631:, Australian law confers rights in works, also known as "Part III Works" (after the Part of the Act dealing with this): namely, literary works, musical works, artistic works, and dramatic works. It also confers rights in "other subject matter" (Part IV Subject Matter), which cover the kinds of material protected in some countries by 'neighbouring rights': sound recordings, films, broadcasts, and published editions. To be protected, material must fall into one of these exclusive categories. The rights in Part IV subject matters are more limited, because infringement requires exact copying of the actual subject matter (sound-alikes or remakes are not covered).
3062:
3047:
3032:
638:, different kinds of subject matter have different rights. Owners of copyright in works have rights to reproduce, publish (meaning publish for the first time), perform, and adapt the work, and communicate it to the public (including broadcast, or communicate by making available online). The rights of owners of copyright in artistic works are more limited (there is no right to control public display of artistic works). Owners of copyright in other subject matter have the exclusive right to make copies, to communicate them to the public, and to cause them to be heard/seen in public.
777:
eight
Australian government inquiries which have considered the question of whether fair use should be adopted in Australia. Six reviews have recommended Australia adopt a "Fair Use" model of copyright exceptions: two enquiries specifically into the Copyright Act (1998, 2014); and four broader reviews (both 2004, 2013, 2016). One review (2000) recommended against the introduction of fair use and another (2005) issued no final report. Two of the recommendations were specifically in response to the stricter copyright rules introduced as part of the
1001:'s Copyright Law Review Committee completed a large review of Crown Copyright in April 2005. In summary, the Committee recommended that the Crown be treated like any other employer (i.e., owner of material produced by its employees), and that for certain materials (legislation, government reports, commissions of inquiry reports) either copyright be removed, or a generous and generalised licence be granted for re-use. As of early 2007, several governments appear to be considering the use of open licences modelled along the lines of the
696:, any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work that was published after the death of the author will continue to subsist under copyright 70 years after the year of first publication. For example, if a work is published 10 years after the author's death, copyright would subsist for 70 years after first publication, that is 80 years after the author's death. It should also be noted indefinite copyright does not apply to artistic works.
35:
945:
author, the first owner of copyright is the employer (this is slightly different from the US works-made-for-hire doctrine: in
Australia, duration of copyright is still measured by the lifetime of the employee author). In 2004–2005, Australia also introduced some complicated provisions that give performers part ownership rights in sound recordings, and directors some limited ownership rights in relation to films.
3828:
3012:
546:. In particular, it strengthened anti-circumvention laws, for the first time making it illegal in Australia to circumvent technical measures used by copyright owners to restrict access to their works, and expanding the measures which count as technological restriction measures which may not be circumvented. Like the FTA language, the new anti-circumvention law is closely modelled on the US
667:, and certain other jurisdictions, but is longer than the "plus 50" minimum required by the Berne Convention and still applicable in many other jurisdictions, including New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and many other Commonwealth countries, as well as China, Japan, and South Korea. The extension to "plus 70" does not apply to Crown copyright, to which the "plus 50" rule continues to apply.
956:(©) is not required on a work to gain copyright, but only the copyright owner is entitled to place a notice. It is useful in publishing the date of first publication and the owner. Where a copyright notice is used, the onus in infringement proceedings is on the defendant to show that copyright does not subsist or is not owned by the person stated in the notice.
1240:, such as provisions that permit reproduction of certain copyright materials by educational institutions, institutions assisting persons with certain disabilities, and government agencies. The Tribunal has jurisdiction to confirm or vary an existing or proposed voluntary licence scheme, or substitute a new scheme, where it has been referred to it by a party.
707:, which was passed on 15 June 2017, abolished the indefinite copyright term for unpublished works. As of 1 January 2019, unpublished works are out of copyright 70 years after the author's death if the author is known, or 70 years after creation otherwise. The period of 70 years is counted from the end of the relevant calendar year.
797:
In late 2006, Australia added several 'private copying' exceptions. It is no longer an infringement of copyright to record a broadcast to watch or listen at a more convenient time (s 111), or to make a copy of a sound recording for private and domestic use (e.g., copy onto a portable media player) (s
565:
and portable music players). Unlike some countries in Europe, or Canada, there is no fee or licence payment on players to compensate copyright owners for these private copies, although the exceptions are narrowly defined and do not allow, for example, making copies for friends or family. The Act also
443:
The 1980s and 1990s saw a range of inquiries into many aspects of copyright law. A key driver for those reviews was the establishment of the
Copyright Law Review Committee (CLRC) in 1983 as an advisory body for copyright reform. The CLRC was disbanded in 2005 by the Australian government after it had
1377:
1959 – The committee to
Consider What Alterations Are Desirable in the Copyright Law of the Commonwealth (Spicer Committee) delivers its final report. It recommends that the majority of provisions appearing in the Copyright Act 1956 (UK) should be adopted. However, another eight years
898:
A draft bill, the
Copyright Amendment (Indigenous Communal Moral Rights) Bill 2003 ("ICMR Bill"), was circulated to a limited set of stakeholders in 2003, but was seen as ineffective and unlikely to be passed into legislation because of a number of complications. Criticisms of the bill included that
429:
legislation pertaining to each state mandates that publishers of any kind must deposit copies of their publications in the
National Library of Australia as well as in the state or territory library in their jurisdiction. Until the 21st century, this has applied to all types of printed materials (and
411:
During its deliberation the Franki
Committee observed that because Australia was a net importer of copyrighted works it should be careful to not adopt too radical solutions. The Franki Committee recommended, amongst others, the adoption of a statutory licensing scheme. When commencing its review the
321:
provides that "the
Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to, inter alia, copyright, patents of inventions and designs, and trademarks". As an immediate consequence copyright law was no longer
1162:
to the artists as a group, in line with their wishes, and ordered that the rugs be released to them. This was the largest penalty awarded for copyright infringement against
Australian artists up to that time, and included compensation for cultural damage stemming from the unauthorised use of sacred
776:
While
Australian copyright exceptions are based on the Fair Dealing system, Since 1998 a series of Australian government inquiries have examined, and in most cases recommended, the introduction of a "flexible and open" Fair Use system into Australian copyright law. From 1998 to 2017 there have been
725:", copyright does not depend on the country of origin, the country of publication, or the nationality of the author. A work published in the US by a British author may still be in the public domain in Australia if the author died more than 70 years ago or died before 1955, whichever is the shorter.
699:
Photographs, sound recordings, films, and anonymous/pseudonymous works are copyrighted for 70 years from their first publication. Television and sound broadcasts are copyright for only 50 years after the year of their first broadcast (though the material contained in the broadcast may be separately
416:
to give to the author of a creative work his just reward for the benefit he has bestowed on the community and also to encourage the making of further creative works. On the other hand, as copyright in the nature of a monopoly, the law should ensure, as far as possible, that the rights conferred are
1285:
New equitable remuneration rates were decided with a starting point from the 1985 rate of 2 cents per page copied and adjusted for the Consumer Price Index, then further increased, on the basis of changing methods of teaching, technology and volume of copying. The new rate came into operation on 1
581:
The other notable change made by the Act was to expand the provisions concerning criminal copyright infringement. The Act introduced strict liability offences for some copyright infringements, and a system of "Infringement Notices" (on-the-spot fines). The stated aim of these provisions is to make
178:
which brought some, e.g. British authors, back into copyright). The consequence is that the work of an Australian author who died before 1955 is normally in the public domain in Australia. However the copyright of authors was extended to 70 years after death for those who died in 1955 or later, so
761:
Fair dealing is not the same as fair use. This has, for example, been interpreted by US courts to allow for reasonable personal use of works, e.g. media-shifting, which would not necessarily be permitted under Australia's fair dealing laws. Australian copyright law does, however, have a number of
944:
Copyright is free and automatic upon creation of the work. In general, the first owner of copyright will be the author (for literary, musical, dramatic and artistic works) or producer (for sound recordings and films) or broadcaster (for broadcasts). Under Australian law, where an employee is the
918:
and Robynne Quiggin set out the main ICIP issues for the Indigenous arts industry, which included the deficiencies of the Copyright Act with regard to Indigenous art. These include clashes between Australian law and Aboriginal customary laws; and the lack of a "foundation of interaction between
819:
Because Australian copyright law recognises temporary copies stored in computer memory as "reproductions" falling within the copyright owner's exclusive rights, there are also various exceptions for temporary copies made in the ordinary course of use or communication of digital copies of works.
1249:
monitoring, enforcing, and licensing their rights. A notable feature of some of the Australian collecting societies is that some are 'declared' to be the society with the function of being the sole collector of royalties under the statutory licences. The collecting societies in Australia are:
1248:
A number of copyright collecting societies operate in Australia. Collecting societies are established to collect royalties for uses of copyright material on behalf of authors and copyright owners: they assist to overcome the significant transaction costs that would face individual creators in
948:
In the case of a photograph commissioned for a "private or domestic purpose", the copyright will be owned by the commissioner of the work. The "private and domestic purposes" condition took effect on 30 July 1998, prior to this the copyright of all commissioned photographs was assigned to the
1708:
is passed. Effective January 2007, the Act (a) strengthens criminal infringement provisions, (b) adds new exceptions including for parody or satire, and private copying, (c) strengthens anti-circumvention law to make it more like the US Digital Millennium Copyright Act (as required by the
1209:(2009) wrote that the case has been noted as an important one in Indigenous case law because of the damages awarded for the cultural harm done; however, the Act does not provide "judicial recognition of the nature and obligations of Indigenous groups in establishing copyright ownership".
757:
In order for a certain use to be a fair dealing, it must fall within one of these purposes and must also be 'fair'. What is fair will depend on all the circumstances, including the nature of the work, the nature of the use and the effect of the use on any commercial market for the work.
582:
copyright easier to enforce, particularly against commercial infringers. After concerns from user groups and the Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, many strict liability offences that would have applied to non-commercial acts were removed from the final bill.
1201:"requires creators who are in a position to assert copyright ownership", which proves a problem where the designs had been created more than the specified time after the creator's death; in the case of many ancient designs, it is impossible to identify the creator. Erin Mackay of the
1048:
The indefinite copyright term for unpublished works was abolished by the Copyright (Disabilities and Other Measures) Act 2017. This part of the Act comes into effect on 1 January 2019. As of that date, Crown Copyright for unpublished works expires 50 years after it was
434:
formats as well). On 17 February 2016, the federal legal deposit provisions were extended to cover electronic publications of all types. Most states and territories are as of 2020 reviewing or amending existing legislation to extend to digital publications as well.
2861:
737:. It is a use of a work specifically recognised as not being a copyright violation. In order to be a fair dealing under Australian law a use must fall within a range of specific purposes. These purposes vary by type of work, but the possibilities are:
604:
on 17 February 2016, by which the federal legal deposit provisions were extended to cover electronic publications of all types. and most states and territories are reviewing or amending existing legislation to extend to digital publications as well.
4115:
970:
The Australian Commonwealth and State governments routinely own copyright in Australia. While this could be seen as being due to the concept of the Crown being traditionally paramount rather than the people, it is more influenced by the then
4285:
2775:
3798:
388:, and following recommendations of the Spicer Committee, which had been appointed by the Australian Attorney-General in 1958 to review the 1912 Act to see what changes were necessary for Australia to ratify the Brussels Act of the
1213:(T-shirts case) (1998) was the third case involving copyright law and ICIP, and was the subject of further legal analysis relating to the protecting Indigenous art, and its relationship to Indigenous communal moral rights (ICMR).
2226:
927:
From mid-2007, performers were granted moral rights in recordings of their performances, similar, but not identical, to the moral rights granted to authors. These were introduced as a result of Australia's ratification of the
574:, and an exception to allow certain non-commercial use by public sector institutions like universities, schools, art galleries and archives, provided that an Australian court decides an exception would be consistent with the
4307:
4041:
3465:
257:
1709, which awarded copyright protection to books, acted as a blueprint for the extension of copyright to new types of subject matter in the 18th and 19th Century. When copyright law was introduced into Australia in 1828
4273:
3987:
982:
The Australian government does not infringe copyright if its actions (or those of an authorised person) are for the government. A "relevant collecting society" may sample government copies and charge the government.
2853:
721:. An interesting consequence of this for the Internet is that a work may be in the public domain in the US but not in Australia, or vice versa. It is important to note that except for the works falling under the "
3702:
2996:
407:
and "to recommend any alterations to the Australian copyright law to effect a proper balance of interest between owners of copyright and the users of copyright material in respect of reprographic reproduction".
4196:
4024:
3611:
3576:
641:
Infringement occurs where a person does an act falling within the copyright owner's exclusive rights, without the authorisation of the copyright owner (assuming that one of the exceptions does not apply).
4208:
1345:. The Federal Parliament, pursuant to section 51(xviii) of the Australian Constitution, is granted the power to make laws with respect to "Copyrights, patents of inventions and designs, and trade marks."
1276:(CAL): collects royalties for the reproduction of printed material, and in particular, administers the statutory licences that allow educational institutions to copy and communicate printed material;
762:
additional specific exceptions which permit uses which may fall outside of both fair dealing and fair use. For example, a number of exceptions exist which permit specific uses of computer software.
1163:
imagery, and in particular the "cultural hurt suffered by the artists as a result of the company’s persistent denial of their copyright". However no damages were ever paid to the artists or their
170:
Until 2004, copyright in Australia was based on the plus 50 law, which restricts works until 50 years after the author's death. In 2004 this was changed to a plus 70 law in line with the US and
4098:
3616:
3480:
2010:
2767:
490:
Highways to Change: Copyright in the New Communications Environment: report by the Copyright Convergence Group on technological advancement and the ability of legislation to cope with change
3626:
3586:
3571:
3543:
3500:
2408:
1589:
November 2003 – Three Australian students received criminal convictions for copyright infringement, receiving a mix of suspended sentences, a fine, and community service.
2216:
3510:
3324:
2381:
203:
815:
statutory (i.e. compulsory) licences that allow use by schools, universities, and others on payment of a licence fee set either by agreement or by the Copyright Tribunal (see below).
3606:
3566:
1279:
Educational institutions undertook to pay "equitable remuneration" to CAL for their right to make copies of literacy, dramatic, musical and artistic works for educational purposes.
1712:
June 2015 – The Copyright Amendment (Online Infringement) Bill 2015 introduced into parliament to curb online piracy passed with Coalition and Labor's support 37-13
3601:
3581:
1643:
8 February 2004 - Australia and the United States agree to text of bilateral free trade agreement (AUSFTA). The copyright-related parts of the Intellectual Property Chapter were:
899:
it failed to provide protection where copyright had expired, as well as elements of Indigenous culture and intellectual property (ICIP) where copyright did not apply, such as
553:
The Act also introduced a series of new exceptions into Australian copyright law. The best known are the private copying exceptions, which follow on from proposals by former
674:, the change to the "plus 70" rule is not retroactive, so that if copyright has expired before the coming into force of the amendment it is not revived. The result is that:
2278:
660:. Put simply, a "work" (i.e. a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work) entered the public domain 50 years following the year of the creator's death, with exceptions.
3149:
1467:
3475:
4142:
3757:
3621:
3525:
4302:
4215:
4110:
3793:
3769:
3596:
3520:
3368:
4203:
3725:
3515:
3505:
3495:
3485:
4036:
3591:
3548:
3470:
3270:
4280:
4268:
4154:
4019:
3914:
3877:
3781:
3218:
1561:
2515:
4191:
3982:
3697:
2248:
1262:
Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA): collects royalties for the owners of copyright in musical works for the performance of their musical works;
914:
The bill was set to be reintroduced in mid-2007, as existing legislation did not provide protection for Indigenous communal moral rights. A 2006 paper by
681:
Any work that was published in the lifetime of the author who died on or after 1 January 1955, will be out of copyright 70 years after the author's death.
2190:
689:
prevents copyright from arising in works that were published before 1 May 1969 where those works were not themselves subject to copyright at that time.
3659:
1259:
Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS): represents music publishers and writers from for rights in the reproduction of musical works;
624:
and other international copyright treaties. Thus there is an exhaustive set of types of material protected, and an exhaustive set of exclusive rights.
3329:
2991:
352:, which held that copyright was a creature of statute. The scope of the imperial copyright system (by changes in the UK Act) was expanded to include
3786:
778:
612:; that is, the copy must contain all content and functionality, without protection measures such as password protection or subscription paywalls.
1545:
717:(1998) defines an entirely different rule based on the year of first publication in the USA. Generally, anything published before 1926 is in the
293:, later states, had enacted copyright laws. In part this was done to mitigate the inadequacy of the protection afforded to Australian authors by
1673:
August 2004 – US Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act passes Senate, with amendments. References to documents and commentary.
4103:
1299:
395:
As of May 2020 the 1968 Act remains in force, but has been amended on a number of occasions. The first major review occurred in 1974 when the
3335:
1293:
700:
copyrighted). Most other works are also dated from the first publication/broadcast/performance where this occurred after the author's death.
3348:
2520:
933:
329:. Australia became part of the British imperial copyright system on 1 July 1912 when the Australian Copyright Act 1912 adopted the British
1267:
99:
52:
3762:
2632:
771:
384:
came into force on 1 May 1969. The 1968 Act was enacted following the collapse of the imperial system after the passage of the British
71:
3384:
2432:
1282:"Equitable remuneration" is should be fair and reasonable or just in all circumstances to both the copyright owner and the licensee.
871:
There have been various proposals in Australia for the recognition of "Indigenous communal moral rights" (ICMR), aimed at assisting
2815:
2364:
17:
2290:
854:
the right to not have the work treated in a derogatory manner (this is a right to protect the honour and reputation of the author)
78:
4329:
3687:
3439:
3297:
2742:
1691:
1229:, consisting of three Federal Court judges who act as president and deputy president, and other members who are appointed by the
929:
714:
301:
was established in 1901. The laws operated in concurrency with the British copyright law that was in force in the colonies. The
3652:
1979:
1190:
1683:
December 2004 – Copyright Legislation Amendment Act passes, affecting parallel importing, temporary copies and
1308:, formerly the Visual Arts Copyright Collecting Agency (VISCOPY), which licensed the copyright in artistic works, merged with
2578:
2393:
1927:
1897:
1844:
1814:
1782:
1662:
Tighter controls on circumventing technological restriction of copyrighted material, with a possibility of public submissions
808:
a special division of exceptions applying to artworks in public places (to allow photography, incidental filming etc.) (see
663:
The Amendments changed the benchmark to "plus 70", which brought Australia into line with the United States of America, the
85:
3232:
557:
to allow people to record most television or radio program at home to watch at a later time with family or friends, and to
325:
The first Australian copyright statute enacted at the federal level was the Copyright Act 1905, which was a departure from
3774:
3373:
4356:
4134:
3872:
3810:
3074:
211:
1302:: set up in 1990 to administer statutory licences that let educational institutions copy from TV and radio for teaching.
1100:
The "Carpets Case" was one of three Federal Court judgments in the 1990s involving the use of copyright law relating to
3909:
242:
207:
67:
4420:
4415:
4394:
4324:
3645:
3408:
2669:
1917:
1887:
1834:
1804:
1772:
651:
543:
118:
805:
a special division of exceptions applying to computer programs (for interoperability, security testing, normal use),
4227:
4159:
4068:
3942:
3692:
2525:
2286:
1101:
1095:
866:
782:
608:
Under the legislation (section 195CD (1) (c) (i)), publishers are required to deposit digital publications without
547:
3730:
3363:
2633:"Northern Territory's 2020 Senior Australian of the Year Banduk Marika's ancestral stories retain their relevance"
2256:
1236:
The Tribunal's key function is to determine remuneration payable under the licence schemes provided for under the
2131:
4147:
2904:
3919:
3882:
2839:"Milpurrurru & Ors v Indofurn & Ors: Protecting expressions of Aboriginal folklore under copyright law"
1296:(PPCA): collects royalties for performers for the broadcast, communication or public playing of recorded music;
1143:
1091:
620:
Australian copyright law has been influenced significantly by the structure of English law, in addition to the
179:
that no more Australian authors will come out of copyright until 1 January 2026 (i.e. those who died in 1955).
56:
2905:"Indigenous traditional knowledge, copyright and art – shortcomings in protection and an alternative approach"
2457:
1225:, and has specific powers relating to royalties and licensing. It is an independent body, administered by the
883:(Indigenous intellectual property ICIP) of Indigenous peoples. After the individual moral rights legislation (
678:
Any work that was published in the lifetime of the author who died before 1 January 1955, is out of copyright.
4073:
3817:
1709:
Australia–US FTA), and (d) makes some changes to provisions affecting libraries and educational institutions.
1605:
1474:
The High Court struck down the 1989 levy as, essentially, badly located and unfair tax law and not a royalty.
1230:
998:
876:
226:
4381:
4341:
4014:
4009:
3889:
3490:
3357:
1729:
1335:
1158:, saying that the copyright infringements had been "plainly deliberate and calculated", awarded damages of
1008:
Copyrights owned by the Crown in Australia have different durations to publicly held copyrights, as below:
829:
671:
494:
Stopping the Rip-Offs: intellectual Property Protection for Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Peoples
3353:
4297:
4220:
4088:
4004:
3952:
3947:
3432:
2252:
1701:
liable for copyright infringement and hands down judgment in favour of Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd.
3336:
Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee on the Provisions of the Copyright Amendment Bill 2006
92:
4078:
3972:
3962:
3926:
3842:
3682:
3206:
2954:
2890:
2728:
2433:
Indigenous cultural and intellectual property: The main issues for the Indigenous arts industry in 2006
1226:
1155:
2602:
836:. Only individuals may exercise moral rights. The moral rights provided under Australian law now are:
4093:
4063:
4031:
3894:
3742:
2221:
1684:
1656:
1629:
1390:
1331:
1327:
1128:
1079:
609:
298:
2097:
2031:
4314:
4292:
4263:
4237:
4181:
4171:
4048:
3852:
3805:
3737:
3709:
3227:
3182:
3159:
3133:
1739:
1609:
1273:
843:
the right to be clearly and reasonably prominently identified as the author, in any reasonable form
722:
4346:
4336:
4319:
4247:
4232:
4176:
4166:
3999:
3899:
3862:
3857:
3403:. Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law. Vol. 45. Cambridge University Press.
3239:
3186:
3163:
3137:
2696:
2488:
2347:
1734:
1625:
1446:
1342:
972:
846:
the right to avoid false attribution, where the work is falsely presented as being another's work
786:
656:
Before the 2004 Amendments, Australia used a "plus 50" rule to determine when a work entered the
318:
302:
246:
183:
149:(as amended), which applies the national law throughout Australia. Designs may be covered by the
45:
3341:
2806:
798:
109A), or make a copy of a literary work, magazine, or newspaper article for private use (43C).
4242:
4186:
4083:
4053:
3994:
3967:
3957:
3867:
3752:
3747:
3677:
3425:
2950:
2689:
1616:, Telstra BigPond and three Sydney Internet service providers. The investigation was backed by
872:
2570:
Practices of proximity : the appropriation of English in Australian indigenous literature
2553:
2483:
4058:
3904:
3275:
3256:
2946:
2942:
2716:
2712:
2384:. Indigenous Art - Securing the Future: Australia's Indigenous visual arts and craft sector.
2018:
2008:
1948:
1617:
1484:
1202:
1108:
1067:
880:
575:
326:
314:
306:
294:
259:
238:
199:
195:
3202:
2886:
2838:
1600:
and Brilliant Digital Entertainment in Australia were raided for copyright violations using
1363:(Imp), passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, is enacted into the law of Australia.
249:. Australian copyright law originates in British copyright law which was established by the
4351:
3847:
3223:
3178:
3155:
2808:
Minding culture: Case studies on intellectual property and traditional cultural expressions
399:
appointed the Copyright Law Committee, chaired by Justice Franki, to examine the impact of
341:
337:, including independent countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa.
225:, which requires that Australian publishers must lodge copies of their publications in the
3129:
1649:
Agreed standards for: copyright protection, copyright infringement, remedies and penalties
733:
The main exceptions to copyright infringement in Australia come under the general heading
340:
The 1911 Act made important changes in copyright law and practice. The 1911 Act abolished
8:
2342:
1137:
809:
349:
290:
135:
defines the legally enforceable rights of creators of creative and artistic works under
2720:
1601:
1323:
1124:
396:
385:
330:
250:
155:
145:
3325:
Factsheets from the Attorney-General's Department on the Copyright Amendment Bill 2006
3175:
Telstra Corporation v Australasian Performing Right Association ("music on hold case")
1177:(1995) noted that the Carpets Case had represented an improvement on an earlier case,
3977:
3404:
2992:"Position Description of Non-judicial members of the Copyright Tribunal of Australia"
2665:
2584:
2574:
2439:
2389:
2312:
2071:
2045:
1923:
1893:
1840:
1810:
1778:
1613:
1394:
1141:, in a case that became known as the "carpets case". Officially it is referred to as
932:, which was required by the Australia's free trade agreement with Singapore, and the
888:
591:
562:
403:
on copyright law in Australia. The committee was also asked to examine the impact of
263:
1987:
1860:
1659:
and subscribers to deal with allegedly infringing copyright material on the Internet
1014:
Published literary, dramatic or musical works (includes published official records)
380:
The British Copyright Act 1911 continued to apply in Australia until the Australian
2912:
2834:
1597:
1411:
1309:
1174:
1002:
953:
621:
389:
357:
245:. In turn Australian copyright law has influenced copyright law in Britain and the
3379:
1407:
1973, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983 – various amendments
975:
acting as a copyright policy-making body in the 1950s, which was the basis of the
526:
Report on Intellectual Property legislation under Competition Principles Agreement
488:(2005). The CLRC also published reports on specific areas of copyright, including
3398:
2009:
Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs (7 November 2006).
1151:
965:
908:
361:
254:
182:
The Australian legislation is based on the authority of section 51(xviii) of the
160:
2997:
Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications
274:. Over the course of the 19th century it was extended to other works, including
1487:
artists whose designs had been used on rugs made in Vietnam by a Perth company.
904:
664:
554:
345:
334:
175:
171:
136:
3016:
2132:
http://www.copyright.org.au/admin/cms-acc1/_images/12971023745265e551e964e.pdf
1670:
9 February 2004 – Australia and the United States sign the FTA.
1131:, and five other artists or their estates moved to seek reparations under the
615:
4409:
2966:
2588:
2146:
1550:
1386:
1382:
1120:
900:
892:
718:
711:
657:
426:
375:
222:
187:
2438:(Report). Written for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Arts Board
344:
in unpublished works, hence completing the process that began with the 1774
3637:
3417:
3271:"Australian senate passes controversial anti-piracy, website-blocking laws"
1637:
1541:
1450:
734:
558:
431:
404:
353:
164:
1404:(Cth) is enacted. It repealed the 1912 and the accompanying 1911 statutes.
1070:
artist to have his copyright recognised in an Australian court. The case,
1058:
610:
Technological Protection Measures (TPM) or Digital Rights Management (DRM)
417:
not abused and that study, research and education are not unduly hampered.
174:, but this change was not made retroactive (unlike the 1995 change in the
2802:
2685:
2428:
1652:
WIPO Internet Treaties to be implemented by "entry into force" of the FTA
1575:
1370:
the High Court of Australia finds that the new UK copyright statute, the
1164:
915:
789:(PC) were with reference to strengthening Australia's "digital economy".
400:
283:
191:
1915:
1885:
1832:
1802:
1770:
1526:
Law and Justice Legislation Amendment (Application of Criminal Code) Act
1017:
50 years after the end of the year in which the work is first published
3100:
3015:
Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a
2743:"Dr B Marika AO, trailblazing Yolngu artist and activist, dies aged 66"
1253:
271:
267:
1457:
in a third-party hardware lock was an infringement of a literary work.
2568:
2484:"Indigenous Communal Moral Rights: The Utility of an Ineffective Law"
2343:"Indigenous Communal Moral Rights: The Utility of an Ineffective Law"
987:
310:
275:
140:
1397:
without his permission. Compensation and credit were later supplied.
1374:, does not apply in Australia and the 1911 Imperial Act remains law.
1322:
1869 – First colonial copyright statute is passed in
34:
1194:
1168:
279:
204:
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
2382:"Chapter 11 Indigenous cultural and intellectual property rights"
1697:
September 2005 – Federal Court of Australia finds
1537:
1501:
1305:
1112:
3298:"Copyright amendments effective from 22 December 2017 | Library"
3253:
Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd v Sharman License Holdings Ltd
412:
Committee stated that the primary purpose of copyright law was:
2217:"Our copyright laws are holding us back, and there's a way out"
1495:
Telstra Corporation v Australasian Performing Right Association
1359:(Cth) is passed. Pursuant to section 8 of that Act, the entire
1111:
artists had been reproduced without permission on rugs made in
991:
571:
567:
3332:(Commonwealth of Australia Law, Attorney General's Department)
2664:. Darwin, N.T.: Charles Darwin University Press. p. 159.
1559:
Federal Court decision ultimately upheld by the High Court in
1221:
The Copyright Tribunal of Australia was established under the
986:
The State governments follow different practices in regard to
919:
Indigenous community and user of the ICMR" in the draft bill.
832:
were recognised in Australian copyright legislation under the
3059:
Copyright Agency Limited v Queensland Department of Education
3044:
Copyright Agency Limited v Queensland Department of Education
3029:
Copyright Agency Limited v Queensland Department of Education
3011:
1916:
Davison, Mark J; Ann Louise Monnotti; Leanne Wiseman (2008).
1886:
Davison, Mark J; Ann Louise Monnotti; Leanne Wiseman (2008).
1833:
Davison, Mark J; Ann Louise Monnotti; Leanne Wiseman (2008).
1803:
Davison, Mark J; Ann Louise Monnotti; Leanne Wiseman (2008).
1771:
Davison, Mark J; Ann Louise Monnotti; Leanne Wiseman (2008).
1698:
1677:
1593:
1544:
do not contravene copyright, due to representations from the
1454:
1182:
1116:
237:
Australian copyright law has historically been influenced by
229:
and their respective state libraries, depending on location.
202:, but now also reflects international standards found in the
3150:
Australian Tape Manufacturers Association Ltd v Commonwealth
1717:
Copyright Amendment (Disability and Other Measures) Act 2017
1574:
Made some provisions for parallel importing, affecting the '
1509:
1998 (3x), and 1999 (2x) – various amendments
1468:
Australian Tape Manufacturers Association Ltd v Commonwealth
753:
parody or satire (added by the Copyright Amendment Act 2006)
585:
1633:
1206:
616:
Protected subject matter, exclusive rights and infringement
322:
established at state level, but by the federal parliament.
1420:
1985, 1986, 1987, 1988 – various amendments
1368:
Copyright Owners Reproduction Society v E.M.I. (Australia)
2843:(1995) 2(1) Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law.
2702:
2249:"Productivity Commission Draft IP Report - the breakdown"
1621:
317:, concurrently with the states. Section 51(xviii) of the
2939:
Bulun Bulun v R & T Textiles Pty Ltd (T-Shirts case)
1687:' liability for taking down alleged infringing material.
1665:
Tougher on unauthorised satellite Pay-TV signal decoding
1082:
to be "original" and thereby protected under copyright.
438:
1500:
The High Court found that music-on-hold transmitted by
1338:
enact similar laws in 1878, 1879 and 1895 respectively.
444:
produced a number of reports. Notable reports include:
3219:
Stevens v Kabushiki Kaisha Sony Computer Entertainment
3199:
Kabushiki Kaisha Sony Computer Entertainment v Stevens
2854:"Case study 3: Terry Yumbulul and the ten-dollar note"
1562:
Stevens v Kabushiki Kaisha Sony Computer Entertainment
1532:
Kabushiki Kaisha Sony Computer Entertainment v Stevens
297:. The state laws continued to apply after the federal
3075:"Green light for Copyright Agency and Viscopy merger"
2876:
478:
Jurisdiction and Procedures of the Copyright Tribunal
289:
Prior to Australia's federation in 1901, a number of
2456:
Joseph, Samantha; Mackay, Erin (30 September 2006).
253:
through the Australian Courts Act 1828. The British
2566:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
1378:
pass before a new Australian statute is introduced.
860:
502:
Review of Australian Copyright Collecting Societies
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2741:Fitzgerald, Roxanne; Toomey, Jade (16 July 2021).
2659:
1107:In 1993, it was found that a number of designs by
210:and multilateral treaties, and more recently, the
198:. Historically, Australian copyright law followed
1193:, in terms of protection of Aboriginal works and
750:judicial proceedings or professional legal advice
670:Similar to the foreign reciprocity clause in the
4407:
3396:
3374:Australian Digital Alliance - Monthly IP Wrap-Up
3369:DFAT - AUSFTA Fact-sheet - Intellectual Property
2740:
2414:
1892:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 182–183.
1655:Fast-tracking copyright owners' engagement with
1546:Australian Competition & Consumer Commission
1150:In 1994, after a trial lasting 14 days, Justice
1072:Yanggarriny Wunungmurra v. Peter Stripes Fabrics
1060:Yanggarriny Wunungmurra v. Peter Stripes Fabrics
2336:
2334:
705:Copyright (Disabilities and Other Measures) Act
531:
446:The meaning of Publication in the Copyright Act
2797:
2795:
2793:
2722:
1570:Copyright Amendment (Parallel Importation) Act
1435:1991, 1992 – various amendments
1022:Unpublished literary, dramatic, musical works
333:. The British 1911 Act applied throughout the
153:(as sculptures or drawings) as well as by the
3653:
3433:
2313:"Copyright Amendment (Moral Rights) Act 2000"
1490:1994 (3x) – various amendments
1294:Phonographic Performance Company of Australia
1102:Indigenous cultural and intellectual property
959:
879:. Legislation on moral rights applies to the
692:In Australia, according to section 33 of the
3667:
3447:
2678:
2455:
2427:
2376:
2374:
2331:
1041:50 years from the end of the year when made
1033:50 years from the end of the year when made
1025:Copyright subsists indefinitely (see below)
934:Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement
781:(AUSFTA), while the most recent two, by the
779:Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement
2967:"About the Copyright Tribunal of Australia"
2829:
2827:
2825:
2790:
2655:
2653:
2626:
2624:
2451:
2449:
2185:
2183:
2175:Australian Intellectual Property Commentary
2151:Australian Intellectual Property Commentary
1922:. Cambridge University Press. p. 183.
1839:. Cambridge University Press. p. 182.
1809:. Cambridge University Press. p. 181.
1777:. Cambridge University Press. p. 180.
1268:Christian Copyright Licensing International
885:Copyright Amendment (Moral Rights) Act 2000
834:Copyright Amendment (Moral Rights) Act 2000
474:Simplification of the Copyright Act: Part 2
470:Simplification of the Copyright Act: Part 1
3660:
3646:
3440:
3426:
3397:Greenleaf, Graham; Lindsay, David (2018).
2011:"Reference: Copyright Amendment Bill 2006"
1410:1984 – amendment, defined
772:History of Fair Use proposals in Australia
566:introduced a copyright exception allowing
3400:Public Rights: Copyright's Public Domains
3017:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
2521:Attorney-General's Department (Australia)
2458:"Moral Rights and Indigenous Communities"
2371:
939:
881:cultural and intellectual property rights
875:to protect the integrity and sanctity of
586:2016 amendment to include digital formats
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
3342:Australian Copyright Act 1968 as amended
3000:. Australian Government. 4 February 2016
2822:
2816:World Intellectual Property Organization
2762:
2760:
2650:
2630:
2621:
2481:
2446:
2365:Australasian Legal Information Institute
2340:
2180:
1514:Copyright Amendment (Digital Agenda) Act
2662:Yalangbara : art of the Djang'kawu
2279:"Reviews that have considered fair use"
2046:"Statute Law Revision Act (No. 1) 2016"
1911:
1909:
1828:
1826:
1256:, consisting of the formerly separate:
1243:
930:WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
715:Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act
561:their music (make copies from CDs onto
14:
4408:
3349:Chapter 17 of the Free Trade Agreement
3126:Autodesk Inc v Dyason ("AutoCAD case")
2902:
2846:
2214:
1984:National and State Libraries Australia
1974:
1972:
1970:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1853:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1715:22 December 2017 – The
1585:Designs (Consequential Amendments) Act
1520:Copyright Amendment (Moral Rights) Act
1085:
1078:, which had previously not considered
510:Performers' Rights: Options for Reform
450:Use of Copyright materials by Churches
3641:
3421:
3268:
2801:
2757:
2684:
2660:Marika, Banduk; West, Margie (2008).
2229:from the original on 14 December 2016
1216:
765:
598:Statute Law Revision Act (No. 1) 2016
439:Copyright Law Review Committee (CLRC)
367:
2883:Yumbulul v Reserve Bank of Australia
2833:
2554:"Rights and the Pictures Collection"
1919:Australian intellectual property law
1906:
1889:Australian intellectual property law
1836:Australian intellectual property law
1823:
1806:Australian intellectual property law
1774:Australian intellectual property law
1690:1 January 2005 – The
1179:Yumbulul v Reserve Bank of Australia
891:, a commitment was given to Senator
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
3093:
2858:NSW Educational Standards Authority
2772:NSW Educational Standards Authority
2734:
2090:
1967:
1936:
1791:
1692:U.S.–Australia Free Trade Agreement
1167:, because the company was declared
1066:In 1983, Wunungmurra was the first
792:
212:U.S.-Australia Free Trade Agreement
24:
3390:
3385:Copyright laws need update for web
2768:"Case study 4: 'The carpets case'"
2482:Anderson, Jane (1 February 2004).
2431:; Quiggin, Robynne (10 May 2006).
2215:Martin, Peter (15 December 2016).
1694:(FTA) officially comes into force.
1449:judged that the reproduction of a
243:International copyright agreements
208:international copyright agreements
25:
4432:
4395:Category:Copyright law by country
3330:Copyright Amendment Act at ComLaw
2864:from the original on 2 March 2021
2778:from the original on 2 March 2021
2573:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
2102:Australian Publishers Association
1592:7 February 2004 –
1480:
1119:-based company Indofurn Pty Ltd.
685:Additionally, section 210 of the
652:Copyright expiration in Australia
645:
544:US-Australia Free Trade Agreement
3826:
3693:International copyright treaties
3010:
2631:McLennan, Chris (15 July 2020).
2556:. National Library of Australia.
2287:Australian Law Reform Commission
1493:14 August 1997 –
1211:Bulun Bulun v R & T Textiles
1096:Indigenous intellectual property
1053:
867:Indigenous intellectual property
861:Indigenous communal moral rights
783:Australian Law Reform Commission
550:, although it is not identical.
548:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
462:Report of Journalists' Copyright
33:
3290:
3262:
3246:
3211:
3192:
3168:
3142:
3119:
3067:
3052:
3037:
3022:
2984:
2971:Copyright Tribunal of Australia
2959:
2932:
2896:
2595:
2560:
2546:
2540:
2508:
2475:
2317:Federal Register of Legislation
2305:
2271:
2241:
2208:
2167:
2156:
2136:
2125:
2122:Art. 7.1 Berne Convention.
2116:
2076:Federal Register of Legislation
2064:
2050:Federal Register of Legislation
2038:
2002:
1865:Federal Register of Legislation
1704:December 2006 –
1676:November 2004 –
1462:1993 – amendment
823:
728:
555:Attorney-General Philip Ruddock
309:power to make laws relating to
143:in Australia is defined in the
44:needs additional citations for
3466:Federated States of Micronesia
3364:Copyright Law Review Committee
3362:Australian Attorney-General's
2709:Milpurrurru v Indofurn Pty Ltd
2255:. 16 June 2016. Archived from
1879:
1764:
1751:
1530:26 July 2002 –
1430:Levy introduced on blank tapes
1383:Dr David Malangi Daymirringu's
1144:Milpurrurru v Indofurn Pty Ltd
1092:Milpurrurru v Indofurn Pty Ltd
13:
1:
3683:Copyright case law by country
2289:. 4 June 2013. Archived from
2196:. Australian Copyright Agency
2191:"Copyright Amendment Act2017"
1986:. 1 June 2019. Archived from
1953:National Library of Australia
1745:
1680:case starts in Federal Court.
1606:University of New South Wales
1483:", awarding damages to eight
1231:Governor-General of Australia
1185:clan artist Terry Yumbulul's
1080:Aboriginal Australian designs
1076:Australian Copyright Act 1968
922:
542:made changes required by the
227:National Library of Australia
167:in recordings of their work.
3688:Copyright lengths by country
3358:Australian Copyright Council
3136:330 (12 February 1992),
2953:193 (3 September 1998),
2607:National Museum of Australia
2567:Russo, Katherine E. (2010).
2462:Arts Law Centre of Australia
1980:"Legal deposit in Australia"
1730:Australian Copyright Council
1646:Longer duration of copyright
1504:was a copyright infringement
1425:Copyright Amendment Act 1989
672:European Union copyright law
540:Copyright Amendment Act 2006
533:Copyright Amendment Act 2006
466:Computer Software Protection
68:"Copyright law of Australia"
7:
3269:Grubb, Ben (22 June 2015).
2691:Copyright: The Carpets Case
2603:"Art and Indigenous rights"
2253:Australian Digital Alliance
1723:
1536:Federal Court decides that
1316:
1189:had been reproduced on the
999:Australian Attorney-General
907:; and neither did it cover
133:copyright law of Australia
10:
4437:
3380:Federal Court of Australia
3318:
3185:140 (14 August 1997),
1685:Internet Service Providers
1657:Internet Service Providers
1470:("blank tapes levy case").
1227:Federal Court of Australia
1156:Federal Court of Australia
1089:
963:
960:Government-owned copyright
864:
769:
649:
589:
373:
232:
4390:
4369:
4256:
4133:
4126:
3935:
3835:
3824:
3718:
3678:Copyright acts by country
3673:
3557:
3534:
3453:
3448:Copyright law of Oceania
3162:480 (11 March 1993),
3152:("blank tapes levy case")
2818:. pp. 8–27, 51, 135.
2727: (13 December 1994),
2222:The Sydney Morning Herald
2177:(at 8 March 2017) ¶5-520.
1630:Festival Mushroom Records
1391:Reserve Bank of Australia
1366:1958 – In
506:Bently and Sherman Report
401:reprographic reproduction
319:Commonwealth Constitution
299:Commonwealth of Australia
262:had been extended beyond
4421:Copyright law by country
4416:Australian copyright law
3710:Rule of the shorter term
3668:Copyright law by country
3612:Northern Mariana Islands
2388:(Report). 20 June 2007.
2163:Copyright Act 1968, s33.
2153:(at 8 March 2017) ¶5-520
1949:"What is legal deposit?"
1740:National edeposit system
1610:University of Queensland
1497:("music on hold case").
1274:Copyright Agency Limited
1129:Tim Payungka Tjapangarti
851:Integrity of authorship
723:Rule of the shorter term
18:Australian copyright law
3577:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3302:www.library.unsw.edu.au
3259: (5 September 2005)
3257:[2005] FCA 1242
2943:[1998] FCA 1082
2713:[1994] FCA 1544
2697:Alternative Law Journal
2489:Indigenous Law Bulletin
2386:Parliament of Australia
2348:Indigenous Law Bulletin
2341:Anderson, Jane (2004).
1861:"Australian Government"
1735:International copyright
1706:Copyright Amendment Act
1343:Federation of Australia
840:A right of attribution
787:Productivity Commission
518:Our Culture, Our Future
303:Australian Constitution
194:and established by the
184:Australian Constitution
3203:[2002] FCA 906
2887:[1991] FCA 332
2026:Cite journal requires
1583:2003 –
1568:2003 –
1524:2001 –
1518:2000 –
1512:2000 –
1465:1993 –
1438:1992 –
1423:1989 –
1400:1968 –
1381:1966 –
1355:1912 –
1348:1905 –
1341:1901 –
940:Ownership of copyright
482:Copyright and Contract
454:Performers' Protection
419:
3560:and other territories
3276:Sydney Morning Herald
3224:[2005] HCA 58
3205: (26 July 2002),
3179:[1997] HCA 41
3156:[1993] HCA 10
2903:Mackay, Erin (2009).
2889: (25 July 1991),
2504:– via Informit.
1485:Indigenous Australian
1440:Autodesk Inc v Dyason
1385:mortuary rites story
1203:Indigenous Law Centre
1090:Further information:
865:Further information:
576:Berne three-step test
414:
327:British copyright law
315:intellectual property
295:British copyright law
260:British copyright law
239:British copyright law
200:British copyright law
196:Australian Parliament
4099:United Arab Emirates
3130:[1992] HCA 2
2072:"Copyright Act 1968"
2013:. Committee Hansard.
1312:(see above) in 2017.
1244:Collecting societies
1115:and marketed by the
1074:was won against the
973:British Commonwealth
887:) was passed in the
801:Australia also has:
342:common law copyright
53:improve this article
2293:on 21 December 2016
2259:on 20 February 2017
1602:Anton Piller orders
1138:Trade Practices Act
1086:Carpets case (1994)
810:Freedom of Panorama
741:review or criticism
430:in some states, to
350:Donaldson v Beckett
291:Australian Colonies
4330:Russian Federation
3873:Dominican Republic
3354:Information Sheets
3233:"judgment summary"
2637:Bega District News
2319:. 21 December 2000
2143:Copyright Act 1968
2078:. 24 February 2016
2052:. 12 February 2016
1955:. 17 February 2016
1759:Copyright Act 1968
1719:becomes effective.
1442:("AutoCAD case").
1402:Copyright Act 1968
1372:Copyright Act 1956
1361:Copyright Act 1911
1357:Copyright Act 1912
1350:Copyright Act 1905
1223:Copyright Act 1968
1217:Copyright Tribunal
1133:Copyright Act 1968
1125:George Milpurrurru
977:Copyright Act 1968
877:Indigenous culture
766:Fair Use proposals
694:Copyright Act 1968
687:Copyright Act 1968
602:Copyright Act 1968
563:personal computers
423:Copyright Act 1968
397:Whitlam government
386:Copyright Act 1956
382:Copyright Act 1968
369:Copyright Act 1968
331:Copyright Act 1911
307:federal parliament
251:British parliament
219:Copyright Act 1968
146:Copyright Act 1968
4403:
4402:
4365:
4364:
3635:
3634:
3627:Wallis and Futuna
3535:Associated states
3242:. 6 October 2005.
3081:. 8 November 2017
2835:Blakeney, Michael
2688:(February 1995),
2580:978-1-4438-2161-2
2440:Australia Council
2395:978-0-642-71788-7
1929:978-0-521-61338-5
1899:978-0-521-61338-5
1846:978-0-521-61338-5
1816:978-0-521-61338-5
1784:978-0-521-61338-5
1614:Monash University
1604:, along with the
1336:Western Australia
1187:Morning Star Pole
1045:
1044:
895:to look at ICMR.
889:Australian Senate
873:Indigenous people
744:research or study
629:types of material
592:National edeposit
524:2000, long title
514:Janke Report 1999
508:1995, long title
500:1995, long title
264:literary property
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
4428:
4311:
4289:
4277:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4163:
4151:
4131:
4130:
4119:
4107:
4045:
4028:
3991:
3923:
3886:
3830:
3829:
3814:
3802:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3734:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3639:
3638:
3617:Pitcairn Islands
3587:French Polynesia
3572:Christmas Island
3501:Papua New Guinea
3481:Marshall Islands
3454:Sovereign states
3442:
3435:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3266:
3260:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3215:
3209:
3196:
3190:
3172:
3166:
3146:
3140:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3105:John Fries Award
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3079:Copyright Agency
3071:
3065:
3061:(2002) AIPC 94,
3056:
3050:
3046:(2002) AIPC 13,
3041:
3035:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2963:
2957:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2913:UNSW Law Journal
2909:
2900:
2894:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2831:
2820:
2819:
2813:
2799:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2738:
2732:
2724:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2524:. Archived from
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2425:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2187:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2140:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2104:. 21 August 2019
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2014:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1990:on 21 March 2020
1976:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1945:
1934:
1933:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1800:
1789:
1788:
1768:
1762:
1755:
1598:Sharman Networks
1412:computer program
1389:was used by the
1352:(Cth) is passed.
1310:Copyright Agency
1175:Michael Blakeney
1161:
1011:
1010:
1003:Creative Commons
954:copyright notice
909:sound recordings
793:Other exceptions
636:exclusive rights
634:In terms of the
627:In terms of the
622:Berne Convention
390:Berne Convention
358:sound recordings
190:in Australia is
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4386:
4361:
4305:
4283:
4271:
4257:Other countries
4252:
4218:
4206:
4194:
4157:
4145:
4122:
4113:
4101:
4039:
4022:
3985:
3931:
3917:
3880:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3808:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3728:
3714:
3669:
3666:
3636:
3631:
3559:
3553:
3536:
3530:
3511:Solomon Islands
3449:
3446:
3411:
3393:
3391:Further reading
3376:- December 2002
3321:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3267:
3263:
3251:
3247:
3235:
3231:
3216:
3212:
3197:
3193:
3173:
3169:
3147:
3143:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3057:
3053:
3042:
3038:
3031:(2002) AIPC 5,
3027:
3023:
3003:
3001:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2832:
2823:
2814:. Study No. 1.
2811:
2800:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2739:
2735:
2707:
2703:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2658:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2629:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2581:
2565:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2528:on 6 March 2011
2514:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2454:
2447:
2435:
2426:
2415:
2407:Index and PDFs
2400:
2398:
2396:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2358:
2356:
2339:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2283:www.alrc.gov.au
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2173:CCH Australia,
2172:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1978:
1977:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1930:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1801:
1792:
1785:
1769:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1726:
1395:one dollar note
1332:New South Wales
1328:South Australia
1319:
1246:
1219:
1197:. However, the
1191:ten-dollar note
1181:1991, in which
1159:
1152:John von Doussa
1098:
1088:
1064:
1056:
1030:Artistic works
968:
966:Crown Copyright
962:
942:
925:
869:
863:
826:
795:
785:(ALRC) and the
774:
768:
731:
654:
648:
618:
594:
588:
536:
486:Crown Copyright
441:
378:
372:
362:motion pictures
255:Statute of Anne
235:
139:. The scope of
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4434:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4357:United Kingdom
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4317:
4312:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4278:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4152:
4139:
4137:
4135:European Union
4128:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4108:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4034:
4029:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3767:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3703:related rights
3700:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3607:Norfolk Island
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3567:American Samoa
3563:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3537:of New Zealand
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3409:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3289:
3261:
3245:
3210:
3191:
3167:
3141:
3118:
3092:
3066:
3051:
3036:
3021:
2983:
2958:
2931:
2895:
2875:
2845:
2821:
2789:
2774:. 1 May 2007.
2756:
2733:
2701:
2677:
2670:
2649:
2620:
2594:
2579:
2559:
2545:
2539:
2516:"Moral rights"
2507:
2474:
2445:
2413:
2394:
2370:
2330:
2304:
2270:
2240:
2207:
2179:
2166:
2155:
2135:
2124:
2115:
2089:
2063:
2037:
2028:|journal=
2001:
1966:
1935:
1928:
1905:
1898:
1878:
1867:. 27 June 1968
1852:
1845:
1822:
1815:
1790:
1783:
1763:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1534:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1491:
1488:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1418:
1408:
1405:
1398:
1379:
1375:
1364:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1245:
1242:
1218:
1215:
1171:and wound up.
1087:
1084:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
964:Main article:
961:
958:
949:commissioner.
941:
938:
924:
921:
905:oral histories
903:or unrecorded
901:rock paintings
862:
859:
858:
857:
856:
855:
849:
848:
847:
844:
825:
822:
817:
816:
813:
806:
794:
791:
770:Main article:
767:
764:
755:
754:
751:
748:
747:news-reporting
745:
742:
730:
727:
683:
682:
679:
665:European Union
650:Main article:
647:
646:Copyright term
644:
617:
614:
587:
584:
535:
530:
498:Simpson Report
440:
437:
371:
366:
346:House of Lords
335:British Empire
234:
231:
176:European Union
172:European Union
159:. Since 2007,
137:Australian law
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4433:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4117:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:United States
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3663:
3658:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:New Caledonia
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Easter Island
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3412:
3410:9781108577151
3406:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3226:, (2005) 224
3225:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3207:Federal Court
3204:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3184:
3181:, (1997) 191
3180:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3158:, (1993) 176
3157:
3153:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3132:, (1992) 173
3131:
3127:
3122:
3107:. 17 May 2021
3106:
3102:
3096:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3018:
3013:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2955:Federal Court
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2891:Federal Court
2888:
2884:
2879:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2817:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2729:Federal Court
2726:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2673:
2671:9780980384673
2667:
2663:
2656:
2654:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2450:
2441:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2148:
2147:CCH Australia
2144:
2139:
2133:
2128:
2119:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2033:
2020:
2012:
2005:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
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42:This article
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3818:South Africa
3558:Dependencies
3544:Cook Islands
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2803:Janke, Terri
2780:. Retrieved
2771:
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2686:Janke, Terri
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2636:
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2606:
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2526:the original
2519:
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2493:
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2465:. Retrieved
2461:
2429:Janke, Terri
2399:. Retrieved
2385:
2363:– via
2357:. Retrieved
2352:
2346:
2321:. Retrieved
2316:
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2295:. Retrieved
2291:the original
2282:
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2257:the original
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2004:
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1988:the original
1983:
1957:. Retrieved
1952:
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1869:. Retrieved
1864:
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1638:Warner Music
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1481:carpets case
1479:1994 – The "
1466:
1451:lookup table
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1038:Photographs
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830:moral rights
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735:fair dealing
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729:Fair dealing
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458:Moral Rights
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405:photocopying
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348:decision in
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165:moral rights
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51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
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4342:Switzerland
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2532:26 February
1576:grey market
1427:(repealed)
1165:next-of-kin
990:, fees and
916:Terri Janke
484:(2002) and
284:photographs
266:to include
192:federal law
4410:Categories
4303:Kyrgyzstan
4298:Kazakhstan
4216:Luxembourg
4111:Uzbekistan
4089:Tajikistan
4005:Kazakhstan
3953:Bangladesh
3948:Azerbaijan
3794:Mozambique
3770:Madagascar
3698:by country
3240:High Court
3187:High Court
3164:High Court
3138:High Court
2745:. ABC News
2496:(30): 8–10
2355:(30): 8–10
2233:6 February
2200:26 October
1746:References
1548:(ACCC) as
1447:High Court
1254:APRA AMCOS
1160:A$ 188,000
1109:Aboriginal
1068:Aboriginal
923:Performers
590:See also:
520:, and the
374:See also:
305:gives the
272:sculptures
268:engravings
161:performers
156:Design Act
79:newspapers
4377:Australia
4204:Lithuania
4079:Sri Lanka
3973:Indonesia
3963:Hong Kong
3927:Venezuela
3843:Argentina
3461:Australia
3307:3 January
2949:244; 157
2920:(1): 1–26
2613:30 August
2589:731223122
1618:Universal
1540:for Sony
1538:mod chips
988:licensing
828:In 2000,
311:copyright
276:paintings
141:copyright
4094:Thailand
4064:Pakistan
4037:Mongolia
4032:Malaysia
3895:Honduras
3836:Americas
3743:Cameroon
3476:Kiribati
3282:19 April
3019:licence.
2862:Archived
2805:(2003).
2776:Archived
2227:Archived
2145:, s210;
1757:s 33(2)
1724:See also
1324:Victoria
1317:Timeline
1195:folklore
1169:bankrupt
1104:(ICIP).
492:(1994),
480:(2002),
476:(1999),
472:(1998),
468:(1994),
464:(1994),
460:(1988),
456:(1987),
452:(1985),
448:(1984),
280:drawings
206:, other
4370:Oceania
4352:Ukraine
4315:Moldova
4293:Georgia
4281:Belarus
4269:Armenia
4264:Albania
4238:Romania
4182:Ireland
4172:Germany
4155:Belgium
4143:Austria
4049:Myanmar
4020:Lebanon
3915:Uruguay
3878:Ecuador
3853:Bolivia
3848:Bermuda
3806:Senegal
3782:Morocco
3738:Burundi
3622:Tokelau
3526:Vanuatu
3319:Sources
3111:21 July
3101:"About"
3085:11 July
3004:23 July
2976:23 July
2924:22 July
2868:23 July
2782:21 July
2749:16 July
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1502:Telstra
1414:in the
1393:on the
1306:Viscopy
1154:in the
1113:Vietnam
1005:model.
992:waivers
233:History
93:scholar
4347:Turkey
4337:Serbia
4320:Russia
4248:Sweden
4233:Poland
4192:Latvia
4177:Greece
4167:France
4127:Europe
4000:Jordan
3983:Israel
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3863:Canada
3858:Brazil
3719:Africa
3597:Hawaii
3521:Tuvalu
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