projects were supported by the government, including the erection of towering Buddhist

3533:(compiled in 1345). However, only a handful of these military treatises have survived, which includes the 14816: 14806: 14796: 14673: 13710: 13069: 13061: 13049: 12228: 10996: 10527: 10523: 10449: 10421: 10200: 5451: 4834:

had existed since 52 CE during the Han dynasty and gazetteers accompanied by illustrative maps (Chinese:

4823: 4219: 3967: 3928: 3329: 3147: 2947: 2926: 2922: 2787: 2742: 2524: 2455: 2391: 2182: 2131: 2071: 2067: 2052: 1918: 1894: 1883: 1772: 1529: 910: 695: 573: 144: 10362: 5275:, and Ma Lin painted close-up depictions of buildings as well as large expanses of cityscapes featuring 5137: 2775:(r.1229–1241), both the Jin dynasty and Western Xia dynasty were conquered by Mongol forces in 1233/34. 14722: 12691: 12152: 11376: 10411: 10221: 9431: 9409: 9173: 8972: 8861: 4560: 4344: 4299: 4215: 3829: 3300: 1777: 763: 9479:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

6677: 3875:

The main food staples in the diet of the lower classes remained rice, pork, and salted fish. In 1011,

2874:. By 1276, most of the Song territory had been captured by Yuan forces, including the capital Lin'an. 2646:. The Song dynasty therefore established China's first permanent navy in 1132, with a headquarters at 14631: 13779: 13343: 13195: 13191: 12912: 12896: 12164: 12156: 12132: 12056: 11954: 11672: 11450: 11384: 10283: 9887: 9847:

Return to the City of Light: Quanzhou, an eastern city shining with the splendour of medieval culture

9286:

Hartwell, Robert M. (1982), "Demographic, Political, and Social Transformations of China, 750-1550",

9068: 4779: 4060: 3632: 2463: 1803: 1740: 1705: 1278: 974: 884: 261: 3804:. However, the ideology was highly criticized and even scorned by some. The statesman and historian 3459:. Song cavalry employed a slew of different weapons, including halberds, swords, bows, spears, and ' 2614:

To protect and support the multitude of ships sailing for maritime interests into the waters of the

2375:(989–1052), was the first to receive a heated political backlash when he attempted to institute the 14589: 14564: 14414: 14073: 14068: 13115: 12216: 11994: 11986: 11958: 11648: 11501: 11454: 11388: 11372: 10859: 10614: 10268: 10236: 9461: 9022: 6510:"Fenjia: household division and inheritance in Qing and Republican China Written", David Wakefield 5426: 4625:, and presenting announcement plaques. In his printed book, Su published a celestial atlas of five 3876: 3464: 2387: 2059: 1942: 1123: 3101:

The populace engaged in a vibrant social and domestic life, enjoying such public festivals as the

14656: 14537: 14078: 14031: 13974: 13673: 13617: 13365: 13155: 12801: 12797: 12060: 11970: 11856: 11824: 11746: 11738: 11579: 11575: 11505: 11493: 11489: 11121: 10890: 10465: 10298: 5272: 4091:

A painting shows a pair of cargo ships with stern-mounted rudders accompanied by a smaller craft.

3686: 3343: 3007: 2540: 2504: 2497: 2440: 2425: 2317: 1700: 193: 4774:

into Chinese mathematics; before this blank spaces were used instead of zeroes in the system of

3947: 14678: 14579: 14574: 14262: 14210: 14130: 14063: 13967: 13952: 13845: 13612: 13566: 13407: 13294: 12908: 12852: 12557: 12522: 12518: 12080: 12068: 12064: 11563: 11273: 10715: 10263: 10107: 9825:

Wagner, Donald B. (2001), "The Administration of the Iron Industry in Eleventh-Century China",

6572: 5578: 5408: 5363:

to create one based on ancient standards; Shen described ancient weaponry such as the use of a

5223: 5071: 4917:

switched their printing process from woodblock to movable type printing. Yet it was during the

4517: 4315: 4247:

Advancements in weapons technology enhanced by gunpowder, including the evolution of the early

4037: 3782: 3757: 3628: 3578: 3517:

In a battle on January 23, 971, massive arrow fire from Song dynasty crossbowmen decimated the

2819: 2659: 2083: 2032: 1937:). Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional Chinese heartlands around the 1752: 1730: 1715: 1201: 920: 398: 10112: 5324:

Scholars of the Song dynasty claim to have collected ancient relics dating back as far as the

14766: 14609: 14569: 14382: 14257: 13321: 13311: 13270: 13241: 13102: 13023: 12502: 12442: 12278: 12274: 11245: 10484: 6511: 5572:"China, Europe and the Great Divergence: A study in historical national accounting, 980–1850" 4985: 3840:, which had entered China in the Tang era, would also be revived in China under Mongol rule. 3483: 3071: 3003: 2977: 2902: 2292:, a territory under Khitan control since 938 that was traditionally considered to be part of 2152: 1859: 1725: 1142: 180: 136: 14497: 6672: 4554:

tower of Kaifeng featured in Su Song's book, written by 1092 and published in print by 1094.

4544: 3667:

existed in China since the 1st century, the matured form known as "treatise on a place", or

3054:

during this period had a great effect on people's lives, beliefs, and daily activities, and

3034:

feather banner like the one used in dramatical theater to signal an acting leader of troops.

2515:

and shift of capitals from Kaifeng to Lin'an was the dividing line between the Northern and

2098:

ideals, and emphasized a new organization of classic texts that established the doctrine of

14702: 14532: 14502: 14377: 14308: 14279: 14198: 13532: 13370: 13360: 13119: 12821: 12543: 12467: 12048: 11131: 10620: 10340: 9808:

China's Geography: Globalization and the Dynamics of Political, Economic, and Social Change

5066:

Architecture during the Song period reached new heights of sophistication. Authors such as

5001:

without sinking the ships. If ships were damaged, the Chinese of the 11th century employed

4994: 4893: 4740: 4493: 4282:

was manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron-cased bombshells a month, dispatching to

4230: 4074: 3853: 3808:(1007–1072) called the religion a "curse" that could only be remedied by uprooting it from 3282: 3217: 2898: 2261: 2198: 2111: 2103: 1945:, who took control of northern China, maintaining uneasy relations with the Southern Song. 1930: 1767: 980: 300: 100: 14482: 5070:

and Shen Kuo wrote books outlining the field of architectural layouts, craftsmanship, and

4040:

would have continued if not for the 11th-century innovation of the use of coal instead of

8: 14394: 14274: 14240: 14142: 13962: 13957: 13769: 13488: 13424: 13299: 13284: 11170: 11010: 10399: 10345: 9357: 6409:

The Song dynasty in China (960–1279): Life in the Song Seen through a 12th-century Scroll

4811: 4732: 4669: 4630: 4395: 4016: 4012: 3721: 3704:. Emperor Gaozong of Song initiated a massive art project during his reign, known as the 3612: 3267: 3263: 3216:

system of recruiting officials; this was based upon degrees acquired through competitive

2889:, finally crushed the Song resistance. The last remaining ruler, the 13-year-old emperor 2871: 2863: 2552: 2289: 2241: 2210: 2206: 1987:

flourished during the Song era. The Song dynasty was the first in world history to issue

932: 14110: 14100: 12805: 12294: 12180: 9332:

Hsu, Mei-ling (1993), "The Qin Maps: A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development",

9316:

Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fu-Chou, Chiang-Hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung

9191: 5812: 4576: 3938: 3655: 2931: 2402:

The reforms created political factions in the court. Wang Anshi's "New Policies Group" (

2336: 14507: 14487: 14470: 14421: 14286: 14095: 14046: 13979: 13897: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13784: 13754: 13646: 13544: 13412: 13387: 13167: 12993: 12817: 12731: 12654: 11946: 11146: 11106: 10313: 10308: 10033: 9939: 9931: 9871: 9806: 9776: 9717: 9644: 9593: 9585: 9520: 9303: 9275: 9247: 9198: 9157: 9149: 9112: 9104: 8942: 8908: 8838: 8787: 8106: 6546: 6262: 5819: 5697: 5346: 5341:

claimed to have discovered ancient bronze vessels that were created as far back as the

5303: 5299: 5256: 5033: 4873: 4783: 4756: 4551: 4504:

over time. He created a theory of land formation involving concepts accepted in modern

3695: 3660: 3620: 3198:, Palace Museum, Beijing; "Four Generals of Zhongxing" by Southern Song dynasty artist 3127: 3055: 2368: 2269: 2218: 2171: 2075: 2028: 1855: 1735: 915: 820: 812: 629: 11978: 11942: 8820:

Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period

8736:

Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period

2344: 2110:, they became much more prominent in the Song period. Officials gaining power through 14616: 14512: 14448: 14443: 14372: 14269: 13984: 13912: 13907: 13749: 13678: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13451: 13402: 12997: 12916: 12719: 12352: 11860: 11185: 11025: 11020: 10957: 10494: 10318: 10303: 10293: 10288: 10248: 10076: 10057: 10039: 10019: 10001: 9983: 9964: 9943: 9901: 9895: 9812: 9792: 9737: 9678: 9660: 9613: 9597: 9555: 9524: 9514: 9443: 9413: 9379: 9361: 9319: 9217: 9177: 9161: 9116: 9072: 9062: 9048: 9026: 9004: 8998: 8976: 8966: 8952: 8912: 8865: 8845: 8823: 8805: 8757: 8739: 8720: 8098: 6550: 6285: 6007: 5395: 5355: 5288: 5173:

built in 1165 during the Southern Song, though there were others. The tallest is the

5105: 4998: 4889: 4864: 4827: 4723: 4673: 4634: 4340: 4288: 4183: 4100: 4070: 4002: 3646: 3642: 3360: 3123: 3106: 3051: 2882: 2651: 2493: 2489: 2454:, a subject tribe of the Liao, rebelled against them and formed their own state, the 2233: 1922: 1663: 1231: 1211: 986: 747: 739: 434: 430: 274: 13179: 12793: 12514: 12044: 11950: 4085: 2213:

created detailed maps of each province and city that were then collected in a large

623: 14465: 14252: 14247: 14203: 14190: 14120: 14088: 14083: 13947: 13942: 13924: 13885: 13818: 13801: 13742: 13732: 13727: 13668: 13624: 13594: 13554: 13537: 13520: 13483: 13234: 13187: 13131: 12976: 12960: 12633: 12510: 12494: 12481: 12321: 12298: 12224: 12114: 11974: 11962: 11779: 11721: 11693: 11559: 11542: 11337: 11096: 11030: 10577: 10545: 10328: 10323: 9923: 9863: 9834: 9768: 9709: 9636: 9577: 9341: 9295: 9267: 9239: 9141: 9094: 8948: 8928: 8900: 8779: 8110: 8094: 8090: 8080: 6538: 6254: 5689: 5360: 5351: 5280: 5089: 4988:

and nautical technology during the Song dynasty. The 10th-century invention of the

4645: 4614: 4610: 4598: 4105: 4021: 3848: 3825: 3809: 3753: 3749: 3663:

to argue for a philosophical point. Although an early form of the local geographic

3604: 3450:

of 50 troops, companies made of two platoons, battalions composed of 500 soldiers.

3381: 3262:. Yet Su was a product of his times, as the identity, habits, and attitudes of the 3249:

criticized this model, stating that it places too much emphasis on the role of the

3157: 3110: 3102: 3067: 3026: 2655: 2547: 2265: 2119: 2099: 2036: 1837: 1342: 900: 892: 660: 637: 438: 124: 24: 12972: 12904: 11664: 9805:

Veeck, Gregory; Pannell, Clifton W.; Smith, Christopher J.; Huang, Youqin (2007),

9657:

Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400

4911:

established China's first metal movable type (using bronze) in 1490. In 1638, the

3732: 2687: 14683: 14651: 14524: 14492: 14475: 14431: 14426: 14404: 14399: 14357: 14350: 14325: 14185: 14180: 14021: 13902: 13796: 13791: 13759: 13584: 13574: 13468: 13461: 13456: 13441: 13397: 13279: 13265: 13143: 13073: 12968: 12748: 12744: 12581: 12577: 12454: 12425: 12421: 12364: 12193: 12128: 11990: 11885: 11828: 11775: 11750: 11742: 11640: 11636: 10763: 10350: 10253: 10213: 10119: 6579: 5461: 5350:

peers that ancient relics were products created by famous "sages" in lore or the

5144: 5124: 4958: 4882: 4787: 4602: 4597:

built in Kaifeng. The clock tower featured large astronomical instruments of the

3287: 3276: 3255: 3246: 3242: 3238: 2961: 2878: 2469: 2436: 2351:, the Song commander Guo Kui (1022–1088) penetrated as far as Thăng Long (modern 2305: 2167: 1974: 725: 313: 244: 14105: 3717: 3421:. Trebuchets like this were used to launch the earliest type of explosive bombs. 3224:. The civil service system became institutionalized on a small scale during the 2901:

was demoted, being given the title 'Duke of Ying', but was eventually exiled to

2511:

to establish a new capital at Lin'an (modern Hangzhou). The Jurchen conquest of

14748: 14626: 14621: 14584: 14559: 14542: 14453: 14438: 14409: 14367: 14215: 14175: 14170: 14125: 14051: 14011: 14001: 13991: 13806: 13685: 13579: 13446: 13328: 13183: 13175: 13159: 13077: 12989: 12865: 12761: 12727: 12607: 12594: 12565: 12381: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12220: 12176: 12140: 11844: 11836: 11762: 11497: 11467: 11446: 11380: 11083: 10733: 10454: 10416: 9838: 9754: 9750: 9132:

Guo, Qinghua (1998), "Yingzao Fashi: Twelfth-Century Chinese Building Manual",

8990: 6542: 6245:(2013). "The deaths of two Khaghans: a comparison of events in 1242 and 1260". 6242: 5471: 5456: 5391: 5364: 5158: 5154: 4928: 4913: 4622: 4513: 4509: 4361: 4269: 4113:, the Song court established several government-run factories in the cities of 3998: 3912: 3768:

Buddhism influenced Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi through its concept of ethical

3637: 3608: 3535: 3511: 3503: 3479: 3417: 3295: 3250: 2957: 2631: 2615: 2451: 2395: 2376: 2063: 1244: 1161: 857: 850: 709: 140: 114: 9914:

Yuan, Zheng (1994), "Local Government Schools in Sung China: A Reassessment",

9345: 8889:"Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China" 6258: 5117: 4689: 3871:

such as these were imported to Song China from South Asia and the Middle East.

3653:(1126–1193) and Su Shi, the latter of whom wrote the 'daytrip essay' known as 2807: 2772: 2414:(1037–1101), was jailed and eventually exiled for criticizing Wang's reforms. 1946: 14760: 14707: 14594: 14389: 14362: 14335: 14313: 14291: 14058: 14041: 14026: 13870: 13823: 13811: 13737: 13629: 13503: 13498: 13473: 13355: 13135: 12920: 12900: 12785: 12498: 12212: 12172: 12144: 12101: 12093: 12072: 12007: 11893: 11848: 11668: 11656: 11652: 11623: 11609: 11368: 11364: 11162: 11156: 11141: 10963: 10951: 10431: 10426: 10073:

China among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries

8240: 8102: 5481: 5431: 5342: 5329: 5325: 5236: 5174: 5084: 4878: 4775: 4752: 4533: 4505: 4482: 4045: 4032: 3813: 3741: 3507: 3499: 3475: 3316: 3213: 3131: 3119: 2989: 2886: 2791: 2281: 2273: 2229: 1954: 1906: 1034: 1001: 532: 221: 14135: 14115: 9772: 6247:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

4976:, a concept pioneered in 984 by the Assistant Commissioner of Transport for 4235: 2733:

husband (Zuoxianwang) dating from the Southern Song. A head sculpture of an

14736: 14599: 14340: 14330: 14296: 14225: 14220: 14147: 13937: 13919: 13880: 13875: 13855: 13850: 13722: 13715: 13700: 13695: 13589: 13527: 13508: 13493: 13429: 12956: 12052: 11901: 11889: 11783: 11660: 11571: 11438: 11324: 11257: 11136: 11111: 10945: 10896: 10745: 10637: 10592: 10587: 10459: 10152: 9700:

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1993), "The Tangut Royal Tombs near Yinchuan",

6554: 5476: 5268: 5170: 4918: 4908: 4862:(990–1051), first described by the scientist and statesman Shen Kuo in his 4855: 4744: 4714: 4698: 4248: 4150: 3978: 3837: 3769: 3691: 3541: 3522: 3518: 3470: 3427: 3199: 3091: 3083: 2764: 2676: 2671: 2635: 2580: 2576: 2556: 2372: 2293: 2277: 2253: 2245: 2186: 2091: 2079: 2048: 2044: 1995:. This dynasty saw the first surviving records of the chemical formula for 1938: 1887: 1875: 1609: 1585: 1572: 1559: 1503: 1400: 1114: 1104: 1081: 829: 667: 587: 560: 518: 248: 132: 20: 9755:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 9627:

Schafer, Edward H. (1957), "War Elephants in Ancient and Medieval China",

8904: 5217: 4697:, or "Map of the Tracks of Yu", carved into stone in 1137, located in the 3863: 2999: 2847: 14318: 14303: 14152: 13865: 13774: 13764: 13690: 13338: 13333: 13163: 13139: 13010: 12839: 12446: 12385: 11982: 11897: 11697: 11685: 11251: 11208: 11101: 11091: 11053: 11042: 10932: 10908: 10782: 10751: 10655: 10582: 10540: 9730:

The Washing Away of Wrongs: Forensic Medicine in Thirteenth-Century China

8994: 8252: 5708: 5368: 5276: 5247:

Besides existing buildings and technical literature of building manuals,

5166: 5162: 5040: 4877:

laborious handwritten copies. The enhancement of widespread printing and

4807: 4760: 4706: 4657: 4649: 4594: 4529: 4474: 4470: 4450: 4142: 4066: 3988: 3896: 3880: 3794: 3773: 3650: 3624: 3234: 3225: 3114: 3095: 3074:

were worshipped with sacrificial offerings. Tansen Sen asserts that more

3045: 2981: 2910: 2830: 2783: 2746: 2738: 2512: 2386:(1021–1086) became Chancellor of the imperial court. With the backing of 2285: 2252:

Kingdom in Korea, and other countries that were also trade partners with

2222: 2107: 2040: 1966: 1958: 1879: 1516: 1387: 1221: 1189: 1176: 1010: 9961:"This Culture of Ours": Intellectual Transitions in T'ang and Sung China 7037: 6266: 5680:

Durand, John (1960). "The Population Statistics of China, A.D. 2–1953".

4524:(which had shifted over centuries of time). Shen Kuo was also known for 3514:

were viewed as essential fighting ships in any successful naval battle.

3433: 3177: 2862:

From 1268 to 1273, Kublai blockaded the Yangtze River with his navy and

2802:

as part of a coordinated Mongol attack in 1259 with armies attacking in

14345: 14162: 14036: 13996: 13929: 12952: 12625: 12076: 11881: 11047: 11004: 10902: 10865: 10835: 10829: 10806: 10788: 10697: 10685: 10661: 9980:

The Imperial Capitals of China – An Inside View of the Celestial Empire

9875: 9780: 9721: 9648: 9589: 9307: 9279: 9153: 9108: 8933: 8791: 8315: 5701: 5387: 5379: 5227: 5201: 5101: 4989: 4973: 4771: 4641: 4626: 4606: 4497: 4486: 4466: 4438: 4434: 4383: 3805: 3778: 3502:

state, the Song navy employed tactics such as defending large floating

3487: 3460: 3339: 3271: 3191: 2619: 2595:

to support maritime trade abroad, including at the major international

2564: 2474: 2407: 2383: 2202: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2004: 1950: 1863: 1268: 1057: 756: 476: 10160: 9935: 9470:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations

9251: 8858:

Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine

7614: 7612: 7551: 7549: 7374: 7372: 6914: 6403: 3958: 3233:

century. The civil service and examination system allowed for greater

3206:(1103–1142) is the second person from the left in the latter painting. 14235: 14006: 13890: 13860: 13641: 13515: 13306: 13085: 13037: 12892: 12825: 12699: 12637: 12429: 12368: 12348: 11966: 11754: 11481: 11072: 10981: 10926: 10920: 10841: 10709: 10703: 10691: 10679: 10673: 10597: 10560: 10550: 9789:

The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention

9397: 8880:

The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 Part Two Sung China, 960-1279

8085: 8068: 7312: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6558: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6207: 6205: 6025: 6023: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5950: 5948: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5486: 5446: 5441: 5383: 5372: 5252: 5186: 5128: 4831: 4819: 4803: 4710: 4618: 4590: 4525: 4521: 4500:

while experimenting with a compass. Shen theorized that geographical

4458: 4446: 4442: 4399: 4376: 4354: 4307: 4264: 4146: 4130: 4049: 3900: 3711: 3664: 3348: 3335: 3019: 2985: 2973: 2890: 2870:

was defeated by Kublai's newly appointed commander-in-chief, general

2867: 2851: 2823: 2726: 2707: 2663: 2604: 2592: 2459: 2237: 1996: 1962: 777: 504: 206: 10124: 9867: 9713: 9640: 9581: 9406:

The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty

9299: 9271: 9145: 9099: 8888: 8783: 8502: 5693: 4536:

instead of linear interpolation in calibrating the measure of time.

4421:(1020–1101) embodied advancements in all fields of study, including 2696: 2358: 13636: 13419: 13377: 13316: 13057: 13045: 13041: 12879: 12723: 12711: 12707: 12703: 12629: 12573: 12569: 12561: 12450: 12417: 12409: 12360: 11938: 11925: 11852: 11832: 11820: 11567: 11518: 11425: 11233: 11221: 11202: 11126: 11015: 10975: 10847: 10823: 10800: 10757: 10739: 10565: 9927: 9791:, with a foreword by Joseph Needham, New York: Simon and Schuster, 9243: 8141: 7609: 7597: 7546: 7396: 7369: 5404: 5260: 4950: 4869: 4859: 4799: 4736: 4702: 4454: 4414: 4403: 4331:

to a car's wheels even when they are rotating at different speeds.

4303: 4279: 4122: 4110: 4041: 3765: 3451: 3372:

in China during the 12th century. The physician and judge known as

3312: 3229: 3221: 3063: 3015: 2940: 2936: 2894: 2811: 2716: 2600: 2432: 2332: 2115: 2095: 1988: 1934: 1901:; 960–1127), the capital was in the northern city of Bianjing (now 798: 681: 154: 87: 80: 8941:

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006),

8856:

Chan, Alan Kam-leung; Clancey, Gregory K.; Loy, Hui-Chieh (2002),

8117: 6979: 6890: 6830: 6783: 6611: 6420: 6298: 6202: 6190: 6142: 6020: 5960: 5945: 5844: 5644: 5049: 3122:

was very popular amongst the elite and general populace, although

2312: 1991:

or true paper money and the first Chinese government to establish

13549: 13478: 13434: 13289: 13212: 13208: 13171: 13151: 13147: 13123: 13089: 13081: 13053: 12944: 12695: 12678: 12506: 12413: 12356: 12335: 12240: 12236: 12232: 11840: 11807: 11596: 11546: 11485: 11239: 11227: 11116: 10871: 10649: 10643: 10570: 10555: 10278: 10258: 9021:(2nd enlarged ed.), Cambridge; London: The Belknap Press of 8327: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6584: 5093: 5002: 4977: 4946: 4904: 4815: 4718: 4678: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4387: 4256: 4252: 4118: 4114: 3884: 3631:

and dozens of treatises on technical subjects. This included the

3574: 3563: 3447: 3411: 3394: 3390: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3203: 3135: 3075: 3040: 3031: 2856: 2803: 2795: 2779: 2760: 2730: 2647: 2639: 2596: 2572: 2508: 2478: 2444: 2348: 2301: 2297: 2190: 2020: 1926: 1902: 1411: 1262: 1256: 862: 490: 94: 73: 13350: 11303: 9568:

Rudolph, R. C. (1963), "Preliminary Notes on Sung Archaeology",

9064:

Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276

8264: 7227: 7225: 4629:. These star charts feature a cylindrical projection similar to 3911:-fruit juice, honey and ginger drinks, spices and seasonings of 3627:. Enormous encyclopedic volumes were compiled, such as works of 13382: 13257: 13065: 12964: 12813: 12789: 12715: 12650: 12621: 12168: 12160: 12148: 12136: 12097: 11868: 11864: 11734: 11689: 11644: 11583: 11442: 11401: 10853: 10794: 10776: 10727: 10721: 10667: 5436: 5284: 5264: 5190: 5097: 5067: 5056: 5010: 4748: 4478: 4422: 4394:

published in 1092, featuring cylindrical projection similar to

4328: 4294: 4260: 4154: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3888: 3868: 3761: 3456: 3385: 3352: 3259: 3059: 2969: 2965: 2768: 2608: 2588: 2584: 2535: 2482: 2417: 2411: 2249: 2087: 128: 8801:

The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China

8625: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8607: 6967: 6943: 6873: 6805: 6803: 4814:

date to the 4th century BCE, yet it was not until the time of

3393:'s conduct during autopsies and the accurate recording of the 2503:

The remaining Song forces regrouped under the self-proclaimed

14016: 12809: 12031: 11758: 11351: 10914: 10884: 8582: 8580: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8049: 7962: 7473: 7471: 7222: 7109: 6441: 6407:, in Ebrey, Patricia, & Conrad Schirokauer, consultants, 5295: 5208: 5178: 5075: 5006: 4968: 4881:

in the Song period was thus a direct catalyst in the rise of

4138: 4025: 3799: 3790: 3786: 3725: 3616: 3547: 3415:

Traction trebuchet on an Early Song dynasty warship from the

3079: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2815: 2799: 2734: 2627: 2623: 2352: 2214: 2197:

period. He ensured administrative stability by promoting the

2147: 1874:. The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous 841: 546: 10056:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 9170:

Maritime trade and state development in early Southeast Asia

8526: 8387: 8363: 8339: 8276: 8201: 8129: 7836: 7824: 7800: 7788: 7740: 7288: 6996: 6573:

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-TSSF201003024.htm

3586: 3141: 10969: 10054:

The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of China

8676: 8604: 8567: 8565: 7950: 7892: 7890: 7877: 7875: 7624: 6861: 6849: 6800: 5933: 5732: 5320: 4755:, and was the first to use negative coefficients of 'x' in 4739:'s 1261 book provided the earliest Chinese illustration of 4134: 3919:, soy sauce, vegetable oil, sesame oil, salt, and vinegar. 3833: 3817: 3623:

profited from the rising popularity and development of the

3011: 2993: 2667: 2643: 2066:

assumed a larger role in local administration and affairs.

2008: 1846: 13226: 8693: 8691: 8654: 8652: 8592: 8577: 8454: 8423: 8165: 7641: 7639: 7522: 7468: 7300: 7254: 7252: 7210: 6652: 6650: 6222: 6220: 6154: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6091: 6089: 5768: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5017: 4868:

of 1088. The collection of Bi Sheng's original clay-fired

4165: 1843: 9394:

War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795

7585: 7500: 7498: 7432: 7324: 7162: 7015: 7013: 7011: 6820: 6818: 6692: 6118: 6076: 6074: 5539: 5157:

and the construction of enormous bridges (wood or stone,

3821: 3737: 3641:, compiled into 1000 volumes of 9.4 million written 2031:. Economically, the Song dynasty was unparalleled with a 817: 803: 789: 9827:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

8562: 8550: 8442: 8411: 8399: 8375: 8037: 8025: 7974: 7926: 7914: 7887: 7872: 7860: 7848: 7812: 7776: 7752: 7408: 7276: 7237: 7152: 7150: 7148: 6752: 6405:

China in 1000 CE: The Most Advanced Society in the World

6351: 6349: 6322: 6166: 3649:

also became popular with the writings of the geographer

1858:

that ruled from 960 to 1279. The dynasty was founded by

768: 9539:

Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BCE–CE 1840

9000:

Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching

8688: 8664: 8649: 8538: 8478: 8303: 8293: 8291: 8218: 8216: 8153: 8015: 8013: 7998: 7986: 7728: 7716: 7636: 7561: 7483: 7264: 7249: 7061: 7025: 6955: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6902: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6647: 6635: 6494: 6492: 6217: 6130: 6101: 6086: 5921: 5909: 5720: 5520: 4334: 3082:

traveled to China during the Song than in the previous

1897:

is divided into two periods: during the Northern Song (

9804: 8756:(Revised ed.), Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 8637: 8228: 7764: 7495: 7456: 7444: 7420: 7049: 7008: 6815: 6728: 6465: 6453: 6071: 5714: 5510: 5508: 5407:, who prohibited scholars from reading and consulting 4705:. This 3 ft (0.91 m) squared map features a 4621:

who were timed to rotate past shuttered windows while

4239:

Earliest known written formula for gunpowder from the

3212:

During this period greater emphasis was laid upon the

3030:

A 12th-century painting by Su Hanchen; a girl waves a

1925:. At that time, the Song court retreated south of the 14720: 8351: 8189: 8177: 7651: 7384: 7357: 7198: 7186: 7174: 7145: 6716: 6704: 6601: 6599: 6385: 6373: 6361: 6346: 6334: 6310: 6178: 5856: 5620: 5596: 5551: 4934: 4835: 3323: 3048:(1084–1151), who became famous even in her lifetime. 3010:, prime minister Zhao Pu and other ministers playing 2642:, it was necessary to establish an official standing 1840: 744: 730: 714: 700: 686: 672: 11453:(鄆州) | Jìzhōu (濟州) | Shànzhōu (單州) | 9216:, New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company, 8944:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

8288: 8213: 8010: 7902: 7663: 7348: 7133: 7121: 6926: 6764: 6489: 6477: 5981: 5792: 5744: 5608: 4520:, which allowed Shen Kuo to fix the position of the 2658:. During these battles the Song navy employed swift 2228:

The Song court maintained diplomatic relations with

1628: 1550: 1430: 1363: 1293: 1167: 9702:

Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture

9695:, Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing 8940: 8514: 8466: 8321: 7618: 7555: 7534: 7510: 7402: 7378: 7318: 7097: 7085: 7073: 6990: 6920: 6843: 6794: 6617: 6590: 6435: 6304: 6211: 6196: 6148: 6029: 5975: 5954: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5850: 5780: 5661: 5655: 5505: 5403:the erroneous material was the fault of Chancellor 4593:-powered, 12 m (39 ft) tall astronomical 2382:After Fan was forced to step down from his office, 2051:. This dramatic increase of population fomented an 1957:, died in 1259 while besieging the mountain castle 9190:Halsall, Paul (2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.). 8837: 8822:, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 253–289, 8738:, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 191–226, 8717:T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History 7938: 7704: 7336: 6740: 6596: 6059: 6047: 5897: 5885: 5832: 5756: 3615:. The poet and statesman Su Shi and his associate 3400: 3058:on spirituality was popular. The major deities of 2818:. On August 11, 1259, Möngke Khan died during the 9675:Cultural flow between China and the outside world 9039:Fraser, Julius Thomas; Haber, Francis C. (1986), 8490: 6623: 5811:Paul Halsall (2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.). 5632: 4605:, both driven by an early intermittently working 3463:' that discharged a gunpowder blast of flame and 2725:Clockwise from upper left: Anonymous painting of 1973:in 1279 after defeating the Southern Song in the 1905:) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now 14758: 10075:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 9085:Golas, Peter (1980), "Rural China in the Song", 9041:Time, Science, and Society in China and the West 8804:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 7573: 6524:"Women and Property in China, 960-1949 (review)" 6035: 5868: 5123:The 42-metre (138 ft) tall, brick and wood 4957:and first mentioned in active use by sailors in 4786:, and astronomical data used in determining the 4633:, the latter being a cartographic innovation of 2810:and other Mongol armies attacking in modern-day 9811:, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 9016: 8631: 6949: 6896: 6884: 6447: 5169:built in 1049 during the Northern Song and the 4528:clockworks, as he invented a new overflow-tank 4413:Polymaths such as the scientists and statesmen 3812:and replacing it with Confucian discourse. The 2943:province, built in 1223 during the Song dynasty 2893:, committed suicide, along with Prime Minister 1866:dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the 60:The Song dynasty at its greatest extent in 1111 14827:States and territories established in the 960s 10125:The Newly Compiled Overall Geographical Survey 9732:, translated by Brian E. McKnight, Ann Arbor: 8855: 7968: 6284:. University of California Press. p. 45. 5577:. Economic History Association. Archived from 4984:There were other considerable advancements in 4663: 3364:argued against traditional Chinese beliefs in 2786:at the collapse of the Jin dynasty. After the 2587:improvement projects, and the construction of 2563:Although weakened and pushed south beyond the 14822:States and territories disestablished in 1279 13242: 11289: 10176: 10035:All Under Heaven: A Complete History of China 9440:Magnetism in the Solid State: An Introduction 9232:Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews 9017:Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (2006) , 8069:"Book Review: The Soochow Astronomical Chart" 4924:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China 4717:refers to the Chinese deity described in the 3724:of mixed styles written by Song dynasty poet 2516: 1977:, and reunited China under the Yuan dynasty. 1910: 1811: 1484: 642: 345:3,100,000 km (1,200,000 sq mi) 38: 14699:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 10609:Along the River During the Qingming Festival 9618:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5810: 5804: 4295:Measuring distance and mechanical navigation 3701:Along the River During the Qingming Festival 1474: 9963:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 9214:The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600 9123:Graff, David Andrew; Higham, Robin (2002), 9122: 9038: 8989: 8619: 8436: 7956: 7630: 7231: 7216: 7115: 6160: 5302:of officials, tomb guardians, animals, and 2885:in 1279, the Yuan army, led by the general 2846:, but a pending civil war with his brother 2530: 361:1,800,000 km (690,000 sq mi) 353:2,100,000 km (810,000 sq mi) 13249: 13235: 11296: 11282: 10183: 10169: 9699: 8968:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 8598: 8586: 6273: 4941:Science and technology of the Song dynasty 4206:Science and technology of the Song dynasty 3548:Arts, literature, philosophy, and religion 3342:of the earlier Tang dynasty, the basis of 2976:. The Song dynasty supported a widespread 2142: 1818: 1804: 54: 10018:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9749: 9318:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9098: 8932: 8084: 5533: 4199: 3142:Civil service examinations and the gentry 2666:aboard the decks that launched gunpowder 2611:, that were sustaining China's commerce. 2424:, a painting of the Song royal palace by 2264:from the ruler of "Fu lin" (拂菻, i.e. the 2221:tower designed and built by the engineer 337:800,000 km (310,000 sq mi) 16:Chinese imperial dynasty from 960 to 1279 11195: 10098:Song dynasty at China Heritage Quarterly 9503: 9494: 9485: 9476: 9467: 9425: 9351: 9285: 9067:, Translated by H. M. Wright, Stanford: 8733: 8571: 8556: 8544: 8532: 8508: 8484: 8460: 8448: 8417: 8405: 8393: 8381: 8369: 8345: 8333: 8309: 8282: 8258: 8246: 8207: 8171: 8159: 8147: 8135: 8123: 8055: 8043: 8031: 8004: 7980: 7932: 7920: 7896: 7881: 7866: 7854: 7842: 7830: 7818: 7806: 7794: 7782: 7758: 7746: 7734: 7722: 7645: 7567: 7306: 7294: 7282: 7270: 7243: 7002: 6867: 6855: 6809: 6667: 6665: 6656: 6471: 6459: 6226: 6136: 6124: 6112: 5939: 5927: 5915: 5738: 5726: 5319: 4967: 4843: 4778:. He is also known for working with the 4731:There were many notable improvements to 4688: 4677: 4508:. He performed optical experiments with 4234: 3994:Along the River During Qingming Festival 3984:Along the River During Qingming Festival 3862: 3731: 3716: 3469: 3432: 3410: 3281: 3025: 2998: 2960:programs including the establishment of 2946: 2930: 2546: 2534: 2468: 2416: 2357: 2311: 2146: 1983:, science, philosophy, mathematics, and 14792:13th-century disestablishments in China 14523: 10190: 9893: 9626: 9567: 9545: 9512: 9508:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 9499:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 9490:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 9481:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 9472:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 9257: 9229: 9189: 8877: 8714: 8697: 8682: 8670: 8658: 8270: 7770: 7684:"Islam in China (650–present): Origins" 7504: 7489: 7330: 7258: 6734: 6391: 6379: 6367: 6355: 6340: 6328: 6316: 6279: 6184: 6172: 6080: 5999: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5557: 5545: 5367:on crossbows; while experimenting with 5300:are lines of Song dynasty stone statues 5018:Structural engineering and architecture 4648:, the remnants of which would form the 3843: 3577:, active during the reign of Shenzong. 2749:statue from the Song dynasty (960–1279) 2670:. Although the Jin forces commanded by 2053:economic revolution in pre-modern China 2015:. It also saw the first discernment of 14759: 11177:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified 11102:Endless power transmitting chain drive 10113:Song dynasty art with video commentary 9881: 9824: 9786: 9603: 9211: 9060: 8643: 8234: 7671:Cambridge Illustrated History of China 7657: 7603: 7591: 7528: 7477: 7462: 7450: 7438: 7426: 7414: 7390: 7055: 7019: 6973: 6961: 6722: 6698: 6641: 6417:, as accessed October 6 & 9, 2012. 6415:) (Asia for Educators, Columbia Univ.) 6237: 6235: 6006:. New York: St Martin's. p. 148. 5774: 5679: 5569: 4793:Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections 4770:–1261) was the first to introduce the 4623:ringing gongs and bells, banging drums 4532:which had more efficient higher-order 3907:, pears, plums, apricots, pear juice, 3482:, built in 1055; it was intended as a 3441:Although the scholar-officials viewed 2916: 2507:(1127–1162) and withdrew south of the 2060:direct involvement in economic affairs 1872:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 819: 746: 13230: 11277: 10164: 10038:, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 9690: 9536: 9403: 9391: 9313: 9084: 8964: 8817: 8797: 8357: 8297: 8222: 8019: 7992: 7908: 7710: 7363: 7204: 7180: 7168: 7156: 7139: 7127: 7043: 7031: 6937: 6824: 6777: 6758: 6662: 6605: 6498: 6483: 6065: 5987: 5903: 5891: 5798: 5750: 5667: 5514: 4318:. This device, originally crafted by 3490:for observation of potential dangers. 3486:, yet served a military purpose as a 14772:10th-century establishments in China 13032: 12202: 12123: 11319: 9913: 9853: 9844: 9727: 9677:, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 9672: 9455: 9437: 9376:The Chinese Market Economy 1000-1500 9167: 8918: 8886: 7944: 7540: 7516: 7067: 6908: 6746: 6710: 6531:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6095: 6053: 6041: 5879: 5862: 5838: 5786: 5762: 4609:mechanism (similarly to the western 4335:Polymaths, inventions, and astronomy 4224: 4001:during the Southern Song dynasty by 3694:(1085–1145) who painted an enormous 3407:Military history of the Song dynasty 3397:of each autopsy by official clerks. 2672:Wanyan Liang (the Prince of Hailing) 2138:List of emperors of the Song dynasty 2023:, first recorded description of the 14812:Former countries in Chinese history 9654: 9373: 9331: 9131: 8835: 8769: 8751: 8520: 8496: 8472: 8195: 8183: 7579: 7342: 7192: 7103: 7091: 7079: 6629: 6241: 6232: 5638: 4735:during the Song era. Mathematician 4322:in the 3rd century, incorporated a 3672: 3671:, replaced the old "map guide", or 2842:. Kublai made preparations to take 2579:. The government sponsored massive 13: 9951: 9897:China; Land of Dragon and Emperors 9856:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 9849:, Fujian People's Publishing House 9288:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 9260:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 8772:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6521: 6413:Asian Topics on Asia for Educators 4935:Hydraulic and nautical engineering 4492:Shen Kuo was the first to discern 4398:and the corrected position of the 3324:Law, justice, and forensic science 3202:(1174–1224); the renowned general 2500:, and most of the Imperial court. 2435:(1047–1126), who was appointed by 2094:with new commentary, infused with 2078:and the 11th-century invention of 2070:was vibrant. Citizens gathered to 14: 14838: 12899:(洋州) | Làngzhōu (閬州) | 12529:(辰州) | Yuánzhōu (沅州) | 11782:(永寧) | Guǎngxìn (廣信) | 11761:(祁州) | Zhàozhōu (趙州) | 11737:(相州) | Dìngzhōu (定州) | 11500:(均州) | Fángzhōu (房州) | 10091: 10016:A history of Chinese civilization 9998:The Dynasties of China: A History 9548:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times 9516:Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors 9045:University of Massachusetts Press 8322:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7619:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7556:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7403:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7379:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7319:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6991:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6921:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6844:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6795:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6618:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6591:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6436:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6305:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6282:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times 6212:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6197:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6149:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6030:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 5976:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 5955:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 5851:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 5656:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 4858:printing was made by the artisan 4751:'s forty-third proposition about 4747:, provided theoretical proof for 2951:Model of the capital city Kaifeng 14742: 14730: 13154:(柳州) | Guìzhōu (貴州) | 13044:(韶州) | Xúnzhōu (循州) | 12079:(岷州) | Lánzhōu (蘭州) | 11859:(嵐州) | Shízhōu (石州) | 11745:(懷州) | Wèizhōu (衛州) | 11304:Administrative divisions of the 10361: 10000:, New York: Carroll & Graf, 9900:, New York: Random House, Inc., 9604:Sastri, Nilakanta, K.A. (1984), 8965:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999), 8719:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 8061: 7676: 5345:(1600–1046 BCE), which bore the 5216: 5200: 5136: 5116: 5048: 5032: 5024:Architecture of the Song dynasty 4995:watertight bulkhead compartments 4972:A plan and side view of a canal 4850:History of printing in East Asia 4575: 4559: 4543: 4375: 4353: 4210:Architecture of the Song dynasty 4173: 4164: 4084: 4059: 3966: 3957: 3946: 3937: 3585: 3562: 3176: 3165: 3156: 2980:that was modeled on the earlier 2788:first Mongol invasion of Vietnam 2737:, 11th Century. A seated wooden 2715: 2706: 2695: 2686: 2072:view and trade precious artworks 1862:, who usurped the throne of the 1836: 899: 622: 592: 578: 553: 539: 525: 511: 497: 483: 469: 418: 417: 12722:(簡州) | Lízhōu (黎州) | 12075:(熙州) | Hézhōu (河州) | 11867:(麟州) | Fǔzhōu (府州) | 11643:(滄州) | Jìzhōu (冀州) | 10136:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 9760:International Studies Quarterly 9504:——— (1986e), 9495:——— (1986d), 9486:——— (1986c), 9477:——— (1986b), 9374:Liu, William Guangling (2015), 6565: 6515: 6504: 6397: 5993: 5673: 5082:(1065–1110), who published the 4069:from the 13th century featured 3707:Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute 3401:Military and methods of warfare 2322: 2205:by skill and merit (instead of 2176: 2157: 2082:printing. Philosophers such as 1929:and established its capital at 863: 842: 818: 804: 790: 769: 14787:1279 disestablishments in Asia 10603:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding 9916:History of Education Quarterly 9608:, Madras: University of Madras 9552:University of California Press 5563: 5316:History of Chinese archaeology 5309: 5207:Temple of the Saintly Mother, 4727:, dated 5th–3rd centuries BCE. 2280:in the northeast and with the 1758:Science and technology history 745: 731: 715: 701: 687: 673: 643: 1: 12371:(信州) | Tàipíngzhōu (太平州) 11038:Southern Song dynasty coinage 9442:, New York: Springer-Verlag, 8079:(4061): 279. 30 August 1947. 7688:Religion & Ethics – Islam 5493: 4874:woodblock methods of printing 4818:(224–271) that topographical 4764: 3656:Record of Stone Bell Mountain 2986:owned their own plots of land 2362:A Song-era wooden Bodhisattva 2339:twice, the first conflict in 1128: 1087: 1063: 1040: 1016: 957: 10143:Dynasties in Chinese history 9734:University of Michigan Press 9570:The Journal of Asian Studies 9087:The Journal of Asian Studies 8893:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 8882:, Cambridge University Press 7969:Chan, Clancey & Loy 2002 7606:, pp. 178–179, 181–183. 5498: 5467:Timeline of the Song dynasty 4812:earliest extant Chinese maps 4684:Jade Mirror of Four Unknowns 3820:which remain influential in 3554:Religion in the Song dynasty 3484:Buddhist religious structure 3222:was an ancient idea in China 3194:, 10th century; Zhou Wenju, 2664:traction trebuchet catapults 7: 13256: 10450:Department of State Affairs 9884:Buddhism in Chinese History 9541:, Oxford: Osprey Publishing 9428:Law and Order in Sung China 9426:McKnight, Brian E. (1992), 9125:A Military History of China 8754:An Outline History of China 8632:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 8511:, pp. 96–100, 108–109. 8249:, pp. 547–549, Plate LXXXI. 6950:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 6897:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 6885:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 6448:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 5452:Taxation in premodern China 5414: 5055:The Xiude Temple Pagoda in 4836: 4790:. Qin's major work was the 4664:Mathematics and cartography 4550:An interior diagram of the 4300:As early as the Han dynasty 4220:List of Chinese discoveries 3929:Economy of the Song dynasty 3682:, during the Song dynasty. 3330:Society of the Song dynasty 3186:Clockwise from upper left: 3148:Society of the Song dynasty 2927:Society of the Song dynasty 2923:Culture of the Song dynasty 2132:History of the Song dynasty 2068:Social life during the Song 10: 14843: 10412:Bureau of Military Affairs 9996:Gascoigne, Bamber (2003), 9978:Cotterell, Arthur (2007), 9882:Wright, Arthur F. (1959), 9839:10.1163/156852001753731033 9432:Cambridge University Press 9410:Cambridge University Press 9396:(1st ed.), New York: 9174:University of Hawaii Press 8973:Cambridge University Press 8921:Journal of Chinese History 8887:Chen, Yuan Julian (2014), 8862:Singapore University Press 8715:Adshead, S. A. M. (2004), 8707: 8150:, pp. 46, 59–60, 104. 6543:10.1162/jinh.2001.32.1.160 6000:Roberts, J. A. G. (1996). 5375:by using a hollow handle. 5352:ancient aristocratic class 5313: 5021: 4980:, the engineer Qiao Weiyo. 4938: 4847: 4824:Following a long tradition 4682:Facsimile of Zhu Shijie's 4667: 4654:Soochow Astronomical Chart 4640:The Song Chinese observed 4502:climates gradually shifted 4364:for Su's celestial globe, 4345:List of Chinese inventions 4338: 4228: 4216:List of Chinese inventions 4213: 4203: 3926: 3922: 3595:, by Mao Yi, 12th century. 3571:Double Happiness (Cui Bai) 3551: 3404: 3327: 3145: 3070:, and the many deities of 2920: 2473:A Liao dynasty (907–1125) 2135: 2129: 2125: 2104:civil service examinations 2027:, and improved designs of 1971:conquered the Song dynasty 196:(founder of Southern Song) 183:(founder of Northern Song) 18: 14692: 14644: 14161: 13565: 13264: 13203: 13110: 13101: 13022: 13005: 12984: 12939: 12932: 12887: 12874: 12864: 12847: 12833: 12780: 12773: 12756: 12739: 12686: 12673: 12666: 12645: 12640:(漳州) | Tīngzhōu (汀州) 12616: 12606: 12589: 12552: 12542: 12489: 12476: 12466: 12437: 12404: 12397: 12376: 12343: 12330: 12320: 12306: 12269: 12259: 12252: 12192: 12113: 12088: 12039: 12026: 12019: 12002: 11933: 11920: 11913: 11876: 11815: 11802: 11795: 11770: 11729: 11716: 11709: 11680: 11631: 11618: 11608: 11591: 11554: 11537: 11530: 11513: 11476: 11466: 11433: 11420: 11413: 11396: 11359: 11346: 11336: 11312: 11063: 10995: 10816: 10630: 10522: 10475: 10440: 10370: 10359: 10284:Alliance Conducted at Sea 10274:Song–Viet war (1075–1077) 10199: 10149: 10140: 10132: 9894:Yen-Mah, Adeline (2008), 9888:Stanford University Press 9468:Needham, Joseph (1986a), 9354:When China Ruled the Seas 9352:Levathes, Louise (1994), 9346:10.1080/03085699308592766 9314:Hymes, Robert P. (1986), 9127:, Boulder: Westview Press 9069:Stanford University Press 8878:Chaffee, John W. (2015), 8126:, pp. 278, 280, 428. 7046:, pp. 30–31, footnote 27. 6259:10.1017/S0041977X13000475 5371:, Shen suggested hanging 5043:of Kaifeng, built in 1049 4780:Chinese remainder theorem 4489:, and many other fields. 3478:, the tallest pre-modern 2662:naval vessels armed with 2464:Alliance Conducted at Sea 2201:system of drafting state 2199:civil service examination 2174:, Emperor Taizu of Song ( 1993:a permanent standing navy 1914: 1898: 1856:imperial dynasty of China 1632: 1554: 1434: 1367: 1297: 1171: 874: 856: 849: 835: 828: 811: 797: 783: 776: 762: 755: 738: 724: 708: 694: 680: 666: 659: 654: 650: 636: 621: 617: 612: 448: 426: 411: 397: 393: 374: 370: 365: 357: 349: 341: 333: 328: 324: 310: 297: 284: 271: 258: 241: 231: 227: 217: 213: 200: 187: 174: 170: 160: 150: 120: 110: 65: 53: 48: 39: 32: 11928:(京兆) | Hézhōng (河中) 10615:Four Great Books of Song 10103:Song dynasty at bcps.org 10071:Rossabi, Morris (1983). 10014:Gernet, Jacques (1982), 9693:Science in Ancient China 9546:Rossabi, Morris (1988), 9462:Harvard University Press 9458:Imperial China: 900–1800 9212:Hansen, Valerie (2000), 9061:Gernet, Jacques (1962), 9023:Harvard University Press 8336:, pp. 206–208, 217. 8273:, pp. 406, 409–412. 6976:, pp. 60–61, 68–69. 6280:Rossabi, Morris (2009). 5427:Four Great Books of Song 5369:ancient musical measures 5226:arm clusters containing 5211:, Taiyuan, built in 1032 5189:(1012–1067) in medieval 4287:during the early age of 3981:'s (1085–1145) painting 3877:Emperor Zhenzong of Song 3836:. The Christian sect of 3736:Portrait of the Chinese 2790:in 1258, Mongol general 2531:Southern Song, 1127–1279 1943:conquered by the Mongols 383:Northern: 80–110 million 19:Not to be confused with 13215:(萬安) | Zhūyái (朱崖) 11675:(濱州) | Ēnzhōu (恩州) 10466:Secretariat-Chancellery 9787:Temple, Robert (1986), 9773:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 8798:Brook, Timothy (1998), 8620:Fraser & Haber 1986 8437:Graff & Higham 2002 8261:, p. 549, Plate LXXXII. 8095:2027/mdp.39015071688480 7957:Embree & Gluck 1997 7631:Embree & Gluck 1997 7232:Graff & Higham 2002 7217:Graff & Higham 2002 7116:Graff & Higham 2002 6678:Encyclopædia Britannica 6522:Li, Lillian M. (2001). 6161:Embree & Gluck 1997 5273:Emperor Huizong of Song 5131:, Hebei, built in 1045. 4997:that allowed damage to 4463:pharmaceutical medicine 4109:). For the printing of 4075:watertight compartments 3710:from the life story of 3645:. The genre of Chinese 3455:employed as long-range 3344:traditional Chinese law 3128:the vernacular language 3008:Emperor Taizong of Song 2541:Emperor Gaozong of Song 2505:Emperor Gaozong of Song 2456:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 2318:Emperor Taizong of Song 2296:(Most parts of today's 2143:Northern Song, 960–1127 11097:Early Bessemer process 11065:Science and technology 10264:Nong Zhigao rebellions 10032:Kruger, Rayne (2003), 9959:Bol, Peter K. (1992). 9845:Wang, Lianmao (2000), 9691:Sivin, Nathan (1995), 9168:Hall, Kenneth (1985), 8991:Embree, Ainslie Thomas 7354:Ebrey, Cambridge, 149. 5365:scaled sighting device 5337: 5072:structural engineering 4981: 4759:. Yang's contemporary 4728: 4686: 4362:south polar projection 4316:south-pointing chariot 4276:Kezhai Zagao, Xugaohou 4244: 4200:Science and technology 4197: 4038:Deforestation in China 3872: 3745: 3729: 3579:National Palace Museum 3491: 3438: 3422: 3384:on the examination of 3291: 3088:Middle Eastern Muslims 3035: 3023: 2952: 2944: 2820:siege of Diaoyu Castle 2745:(1115–1234). A wooden 2560: 2544: 2485: 2477:wood-carved statue of 2428: 2363: 2328: 2181:) spent sixteen years 2163: 2114:led to a shift from a 2106:had existed since the 2033:gross domestic product 1965:. His younger brother 243:• Signing of the 145:Nestorian Christianity 14782:12th century in China 14777:11th century in China 14669:Medieval great powers 12207:Yángzhōu (揚州) | 10485:Ministry of Personnel 10390:Imperial examinations 10108:Song and Liao artwork 10052:Kuhn, Dieter (2009). 9537:Peers, C. J. (2006), 9513:Paludan, Ann (1998), 9404:Lorge, Peter (2015), 9392:Lorge, Peter (2005), 9134:Architectural History 9003:, Armonk: ME Sharpe, 8905:10.1353/sys.2014.0000 8836:Cai, Yanxin (2011) , 7690:, BBC, archived from 5570:Broadberry, Stephen. 5422:Emperors' family tree 5323: 5314:Further information: 5143:Close-up view of the 4986:hydraulic engineering 4971: 4848:Further information: 4844:Movable type printing 4826:, Shen Kuo created a 4692: 4681: 4668:Further information: 4339:Further information: 4238: 4229:Further information: 4214:Further information: 4192: 4153:industry of Song-era 4013:joint stock companies 3866: 3830:Drogön Chögyal Phagpa 3744:, painted in 1238 AD. 3735: 3720: 3552:Further information: 3473: 3437:Armoured Song cavalry 3436: 3414: 3338:retained most of the 3285: 3072:Chinese folk religion 3029: 3004:Emperor Taizu of Song 3002: 2950: 2934: 2550: 2538: 2472: 2420: 2361: 2315: 2153:Emperor Taizu of Song 2150: 2136:Further information: 2116:military-aristocratic 1860:Emperor Taizu of Song 1623:(mainland, 1912–1949) 137:Chinese folk religion 111:Common languages 14679:European colonialism 14664:Ancient great powers 10621:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu 10395:Administrative units 10269:Song–Tibet relations 10244:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war 9673:Shen, Fuwei (1996), 9655:Sen, Tansen (2003), 9456:Mote, F. W. (1999), 9438:Mohn, Peter (2003), 9358:Simon & Schuster 9019:China: A New History 8840:Chinese Architecture 8752:Bai, Shouyi (2002), 8058:, pp. 165, 445. 5777:, pp. 173, 316. 5249:Song dynasty artwork 4963:Pingzhou Table Talks 4719:geographical chapter 4494:magnetic declination 4231:History of gunpowder 3844:Cuisine and clothing 3573:. It was painted by 3495:of bells and drums. 2806:under Mongol leader 2458:. The Song official 2120:scholar-bureaucratic 2112:imperial examination 386:Southern: 65 million 286:• Beginning of 14802:Confucian dynasties 14674:Modern great powers 12838:Huáiān (懷安) | 12398:Jiangnan West (江南西) 11914:Yongxing Army (永興軍) 11414:Jingdong West (京東西) 11171:Forensic entomology 11132:Watertight bulkhead 11011:Joint-stock company 10505:Ministry of Justice 10490:Ministry of Revenue 10400:Sixteen Prefectures 9982:, London: Pimlico, 9728:Sung, Tz'u (1981), 9521:Thames & Hudson 8685:, pp. 170–171. 8535:, pp. 151–153. 8396:, pp. 350–351. 8372:, pp. 215–216. 8348:, pp. 212–213. 8324:, pp. 159–160. 8285:, pp. 201–203. 8210:, pp. 538–540. 8138:, pp. 134–137. 7845:, pp. 283–284. 7833:, pp. 281–282. 7809:, pp. 174–175. 7797:, pp. 173–174. 7749:, pp. 220–221. 7694:on February 8, 2007 7531:, pp. 135–136. 7480:, pp. 134–137. 7297:, pp. 122–124. 7171:, pp. 130–131. 7005:, pp. 155–157. 6923:, pp. 162–163. 6911:, pp. 196–199. 6899:, pp. 101–106. 6870:, pp. 416–420. 6858:, pp. 405–413. 6812:, pp. 417–418. 6761:, pp. 145–146. 6701:, pp. 222–225. 6098:, pp. 159–161. 5942:, pp. 208–209. 5741:, pp. 469–471. 5717:, pp. 103–104. 5548:, pp. 29, 327. 5304:legendary creatures 4907:(1439–1513) of the 4796:published in 1247. 4757:quadratic equations 4733:Chinese mathematics 4670:Chinese mathematics 4631:Mercator projection 4512:just decades after 4396:Mercator projection 4392:Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao 4366:Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao 4022:Economic historians 3722:Chinese calligraphy 3096:Persian Manichaeans 3014:, an early form of 2917:Culture and society 2660:paddle wheel driven 2553:Qinling Huaihe Line 2543:(r. 1127–1162) 2290:Sixteen Prefectures 2242:Kara-Khanid Khanate 2183:conquering the rest 2168:usurping the throne 2029:astronomical clocks 1999:, the invention of 233:• Established 14817:Medieval East Asia 14807:Dynasties of China 14797:960 establishments 12253:Huainan West (淮南西) 11531:Jingxi North (京西北) 11107:Astronomical clock 10314:Treaty of Shaoxing 10118:2008-09-07 at the 9199:Fordham University 8934:10.1017/jch.2018.7 7594:, pp. 88, 94. 7441:, pp. 127–30. 7070:, pp. 12, 72. 6578:2014-03-07 at the 6003:A History of China 5820:Fordham University 5682:Population Studies 5347:oracle bone script 5338: 5289:Chinese city walls 5240:, printed in 1103. 4982: 4890:Chinese characters 4854:The innovation of 4729: 4687: 4552:astronomical clock 4245: 3873: 3746: 3730: 3696:panoramic painting 3661:persuasive writing 3643:Chinese characters 3593:Cats in the Garden 3512:paddle-wheel craft 3492: 3439: 3423: 3376:(1186–1249) wrote 3347:such as the famed 3292: 3277:family connections 3056:Chinese literature 3036: 3024: 2996:on large estates. 2953: 2945: 2864:besieged Xiangyang 2561: 2545: 2486: 2429: 2364: 2329: 2270:Michael VII Doukas 2219:astronomical clock 2172:Later Zhou dynasty 2164: 2151:Court portrait of 2076:woodblock printing 1638: 1448:Five Dynasties and 1440: 1375:Southern dynasties 1303: 1202:Chu–Han Contention 630:Chinese characters 628:"Song dynasty" in 14718: 14717: 14640: 14639: 14605:Polish–Lithuanian 13780:Gurjara-Pratihara 13224: 13223: 13220: 13219: 13097: 13096: 13018: 13017: 12928: 12927: 12860: 12859: 12769: 12768: 12662: 12661: 12602: 12601: 12538: 12537: 12462: 12461: 12393: 12392: 12316: 12315: 12248: 12247: 12188: 12187: 12109: 12108: 12015: 12014: 11909: 11908: 11791: 11790: 11705: 11704: 11604: 11603: 11526: 11525: 11462: 11461: 11409: 11408: 11332: 11331: 11271: 11270: 11267: 11266: 11186:Dream Pool Essays 11078:Gunpowder weapons 10991: 10990: 10518: 10517: 10510:Ministry of Works 10495:Ministry of Rites 10442:Three Departments 10279:Fang La rebellion 10259:Wang Ze rebellion 10159: 10158: 10150:Succeeded by 10082:978-0-520-04383-1 10063:978-0-674-03146-3 10045:978-0-470-86533-0 10025:978-0-521-24130-4 10007:978-1-84119-791-3 9989:978-1-84595-009-5 9970:978-0-8047-1920-9 9907:978-0-385-73748-7 9818:978-0-7425-5402-3 9798:978-0-671-62028-8 9743:978-0-89264-800-9 9684:978-7-119-00431-0 9666:978-0-8248-2593-5 9561:978-0-520-05913-9 9530:978-0-500-05090-3 9449:978-3-540-43183-1 9419:978-1-107-08475-9 9385:978-1-4384-5567-9 9367:978-0-671-70158-1 9325:978-0-521-30631-7 9223:978-0-393-97374-7 9183:978-0-8248-0959-1 9078:978-0-8047-0720-6 9054:978-0-87023-495-8 9032:978-0-674-01828-0 9010:978-1-56324-264-9 8982:978-0-521-66991-7 8958:978-0-618-13384-0 8871:978-9971-69-259-9 8851:978-0-521-18644-5 8829:978-1-4039-6084-9 8811:978-0-520-22154-3 8763:978-7-119-02347-2 8745:978-1-4039-6084-9 8726:978-1-4039-3456-7 8463:, pp. 82–84. 8198:, pp. 96–97. 8186:, pp. 90–93. 8174:, pp. 62–63. 7995:, pp. 23–24. 7417:, pp. 88–89. 7333:, pp. 74–76. 7321:, pp. 81–83. 7309:, pp. 82–84. 7234:, pp. 86–87. 7195:, pp. 81–82. 7118:, pp. 25–26. 7034:, pp. 30–31. 6964:, pp. 92–93. 6827:, pp. 35–36. 6713:, pp. 69–70. 6644:, pp. 82–83. 6555:Project MUSE 6331:, pp. 50–51. 6175:, pp. 90–91. 6127:, pp. 43–47. 5865:, pp. 70–71. 5715:Veeck et al. 2007 5584:on 9 January 2021 5409:written histories 5396:Leopold von Ranke 5361:armillary spheres 5356:interdisciplinary 5177:built in 1055 in 5106:mortise and tenon 4955:Dream Pool Essays 4865:Dream Pool Essays 4828:raised-relief map 4802:was essential to 4741:Pascal's triangle 4724:Book of Documents 4674:Chinese geography 4635:Gerardus Mercator 4615:mechanical clocks 4341:Chinese astronomy 4324:differential gear 4289:gunpowder warfare 4278:that the city of 4225:Gunpowder warfare 3889:Kingdom of Champa 3772:, while Buddhist 3647:travel literature 3633:universal history 3443:military soldiers 3378:a pioneering work 3361:Dream Pool Essays 3188:A Literary Garden 3124:Classical Chinese 3107:Qingming Festival 3068:ancestral spirits 3052:Religion in China 2883:Pearl River Delta 2677:paddlewheel ships 2652:Battle of Tangdao 2494:Jingkang Incident 2422:Auspicious Cranes 2394:. These involved 2234:Fatimid Caliphate 2001:gunpowder weapons 1895:dynasty's history 1828: 1827: 1785:Transport history 1711:Education history 1683: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1664:Republic of China 1646:People's Republic 1619:Republic of China 1598: 1597: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1427: 1426: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1291: 1290: 1194:(206 BC – 220 AD) 1124:Spring and Autumn 987:Liao civilization 878: 877: 870: 869: 785:Yale Romanization 661:Standard Mandarin 608: 607: 604: 603: 600: 599: 566: 565: 413:• Per capita 316:(end of dynasty) 275:Jingkang Incident 262:Alliance with Jin 202:• 1278–1279 189:• 1127–1162 103:(1129, 1138–1276) 14834: 14747: 14746: 14745: 14735: 14734: 14733: 14726: 14521: 14520: 14186:Austro-Hungarian 13886:Chagatai Khanate 13251: 13244: 13237: 13228: 13227: 13108: 13107: 13030: 13029: 12937: 12936: 12872: 12871: 12778: 12777: 12671: 12670: 12614: 12613: 12550: 12549: 12474: 12473: 12402: 12401: 12328: 12327: 12257: 12256: 12200: 12199: 12121: 12120: 12024: 12023: 11918: 11917: 11800: 11799: 11714: 11713: 11710:Hebei West (河北西) 11616: 11615: 11535: 11534: 11474: 11473: 11418: 11417: 11344: 11343: 11317: 11316: 11298: 11291: 11284: 11275: 11274: 11217: 11214: 11193: 11192: 10941: 10940: 1174–1189 10938: 10880: 10879: 1050–1080 10877: 10772: 10771: 1111–1117 10769: 10628: 10627: 10578:Longquan celadon 10546:Five Great Kilns 10438: 10437: 10365: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10162: 10161: 10133:Preceded by 10130: 10129: 10086: 10067: 10048: 10028: 10010: 9992: 9974: 9946: 9910: 9890: 9878: 9850: 9841: 9821: 9801: 9783: 9746: 9724: 9696: 9687: 9669: 9651: 9623: 9617: 9609: 9600: 9564: 9542: 9533: 9509: 9500: 9491: 9482: 9473: 9464: 9452: 9434: 9422: 9400: 9388: 9370: 9348: 9328: 9310: 9282: 9254: 9226: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9186: 9164: 9128: 9119: 9102: 9081: 9057: 9035: 9013: 8985: 8961: 8949:Houghton Mifflin 8937: 8936: 8915: 8883: 8874: 8854: 8843: 8832: 8814: 8794: 8766: 8748: 8729: 8701: 8695: 8686: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8617: 8602: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8575: 8569: 8560: 8554: 8548: 8542: 8536: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8512: 8506: 8500: 8494: 8488: 8482: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8286: 8280: 8274: 8268: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8211: 8205: 8199: 8193: 8187: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8088: 8086:10.1038/160279b0 8065: 8059: 8053: 8047: 8041: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7894: 7885: 7879: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7852: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7680: 7674: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7229: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6828: 6822: 6813: 6807: 6798: 6792: 6781: 6775: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6669: 6660: 6654: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6528: 6519: 6513: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6418: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6239: 6230: 6224: 6215: 6209: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6099: 6093: 6084: 6078: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6018: 6017: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5958: 5952: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5583: 5576: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5518: 5512: 5234:building manual 5220: 5204: 5140: 5120: 5052: 5036: 4902: 4901: 1290–1333 4899: 4839: 4769: 4766: 4652:. Moreover, the 4611:verge escapement 4599:armillary sphere 4579: 4563: 4547: 4417:(1031–1095) and 4379: 4360:Star map of the 4357: 4177: 4168: 4088: 4063: 3970: 3961: 3950: 3941: 3826:Tibetan Buddhism 3818:koan collections 3760:(1033–1107) and 3754:Neo-Confucianism 3750:Chinese Buddhism 3681: 3677: 3674: 3589: 3566: 3382:forensic science 3266:had become less 3264:scholar-official 3180: 3169: 3160: 3120:Theatrical drama 3103:Lantern Festival 3039:provided larger 2988:, paid rents as 2962:retirement homes 2719: 2710: 2699: 2690: 2656:Battle of Caishi 2388:Emperor Shenzong 2326: 2324: 2266:Byzantine Empire 2180: 2178: 2161: 2159: 2100:Neo-Confucianism 2037:rice cultivation 1916: 1900: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1820: 1813: 1806: 1748:Military history 1706:Economic history 1694:Related articles 1671: 1653: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1591: 1578: 1565: 1552: 1551: 1535: 1522: 1509: 1490: 1480: 1468: 1455: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1416: 1406: 1393: 1380: 1365: 1364: 1348: 1343:Sixteen Kingdoms 1326: 1316: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1284: 1250: 1237: 1227: 1217: 1207: 1195: 1182: 1169: 1168: 1147: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1120: 1110: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1018: 968: 966: 962: 959: 903: 893:History of China 880: 879: 866: 865: 845: 844: 824: 823: 822: 807: 806: 793: 792: 772: 771: 751: 750: 749: 734: 733: 720: 719: 718: 704: 703: 690: 689: 676: 675: 652: 651: 646: 645: 626: 610: 609: 596: 595: 582: 581: 570: 569: 557: 556: 543: 542: 529: 528: 515: 514: 501: 500: 487: 486: 473: 472: 466: 465: 450: 449: 421: 420: 404: 125:Chinese Buddhism 91: 77: 58: 43: 42: 41: 30: 29: 25:Liu Song dynasty 14842: 14841: 14837: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14832: 14831: 14757: 14756: 14753: 14743: 14741: 14731: 14729: 14721: 14719: 14714: 14703:American Empire 14688: 14684:African empires 14636: 14519: 14211:Central African 14157: 13975:Romano-Germanic 13561: 13295:Middle Assyrian 13268: 13260: 13255: 13225: 13216: 13199: 13093: 13014: 13001: 12980: 12924: 12883: 12856: 12843: 12829: 12765: 12752: 12735: 12682: 12658: 12641: 12598: 12585: 12534: 12485: 12458: 12433: 12389: 12372: 12339: 12312: 12302: 12265: 12244: 12184: 12105: 12084: 12035: 12011: 11998: 11929: 11905: 11872: 11811: 11787: 11766: 11725: 11701: 11676: 11627: 11600: 11587: 11550: 11522: 11509: 11458: 11429: 11405: 11392: 11355: 11328: 11308: 11302: 11272: 11263: 11215: 11191: 11147:Horner's method 11059: 10987: 10939: 10891:Emperor Huizong 10878: 10812: 10770: 10626: 10514: 10500:Ministry of War 10471: 10436: 10366: 10357: 10336:Mongol conquest 10254:Chanyuan Treaty 10214:Chenqiao mutiny 10195: 10189: 10155: 10146: 10138: 10120:Wayback Machine 10094: 10089: 10083: 10070: 10064: 10051: 10046: 10031: 10026: 10013: 10008: 9995: 9990: 9977: 9971: 9958: 9954: 9952:Further reading 9949: 9908: 9868:10.2307/2719361 9819: 9799: 9751:Taagepera, Rein 9744: 9714:10.2307/1523201 9685: 9667: 9641:10.2307/1579643 9611: 9610: 9582:10.2307/2050010 9562: 9531: 9450: 9420: 9386: 9368: 9326: 9300:10.2307/2718941 9272:10.2307/2719404 9224: 9203: 9201: 9184: 9146:10.2307/1568644 9100:10.2307/2054291 9079: 9055: 9043:, Amherst, MA: 9033: 9011: 8983: 8959: 8872: 8852: 8830: 8812: 8784:10.2307/3558587 8764: 8746: 8727: 8710: 8705: 8704: 8696: 8689: 8681: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8657: 8650: 8642: 8638: 8630: 8626: 8618: 8605: 8599:Steinhardt 1993 8597: 8593: 8587:Steinhardt 1993 8585: 8578: 8570: 8563: 8555: 8551: 8543: 8539: 8531: 8527: 8523:, pp. 1–6. 8519: 8515: 8507: 8503: 8495: 8491: 8483: 8479: 8475:, pp. 4–6. 8471: 8467: 8459: 8455: 8447: 8443: 8435: 8424: 8416: 8412: 8404: 8400: 8392: 8388: 8380: 8376: 8368: 8364: 8356: 8352: 8344: 8340: 8332: 8328: 8320: 8316: 8308: 8304: 8296: 8289: 8281: 8277: 8269: 8265: 8257: 8253: 8245: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8221: 8214: 8206: 8202: 8194: 8190: 8182: 8178: 8170: 8166: 8158: 8154: 8146: 8142: 8134: 8130: 8122: 8118: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8054: 8050: 8042: 8038: 8030: 8026: 8018: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7979: 7975: 7967: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7927: 7919: 7915: 7907: 7903: 7895: 7888: 7880: 7873: 7865: 7861: 7853: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7817: 7813: 7805: 7801: 7793: 7789: 7781: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7757: 7753: 7745: 7741: 7733: 7729: 7721: 7717: 7709: 7705: 7697: 7695: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7668: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7644: 7637: 7629: 7625: 7617: 7610: 7602: 7598: 7590: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7566: 7562: 7554: 7547: 7539: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7515: 7511: 7503: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7476: 7469: 7461: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7437: 7433: 7425: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7401: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7377: 7370: 7362: 7358: 7353: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7293: 7289: 7281: 7277: 7269: 7265: 7257: 7250: 7242: 7238: 7230: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7203: 7199: 7191: 7187: 7179: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7155: 7146: 7138: 7134: 7126: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7094:, pp. 250. 7090: 7086: 7082:, pp. 239. 7078: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7042: 7038: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7009: 7001: 6997: 6989: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6960: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6936: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6831: 6823: 6816: 6808: 6801: 6793: 6784: 6776: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6745: 6741: 6733: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6684: 6682: 6671: 6670: 6663: 6655: 6648: 6640: 6636: 6628: 6624: 6616: 6612: 6604: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6580:Wayback Machine 6570: 6566: 6526: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6505: 6497: 6490: 6482: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6421: 6402: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6292: 6278: 6274: 6243:Haw, Stephen G. 6240: 6233: 6225: 6218: 6210: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6111: 6102: 6094: 6087: 6079: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6021: 6014: 5998: 5994: 5990:, pp. 3–4. 5986: 5982: 5974: 5961: 5953: 5946: 5938: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5878: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5849: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5824: 5822: 5809: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5694:10.2307/2172247 5678: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5654: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5521: 5517:, pp. 4–5. 5513: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5462:Tiger Cave Kiln 5417: 5373:an ancient bell 5328:, such as this 5318: 5312: 5287:, and distinct 5245: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5221: 5213: 5212: 5205: 5155:Chinese pagodas 5151: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5145:Lingxiao Pagoda 5141: 5133: 5132: 5125:Lingxiao Pagoda 5121: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5053: 5045: 5044: 5037: 5026: 5020: 4943: 4937: 4900: 4883:social mobility 4852: 4846: 4788:winter solstice 4784:Heron's formula 4767: 4707:graduated scale 4676: 4666: 4603:celestial globe 4587: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4556: 4555: 4548: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4380: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4358: 4347: 4337: 4297: 4233: 4227: 4222: 4212: 4204:Main articles: 4202: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4170: 4169: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4064: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4006: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3963: 3962: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3943: 3942: 3931: 3925: 3846: 3832:as the leading 3810:Chinese culture 3748:In philosophy, 3687:Emperor Huizong 3679: 3678: – transl. 3675: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3596: 3590: 3582: 3581: 3567: 3556: 3550: 3504:pontoon bridges 3409: 3403: 3336:judicial system 3332: 3326: 3288:Donglin Academy 3256:extended family 3247:Robert P. Hymes 3243:Robert Hartwell 3239:social mobility 3210: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3162: 3161: 3150: 3144: 2935:A city gate of 2929: 2921:Main articles: 2919: 2913:and Zhao Yong. 2879:Battle of Yamen 2753: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2712: 2711: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2692: 2691: 2533: 2498:Emperor Qinzong 2441:Emperor Huizong 2437:Emperor Zhezong 2426:Emperor Huizong 2345:significant war 2321: 2306:Shanyuan Treaty 2258:Chinese records 2175: 2156: 2145: 2140: 2134: 2128: 1975:Battle of Yamen 1839: 1835: 1824: 1795: 1794: 1790:Women's history 1696: 1695: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1627: 1622: 1613: 1612: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1581: 1576: 1568: 1563: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1525: 1520: 1512: 1507: 1499: 1493: 1488: 1478: 1466: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1414: 1404: 1396: 1391: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1324: 1314: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1274: 1248: 1240: 1235: 1225: 1216:(202 BC – 9 AD) 1215: 1205: 1193: 1185: 1180: 1165: 1164: 1153: 1152: 1145: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1118: 1108: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1077: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1030: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1005: 1004: 993: 992: 964: 960: 955: 947: 936: 935: 726:Tongyong Pinyin 716: 696:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 632: 593: 579: 554: 540: 526: 512: 498: 484: 470: 414: 402: 389: 377: 317: 314:Battle of Yamen 303: 299:• Fall of 290: 288:Mongol invasion 277: 264: 251: 245:Chanyuan Treaty 234: 203: 194:Emperor Gaozong 190: 177: 176:• 960–976 106: 86: 72: 61: 44: 37: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14840: 14830: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14752: 14751: 14739: 14716: 14715: 14713: 14712: 14711: 14710: 14705: 14696: 14694: 14690: 14689: 14687: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14660: 14659: 14648: 14646: 14642: 14641: 14638: 14637: 14635: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14613: 14612: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14556: 14555: 14550: 14540: 14535: 14529: 14527: 14518: 14517: 14516: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14485: 14480: 14479: 14478: 14468: 14463: 14462: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14441: 14436: 14435: 14434: 14429: 14419: 14418: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14387: 14386: 14385: 14380: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14354: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14323: 14322: 14321: 14316: 14306: 14301: 14300: 14299: 14294: 14284: 14283: 14282: 14277: 14267: 14266: 14265: 14260: 14250: 14245: 14244: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14213: 14208: 14207: 14206: 14201: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14167: 14165: 14159: 14158: 14156: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14139: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14098: 14093: 14092: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14056: 14055: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13988: 13987: 13982: 13972: 13971: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13916: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13895: 13894: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13842: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13816: 13815: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13789: 13788: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13746: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13725: 13720: 13719: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13683: 13682: 13681: 13676: 13666: 13665: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13639: 13634: 13633: 13632: 13622: 13621: 13620: 13615: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13571: 13569: 13567:Post-classical 13563: 13562: 13560: 13559: 13558: 13557: 13547: 13542: 13541: 13540: 13535: 13525: 13524: 13523: 13513: 13512: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13465: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13439: 13438: 13437: 13432: 13422: 13417: 13416: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13374: 13373: 13368: 13366:Middle Kingdom 13363: 13353: 13348: 13347: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13326: 13325: 13324: 13322:Neo-Babylonian 13319: 13314: 13312:Old Babylonian 13304: 13303: 13302: 13297: 13287: 13282: 13276: 13274: 13262: 13261: 13254: 13253: 13246: 13239: 13231: 13222: 13221: 13218: 13217: 13207: 13205: 13201: 13200: 13114: 13112: 13105: 13099: 13098: 13095: 13094: 13036: 13034: 13027: 13020: 13019: 13016: 13015: 13009: 13007: 13003: 13002: 12988: 12986: 12982: 12981: 12943: 12941: 12934: 12930: 12929: 12926: 12925: 12891: 12889: 12885: 12884: 12878: 12876: 12869: 12862: 12861: 12858: 12857: 12851: 12849: 12845: 12844: 12837: 12835: 12831: 12830: 12784: 12782: 12775: 12771: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12760: 12758: 12754: 12753: 12743: 12741: 12737: 12736: 12690: 12688: 12684: 12683: 12677: 12675: 12668: 12664: 12663: 12660: 12659: 12649: 12647: 12643: 12642: 12620: 12618: 12611: 12604: 12603: 12600: 12599: 12593: 12591: 12587: 12586: 12556: 12554: 12547: 12540: 12539: 12536: 12535: 12493: 12491: 12487: 12486: 12480: 12478: 12471: 12464: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12441: 12439: 12435: 12434: 12408: 12406: 12399: 12395: 12394: 12391: 12390: 12380: 12378: 12374: 12373: 12347: 12345: 12341: 12340: 12334: 12332: 12325: 12318: 12317: 12314: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12304: 12303: 12273: 12271: 12267: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12254: 12250: 12249: 12246: 12245: 12206: 12204: 12197: 12190: 12189: 12186: 12185: 12127: 12125: 12118: 12111: 12110: 12107: 12106: 12092: 12090: 12086: 12085: 12043: 12041: 12037: 12036: 12030: 12028: 12021: 12017: 12016: 12013: 12012: 12006: 12004: 12000: 11999: 11937: 11935: 11931: 11930: 11924: 11922: 11915: 11911: 11910: 11907: 11906: 11880: 11878: 11874: 11873: 11819: 11817: 11813: 11812: 11806: 11804: 11797: 11793: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11774: 11772: 11768: 11767: 11733: 11731: 11727: 11726: 11720: 11718: 11711: 11707: 11706: 11703: 11702: 11684: 11682: 11678: 11677: 11635: 11633: 11629: 11628: 11622: 11620: 11613: 11606: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11595: 11593: 11589: 11588: 11558: 11556: 11552: 11551: 11541: 11539: 11532: 11528: 11527: 11524: 11523: 11517: 11515: 11511: 11510: 11480: 11478: 11471: 11464: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11437: 11435: 11431: 11430: 11424: 11422: 11415: 11411: 11410: 11407: 11406: 11400: 11398: 11394: 11393: 11363: 11361: 11357: 11356: 11350: 11348: 11341: 11334: 11333: 11330: 11329: 11323: 11321: 11314: 11310: 11309: 11301: 11300: 11293: 11286: 11278: 11269: 11268: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11261: 11255: 11249: 11243: 11237: 11231: 11225: 11219: 11216: 10th c. 11206: 11199: 11197: 11190: 11189: 11182: 11181: 11180: 11168: 11167: 11166: 11159: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11088: 11087: 11084:Wujing Zongyao 11080: 11069: 11067: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11057: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11034: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11013: 11008: 11001: 10999: 10993: 10992: 10989: 10988: 10986: 10985: 10979: 10973: 10967: 10961: 10955: 10949: 10943: 10930: 10924: 10918: 10912: 10906: 10900: 10894: 10888: 10882: 10869: 10863: 10857: 10851: 10845: 10839: 10833: 10827: 10820: 10818: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10810: 10804: 10798: 10792: 10786: 10780: 10774: 10761: 10755: 10749: 10743: 10737: 10734:Huang Tingjian 10731: 10725: 10719: 10713: 10707: 10701: 10695: 10689: 10683: 10677: 10671: 10665: 10659: 10653: 10647: 10641: 10634: 10632: 10625: 10624: 10617: 10612: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10574: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10543: 10538: 10532: 10530: 10520: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10481: 10479: 10477:Six Ministries 10473: 10472: 10470: 10469: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10446: 10444: 10435: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10417:Qingli Reforms 10414: 10409: 10404: 10403: 10402: 10392: 10387: 10386: 10385: 10374: 10372: 10368: 10367: 10360: 10358: 10356: 10355: 10354: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10333: 10332: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10240: 10239: 10237:Gaoliang River 10234: 10229: 10224: 10216: 10210: 10208: 10197: 10196: 10188: 10187: 10180: 10173: 10165: 10157: 10156: 10151: 10148: 10139: 10134: 10128: 10127: 10122: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10093: 10092:External links 10090: 10088: 10087: 10081: 10068: 10062: 10049: 10044: 10029: 10024: 10011: 10006: 9993: 9988: 9975: 9969: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9947: 9928:10.2307/369121 9922:(2): 193–213, 9911: 9906: 9891: 9879: 9851: 9842: 9833:(2): 175–197, 9822: 9817: 9802: 9797: 9784: 9767:(3): 475–504, 9747: 9742: 9725: 9697: 9688: 9683: 9670: 9665: 9652: 9635:(2): 289–291, 9624: 9601: 9576:(2): 169–177, 9565: 9560: 9543: 9534: 9529: 9510: 9501: 9492: 9483: 9474: 9465: 9453: 9448: 9435: 9423: 9418: 9401: 9389: 9384: 9378:, SUNY Press, 9371: 9366: 9349: 9329: 9324: 9311: 9294:(2): 365–442, 9283: 9266:(2): 405–442, 9255: 9244:10.2307/495194 9238:(1/2): 67–93, 9227: 9222: 9209: 9187: 9182: 9165: 9129: 9120: 9093:(2): 291–325, 9082: 9077: 9058: 9053: 9036: 9031: 9014: 9009: 8987: 8981: 8962: 8957: 8938: 8927:(2): 313–334, 8916: 8884: 8875: 8870: 8850: 8833: 8828: 8815: 8810: 8795: 8767: 8762: 8749: 8744: 8731: 8725: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8700:, p. 171. 8687: 8675: 8673:, p. 172. 8663: 8661:, p. 170. 8648: 8646:, p. 142. 8636: 8624: 8622:, p. 227. 8603: 8601:, p. 376. 8591: 8589:, p. 375. 8576: 8574:, p. 115. 8561: 8559:, p. 153. 8549: 8537: 8525: 8513: 8501: 8489: 8477: 8465: 8453: 8451:, p. 141. 8441: 8422: 8420:, p. 660. 8410: 8408:, p. 463. 8398: 8386: 8384:, p. 350. 8374: 8362: 8360:, p. xxi. 8350: 8338: 8326: 8314: 8302: 8287: 8275: 8263: 8251: 8239: 8237:, p. 179. 8227: 8212: 8200: 8188: 8176: 8164: 8152: 8140: 8128: 8116: 8060: 8048: 8046:, p. 448. 8036: 8034:, p. 445. 8024: 8009: 7997: 7985: 7983:, p. 614. 7973: 7961: 7959:, p. 843. 7949: 7937: 7935:, p. 446. 7925: 7923:, p. 136. 7913: 7901: 7899:, p. 208. 7886: 7884:, p. 569. 7871: 7869:, p. 287. 7859: 7857:, p. 291. 7847: 7835: 7823: 7821:, p. 283. 7811: 7799: 7787: 7785:, p. 117. 7775: 7763: 7761:, p. 192. 7751: 7739: 7727: 7715: 7703: 7675: 7662: 7650: 7635: 7633:, p. 339. 7623: 7621:, p. 158. 7608: 7596: 7584: 7572: 7560: 7558:, p. 157. 7545: 7533: 7521: 7509: 7494: 7492:, p. 102. 7482: 7467: 7465:, p. 134. 7455: 7453:, p. 129. 7443: 7431: 7429:, p. 215. 7419: 7407: 7405:, p. 169. 7395: 7383: 7381:, p. 168. 7368: 7366:, p. 151. 7356: 7347: 7335: 7323: 7311: 7299: 7287: 7285:, p. 119. 7275: 7263: 7261:, p. 291. 7248: 7246:, p. 422. 7236: 7221: 7209: 7207:, p. 129. 7197: 7185: 7183:, p. 131. 7173: 7161: 7159:, p. 130. 7144: 7132: 7120: 7108: 7106:, p. 254. 7096: 7084: 7072: 7060: 7058:, p. 170. 7048: 7036: 7024: 7022:, p. 107. 7007: 6995: 6993:, p. 161. 6978: 6966: 6954: 6952:, p. 104. 6942: 6940:, p. 148. 6925: 6913: 6901: 6889: 6887:, p. 106. 6872: 6860: 6848: 6846:, p. 159. 6829: 6814: 6799: 6797:, p. 162. 6782: 6780:, p. 147. 6763: 6751: 6739: 6737:, p. 162. 6727: 6725:, p. 223. 6715: 6703: 6691: 6661: 6659:, p. 465. 6646: 6634: 6622: 6620:, p. 172. 6610: 6595: 6583: 6564: 6537:(1): 160–162. 6514: 6503: 6501:, p. 158. 6488: 6486:, p. 155. 6476: 6464: 6452: 6440: 6438:, p. 167. 6419: 6396: 6384: 6372: 6360: 6345: 6333: 6321: 6309: 6307:, p. 240. 6297: 6291:978-0520261327 6290: 6272: 6253:(3): 361–371. 6231: 6229:, p. 139. 6216: 6214:, p. 236. 6201: 6199:, p. 235. 6189: 6177: 6165: 6163:, p. 385. 6153: 6151:, p. 239. 6141: 6139:, p. 134. 6129: 6117: 6115:, p. 476. 6100: 6085: 6083:, p. 136. 6070: 6058: 6046: 6034: 6032:, p. 165. 6019: 6012: 5992: 5980: 5978:, p. 164. 5959: 5957:, p. 163. 5944: 5932: 5930:, p. 208. 5920: 5918:, p. 207. 5908: 5896: 5884: 5867: 5855: 5853:, p. 154. 5843: 5831: 5803: 5801:, p. 258. 5791: 5789:, p. 158. 5779: 5767: 5755: 5753:, p. 138. 5743: 5731: 5729:, p. 518. 5719: 5707: 5688:(3): 209–256. 5672: 5660: 5658:, p. 156. 5643: 5641:, p. 294. 5631: 5629:, p. 435. 5619: 5607: 5605:, p. 115. 5595: 5562: 5560:, p. 625. 5550: 5538: 5536:, p. 493. 5534:Taagepera 1997 5519: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5472:Wang Chongyang 5469: 5464: 5459: 5457:Tianchao Daguo 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5392:Zhao Mingcheng 5311: 5308: 5277:arched bridges 5222: 5215: 5214: 5206: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5142: 5135: 5134: 5122: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5054: 5047: 5046: 5038: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5022:Main article: 5019: 5016: 4939:Main article: 4936: 4933: 4929:printing press 4914:Peking Gazette 4845: 4842: 4753:parallelograms 4665: 4662: 4581: 4574: 4573: 4568:Wujing Zongyao 4565: 4558: 4557: 4549: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4514:Ibn al-Haytham 4510:camera obscura 4381: 4374: 4373: 4372: 4359: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4336: 4333: 4296: 4293: 4270:Wujing Zongyao 4241:Wujing Zongyao 4226: 4223: 4201: 4198: 4182: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4090: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4065: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4046:blast furnaces 3999:Leifeng Pagoda 3975: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3927:Main article: 3924: 3921: 3913:Sichuan pepper 3883:to China from 3849:Sumptuary laws 3845: 3842: 3783:Emperor Lizong 3638:Zizhi Tongjian 3629:historiography 3625:ci poetry form 3611:, and writing 3591: 3584: 3583: 3568: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3549: 3546: 3536:Wujing Zongyao 3480:Chinese pagoda 3418:Wujing Zongyao 3405:Main article: 3402: 3399: 3328:Main article: 3325: 3322: 3251:nuclear family 3185: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3146:Main article: 3143: 3140: 3076:Buddhist monks 2990:tenant farmers 2978:postal service 2958:social welfare 2918: 2915: 2829:His successor 2724: 2723: 2714: 2713: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2694: 2693: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2632:Southeast Asia 2616:East China Sea 2539:A portrait of 2532: 2529: 2396:land value tax 2377:Qingli Reforms 2327: 976–997) 2179: 960–976 2160: 960–976 2144: 2141: 2130:Main article: 2127: 2124: 2090:reinvigorated 1826: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1721:Jewish history 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1672: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1654: 1652:(1949–present) 1641: 1639: 1633: 1626: 1625: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1580: 1579: 1567: 1566: 1555: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1526: 1523: 1513: 1510: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1491: 1481: 1470: 1469: 1457: 1456: 1443: 1441: 1435: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1395: 1394: 1382: 1381: 1368: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1317: 1306: 1304: 1298: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1273: 1272: 1252: 1251: 1245:Three Kingdoms 1239: 1238: 1228: 1218: 1208: 1197: 1196: 1184: 1183: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1143:Warring States 1140: 1111: 1100: 1099: 1076: 1075: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1046 BC 1029: 1028: 1024: 1600 BC 1006: 1000: 999: 998: 995: 994: 991: 990: 970: 969: 965: 2000 BC 946: 945: 937: 931: 930: 929: 926: 925: 924: 923: 921:Historiography 918: 913: 905: 904: 896: 895: 889: 888: 876: 875: 872: 871: 868: 867: 860: 858:Middle Chinese 854: 853: 851:Middle Chinese 847: 846: 839: 833: 832: 826: 825: 815: 809: 808: 801: 795: 794: 787: 781: 780: 778:Yue: Cantonese 774: 773: 766: 760: 759: 753: 752: 742: 736: 735: 728: 722: 721: 712: 706: 705: 698: 692: 691: 684: 678: 677: 670: 664: 663: 657: 656: 655:Transcriptions 648: 647: 640: 634: 633: 627: 619: 618: 615: 614: 606: 605: 602: 601: 598: 597: 590: 584: 583: 576: 567: 564: 563: 558: 550: 549: 544: 536: 535: 530: 522: 521: 516: 508: 507: 502: 494: 493: 488: 480: 479: 474: 462: 461: 456: 446: 445: 428: 424: 423: 415: 412: 409: 408: 405: 395: 394: 391: 390: 388: 387: 384: 380: 378: 375: 372: 371: 368: 367: 363: 362: 359: 355: 354: 351: 347: 346: 343: 339: 338: 335: 331: 330: 326: 325: 322: 321: 318: 311: 308: 307: 304: 298: 295: 294: 291: 285: 282: 281: 278: 272: 269: 268: 265: 259: 256: 255: 252: 242: 239: 238: 237:4 February 960 235: 232: 229: 228: 225: 224: 219: 218:Historical era 215: 214: 211: 210: 204: 201: 198: 197: 191: 188: 185: 184: 178: 175: 172: 171: 168: 167: 164: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 122: 118: 117: 115:Middle Chinese 112: 108: 107: 105: 104: 98: 92: 84: 78: 69: 67: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 46: 45: 36: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14839: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14764: 14762: 14755: 14750: 14740: 14738: 14728: 14727: 14724: 14709: 14708:Soviet empire 14706: 14704: 14701: 14700: 14698: 14697: 14695: 14693:Miscellaneous 14691: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14658: 14655: 14654: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14647: 14643: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14611: 14608: 14607: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14545: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14530: 14528: 14526: 14522: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14490: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14477: 14474: 14473: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14446: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14424: 14423: 14420: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14392: 14391: 14388: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14375: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14328: 14327: 14324: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14311: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14292:German Empire 14290: 14289: 14288: 14285: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14272: 14271: 14268: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14255: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14218: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14196: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14168: 14166: 14164: 14160: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14103: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14061: 14060: 14057: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14034: 14033: 14032:Turco-Persian 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13977: 13976: 13973: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13940: 13939: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13900: 13899: 13896: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13873: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13821: 13820: 13817: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13794: 13793: 13790: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13772: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13730: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13688: 13687: 13684: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13671: 13670: 13667: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13644: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13631: 13628: 13627: 13626: 13623: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13568: 13564: 13556: 13553: 13552: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13530: 13529: 13526: 13522: 13519: 13518: 13517: 13514: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13481: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13444: 13443: 13440: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13427: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13390: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13358: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13331: 13330: 13327: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13309: 13308: 13305: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13292: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13267: 13263: 13259: 13252: 13247: 13245: 13240: 13238: 13233: 13232: 13229: 13214: 13210: 13206: 13202: 13197: 13193: 13190:(鬱林州) | 13189: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13169: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13153: 13149: 13145: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13103:Guangnan West 13100: 13091: 13088:(南恩州) | 13087: 13083: 13079: 13075: 13071: 13067: 13063: 13059: 13055: 13051: 13047: 13043: 13039: 13035: 13031: 13028: 13025: 13024:Guangnan East 13021: 13012: 13008: 13004: 12999: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12983: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12935: 12931: 12922: 12918: 12914: 12910: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12894: 12890: 12886: 12881: 12877: 12873: 12870: 12867: 12863: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12832: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12787: 12783: 12779: 12776: 12772: 12763: 12759: 12755: 12750: 12746: 12742: 12738: 12733: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12713: 12709: 12705: 12701: 12697: 12693: 12689: 12685: 12680: 12676: 12672: 12669: 12665: 12656: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12639: 12636:(南劍州) | 12635: 12631: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12612: 12609: 12605: 12596: 12592: 12588: 12583: 12579: 12575: 12571: 12567: 12563: 12559: 12555: 12551: 12548: 12545: 12541: 12532: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12483: 12479: 12475: 12472: 12469: 12465: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12431: 12427: 12423: 12419: 12415: 12411: 12407: 12403: 12400: 12396: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12375: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12358: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12326: 12323: 12319: 12309: 12305: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264:Shòuchūn (壽春) 12262: 12258: 12255: 12251: 12242: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12205: 12201: 12198: 12195: 12191: 12182: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12166: 12162: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12122: 12119: 12116: 12112: 12103: 12099: 12095: 12091: 12087: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12018: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11916: 11912: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11818: 11814: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11798: 11794: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11712: 11708: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11614: 11611: 11607: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11553: 11548: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11533: 11529: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11472: 11469: 11465: 11456: 11452: 11448: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11416: 11412: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11390: 11386: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11342: 11339: 11335: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11299: 11294: 11292: 11287: 11285: 11280: 11279: 11276: 11259: 11256: 11253: 11250: 11247: 11244: 11241: 11238: 11235: 11232: 11229: 11226: 11223: 11220: 11210: 11207: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11194: 11188: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11178: 11174: 11173: 11172: 11169: 11165: 11164: 11163:Yingzao Fashi 11160: 11158: 11157:Liaodi Pagoda 11155: 11154: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11142:Tianchi basin 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11086: 11085: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11075: 11074: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11066: 11062: 11056: 11055: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11018: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10998: 10994: 10983: 10980: 10977: 10974: 10971: 10968: 10965: 10964:Zhao Mengjian 10962: 10959: 10956: 10953: 10952:Wuzhun Shifan 10950: 10947: 10944: 10934: 10931: 10928: 10925: 10922: 10919: 10916: 10913: 10910: 10907: 10904: 10901: 10898: 10895: 10892: 10889: 10886: 10883: 10873: 10870: 10867: 10864: 10861: 10858: 10855: 10852: 10849: 10846: 10843: 10840: 10837: 10834: 10831: 10828: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10815: 10808: 10805: 10802: 10799: 10796: 10793: 10790: 10787: 10784: 10781: 10778: 10775: 10765: 10762: 10759: 10756: 10753: 10750: 10747: 10744: 10741: 10738: 10735: 10732: 10729: 10726: 10723: 10720: 10717: 10714: 10711: 10708: 10705: 10702: 10699: 10696: 10693: 10690: 10687: 10684: 10681: 10678: 10675: 10672: 10669: 10666: 10663: 10660: 10657: 10654: 10651: 10648: 10645: 10642: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10629: 10623: 10622: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10610: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10548: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10474: 10467: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10443: 10439: 10433: 10432:Three Bureaus 10430: 10428: 10427:Baojia system 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10384: 10381: 10380: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10369: 10364: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10338: 10337: 10334: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10299:Huangtiandang 10297: 10295: 10292: 10291: 10290: 10289:Jin–Song Wars 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10249:Song–Xia wars 10247: 10245: 10242: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10232:Southern Tang 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10193: 10186: 10181: 10179: 10174: 10172: 10167: 10166: 10163: 10154: 10145: 10144: 10137: 10131: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10117: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10084: 10078: 10074: 10069: 10065: 10059: 10055: 10050: 10047: 10041: 10037: 10036: 10030: 10027: 10021: 10017: 10012: 10009: 10003: 9999: 9994: 9991: 9985: 9981: 9976: 9972: 9966: 9962: 9957: 9956: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9912: 9909: 9903: 9899: 9898: 9892: 9889: 9885: 9880: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9862:(1): 67–106, 9861: 9857: 9852: 9848: 9843: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9823: 9820: 9814: 9810: 9809: 9803: 9800: 9794: 9790: 9785: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9761: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9726: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9698: 9694: 9689: 9686: 9680: 9676: 9671: 9668: 9662: 9658: 9653: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9625: 9621: 9615: 9607: 9602: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9566: 9563: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9544: 9540: 9535: 9532: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9517: 9511: 9507: 9502: 9498: 9493: 9489: 9484: 9480: 9475: 9471: 9466: 9463: 9459: 9454: 9451: 9445: 9441: 9436: 9433: 9430:, Cambridge: 9429: 9424: 9421: 9415: 9411: 9408:, Cambridge: 9407: 9402: 9399: 9395: 9390: 9387: 9381: 9377: 9372: 9369: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9350: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9330: 9327: 9321: 9317: 9312: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9284: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9256: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9228: 9225: 9219: 9215: 9210: 9200: 9196: 9193: 9188: 9185: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9166: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9130: 9126: 9121: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9083: 9080: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9059: 9056: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9037: 9034: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9015: 9012: 9006: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8978: 8974: 8971:, Cambridge: 8970: 8969: 8963: 8960: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8945: 8939: 8935: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8917: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8885: 8881: 8876: 8873: 8867: 8863: 8860:, Singapore: 8859: 8853: 8847: 8842: 8841: 8834: 8831: 8825: 8821: 8816: 8813: 8807: 8803: 8802: 8796: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8768: 8765: 8759: 8755: 8750: 8747: 8741: 8737: 8732: 8728: 8722: 8718: 8713: 8712: 8699: 8694: 8692: 8684: 8679: 8672: 8667: 8660: 8655: 8653: 8645: 8640: 8634:, p. 33. 8633: 8628: 8621: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8600: 8595: 8588: 8583: 8581: 8573: 8572:Needham 1986d 8568: 8566: 8558: 8557:Needham 1986d 8553: 8547:, p. 84. 8546: 8545:Needham 1986d 8541: 8534: 8533:Needham 1986d 8529: 8522: 8517: 8510: 8509:Needham 1986d 8505: 8498: 8493: 8487:, p. 85. 8486: 8485:Needham 1986d 8481: 8474: 8469: 8462: 8461:Needham 1986d 8457: 8450: 8449:Needham 1986d 8445: 8439:, p. 86. 8438: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8419: 8418:Needham 1986d 8414: 8407: 8406:Needham 1986d 8402: 8395: 8394:Needham 1986d 8390: 8383: 8382:Needham 1986d 8378: 8371: 8370:Needham 1986e 8366: 8359: 8354: 8347: 8346:Needham 1986e 8342: 8335: 8334:Needham 1986e 8330: 8323: 8318: 8312:, p. 33. 8311: 8310:Needham 1986c 8306: 8300:, p. 27. 8299: 8294: 8292: 8284: 8283:Needham 1986e 8279: 8272: 8267: 8260: 8259:Needham 1986b 8255: 8248: 8247:Needham 1986b 8243: 8236: 8231: 8225:, p. 22. 8224: 8219: 8217: 8209: 8208:Needham 1986b 8204: 8197: 8192: 8185: 8180: 8173: 8172:Needham 1986b 8168: 8162:, p. 43. 8161: 8160:Needham 1986b 8156: 8149: 8148:Needham 1986b 8144: 8137: 8136:Needham 1986b 8132: 8125: 8124:Needham 1986b 8120: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8057: 8056:Needham 1986c 8052: 8045: 8044:Needham 1986c 8040: 8033: 8032:Needham 1986c 8028: 8022:, p. 17. 8021: 8016: 8014: 8007:, p. 98. 8006: 8005:Needham 1986c 8001: 7994: 7989: 7982: 7981:Needham 1986b 7977: 7971:, p. 15. 7970: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7946: 7941: 7934: 7933:Needham 1986c 7929: 7922: 7921:Needham 1986a 7917: 7911:, p. 32. 7910: 7905: 7898: 7897:Needham 1986b 7893: 7891: 7883: 7882:Needham 1986d 7878: 7876: 7868: 7867:Needham 1986c 7863: 7856: 7855:Needham 1986c 7851: 7844: 7843:Needham 1986c 7839: 7832: 7831:Needham 1986c 7827: 7820: 7819:Needham 1986c 7815: 7808: 7807:Needham 1986e 7803: 7796: 7795:Needham 1986e 7791: 7784: 7783:Needham 1986e 7779: 7773:, p. 79. 7772: 7767: 7760: 7759:Needham 1986e 7755: 7748: 7747:Needham 1986e 7743: 7737:, p. 82. 7736: 7735:Needham 1986e 7731: 7725:, p. 80. 7724: 7723:Needham 1986e 7719: 7712: 7707: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7672: 7666: 7660:, p. 38. 7659: 7654: 7648:, p. 48. 7647: 7646:Needham 1986e 7642: 7640: 7632: 7627: 7620: 7615: 7613: 7605: 7600: 7593: 7588: 7581: 7576: 7570:, p. 23. 7569: 7568:Needham 1986c 7564: 7557: 7552: 7550: 7543:, p. 86. 7542: 7537: 7530: 7525: 7519:, p. 73. 7518: 7513: 7507:, p. 78. 7506: 7501: 7499: 7491: 7486: 7479: 7474: 7472: 7464: 7459: 7452: 7447: 7440: 7435: 7428: 7423: 7416: 7411: 7404: 7399: 7393:, p. 93. 7392: 7387: 7380: 7375: 7373: 7365: 7360: 7351: 7345:, p. 44. 7344: 7339: 7332: 7327: 7320: 7315: 7308: 7307:Needham 1986e 7303: 7296: 7295:Needham 1986e 7291: 7284: 7283:Needham 1986e 7279: 7273:, p. 19. 7272: 7271:Needham 1986e 7267: 7260: 7255: 7253: 7245: 7244:Needham 1986d 7240: 7233: 7228: 7226: 7219:, p. 87. 7218: 7213: 7206: 7201: 7194: 7189: 7182: 7177: 7170: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7142:, p. 45. 7141: 7136: 7130:, p. 43. 7129: 7124: 7117: 7112: 7105: 7100: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7064: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7040: 7033: 7028: 7021: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7004: 7003:McKnight 1992 6999: 6992: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6975: 6970: 6963: 6958: 6951: 6946: 6939: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6922: 6917: 6910: 6905: 6898: 6893: 6886: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6869: 6868:Hartwell 1982 6864: 6857: 6856:Hartwell 1982 6852: 6845: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6826: 6821: 6819: 6811: 6810:Hartwell 1982 6806: 6804: 6796: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6779: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6760: 6755: 6749:, p. 76. 6748: 6743: 6736: 6731: 6724: 6719: 6712: 6707: 6700: 6695: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6668: 6666: 6658: 6657:Needham 1986d 6653: 6651: 6643: 6638: 6632:, p. 13. 6631: 6626: 6619: 6614: 6607: 6602: 6600: 6593:, p. 71. 6592: 6587: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6568: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6512: 6507: 6500: 6495: 6493: 6485: 6480: 6474:, p. 36. 6473: 6472:Needham 1986d 6468: 6462:, p. 35. 6461: 6460:Needham 1986d 6456: 6450:, p. 89. 6449: 6444: 6437: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6416: 6414: 6411:([§] 6410: 6406: 6400: 6394:, p. 90. 6393: 6388: 6382:, p. 94. 6381: 6376: 6370:, p. 88. 6369: 6364: 6358:, p. 82. 6357: 6352: 6350: 6343:, p. 56. 6342: 6337: 6330: 6325: 6319:, p. 49. 6318: 6313: 6306: 6301: 6293: 6287: 6283: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6228: 6227:Needham 1986a 6223: 6221: 6213: 6208: 6206: 6198: 6193: 6187:, p. 80. 6186: 6181: 6174: 6169: 6162: 6157: 6150: 6145: 6138: 6137:Needham 1986a 6133: 6126: 6125:Levathes 1994 6121: 6114: 6113:Needham 1986d 6109: 6107: 6105: 6097: 6092: 6090: 6082: 6077: 6075: 6067: 6062: 6056:, p. 14. 6055: 6050: 6043: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6024: 6015: 6013:9780312163341 6009: 6005: 6004: 5996: 5989: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5956: 5951: 5949: 5941: 5940:Anderson 2008 5936: 5929: 5928:Anderson 2008 5924: 5917: 5916:Anderson 2008 5912: 5905: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5881: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5864: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5841:, p. 69. 5840: 5835: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5795: 5788: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5765:, p. 23. 5764: 5759: 5752: 5747: 5740: 5739:Needham 1986c 5735: 5728: 5727:Needham 1986b 5723: 5716: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5670:, p. 96. 5669: 5664: 5657: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5617:, p. 76. 5616: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5535: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5516: 5511: 5509: 5504: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5482:Wen Tianxiang 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5432:House of Zhao 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5343:Shang dynasty 5335: 5333: 5327: 5326:Shang dynasty 5322: 5317: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5285:pagoda towers 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5239: 5238: 5237:Yingzao Fashi 5233: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5210: 5203: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5175:Liaodi Pagoda 5172: 5168: 5164: 5161:or segmental 5160: 5156: 5146: 5139: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5085:Yingzao Fashi 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5058: 5051: 5042: 5035: 5025: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4879:print culture 4875: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4841: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4776:counting rods 4773: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4745:magic squares 4742: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4578: 4569: 4562: 4553: 4546: 4537: 4535: 4534:interpolation 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4518:sighting tube 4515: 4511: 4507: 4506:geomorphology 4503: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4483:art criticism 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4292: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4207: 4196: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4087: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4053: 4051: 4048:for smelting 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4033:iron industry 4029: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3969: 3960: 3949: 3940: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3855: 3850: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3764:(1130–1200). 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3742:Wuzhun Shifan 3739: 3734: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3680: tujing 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3594: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3542:flamethrowers 3538: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3521:corps of the 3520: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3508:Yangtze River 3505: 3501: 3500:Southern Tang 3496: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3476:Liaodi Pagoda 3472: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3413: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3321: 3318: 3317:commercialism 3314: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3214:civil service 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3168: 3159: 3149: 3139: 3138:board games. 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3047: 3042: 3033: 3028: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887:Zhang Hongfan 2884: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2792:Uriyangkhadai 2789: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2709: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2569:Southern Song 2566: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2542: 2537: 2528: 2526: 2525:Five Elements 2520: 2518: 2517:Southern Song 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490:Jin–Song Wars 2484: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2260:even mention 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2211:cartographers 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195:Northern Song 2192: 2188: 2184: 2173: 2169: 2154: 2149: 2139: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:Mongol Empire 1952: 1949:, the fourth 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1923:Jin–Song Wars 1920: 1912: 1911:Southern Song 1908: 1907:Eastern China 1904: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1870:, ending the 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1833: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1753:Naval history 1751: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1736:Music history 1734: 1732: 1731:Media history 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1716:Legal history 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1690: 1689: 1670:1949–present) 1666: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1650: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1487: 1486: 1485:Southern Song 1482: 1477: 1476: 1475:Northern Song 1472: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1377: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1331: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1163: 1157: 1156: 1144: 1141: 1136: 476 BC 1125: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1109:(1046–771 BC) 1107: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1095: 256 BC 1084: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1003: 997: 996: 989: 988: 983: 982: 977: 976: 972: 971: 954: 953: 949: 948: 944: 943: 939: 938: 934: 928: 927: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 908: 907: 906: 902: 898: 897: 894: 891: 890: 886: 882: 881: 873: 861: 859: 855: 852: 848: 840: 838: 834: 831: 827: 821: 816: 814: 810: 802: 800: 796: 788: 786: 782: 779: 775: 767: 765: 761: 758: 754: 748: 743: 741: 737: 729: 727: 723: 713: 711: 707: 699: 697: 693: 685: 683: 679: 671: 669: 665: 662: 658: 653: 649: 641: 639: 635: 631: 625: 620: 616: 611: 591: 589: 586: 585: 577: 575: 572: 571: 568: 562: 559: 552: 551: 548: 545: 538: 537: 534: 533:Southern Tang 531: 524: 523: 520: 517: 510: 509: 506: 503: 496: 495: 492: 489: 482: 481: 478: 475: 468: 467: 464: 463: 460: 457: 455: 452: 451: 447: 444: 440: 436: 432: 429: 425: 416: 410: 406: 400: 396: 392: 385: 382: 381: 379: 376:• 1120s 373: 369: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 327: 323: 320:19 March 1279 319: 315: 309: 305: 302: 296: 292: 289: 283: 279: 276: 270: 266: 263: 257: 253: 250: 246: 240: 236: 230: 226: 223: 222:Postclassical 220: 216: 212: 208: 205: 199: 195: 192: 186: 182: 181:Emperor Taizu 179: 173: 169: 165: 163: 159: 156: 153: 149: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 102: 99: 96: 93: 89: 85: 82: 79: 75: 71: 70: 68: 64: 57: 52: 47: 31: 26: 22: 14767:Song dynasty 14754: 14459:Contemporary 14309:Indo-Persian 14297:Nazi Germany 14241:Contemporary 14143:Vijayanagara 14042:Great Seljuk 13953:Thessalonica 13881:Golden Horde 13705: 13521:Carthaginian 13300:Neo-Assyrian 13285:Neo-Sumerian 13211:(昌化) | 13194:(廉州) | 13186:(白州) | 13182:(欽州) | 13178:(雷州) | 13174:(高州) | 13170:(化州) | 13166:(橫州) | 13162:(賓州) | 13158:(宜州) | 13150:(潯州) | 13146:(龔州) | 13142:(藤州) | 13138:(昭州) | 13134:(象州) | 13130:(融州) | 13126:(邕州) | 13122:(容州) | 13118:(桂州) | 13084:(康州) | 13080:(新州) | 13076:(端州) | 13072:(封州) | 13068:(賀州) | 13064:(英州) | 13060:(雄州) | 13056:(梅州) | 13052:(連州) | 13048:(潮州) | 13040:(廣州) | 13006:Inspectorate 12996:(梁山) | 12992:(雲安) | 12975:(渝州) | 12971:(涪州) | 12967:(達州) | 12963:(萬州) | 12959:(忠州) | 12955:(施州) | 12951:(黔州) | 12947:(夔州) | 12933:Kuizhou (夔州) 12919:(蓬州) | 12915:(興州) | 12911:(文州) | 12907:(巴州) | 12903:(劍州) | 12895:(利州) | 12848:Inspectorate 12824:(榮州) | 12820:(合州) | 12816:(瀘州) | 12812:(戎州) | 12804:(普州) | 12800:(資州) | 12796:(果州) | 12792:(遂州) | 12788:(梓州) | 12757:Inspectorate 12747:(永康) | 12730:(茂州) | 12726:(雅州) | 12718:(嘉州) | 12714:(漢州) | 12710:(綿州) | 12706:(彭州) | 12702:(蜀州) | 12698:(眉州) | 12694:(邛州) | 12667:Chengdu (成都) 12653:(邵武) | 12632:(泉州) | 12628:(建州) | 12624:(福州) | 12590:Inspectorate 12580:(邵州) | 12576:(郴州) | 12572:(永州) | 12568:(道州) | 12564:(衡州) | 12560:(潭州) | 12544:Jinghu South 12525:(歸州) | 12521:(岳州) | 12517:(峽州) | 12513:(澧州) | 12509:(鼎州) | 12505:(復州) | 12501:(安州) | 12497:(鄂州) | 12468:Jinghu North 12453:(臨江) | 12449:(南安) | 12445:(興國) | 12428:(撫州) | 12424:(袁州) | 12420:(吉州) | 12416:(虔州) | 12412:(洪州) | 12384:(廣德) | 12367:(饒州) | 12363:(江州) | 12359:(池州) | 12355:(歙州) | 12351:(宣州) | 12297:(光州) | 12293:(濠州) | 12289:(舒州) | 12285:(和州) | 12281:(蘄州) | 12277:(廬州) | 12239:(真州) | 12235:(滁州) | 12231:(泗州) | 12227:(泰州) | 12223:(海州) | 12219:(楚州) | 12215:(宿州) | 12211:(亳州) | 12179:(秀州) | 12175:(睦州) | 12171:(衢州) | 12167:(處州) | 12163:(台州) | 12159:(溫州) | 12155:(明州) | 12151:(婺州) | 12147:(湖州) | 12143:(潤州) | 12139:(蘇州) | 12135:(越州) | 12131:(杭州) | 12100:(鎮戎) | 12096:(德順) | 12071:(原州) | 12067:(渭州) | 12063:(涇州) | 12059:(鳳州) | 12055:(成州) | 12051:(隴州) | 12047:(秦州) | 12020:Qinfeng (秦鳳) 11993:(寧州) | 11989:(邠州) | 11985:(環州) | 11981:(慶州) | 11977:(坊州) | 11973:(鄜州) | 11969:(延州) | 11961:(華州) | 11957:(同州) | 11953:(虢州) | 11949:(商州) | 11945:(陝州) | 11941:(解州) | 11900:(火山) | 11896:(寧化) | 11892:(岢嵐) | 11888:(平定) | 11884:(威勝) | 11863:(隰州) | 11855:(憲州) | 11851:(遼州) | 11847:(汾州) | 11843:(忻州) | 11839:(代州) | 11835:(澤州) | 11831:(絳州) | 11827:(晉州) | 11823:(潞州) | 11778:(安肅) | 11757:(磁州) | 11753:(深州) | 11749:(洺州) | 11741:(邢州) | 11696:(保定) | 11692:(永靜) | 11688:(乾寧) | 11671:(德州) | 11667:(霸州) | 11663:(雄州) | 11659:(莫州) | 11655:(棣州) | 11651:(博州) | 11647:(瀛州) | 11639:(澶州) | 11582:(穎州) | 11578:(陳州) | 11574:(蔡州) | 11570:(孟州) | 11566:(滑州) | 11562:(鄭州) | 11545:(河南) | 11504:(金州) | 11496:(鄧州) | 11492:(唐州) | 11488:(隨州) | 11484:(襄州) | 11449:(曹州) | 11445:(徐州) | 11441:(兗州) | 11387:(濰州) | 11383:(萊州) | 11379:(登州) | 11375:(沂州) | 11371:(密州) | 11367:(青州) | 11306:Song dynasty 11305: 11258:Guo Shoujing 11184: 11175: 11161: 11152:Architecture 11137:Fishing reel 11112:Movable type 11082: 11052: 10946:Zhou Jichang 10897:Zhang Zeduan 10746:Zhou Bangyan 10638:Fan Zhongyan 10619: 10607: 10593:Yaozhou ware 10588:Qingbai ware 10422:New Policies 10227:Southern Han 10218:Unification 10192:Song dynasty 10191: 10153:Yuan dynasty 10141: 10072: 10053: 10034: 10015: 9997: 9979: 9960: 9919: 9915: 9896: 9886:, Stanford: 9883: 9859: 9855: 9846: 9830: 9826: 9807: 9788: 9764: 9758: 9729: 9705: 9701: 9692: 9674: 9656: 9632: 9628: 9605: 9573: 9569: 9550:, Berkeley: 9547: 9538: 9515: 9505: 9496: 9487: 9478: 9469: 9457: 9439: 9427: 9405: 9393: 9375: 9356:, New York: 9353: 9337: 9333: 9315: 9291: 9287: 9263: 9259: 9235: 9231: 9213: 9202:. Retrieved 9194: 9169: 9137: 9133: 9124: 9090: 9086: 9063: 9040: 9018: 8999: 8995:Gluck, Carol 8986:(paperback). 8967: 8943: 8924: 8920: 8896: 8892: 8879: 8857: 8839: 8819: 8800: 8778:(1): 37–76, 8775: 8771: 8753: 8735: 8716: 8698:Rudolph 1963 8683:Rudolph 1963 8678: 8671:Rudolph 1963 8666: 8659:Rudolph 1963 8639: 8627: 8594: 8552: 8540: 8528: 8516: 8504: 8499:, p. 5. 8492: 8480: 8468: 8456: 8444: 8413: 8401: 8389: 8377: 8365: 8353: 8341: 8329: 8317: 8305: 8278: 8271:Hargett 1996 8266: 8254: 8242: 8230: 8203: 8191: 8179: 8167: 8155: 8143: 8131: 8119: 8076: 8072: 8063: 8051: 8039: 8027: 8000: 7988: 7976: 7964: 7952: 7947:, p. 1. 7940: 7928: 7916: 7904: 7862: 7850: 7838: 7826: 7814: 7802: 7790: 7778: 7771:Rossabi 1988 7766: 7754: 7742: 7730: 7718: 7706: 7696:, retrieved 7692:the original 7687: 7678: 7670: 7665: 7653: 7626: 7599: 7587: 7575: 7563: 7536: 7524: 7512: 7505:Rossabi 1988 7490:Yen-Mah 2008 7485: 7458: 7446: 7434: 7422: 7410: 7398: 7386: 7359: 7350: 7338: 7331:Hargett 1985 7326: 7314: 7302: 7290: 7278: 7266: 7259:Schafer 1957 7239: 7212: 7200: 7188: 7176: 7164: 7135: 7123: 7111: 7099: 7087: 7075: 7063: 7051: 7039: 7027: 6998: 6969: 6957: 6945: 6916: 6904: 6892: 6863: 6851: 6754: 6742: 6735:Rossabi 1988 6730: 6718: 6706: 6694: 6683:, retrieved 6676: 6637: 6625: 6613: 6608:, p. 1. 6586: 6567: 6534: 6530: 6517: 6506: 6479: 6467: 6455: 6443: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6399: 6392:Rossabi 1988 6387: 6380:Rossabi 1988 6375: 6368:Rossabi 1988 6363: 6356:Rossabi 1988 6341:Rossabi 1988 6336: 6329:Rossabi 1988 6324: 6317:Rossabi 1988 6312: 6300: 6281: 6275: 6250: 6246: 6192: 6185:Rossabi 1988 6180: 6173:Adshead 2004 6168: 6156: 6144: 6132: 6120: 6081:Paludan 1998 6068:, p. 5. 6061: 6049: 6037: 6002: 5995: 5983: 5935: 5923: 5911: 5906:, p. 9. 5899: 5894:, p. 8. 5887: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5823:. Retrieved 5815: 5806: 5794: 5782: 5770: 5758: 5746: 5734: 5722: 5710: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5663: 5634: 5627:Chaffee 2015 5622: 5615:Rossabi 1988 5610: 5603:Rossabi 1988 5598: 5586:. Retrieved 5579:the original 5565: 5558:Chaffee 2015 5553: 5546:Chaffee 2015 5541: 5477:Water Margin 5399: 5377: 5339: 5331: 5293: 5279:, halls and 5269:Zhang Zeduan 5246: 5235: 5183: 5171:Liuhe Pagoda 5152: 5092:formulas in 5083: 5065: 4983: 4962: 4954: 4953:in his 1088 4944: 4922: 4919:Qing dynasty 4912: 4909:Ming dynasty 4887: 4863: 4856:movable type 4853: 4798: 4791: 4730: 4722: 4699:Stele Forest 4694: 4683: 4658:planispheres 4653: 4644:, including 4639: 4588: 4567: 4491: 4412: 4391: 4365: 4311: 4298: 4275: 4268: 4251:, explosive 4249:flamethrower 4246: 4240: 4193: 4151:shipbuilding 4127: 4104: 4097: 4030: 4010: 3992: 3991:depicted in 3982: 3979:Zhang Zeduan 3893: 3874: 3858: 3854:silken robes 3847: 3838:Nestorianism 3798: 3770:universalism 3747: 3705: 3699: 3692:Zhang Zeduan 3684: 3668: 3654: 3636: 3635:text of the 3607:, composing 3601: 3592: 3570: 3569:Close up on 3534: 3530: 3528: 3523:Southern Han 3519:war elephant 3516: 3497: 3493: 3440: 3428:Han Shizhong 3424: 3416: 3359: 3357: 3333: 3310: 3296:gentry class 3293: 3272:bureaucratic 3268:aristocratic 3218:examinations 3211: 3200:Liu Songnian 3195: 3187: 3111:storytellers 3100: 3092:Kaifeng Jews 3084:Tang dynasty 3050: 3037: 2954: 2899:Emperor Gong 2876: 2861: 2828: 2777: 2765:Genghis Khan 2758: 2754: 2636:Indian Ocean 2613: 2591:and seaport 2581:shipbuilding 2577:Han Shizhong 2568: 2562: 2557:Dali dynasty 2521: 2502: 2487: 2449: 2430: 2421: 2403: 2401: 2392:New Policies 2381: 2373:Fan Zhongyan 2365: 2343:and later a 2330: 2316:Portrait of 2294:China proper 2278:Liao dynasty 2246:Central Asia 2227: 2207:aristocratic 2194: 2187:China proper 2165: 2092:Confucianism 2080:movable type 2064:lower gentry 2057: 2049:Ming dynasty 1979: 1939:Yellow River 1892: 1888:Yuan dynasty 1868:Ten Kingdoms 1832:Song dynasty 1831: 1829: 1726:LGBT history 1662: 1644: 1617: 1584: 1571: 1558: 1528: 1515: 1502: 1483: 1473: 1462: 1461: 1450:Ten Kingdoms 1446: 1399: 1386: 1373:Northern and 1371: 1341: 1319: 1309: 1277: 1267: 1261: 1255: 1249:(220–280 AD) 1243: 1230: 1220: 1210: 1206:(206–202 BC) 1200: 1188: 1181:(221–207 BC) 1175: 1146:(475–221 BC) 1119:(771–256 BC) 1115:Eastern Zhou 1113: 1105:Western Zhou 1103: 1080: 1056: 1033: 1009: 985: 979: 973: 950: 940: 864:/suoŋ ʈˠiᴇu/ 830:Southern Min 764:Romanization 668:Hanyu Pinyin 613:Song dynasty 588:Yuan dynasty 561:Northern Han 519:Southern Han 459:Succeeded by 458: 453: 443:Chinese cash 133:Confucianism 21:Song (state) 14047:Khwarezmian 13980:Carolingian 13785:Rashtrakuta 13489:Shaishunaga 13388:Hellenistic 13371:New Kingdom 13361:Old Kingdom 12808:(昌州) | 12774:Zizhou (梓州) 12634:Nánjiànzhōu 11965:(耀州) | 11796:Hedong (河東) 11470:South (京西南) 11313:Jingji (京畿) 11260:(1231–1316) 11254:(1202–1261) 11252:Qin Jiushao 11248:(1192-1279) 11242:(1186–1249) 11236:(1031–1095) 11230:(1020–1101) 11224:(1010–1070) 11209:Zhang Sixun 11054:Zhu Fan Zhi 11043:Champa rice 11007:(1021–1086) 10984:(1235–1305) 10978:(1222–1307) 10972:(1210–1269) 10966:(1199–1295) 10960:(1190–1230) 10954:(1178–1249) 10933:Lin Tinggui 10929:(1140–1210) 10923:(1120–1182) 10917:(1100–1197) 10911:(1096–1119) 10909:Wang Ximeng 10905:(1094-1172) 10899:(1085–1145) 10893:(1082–1135) 10887:(1051–1107) 10868:(1049–1106) 10862:(1036–1093) 10856:(1020–1090) 10850:(1019–1079) 10844:(1000–1064) 10809:(1170–1231) 10803:(1140–1207) 10797:(1130–1200) 10791:(1127–1206) 10785:(1126–1193) 10783:Fan Chengda 10779:(1125–1209) 10760:(1085–1144) 10754:(1084–1155) 10752:Li Qingzhao 10748:(1056–1121) 10742:(1047–1126) 10736:(1045–1105) 10730:(1039–1112) 10724:(1037–1101) 10718:(1033–1107) 10712:(1032–1085) 10706:(1022–1077) 10700:(1019–1086) 10694:(1019–1083) 10688:(1017–1073) 10682:(1012–1067) 10676:(1011–1077) 10670:(1009–1066) 10664:(1007–1072) 10658:(1002–1060) 10656:Mei Yaochen 10583:Cizhou ware 10460:Chancellery 10455:Secretariat 10383:Family tree 10341:Diaoyucheng 9708:: 369–381, 9460:, Harvard: 9334:Imago Mundi 9195:Fordham.edu 8899:: 325–364, 8730:(hardback). 8644:Hansen 2000 8235:Temple 1986 7658:Gernet 1962 7604:Wagner 2001 7592:Gernet 1962 7529:Gernet 1962 7478:Gernet 1962 7463:Gernet 1962 7451:Gernet 1962 7439:Gernet 1962 7427:Gernet 1962 7415:Wright 1959 7391:Wright 1959 7056:Gernet 1962 7020:Gernet 1962 6974:Gernet 1962 6962:Gernet 1962 6723:Gernet 1962 6699:Gernet 1962 6642:Gernet 1962 5816:Fordham.edu 5775:Sastri 1984 5388:bas-reliefs 5310:Archaeology 5251:portraying 5228:cantilevers 5167:Iron Pagoda 5163:arch bridge 5041:Iron Pagoda 4808:cartography 4772:zero symbol 4768: 1202 4761:Qin Jiushao 4656:on Chinese 4650:Crab Nebula 4627:star charts 4595:clock tower 4475:cartography 4471:mathematics 4451:meteorology 4384:star charts 4382:One of the 4143:Indus River 4111:paper money 4017:Grand Canal 3903:, raisins, 3897:fallow deer 3881:Champa rice 3879:introduced 3795:Lin Tinggui 3774:metaphysics 3728:(1051–1107) 3651:Fan Chengda 3613:calligraphy 3506:across the 3461:fire lances 3452:Crossbowmen 3358:Shen Kuo's 3301:prefectural 3235:meritocracy 3115:antiquarian 3046:Li Qingzhao 3022:(1235–1305) 2982:Han dynasty 2911:Zhao Mengfu 2907:Gegeen Khan 2831:Kublai Khan 2808:Möngke Khan 2773:Ögedei Khan 2747:Bodhisattva 2743:Jin dynasty 2739:Bodhisattva 2519:dynasties. 2513:North China 2286:Western Xia 2230:Chola India 2223:Zhang Sixun 2203:bureaucrats 2118:elite to a 2108:Sui dynasty 2102:. Although 2005:fire arrows 1985:engineering 1967:Kublai Khan 1959:Diaoyucheng 1947:Möngke Khan 1919:Jin dynasty 1880:Western Xia 1773:Discoveries 1768:Cartography 1763:Archaeology 1701:Art history 1590:(1644–1912) 1577:(1368–1644) 1564:(1271–1368) 1534:(1115–1234) 1521:(1038–1227) 1517:Western Xia 1489:(1127–1279) 1321:Eastern Jin 1311:Western Jin 1236:(25–220 AD) 1232:Eastern Han 1212:Western Han 1091: 1046 1071: 1046 1067: 1250 1044: 1600 1020: 2070 961: 8500 942:Paleolithic 933:Prehistoric 574:Jin dynasty 454:Preceded by 97:(1129–1138) 90:(1128–1129) 83:(1127–1128) 14761:Categories 14617:Portuguese 14498:Revival Le 14488:Vietnamese 14131:Later Tran 14101:Vietnamese 13997:Singhasari 13985:Holy Roman 13609:Bulgarian 13545:Satavahana 13516:Phoenician 13452:Achaemenid 13413:Indo-Greek 13393:Macedonian 13307:Babylonian 13086:Nán'ēnzhōu 12324:East (江南東) 12311:Wúwéi (無為) 12196:East (淮南東) 11612:East (河北東) 11340:East (京東東) 11205:(972–1051) 11122:Pound lock 11048:Nanhai One 11005:Wang Anshi 10903:Su Hanchen 10866:Li Gonglin 10836:Zhao Chang 10832:(970–1053) 10830:Xu Daoning 10826:(960–1030) 10807:Zhao Rukuo 10789:Yang Wanli 10698:Sima Guang 10686:Zhou Dunyi 10662:Ouyang Xiu 10652:(998–1061) 10646:(991–1055) 10640:(989–1052) 10371:Government 9519:, London: 9340:: 90–100, 9204:2016-09-16 9172:, Hawaii: 8947:, Boston: 8358:Brook 1998 8298:Sivin 1995 8223:Sivin 1995 8020:Sivin 1995 7993:Sivin 1995 7909:Sivin 1995 7711:Golas 1980 7698:2007-08-01 7364:Ebrey 1999 7205:Peers 2006 7181:Peers 2006 7169:Peers 2006 7157:Peers 2006 7140:Lorge 2005 7128:Lorge 2005 7044:Sivin 1995 7032:Sivin 1995 6938:Ebrey 1999 6825:Hymes 1986 6778:Ebrey 1999 6759:Ebrey 1999 6606:Sivin 1995 6499:Ebrey 1999 6484:Ebrey 1999 6066:Sivin 1995 5988:Sivin 1995 5904:Sivin 1995 5892:Sivin 1995 5825:2016-09-14 5799:Brose 2008 5751:Ebrey 1999 5668:Brook 1998 5515:Lorge 2015 5494:References 5380:Ouyang Xiu 5253:cityscapes 5209:Jin Temple 5193:province. 5102:cantilever 5100:brackets, 4990:pound lock 4974:pound lock 4832:gazetteers 4642:supernovae 4619:mannequins 4607:escapement 4498:true north 4487:hydraulics 4467:archeology 4439:metallurgy 4435:mineralogy 4265:land mines 4145:, and the 4103:(see also 3806:Ouyang Xiu 3802:Laundering 3779:Four Books 3676: zho 3659:that used 3621:literature 3488:watchtower 3340:legal code 3196:Go players 3192:Zhou Wenju 2992:, or were 2974:graveyards 2638:, and the 2620:Yellow Sea 2599:, such as 2593:warehouses 2565:Huai River 2475:polychrome 2408:Sima Guang 2384:Wang Anshi 2369:Chancellor 2262:an embassy 2236:of Egypt, 2025:pound lock 2017:true north 2013:fire lance 2011:, and the 1981:Technology 1951:Great Khan 1864:Later Zhou 1778:Inventions 1508:(916–1125) 1479:(960–1127) 1467:(960–1279) 1134: – c. 1132: 770 1093: – c. 1069: – c. 1058:Late Shang 1046: – c. 1022: – c. 963: – c. 805:Sung3 ciu4 791:Sung chìuh 717:Sung ch'ao 710:Wade–Giles 702:Sonq chaur 477:Later Zhou 422:26.5 taels 366:Population 151:Government 76:(960–1127) 14610:Couronian 14248:Ethiopian 14236:Manchukuo 14191:Brazilian 14037:Ghaznavid 14007:Srivijaya 13958:Trebizond 13943:Byzantine 13925:North Sea 13920:Norwegian 13908:Almoravid 13891:Ilkhanate 13861:Majapahit 13834:Muromachi 13743:Solomonic 13728:Ethiopian 13642:Caliphate 13575:Aragonese 13403:Ptolemaic 13196:Qióngzhōu 13188:Yùlínzhōu 13132:Xiàngzhōu 13058:Xióngzhōu 13038:Guǎngzhōu 12994:Liángshān 12957:Zhōngzhōu 12806:Chāngzhōu 12692:Qióngzhōu 12638:Zhāngzhōu 12531:Chéngzhōu 12455:Jiànchāng 12361:Jiāngzhōu 12336:Jiāngníng 12299:Huángzhōu 12295:Guāngzhōu 12181:Chángzhōu 12053:Chéngzhōu 12032:Fèngxiáng 11947:Shāngzhōu 11829:Jiàngzhōu 11735:Xiāngzhōu 11661:Xióngzhōu 11560:Zhèngzhōu 11547:Yǐngchāng 11482:Xiāngzhōu 11196:Inventors 11073:Gunpowder 10982:Qian Xuan 10948:(12th c.) 10927:Liang Kai 10921:Zhao Boju 10860:Wang Shen 10842:Yi Yuanji 10838:(10th c.) 10710:Cheng Hao 10704:Zhang Zai 10692:Zeng Gong 10680:Cai Xiang 10674:Shao Yong 10598:Jian ware 10561:Guan ware 10551:Ding ware 10346:Xiangyang 10222:Later Shu 10147:960–1279 9944:144538656 9606:The CōĻas 9598:164153713 9398:Routledge 9162:192365949 9117:162997737 8913:147099574 8103:0028-0836 7945:Mohn 2003 7541:West 1997 7517:West 1997 7068:Sung 1981 6909:Yuan 1994 6747:West 1997 6711:West 1997 6551:142559461 6096:Shen 1996 6054:Wang 2000 6042:Chen 2014 5880:Chen 2018 5863:Mote 1999 5839:Mote 1999 5787:Shen 1996 5763:Hall 1985 5588:15 August 5499:Citations 5487:Zeng Gong 5447:Tang Clan 5442:Shao Yong 5384:epigraphy 5281:pavilions 5187:Cai Xiang 5129:Zhengding 5009:-mounted 4894:Wang Zhen 4820:elevation 4804:surveying 4637:in 1569. 4591:hydraulic 4530:clepsydra 4526:hydraulic 4522:pole star 4459:astronomy 4447:magnetics 4443:mechanics 4400:pole star 4284:Xiangyang 4147:Euphrates 4131:al-Idrisi 4050:cast iron 3814:Chan sect 3756:, led by 3740:Buddhist 3712:Cai Wenji 3665:gazetteer 3370:autopsies 3349:Bao Zheng 3334:The Song 3313:courtiers 3270:and more 3020:Qian Xuan 2964:, public 2891:Zhao Bing 2868:Jia Sidao 2852:Jia Sidao 2848:Ariq Böke 2824:Chongqing 2794:attacked 2763:, led by 2727:Cai Wenji 2605:Guangzhou 2460:Tong Guan 2238:Srivijaya 1997:gunpowder 1989:banknotes 1963:Chongqing 1854:) was an 1454:(907–979) 1415:(690–705) 1405:(618–907) 1392:(581–618) 1379:(420–589) 1347:(304–439) 1325:(317–420) 1315:(266–316) 1283:(266–420) 1226:(9–23 AD) 952:Neolithic 916:Dynasties 843:Sòng tiâu 732:Sòng cháo 674:Sòng cháo 505:Later Shu 403:(nominal) 358:1204 est. 350:1127 est. 267:1115–1125 207:Zhao Bing 121:Religion 95:Jiangning 14590:Japanese 14553:Scottish 14533:American 14525:Colonial 14454:Imperial 14422:Moroccan 14358:Japanese 14336:Afsharid 14195:Burmese 14181:Austrian 14136:Later Le 14111:Early Le 14096:Venetian 14022:Tiwanaku 13935:Hellenic 13898:Moroccan 13829:Kamakura 13819:Japanese 13802:Saffarid 13755:Georgian 13669:Chalukya 13647:Rashidun 13637:Calakmul 13605:Bruneian 13484:Haryanka 13462:Sasanian 13457:Parthian 13408:Bactrian 13398:Seleucid 13378:Goguryeo 13356:Egyptian 13290:Assyrian 13280:Akkadian 13271:Colonies 13209:Chānghuà 13192:Liánzhōu 13164:Héngzhōu 13144:Gōngzhōu 13140:Téngzhōu 13136:Zhāozhōu 13128:Róngzhōu 13124:Yōngzhōu 13120:Róngzhōu 13082:Kāngzhōu 13074:Duānzhōu 13070:Fēngzhōu 13062:Yīngzhōu 13050:Liánzhōu 13046:Cháozhōu 13042:Sháozhōu 12949:Qiánzhōu 12921:Lóngzhōu 12917:Péngzhōu 12913:Xīngzhōu 12901:Jiànzhōu 12897:Yángzhōu 12880:Xīngyuán 12840:Guǎng'ān 12822:Róngzhōu 12810:Róngzhōu 12762:Língjǐng 12745:Yǒngkāng 12720:Jiǎnzhōu 12708:Miánzhōu 12704:Péngzhōu 12630:Quánzhōu 12626:Jiànzhōu 12582:Quánzhōu 12578:Shàozhōu 12574:Chēnzhōu 12570:Yǒngzhōu 12562:Héngzhōu 12527:Chénzhōu 12507:Dǐngzhōu 12482:Jiānglín 12451:Línjiāng 12422:Yuánzhōu 12414:Qiánzhōu 12410:Hóngzhōu 12349:Xuánzhōu 12322:Jiangnan 12241:Tōngzhōu 12237:Zhēnzhōu 12153:Míngzhōu 12129:Hángzhōu 12115:Liangzhe 12102:Tōngyuǎn 12098:Zhènróng 12069:Yuánzhōu 12061:Jīngzhōu 12057:Fèngzhōu 12049:Lǒngzhōu 11991:Níngzhōu 11983:Huánzhōu 11979:Qìngzhōu 11975:Fāngzhōu 11955:Tóngzhōu 11943:Shǎnzhōu 11926:Jīngzhào 11886:Píngdìng 11882:Wēishèng 11869:Fēngzhōu 11853:Xiànzhōu 11849:Liáozhōu 11780:Yǒngníng 11751:Shēnzhōu 11747:Míngzhōu 11743:Huáizhōu 11739:Xíngzhōu 11722:Zhēndìng 11690:Yǒngjìng 11686:Qiánníng 11645:Yíngzhōu 11641:Cāngzhōu 11637:Chánzhōu 11580:Yǐngzhōu 11576:Chénzhōu 11568:Mèngzhōu 11519:Guānghuà 11506:Yǐngzhōu 11494:Dèngzhōu 11490:Tángzhōu 11426:Yīngtiān 11402:Huáiyáng 11377:Dēngzhōu 11365:Qīngzhōu 11338:Jingdong 11234:Shen Kuo 11222:Jia Xian 11203:Bi Sheng 11127:Dry dock 11016:Banknote 10976:Gong Kai 10848:Wen Tong 10824:Fan Kuan 10817:Painters 10801:Xin Qiji 10758:Zhu Bian 10740:Cai Jing 10716:Cheng Yi 10566:Jun ware 10536:Religion 10407:Military 10378:Emperors 10309:Yancheng 10294:Jingkang 10205:Timeline 10116:Archived 9753:(1997), 9614:citation 9140:: 1–13, 8997:(1997), 8521:Guo 1998 8497:Guo 1998 8473:Guo 1998 8196:Hsu 1993 8184:Hsu 1993 7580:Liu 2015 7343:Bol 2001 7193:Cai 2011 7104:Bai 2002 7092:Bai 2002 7080:Bai 2002 6685:June 28, 6630:Sen 2003 6576:Archived 6267:24692275 5639:Liu 2015 5415:See also 5405:Cai Jing 5261:Fan Kuan 5257:Li Cheng 5232:Li Jie's 5003:drydocks 4961:'s 1119 4951:Shen Kuo 4870:typeface 4860:Bi Sheng 4800:Geometry 4737:Yang Hui 4695:Yu Ji Tu 4613:of true 4455:horology 4415:Shen Kuo 4312:Song Shi 4304:odometer 4280:Qingzhou 4257:firearms 4253:grenades 4187:history. 4123:Hangzhou 4042:charcoal 3766:Mahayana 3758:Cheng Yi 3605:painting 3531:Song Shi 3465:shrapnel 3448:platoons 3230:printing 3105:and the 3064:Buddhism 3016:football 2941:Zhejiang 2937:Shaoxing 2895:Lu Xiufu 2812:Shandong 2784:Chang'an 2741:statue, 2729:and her 2654:and the 2601:Quanzhou 2597:seaports 2433:Cai Jing 2337:Đại Việt 2333:Shen Kuo 2096:Buddhist 2084:Cheng Yi 2019:using a 2003:such as 1935:Hangzhou 1741:Timeline 1668:(Taiwan, 1648:of China 1162:Imperial 911:Timeline 885:a series 883:Part of 799:Jyutping 688:ㄙㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄠˊ 682:Bopomofo 427:Currency 407:estimate 342:980 est. 334:958 est. 155:Monarchy 88:Yangzhou 81:Yingtian 74:Bianjing 49:960–1279 14749:History 14723:Portals 14657:largest 14652:Empires 14632:Swedish 14627:Spanish 14622:Russian 14585:Italian 14560:Chinese 14548:English 14543:British 14538:Belgian 14513:Vietnam 14503:Tay son 14449:Tsarist 14444:Russian 14439:Ottoman 14405:Dzungar 14400:Khoshut 14373:Mexican 14368:Maratha 14351:Pahlavi 14331:Safavid 14326:Iranian 14253:Haitian 14216:Chinese 14176:Ashanti 14148:Wagadou 14074:Eastern 14069:Western 14052:Timurid 14012:Tibetan 14002:Songhai 13992:Serbian 13913:Almohad 13903:Idrisid 13807:Samanid 13797:Tahirid 13792:Iranian 13770:Kannauj 13750:Genoese 13686:Chinese 13679:Eastern 13674:Western 13662:Fatimid 13657:Abbasid 13652:Umayyad 13625:Burmese 13585:Ayyubid 13580:Angevin 13550:Xianbei 13538:Eastern 13533:Western 13479:Magadha 13442:Iranian 13435:Xiongnu 13420:Hittite 13329:Chinese 13317:Kassite 13266:Ancient 13258:Empires 13184:Báizhōu 13180:Qīnzhōu 13176:Léizhōu 13172:Gāozhōu 13168:Huàzhōu 13160:Bīnzhōu 13152:Liǔzhōu 13148:Xúnzhōu 13116:Guìzhōu 13090:Huìzhōu 13078:Xīnzhōu 13054:Méizhōu 12998:Nánpíng 12977:Kāizhōu 12961:Wànzhōu 12953:Shīzhōu 12945:Kuízhōu 12909:Wénzhōu 12794:Guǒzhōu 12790:Suìzhōu 12749:Shíquán 12732:Wēizhōu 12728:Màozhōu 12716:Jiāzhōu 12712:Hànzhōu 12700:Shǔzhōu 12696:Méizhōu 12679:Chéngdū 12655:Xīnghuà 12595:Guìyáng 12566:Dàozhōu 12558:Tánzhōu 12523:Guīzhōu 12519:Yuèzhōu 12515:Xiázhōu 12443:Xīngguó 12430:Yúnzhōu 12386:Nánkāng 12382:Guǎngdé 12369:Xìnzhōu 12365:Rāozhou 12357:Chízhōu 12353:Shèzhōu 12291:Háozhōu 12287:Shūzhōu 12233:Chúzhōu 12225:Tàizhōu 12221:Hǎizhōu 12217:Chǔzhōu 12194:Huainan 12177:Xiùzhōu 12165:Chǔzhōu 12161:Táizhōu 12157:Wēnzhōu 12141:Rùnzhōu 12133:Yuèzhōu 12081:Jiēzhōu 12077:Mínzhōu 12065:Wèizhōu 12045:Qínzhōu 11995:Dānzhōu 11987:Bīnzhōu 11967:Yánzhōu 11963:Yàozhōu 11959:Huázhōu 11951:Guózhōu 11939:Xìezhōu 11898:Huǒshān 11894:Nínghuà 11865:Línzhōu 11857:Lánzhōu 11845:Fénzhōu 11841:Xīnzhōu 11837:Dàizhōu 11825:Jìnzhōu 11808:Tàiyuán 11784:Shùn'ān 11763:Bǎozhōu 11694:Bǎodìng 11673:Bīnzhōu 11597:Xìnyáng 11572:Càizhōu 11564:Huázhōu 11502:Jīnzhou 11498:Jūnzhōu 11486:Suízhōu 11451:Yùnzhōu 11447:Cáozhōu 11439:Yǎnzhōu 11385:Wéizhōu 11381:Láizhōu 11325:Kāifēng 11240:Song Ci 11228:Su Song 11117:Compass 10997:Economy 10958:Li Song 10872:Cui Bai 10650:Song Qi 10644:Yan Shu 10631:Writers 10571:Ru ware 10556:Ge ware 10528:Society 10524:Culture 10329:Caizhou 10319:Tangdao 10201:History 9876:2719361 9781:2600793 9722:1523201 9649:1579643 9590:2050010 9308:2718941 9280:2719404 9154:1568644 9109:2054291 8792:3558587 8708:Sources 8111:9218319 7669:Ebrey, 6673:"China" 5702:2172247 5330:bronze 5230:, from 5224:Bracket 5159:trestle 5094:masonry 5059:, Hebei 5011:rudders 4978:Huainan 4947:compass 4905:Hua Sui 4816:Pei Xiu 4721:of the 4709:of 100 4646:SN 1054 4431:geology 4427:zoology 4419:Su Song 4404:printed 4388:Su Song 4261:cannons 4141:), the 4119:Chengdu 4115:Huizhou 4003:Li Song 3923:Economy 3905:jujubes 3885:Vietnam 3869:jujubes 3860:right. 3673:transl. 3669:fangzhi 3575:Cui Bai 3457:snipers 3395:inquest 3391:coroner 3386:corpses 3374:Song Ci 3366:anatomy 3204:Yue Fei 3136:xiangqi 3041:dowries 3032:peacock 2970:paupers 2966:clinics 2881:on the 2877:In the 2857:Sichuan 2804:Sichuan 2796:Guangxi 2780:Luoyang 2769:vassals 2761:Mongols 2731:Xiongnu 2648:Dinghai 2640:Red Sea 2589:beacons 2573:Yue Fei 2523:of the 2509:Yangtze 2479:Guanyin 2452:Jurchen 2445:Fang La 2349:Guangxi 2325: 2302:Tianjin 2298:Beijing 2284:of the 2282:Tanguts 2276:of the 2274:Khitans 2191:Kaifeng 2170:of the 2126:History 2122:elite. 2021:compass 1953:of the 1927:Yangtze 1921:in the 1903:Kaifeng 1412:Wu Zhou 1002:Ancient 981:Yangtze 770:Son zau 638:Chinese 491:Jingnan 312:• 273:• 260:• 162:Emperor 66:Capital 14595:Mongol 14580:German 14575:French 14565:Danish 14508:Dainam 14483:Tongan 14471:Somali 14466:Sokoto 14432:'Alawi 14410:Kalmyk 14390:Mongol 14383:Second 14363:Korean 14314:Mughal 14304:Indian 14287:German 14280:Second 14270:French 14263:Second 14199:Second 14171:Afghan 14163:Modern 14089:Kyrgyz 14084:Uighur 14079:Second 14059:Turkic 14027:Toltec 13963:Epirus 13948:Nicaea 13871:Mongol 13824:Yamato 13760:Huetar 13618:Second 13555:Rouran 13504:Shunga 13499:Maurya 13474:Kushan 13447:Median 13425:Hunnic 13383:Harsha 13213:Wàn'ān 13156:Yízhōu 13066:Hèzhōu 13011:Dàníng 12990:Yún'ān 12973:Yúzhōu 12969:Fúzhōu 12965:Dázhōu 12905:Bāzhōu 12893:Lìzhōu 12866:Lizhou 12853:Fùshùn 12826:Qúzhōu 12818:Hézhōu 12814:Lúzhōu 12802:Pǔzhōu 12798:Zīzhōu 12786:Zǐzhōu 12724:Yǎzhōu 12651:Shàowǔ 12622:Fúzhōu 12608:Fujian 12511:Lǐzhōu 12503:Fùzhōu 12499:Ānzhōu 12438:Armies 12426:Fǔzhōu 12418:Jízhōu 12377:Armies 12307:Armies 12283:Hézhōu 12279:Qízhōu 12275:Lúzhōu 12229:Sìzhōu 12213:Sùzhōu 12209:Bózhōu 12173:Mùzhōu 12169:Qúzhōu 12149:Wùzhōu 12145:Húzhōu 12137:Sūzhōu 12094:Déshùn 12089:Armies 12073:Xīzhōu 12003:Armies 11971:Fūzhōu 11877:Armies 11861:Xízhōu 11833:Zézhōu 11821:Lùzhōu 11771:Armies 11759:Qízhōu 11755:Cízhōu 11698:Xìn'ān 11681:Armies 11669:Dézhōu 11665:Bàzhōu 11657:Mòzhōu 11653:Dìzhōu 11649:Bózhōu 11624:Dàmíng 11592:Armies 11584:Rǔzhōu 11514:Armies 11468:Jingxi 11455:Púzhōu 11443:Xúzhōu 11397:Armies 11389:Zīzhōu 11373:Yízhōu 11369:Mìzhōu 11352:Jǐ'nán 11026:Guanzi 11021:Jiaozi 10854:Guo Xi 10795:Zhu Xi 10777:Lu You 10764:Zhu Yu 10728:Su Zhe 10722:Su Shi 10668:Su Xun 10541:Poetry 10324:Caishi 10194:topics 10079: 10060: 10042: 10022: 10004: 9986: 9967: 9942: 9936:369121 9934: 9904: 9874: 9815: 9795: 9779: 9740: 9720: 9681: 9663: 9647: 9629:Oriens 9596: 9588: 9558: 9527: 9446: 9416: 9382: 9364: 9322: 9306: 9278: 9252:495194 9250: 9220: 9180: 9160: 9152: 9115: 9107: 9075: 9051: 9029: 9007: 8979: 8955: 8911: 8868: 8848: 8826: 8808: 8790: 8760: 8742: 8723: 8109: 8101: 8073:Nature 7673:, 142. 6681:, 2007 6557: 6549: 6288: 6265: 6010: 5700: 5437:Lu You 5400:Bogutu 5334:vessel 5265:Guo Xi 5191:Fujian 5104:arms, 5098:corbel 5090:mortar 5080:Li Jie 5076:struts 5068:Yu Hao 5057:Quyang 4959:Zhu Yu 4837:tujing 4810:. The 4749:Euclid 4479:optics 4423:botany 4368:, 1092 4329:torque 4320:Ma Jun 4263:, and 4243:(1044) 4184:Jiaozi 4155:Fujian 4101:Jiaozi 4026:guilds 3917:ginger 3909:lychee 3867:Dried 3800:Luohan 3762:Zhu Xi 3609:poetry 3353:caning 3305:county 3260:Su Shi 3094:, and 3090:, the 3060:Daoism 2968:, and 2782:, and 2634:, the 2609:Xiamen 2607:, and 2585:harbor 2567:, the 2483:Shanxi 2412:Su Shi 2404:Xin Fa 2250:Goryeo 2248:, the 2240:, the 2232:, the 2166:After 2088:Zhu Xi 2062:. The 1931:Lin'an 1909:. The 1610:Modern 1266:, and 984:, and 975:Yellow 887:on the 837:Tâi-lô 435:Guanzi 431:Jiaozi 401: 301:Lin'an 209:(last) 166: 129:Taoism 101:Lin'an 14737:China 14645:Lists 14600:Omani 14570:Dutch 14476:Isaaq 14427:Saadi 14395:Oirat 14378:First 14346:Qajar 14275:First 14258:First 14231:China 14204:Third 14064:First 14017:Tikal 13968:Morea 13938:Roman 13856:Latin 13851:Khmer 13846:Kanem 13812:Buyid 13738:Zagwe 13733:Aksum 13723:Chola 13630:First 13613:First 13600:Bornu 13595:Benin 13590:Aztec 13528:Roman 13509:Gupta 13494:Nanda 13430:White 13111:Lower 13033:Lower 13026:(廣南東) 12940:Lower 12888:Lower 12875:Upper 12781:Lower 12687:Lower 12674:Upper 12617:Lower 12553:Lower 12546:(荊湖南) 12495:Èzhōu 12490:Lower 12477:Upper 12470:(荊湖北) 12447:Ānnán 12405:Lower 12344:Lower 12331:Upper 12270:Lower 12260:Upper 12203:Lower 12124:Lower 12040:Lower 12027:Upper 12008:Bǎoān 11934:Lower 11921:Upper 11902:Bǎodé 11890:Kělán 11816:Lower 11803:Upper 11730:Lower 11717:Upper 11632:Lower 11619:Upper 11610:Hebei 11555:Lower 11543:Hénán 11538:Upper 11477:Lower 11434:Lower 11421:Upper 11360:Lower 11347:Upper 11320:Upper 11246:Li Ye 11031:Huizi 10915:Li Di 10885:Mi Fu 10351:Yamen 10304:De'an 9940:S2CID 9932:JSTOR 9872:JSTOR 9777:JSTOR 9718:JSTOR 9645:JSTOR 9594:S2CID 9586:JSTOR 9304:JSTOR 9276:JSTOR 9248:JSTOR 9158:S2CID 9150:JSTOR 9113:S2CID 9105:JSTOR 8909:S2CID 8788:JSTOR 8107:S2CID 6559:16192 6547:S2CID 6527:(PDF) 6263:JSTOR 5698:JSTOR 5582:(PDF) 5575:(PDF) 5296:Henan 5179:Hebei 5007:Stern 4999:hulls 4703:Xi'an 4406:form. 4386:from 4139:Yemen 4106:Huizi 4073:with 4071:hulls 4067:Junks 3989:Ships 3901:dates 3791:Korea 3787:Japan 3726:Mi Fu 3617:Mi Fu 3190:, by 3126:—not 3080:India 3078:from 3018:, by 2994:serfs 2903:Tibet 2872:Bayan 2844:Ezhou 2840:Hubei 2836:Ezhou 2816:Henan 2800:Hanoi 2798:from 2735:arhat 2668:bombs 2628:Japan 2624:Korea 2353:Hanoi 2254:Japan 2215:atlas 2009:bombs 1933:(now 1035:Shang 547:Wuyue 439:Huizi 247:with 141:Islam 14415:Bogd 14341:Zand 14319:Sikh 14226:Qing 14221:Ming 14153:Wari 14121:Tran 14106:Dinh 13876:Yuan 13866:Mali 13775:Pala 13765:Inca 13716:Yuan 13706:Song 13701:Liao 13696:Tang 13469:Kush 13351:Dʿmt 13204:Army 13198:(瓊州) 13092:(惠州) 13013:(大寧) 13000:(南平) 12985:Army 12979:(開州) 12923:(龍州) 12882:(興元) 12868:(利州) 12855:(富順) 12842:(廣安) 12834:Army 12828:(渠州) 12764:(陵井) 12751:(石泉) 12740:Army 12734:(威州) 12681:(成都) 12657:(興化) 12646:Army 12610:(福建) 12597:(桂陽) 12584:(全州) 12533:(誠州) 12484:(江陵) 12457:(建昌) 12432:(筠州) 12388:(南康) 12338:(江寧) 12301:(黃州) 12243:(通州) 12183:(常州) 12117:(兩浙) 12104:(通遠) 12083:(階州) 12034:(鳳翔) 12010:(保安) 11997:(丹州) 11904:(保德) 11871:(豐州) 11810:(太原) 11786:(順安) 11776:Ānsù 11765:(保州) 11724:(真定) 11700:(信安) 11626:(大名) 11599:(信陽) 11586:(汝州) 11549:(潁昌) 11521:(光化) 11508:(郢州) 11457:(濮州) 11428:(應天) 11404:(淮陽) 11391:(淄州) 11354:(濟南) 11327:(開封) 11092:Coke 10970:Muqi 10526:and 10077:ISBN 10058:ISBN 10040:ISBN 10020:ISBN 10002:ISBN 9984:ISBN 9965:ISBN 9902:ISBN 9813:ISBN 9793:ISBN 9738:ISBN 9679:ISBN 9661:ISBN 9620:link 9556:ISBN 9525:ISBN 9444:ISBN 9414:ISBN 9380:ISBN 9362:ISBN 9320:ISBN 9218:ISBN 9178:ISBN 9073:ISBN 9049:ISBN 9027:ISBN 9005:ISBN 8977:ISBN 8953:ISBN 8866:ISBN 8846:ISBN 8824:ISBN 8806:ISBN 8758:ISBN 8740:ISBN 8721:ISBN 8099:ISSN 6687:2007 6286:ISBN 6008:ISBN 5590:2020 5332:ding 5039:The 4806:and 4693:The 4672:and 4601:and 4343:and 4218:and 4208:and 4135:Aden 4031:The 3834:lama 3828:and 3789:and 3474:The 3303:and 3286:The 3245:and 3134:and 3062:and 3012:Cuju 2925:and 2814:and 2644:navy 2626:and 2622:(to 2618:and 2583:and 2575:and 2300:and 2086:and 2045:Tang 2043:and 1893:The 1882:and 1876:Liao 1830:The 1586:Qing 1573:Ming 1560:Yuan 1504:Liao 1463:Song 1401:Tang 1082:Zhou 329:Area 306:1276 293:1235 280:1127 254:1005 249:Liao 34:Song 14493:Mac 13930:Oyo 13839:Edo 13711:Jīn 13691:Sui 13344:Jin 13339:Han 13334:Qin 11213:fl. 10937:fl. 10876:fl. 10768:fl. 9924:doi 9864:doi 9835:doi 9769:doi 9710:doi 9637:doi 9578:doi 9342:doi 9296:doi 9268:doi 9240:doi 9142:doi 9095:doi 8929:doi 8901:doi 8780:doi 8091:hdl 8081:doi 8077:160 6539:doi 6255:doi 5690:doi 5127:of 4898:fl. 4701:of 4496:of 4390:'s 4044:in 3887:'s 3822:Zen 3797:'s 3738:Zen 3430:). 3380:of 3226:Sui 2838:in 2822:in 2630:), 2341:981 2268:), 2244:in 2185:of 2041:Han 1961:in 1884:Jin 1530:Jin 1388:Sui 1279:Jin 1263:Shu 1257:Wei 1222:Xin 1190:Han 1177:Qin 1073:BC) 1011:Xia 813:IPA 740:IPA 399:GDP 23:or 14763:: 14126:Ho 14116:Ly 9938:, 9930:, 9920:34 9918:, 9870:, 9860:57 9858:, 9831:44 9829:, 9775:, 9765:41 9763:, 9757:, 9736:, 9716:, 9704:, 9643:, 9633:10 9631:, 9616:}} 9612:{{ 9592:, 9584:, 9574:22 9572:, 9554:, 9523:, 9412:, 9360:, 9338:45 9336:, 9302:, 9292:42 9290:, 9274:, 9264:56 9262:, 9246:, 9234:, 9197:. 9176:, 9156:, 9148:, 9138:41 9136:, 9111:, 9103:, 9091:39 9089:, 9071:, 9047:, 9025:, 8993:; 8975:, 8951:, 8923:, 8907:, 8897:44 8895:, 8891:, 8864:, 8786:, 8776:61 8774:, 8690:^ 8651:^ 8606:^ 8579:^ 8564:^ 8425:^ 8290:^ 8215:^ 8105:. 8097:. 8089:. 8075:. 8071:. 8012:^ 7889:^ 7874:^ 7686:, 7638:^ 7611:^ 7548:^ 7497:^ 7470:^ 7371:^ 7251:^ 7224:^ 7147:^ 7010:^ 6981:^ 6928:^ 6875:^ 6832:^ 6817:^ 6802:^ 6785:^ 6766:^ 6675:, 6664:^ 6649:^ 6598:^ 6553:. 6545:. 6535:32 6533:. 6529:. 6491:^ 6422:^ 6348:^ 6261:. 6251:76 6249:. 6234:^ 6219:^ 6204:^ 6103:^ 6088:^ 6073:^ 6022:^ 5962:^ 5947:^ 5870:^ 5818:. 5696:. 5686:13 5684:. 5646:^ 5522:^ 5507:^ 5411:. 5306:. 5283:, 5271:, 5267:, 5263:, 5259:, 4965:. 4782:, 4765:c. 4715:Yu 4711:li 4485:, 4481:, 4477:, 4473:, 4469:, 4465:, 4461:, 4457:, 4453:, 4449:, 4445:, 4441:, 4437:, 4433:, 4429:, 4425:, 4308:li 4291:. 4259:, 4255:, 4121:, 4117:, 3997:. 3987:. 3915:, 3698:, 3467:. 3237:, 3132:go 3098:. 3066:, 3006:, 2972:' 2939:, 2859:. 2826:. 2603:, 2481:, 2371:, 2323:r. 2256:. 2225:. 2177:r. 2158:r. 2055:. 2007:, 1915:南宋 1899:北宋 1890:. 1878:, 1269:Wu 1260:, 1129:c. 1088:c. 1064:c. 1041:c. 1017:c. 978:, 958:c. 757:Wu 644:宋朝 441:, 437:, 433:, 143:, 139:, 135:, 131:, 127:, 14725:: 13273:) 13269:( 13250:e 13243:t 13236:v 11297:e 11290:t 11283:v 11218:) 11211:( 10942:) 10935:( 10881:) 10874:( 10773:) 10766:( 10468:) 10464:( 10207:) 10203:( 10184:e 10177:t 10170:v 10085:. 10066:. 9973:. 9926:: 9866:: 9837:: 9771:: 9712:: 9706:X 9639:: 9622:) 9580:: 9344:: 9298:: 9270:: 9242:: 9236:7 9207:. 9144:: 9097:: 8931:: 8925:2 8903:: 8782:: 8113:. 8093:: 8083:: 7713:. 7582:. 6561:. 6541:: 6294:. 6269:. 6257:: 6044:. 6016:. 5882:. 5828:. 5704:. 5692:: 5592:. 5336:. 4896:( 4763:( 4570:. 4137:( 4077:. 4005:. 2559:. 2320:( 2162:) 2155:( 1913:( 1850:/ 1847:ŋ 1844:ʊ 1841:s 1838:/ 1834:( 1819:e 1812:t 1805:v 1138:) 1127:( 1097:) 1086:( 1062:( 1050:) 1039:( 1026:) 1015:( 967:) 956:( 40:宋 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index