1256:
1292:
successor. The threat of overthrow is greater for appointed successors over hereditary successors, as hereditary successors are often younger and less influential. Other autocracies have no appointed successor, and a power struggle will take place upon the death or removal of the autocrat. These methods of succession are a common distinction between monarchical rule and dictatorial rule; monarchies use an established system of succession such as hereditary succession, while dictatorships do not. Autocratic rule is most unstable during succession from one autocrat to another. Orders of succession allow for more peaceful transition of power, but it prevents meaningful vetting of successors for competence or fortitude. When rule passes between autocrats, the incoming autocrat often inherits an established bureaucracy. This bureaucracy facilitates the transfer of power, as the new ruler gains immediate control over the nation without having to conquer its people or win their popular support.
1463:
1610:
1746:
1284:
is virtually nonexistent throughout history, but popular support for democracy is a significant indicator of challenges to autocratic rule. Modernization and increased wealth are often associated with stronger support for democracy, though failing to provide these things also reduces support for the autocratic regime. Popular revolt is most likely to occur during periods of reform. Government reform can provide an impetus for stronger opposition, especially when it does not meet expectations, and it can weaken the centralization of power through poor implementation. When revolt appears likely, an autocrat may grant civil rights, redistribute wealth, or abdicate from power entirely to avoid the threat of violence.
1107:
1832:
1758:
influential figures are provided benefits by the regime in exchange for their support. Coercing these elites is usually more efficient for the autocrat than intimidating them through violence. Political parties are a common method of co-optation and coercion, as they provide a mechanism to control members of the government, initiate new members, and discourage a military coup. Autocratic governments controlled through a political party last longer on average than other autocratic governments.
1427:, some may allow limited exercise of some rights. These autocracies grant moderate representation to political opponents and allow exercise of some civil rights, though less than those associated with democracy. These are contrasted with closed autocracies, which do not permit the exercise of these rights. Several forms of semi-autocratic government have been defined in which governments blend elements of democracy and autocracy. These include limited autocracy, semi-autocracy,
1820:
827:
1928:. This theory was largely abandoned after the increase in autocratic government over the following decades. In the 2010s, the concept of "autocracy promotion" became influential in the study of autocracy, proposing that some governments have sought to establish autocratic rule in foreign nations, though subsequent studies have found little evidence to support that such efforts are as widespread or successful as originally thought.
1151:, but they can also serve as checks on the autocrat. Autocrats must also balance the affiliation that regional elites have over their jurisdiction; too little can prevent effective rule, while too much may cause the elite to favor the region's interests over the autocrat's. Some autocracies incorporate an elected legislature that has a limited ability to check the power of the autocrat, though these are not usually formed through
1847:. Despite its historical prominence, autocracy has not been widely recognized as its own political theory in the way that democracy has. Autocratic government is generally considered to be less desirable than democratic government. Reasons for this include its proclivity for corruption and violence as well as its lack of efficiency and its weakness in promoting liberty and transparency.
1899:, or free and fair elections, among others. Both the choice in attributes and the method of measuring them are subjective, and they are defined individually be each index. Despite this, different democracy indices generally produce similar results. Most discrepancies come from the measurement of anocratic governments that blend democratic and autocratic traits.
1769:. Autocratic governments enjoy similar levels of public support to democratic governments, and a state's status as autocratic is not a significant indicator in whether it is supported by its citizens. Autocrats often appeal to the people by supporting a specific political, ethnic, or religious movement.
1858:
Autocratic government has been found to have effects on a country's politics, including its government's structure and bureaucracy, long after it democratizes. Comparisons between regions have found disparities in citizen attitudes, policy preferences, and political engagement depending on whether it
1628:
became more common in
European monarchies at the onset of the 16th century as the continent struggled with weak leadership and religious conflict. Legislatures during this period were often tailored to enforce the king's will but not challenge it. This was sometimes justified through the divine right
1304:
under a legal framework, or they may exert influence purely through force. Opinion on whether an autocratic government is legitimate can vary, even among its own population. An autocracy's approach to legitimacy can be affected by recognition from other nations. Widely accepted autocratic governments
1275:
Autocracies face challenges to their authority from several fronts, including the citizenry, political opposition, and internal disloyalty from elites. As autocrats must share their power with the state's elites to see their will carried out, these elites are the greatest threat to the autocrat. Most
1234:
describe autocracies as natural states that arise from this need to monopolize violence. In contrast to Olson, these scholars understand the early state not as a single ruler, but as an organization formed by many actors. They describe the process of autocratic state formation as a bargaining process
1146:
Autocracies impose few to no limits on the power of the autocrat, and any formal institutions that exist create only limited accountability. To maintain power, an autocrat must have the support of elites that hold influence in the country and assist the autocrat in carrying out their will. The amount
1757:
Political repression is the primary method by which autocrats preserve the regime and prevent the loss of power. This repression may take place implicitly by coercing and intimidating potential opposition, or it may involve direct violence. Autocratic governments also engage in co-optation, in which
1802:
to carry out political repression rather than carrying out direct purges. This may be done to more publicly discourage future dissidents. Prior to this trend, autocratic elections rarely invited public participation. They were instead used by elites to choose a leader amongst themselves, such as in
1316:
Historically, the most common claim of legitimacy is birthright in an autocracy that uses hereditary succession. Theocratic governments appeal to religion to justify their rule, arguing that religious leaders must also be political leaders. Other autocrats may use similar claims of divine authority
1283:
While popular support for revolution is often necessary to overthrow an autocratic government, most revolts are accompanied by internal support from elites who believe that it is no longer in their interest to support the autocrat. Overthrow of an autocratic government purely through popular revolt
1242:
There is great variance in the types of states that become autocratic. Neither a state's size, its military strength, its economic success, nor its cultural attributes significantly affect whether it is likely to be autocratic. Autocracy is more likely to form in heterogeneous populations, as there
1219:
introduced the term "stationary bandits" to describe the method of control associated with autocracy, as opposed to the "roaming bandits" that dominate anarchic society. Under this definition, autocrats as stationary bandits see long-term investment in the society that they exploit through taxation
1126:
Many attempts have been made to define the political structure of autocracy. It traditionally entails a single unrestrained ruler, known as an autocrat, though unrestrained non-democratic rule by a group may also be defined as autocratic. Autocracy is distinguished from other forms of government by
1850:
Historically, data on the operation of autocratic government has been limited, preventing detailed study. Study of postcolonial autocracy in Africa has been particularly limited, as these governments were less likely to keep detailed records of their activities relative to other governments at the
1291:
in which a set of rules determines who will be the next autocrat. Otherwise, a successor may be handpicked, either by the autocrat or by another governmental body. Pre-determined successors are incentivized to overthrow and replace the autocrat, creating a dilemma for autocrats wishing to choose a
942:
to further exercise control while presenting the appearance of democracy. The only limits to autocratic rule are practical considerations in preserving the regime. Autocrats must retain control over the nation's elites and institutions for their will to be exercised, but they must also prevent any
1724:
The decline in autocracy across
Western Europe affected autocratic government elsewhere in the world through colonization. Societies without a state were readily colonized by European nations and subsequently adopted democracy and parliamentary government after it became common in Europe. Regions
1863:
nations are more likely to distrust government and free markets, directly hindering the long-term economic prosperity of these nations. Xenophobia is generally more common in post-autocratic nations, and voters in these nations are more likely to vote for far-right or far-left political parties.
1139:, and modern autocracy is often defined as any non-democratic government. As with all forms of government, autocracy has no clearly defined boundaries, and it may intersect with other forms of government. Though autocracy usually encompasses an entire country, it can sometimes take place at
1255:
1439:. These governments may begin as democratic governments and then become autocratic as the elected leader seizes control over the nation's institutions and electoral process. Conversely, autocratic governments may transition to democracy through a period of semi-autocratic rule.
1337:
governments. Autocracies with unfair elections will cite election results to prove that the autocrat has a mandate to rule. Some autocracies will use practical considerations to legitimise their rule, arguing that they are necessary to provide basic needs to the population.
1600:
Parliamentary monarchies became common in the 13th century as monarchs sought larger advising bodies that were representative of the kingdom. European nations moved away from feudalism and towards centralized monarchy as the primary form of government in the 14th century.
895:. Various definitions of autocracy exist. They may restrict autocracy to cases where power is held by a single individual, or they may define autocracy in a way that includes a group of rulers who wield absolute power. The autocrat has total control over the exercise of
1239:, members of the dominant coalition have incentives to cooperate and to avoid fighting. A limited access to privileges is necessary to avoid competition among the members of the dominant coalition, who then will credibly commit to cooperate and will form the state.
1147:
of direct control that an autocrat wields in practice may vary. As an autocratic government solidifies its rule, it develops stronger institutions to carry out the autocrat's will. These institutions are necessary for maintaining control and extracting value from
1416:, where it maintains control purely through rewards for allies and force against enemies. In these regimes, there is no guiding ideology or legal system, and the state serves only to bring about the leader's own personal enrichment. Other descriptors, such as
1736:
in 1991, but it saw a resurgence over the following decades through regional powers such as China, Iran, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. The fall of totalitarian regimes led to authoritarianism becoming the predominant form of autocracy in the 21st century.
1280:, and historically most have been succeeded by another autocratic government, though a trend toward democracy developed in 20th century Europe. These new governments are commonly a different type of autocracy or a weaker variant of the same type.
1789:
Autocratic regimes in the 21st century have departed from the historical precedent of direct rule in favor of institutions that resemble those of democratic governments. This may include controlled liberties for citizens such as the formation of
1462:
1851:
time, and they frequently destroyed the records that did exist. Study of citizen support for autocratic government relative to democratic government has also been infrequent, and most studies conducted in this area have been limited to
1397:. Authoritarian governments maintain control of a nation purely through repression and controlled opposition rather than mandated adherence to a state ideology. These include most traditional monarchies, military dictatorships,
1493:. They are an emergent form of governance, originating from societies that previously lacked a centralized authority. Historical chiefs often held only tenuous power over the chiefdom, but they trended towards autocracy as
1772:
The different forms of autocratic government create significant variance in their foreign policy. Overall, autocratic governments are more likely to go to war than democratic governments, as citizens are not part of the
1636:
marked a significant shift in the perception of dictatorship as a form of tyrannical rule, as revolutionaries justified their actions as a means of combatting tyranny. In Europe, the original forms of dictatorship were
1408:, in which the autocrat rules purely through personal control without any meaningful institutions. These were most common in pre-industrial societies, when large bureaucracies had not yet become standard in government.
1798:. Elections provide several benefits to autocratic regimes, allowing for a venue to restrain or appease the opposition and creating a method to transfer power without violent conflict. Many autocrats also institute
1907:
in the mid-20th century, when his division of democracy, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism became accepted. The first general theory of autocracy that defined it independently of other systems was created by
1902:
The concepts of tyranny and despotism as distinct modes of government were abandoned in the 19th century in favor of more specific typologies. Modern typology of autocratic regimes originates from the work of
1305:
are more able to convince their own populations of their legitimacy. Less widely accepted autocracies may rally internal support by attributing their lack of recognition to malevolent foreign efforts, such as
1785:
after consolidating power, particularly fascist governments. This allows the autocracy to spread its state ideology, and the existence of foreign adversaries allows the autocrat to rally internal support.
1235:
among individuals with access to violence. For them, these individuals form a dominant coalition that grants each other privileges such as the access to resources. As violence reduces the
1721:. Communist states became the primary model for autocratic government in the late-20th century, and many non-communist autocratic regimes replicated the communist style of government.
1512:, which first developed around the 35th century BCE. These early states were ruled by kings who were both political and religious leaders. These were followed by the first empire, the
1670:
resulted in a broad shift of governance across Europe, and many nations moved away from traditional monarchies. Most
European monarchs were stripped of their powers to become
1883:
indices. These indices measure various attributes of a government's actions and its citizens' rights to sort democracies and autocracies. These attributes might include
1143:
or local levels, even in countries with a more democratic government, if the national government has limited control over a specific area or its political conflicts.
943:
other individual or group from gaining significant power or influence. Internal challenges are the most significant threats faced by autocrats, as they may lead to a
899:
within the autocracy, choosing under what circumstances they may be exercised, if at all. Governments may also blend elements of autocracy and democracy, forming an
1653:. European monarchies moved away from autocracy in the 19th century as legislatures increased in power. In 19th century Latin America, regional rulers known as
1329:
in 17th century
England and France. When an autocratic government has a state ideology, this may be used to justify the autocrat's rule. This is most common in
1811:
is another common measure used by autocrats to stay in power; as they are able to draft the constitution unilaterally, it can be tailored to suit their rule.
1562:
who would be temporarily invested with unchecked power to restore stability during periods of crisis. This temporary dictatorship was eventually subverted by
6821:
855:
1481:
Autocracy has been the primary form of government for most of human history. One of the earliest forms of government was the chiefdom that developed in
1725:
with historically strong autocratic states were able to resist
European colonization or otherwise went unchanged, allowing autocracy to be preserved.
6774:
4322:
1924:
became popular among political scientists. This theory proposed that autocratic government was approaching a permanent decline to be replaced by
1539:
in 221 BCE, and even its feudal government had stronger elements of autocracy than other instances of feudalism. The early
Chinese philosophy of
1170:
Some autocracies emphasize a ruling family rather than a single autocrat. This has been the case of most monarchies. Such arrangements allow for
4928:
966:. Monarchy was the predominant form of autocracy for most of history. Dictatorship became more common in the 19th century, beginning with the
3758:
1554:
were often ruled by tyrants, though myth and historical revisionism later re-imagined these tyrants as kings with hereditary succession. The
1211:, formed where there was previously no centralized government. The initial development of an autocracy is attributed to its efficiency over
4791:
1220:
and other seizure of resources, as opposed to the bandits in stateless societies that have no incentive to improve society. This creates a
1098:
in German. These terms were eventually used to refer to autocratic rulers in general. The term has since developed a negative connotation.
1543:
emphasized the importance of benevolent autocratic rule to maintain order, and this philosophy heavily influenced future
Chinese thought.
1532:
also existed as an autocratic government for most of its early history, first developing states at the end of the fourth millennium BCE.
5718:
5359:
3551:
1520:
in the 24th century BCE. The blending of autocratic rule with religious significance continued under the
Akkadian Empire, as the king
6814:
1045:
72:
5903:
286:
6511:
5813:
848:
1358:. Monarchies were common in medieval Europe, but in the modern era dictatorship is the most common form of government globally.
5932:
1609:
5920:
4126:
4098:
4071:
4044:
4017:
3976:
3947:
3920:
3883:
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3702:
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3609:
3566:
3539:
3512:
3482:
3459:
17:
6807:
4623:
4361:
1535:
China has been subject to autocratic rule almost without interruption since its ancient feudal society was replaced by the
6621:
6531:
4746:
1855:. Collection of information on autocratic regimes has improved in the 21st century, allowing for more detailed analysis.
6646:
4921:
4457:
1745:
841:
4056:
3959:
4367:
4198:
3821:
6591:
5041:
4451:
4118:
3939:
1412:
is a type of personalist dictatorship in which a ruling family directly integrates itself into the state through a
1370:
6911:
5547:
5398:
4534:
1733:
993:
726:
6748:
6601:
5487:
1381:
and demonstrate their support of the state ideology through political engagement. Totalitarian governments are
533:
488:
6788:
6661:
5883:
4914:
1625:
1159:
and can be influenced by the autocrat in exchange for preferential treatment. Other institutions, such as an
359:
7190:
6686:
6681:
6375:
5413:
5046:
7205:
7185:
6889:
6701:
6696:
6481:
4317:"The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800"
4036:
553:
68:
7180:
7015:
5366:
5026:
4412:
4090:
4063:
3558:
3531:
1424:
374:
5683:
3646:
3633:
3620:
3292:
7226:
6874:
6799:
5730:
5673:
5258:
4618:"A Family of Political Concepts: Tyranny, Despotism, Bonapartism, Caesarism, Dictatorship, 1750-1917"
3988:
3904:
3686:
3451:
1880:
1824:
33:
7149:
4703:
1119:
7175:
7047:
6571:
4238:"Of Gods and Kings: Divine Kingship in Ancient Mesopotamia: Divine Kingship in Ancient Mesopotamia"
4149:
3813:
1662:
The 19th and 20th centuries brought about the decline of traditional monarchies in favor of modern
1187:
1179:
124:
3848:
1843:
Autocratic government has been central to political theory since the development of
Ancient Greek
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Tangerås, Thomas P. (2009). "Democracy, autocracy and the likelihood of international conflict".
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3968:
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3840:
3730:
3694:
3586:
3504:
1835:
Famines since 1850 by political regime. Autocratic countries have experienced significantly more
1140:
1111:
926:, and an autocracy may attempt to legitimize itself in the eyes of the public through appeals to
782:
349:
6285:
4528:
2258:
2256:
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2252:
2250:
2248:
7098:
6933:
5878:
5858:
5708:
5378:
5006:
4264:
1942:
1892:
1705:. This type of autocratic government enforced totalitarian control over its citizens through a
1671:
1590:
1301:
1152:
797:
364:
5745:
1859:
had been subject to autocracy, even in different regions within the same country. Citizens of
1389:
against groups that do not comply with the state's vision. Totalitarianism is associated with
918:
of other influential or powerful members of society. The general public is controlled through
7236:
6923:
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5798:
5393:
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2245:
1888:
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1355:
1326:
1288:
1160:
792:
655:
252:
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4029:
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6541:
6421:
6190:
5997:
5838:
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4031:
Comparing
Political Regimes: A Thematic Introduction to Comparative Politics, Third Edition
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have been developed to measure how democratic or authoritarian countries are, such as the
1777:
to which autocrats are accountable. Totalitarian autocracies have historically engaged in
1247:. Autocracies formed under these conditions are often more volatile for the same reasons.
8:
7200:
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2201:
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1413:
1183:
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625:
582:
369:
134:
5775:
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4603:
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4514:
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4347:
4295:
4223:
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4083:
3833:
3802:
3785:
3524:
3497:
3444:
1872:
1804:
1791:
1702:
1578:
1521:
1374:
1260:
1106:
927:
354:
139:
114:
6175:
2196:
2147:
2145:
2143:
1645:, imperial rule reminiscent of Julius Caesar. These were primarily used to define the
7165:
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6852:
6706:
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5843:
5645:
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4640:
4607:
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4518:
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4429:
4384:
4351:
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4299:
4287:
4227:
4215:
4182:
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4122:
4094:
4067:
4040:
4013:
3993:
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3698:
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3535:
3508:
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1982:
1925:
1868:
1633:
1567:
1428:
1386:
1322:
1318:
1231:
1221:
1115:
787:
508:
339:
291:
119:
52:
5760:
4396:
944:
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5910:
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4005:
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2140:
1917:
1683:
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1452:
1334:
620:
543:
513:
387:
129:
109:
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4720:
4166:
1131:
of the people and to choose what liberties they may exercise. It is distinct from
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4307:
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1884:
1795:
1729:
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1679:
1570:
in 44 BCE, ending the Roman Republic and ushering the creation of the autocratic
1517:
1513:
1390:
1244:
1128:
1071:
989:
981:
935:
896:
831:
804:
660:
650:
447:
344:
4529:"Electoral authoritarianism and democracy: A formal model of regime transitions"
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1937:
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1860:
1586:
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Authoritarian Party Systems: Party Politics in Autocratic Regimes, 1945-2019
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4407:"The Tyranny of Dictatorship: When the Greek Tyrant Met the Roman Dictator"
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611:
601:
538:
427:
247:
171:
4765:
4009:
3601:
1508:
ruling over conquered territory. The first states were the city-states of
1224:
in which both the autocrat and the subjects benefit over the alternative.
7132:
7125:
7052:
6940:
6895:
6370:
6365:
6300:
6295:
6145:
6017:
5972:
5962:
5755:
5750:
5688:
5625:
5408:
5383:
5308:
5268:
5238:
5213:
5193:
5172:
5152:
5132:
5122:
5091:
4956:
3797:
3577:
2696:
2684:
2672:
1977:
1952:
1947:
1774:
1706:
1667:
1638:
1536:
1509:
1346:
Autocracy encompasses most non-democratic forms of government, including
1191:
750:
735:
677:
548:
412:
211:
206:
186:
176:
166:
4867:
4834:
826:
7170:
7142:
7120:
7030:
6753:
6561:
6461:
6310:
6230:
6002:
5893:
5735:
5678:
5655:
5620:
5569:
5559:
5527:
5472:
5298:
5278:
5203:
5167:
5071:
5056:
4981:
4906:
4684:
4599:
4335:
4254:
1819:
1799:
1778:
1766:
1614:
1525:
1351:
1156:
959:
939:
931:
923:
755:
711:
706:
701:
687:
528:
319:
201:
196:
60:
6829:
4580:
3868:
1682:. It seized power in many of these republics, particularly during the
7093:
7069:
7025:
7020:
6975:
6960:
6451:
6390:
5947:
5590:
5517:
5502:
5423:
5343:
5338:
5263:
5218:
5198:
5177:
5162:
5142:
4991:
4951:
1962:
1957:
1904:
1852:
1691:
1642:
1594:
1486:
1420:
and absolutism, may also be associated with variations of autocracy.
1409:
1405:
1398:
1378:
1330:
1136:
1132:
968:
951:
915:
892:
888:
558:
452:
442:
437:
422:
417:
407:
281:
242:
231:
216:
181:
149:
93:
88:
40:
4452:"Decision Making in Autocratic Regimes: A Poliheuristic Perspective"
2558:
2009:
1678:. Totalitarianism first developed as a form of autocracy during the
1577:
Several early military dictatorships formed in East Asia during the
1038:; "power, might"). This became the Hellenistic/Byzantine Greek word
7035:
6950:
6726:
6305:
6042:
5635:
5600:
5574:
5554:
5507:
5318:
5273:
5157:
5061:
5051:
5016:
4986:
3912:
1675:
1655:
1582:
1505:
1432:
1208:
973:
955:
900:
880:
630:
191:
161:
104:
3965:
Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Political Science
3901:
Popular Tyranny: Sovereignty and Its Discontents in Ancient Greece
2411:
1709:. While other forms of European dictatorship were dissolved after
950:
Autocracy was among the earliest forms of government. It began as
7195:
7115:
6763:
6676:
5564:
5532:
5522:
5293:
5253:
5086:
5011:
4996:
4976:
3004:
2982:
2980:
2978:
1972:
1836:
1687:
1666:, many of which developed as autocracies. The upheaval caused by
1417:
1310:
1212:
985:
934:, or foreign hostility. Some autocracies establish legislatures,
432:
269:
259:
3391:
3331:
1659:
seized power in several nations as early examples of dictators.
1385:, seeking radically to reform society, and they often engage in
7137:
7074:
7040:
6987:
5512:
5313:
5101:
5076:
5066:
5036:
5021:
2423:
2298:
1489:. Chiefdoms are regional collections of villages ruled over by
984:
dictatorships developed in the 20th century with the advent of
963:
596:
4058:
Undue Process: Persecution and Punishment in Autocratic Courts
2975:
2963:
2157:
1732:
was significantly reduced at the end of the Cold War with the
1629:
of kings, particularly in the kingdoms of England and France.
7080:
5542:
5031:
4966:
3691:
A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present
3446:
How Chiefs Come to Power: The Political Economy in Prehistory
2273:
2271:
2118:
2116:
1365:
when they engage in direct control of citizens' lives, or as
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
3379:
3231:
3229:
3060:
3058:
954:, which existed throughout the ancient world in the form of
5537:
4961:
3896:"Imaginary Kings: Alternatives to Monarchy in Early Greece"
3355:
3258:
3256:
3142:
2534:
2064:
2062:
1999:
1997:
1277:
4835:"When was the title "Dictator perpetuus" given to Caesar?"
4142:
3403:
2924:
2912:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2546:
2522:
2268:
2113:
1215:, as it provides security and negates internal divisions.
1182:
may also give significance to the ruling family through a
875:
in which absolute power is held by the ruler, known as an
5106:
5001:
4881:
4265:"Autocratic opening to democracy: why legitimacy matters"
3650:
3637:
3624:
3575:
3226:
3118:
3055:
2941:
2939:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2452:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2334:
2322:
2015:
1827:: authoritarian regimes are designated in orange and red.
1701:
first developed as a new form of autocracy following the
1377:. Instead, citizens are expected to devote themselves to
3253:
3070:
2602:
2600:
2498:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2101:
2059:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
1994:
1369:
when they do not. Totalitarian governments do not allow
4492:"The Constitutional Economics of Autocratic Succession"
3367:
3321:
3319:
3304:
3268:
3214:
2840:
2186:
2184:
2049:
2047:
2045:
996:
in 1991, most dictatorships have been characterized as
4789:
Wong, Stan Hok-Wui; Or, Nick H. K. (1 December 2020).
4085:
Generals and Scholars: Military Rule in Medieval Korea
2992:
2936:
2828:
2587:
2585:
2510:
2464:
2358:
2346:
2310:
2288:
2286:
2128:
1127:
the power of the autocrat to unilaterally repress the
3870:
Citizen Support for Democratic and Autocratic Regimes
3415:
3280:
3028:
3016:
2864:
2816:
2732:
2636:
2597:
2488:
2486:
2435:
2375:
2233:
2169:
2021:
1713:, communism was strengthened and became the basis of
3711:
3343:
3316:
3298:
3202:
3178:
3154:
3130:
3045:
3043:
2900:
2876:
2756:
2744:
2720:
2708:
2648:
2262:
2215:
2181:
2151:
2091:
2089:
2042:
1641:, a form of monarchism that rejected feudalism, and
4570:
3727:
The Oxford Handbook of Historical Political Economy
3106:
2804:
2792:
2660:
2582:
2570:
2304:
2283:
2221:
2074:
4833:
4790:
4745:
4702:
4616:
4579:
4527:
4490:
4450:
4405:
4360:
4315:
4263:
4236:
4191:
4148:
4082:
4055:
4028:
3987:
3958:
3934:The Politics of Mass Killing in Autocratic Regimes
3931:
3894:
3867:
3832:
3801:
3757:
3720:
3585:
3550:
3523:
3496:
3443:
3166:
3094:
3082:
2624:
2612:
2483:
2387:
903:. The concept of autocracy has been recognized in
4485:
3960:"Regime Types: Measuring Democracy and Autocracy"
3499:The History of Government from the Earliest Times
3397:
3241:
3190:
3040:
2951:
2888:
2852:
2768:
2429:
2417:
2399:
2086:
7218:
4323:Studies in Comparative International Development
4306:
3471:The Bloomsbury Companion to Political Philosophy
3010:
2986:
2969:
2780:
2163:
1694:, and military dictatorships throughout Europe.
3725:. In Jenkins, Jeffrey A.; Rubin, Jared (eds.).
32:"Autocrat" redirects here. For other uses, see
3929:
2122:
1761:Control over the public is maintained through
1674:, or they were displaced entirely in favor of
1597:in Japan between the 12th and 19th centuries.
1174:, which can join autocracies together through
6815:
4922:
4581:"Violence and the Rise of Open-Access Orders"
1065:
1059:
849:
5428:
1404:An absolute autocracy may be referred to as
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
5364:
3963:. In Keman, Hans; Woldendorp, Jaap (eds.).
3722:"Historical Political Economy of Autocracy"
3548:
3262:
3235:
3124:
3076:
3064:
2458:
2340:
2328:
2107:
2068:
1276:autocratic governments are overthrown by a
1250:
1049:
6822:
6808:
4929:
4915:
4362:"The Autocratic Legacy of Early Statehood"
1155:. These legislatures may also be prone to
856:
842:
4683:
4053:
3985:
3849:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198211358.001.0001
3526:Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics
3274:
3220:
2738:
1707:mass party said to represent the citizens
1361:Autocratic governments are classified as
1263:led to the replacement of the autocratic
1197:
1070:. In the 18th century, the title for the
73:List of countries by system of government
4936:
4659:
3764:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
3631:
3301:, The Legacies Autocracies Leave Behind.
3148:
2906:
2703:Beliaev, Bondarenko & Korotayev 2001
2691:Beliaev, Bondarenko & Korotayev 2001
2679:Beliaev, Bondarenko & Korotayev 2001
1830:
1818:
1744:
1608:
1461:
1254:
1105:
6512:Reflections on the Revolution in France
4614:
4403:
4261:
4107:
4026:
3956:
3759:"Autocratic Regimes and Foreign Policy"
3659:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3337:
3310:
3208:
3184:
3022:
2998:
2945:
2930:
2918:
2834:
2654:
2642:
2606:
2564:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2504:
2477:
2446:
2381:
2369:
2352:
2316:
2277:
2239:
2190:
2134:
2080:
2053:
2036:
1814:
1167:, may also limit the autocrat's power.
14:
7219:
4788:
4704:"The problem with autocracy promotion"
4700:
4525:
4358:
4234:
4080:
3892:
3835:Caudillos in Spanish America 1800–1850
3755:
3685:
3644:
3409:
3172:
3034:
2882:
2870:
2822:
2750:
2726:
2630:
2618:
2492:
1101:
1086:in French, while it was translated to
6803:
4910:
4526:Miller, Michael K (5 November 2012).
4448:
4189:
3930:Mukherjee, Bumba; Koren, Ore (2018).
3830:
3618:
3588:The Encyclopedia of Political Thought
3491:
3468:
3441:
3349:
3325:
3160:
3136:
2957:
2894:
2762:
2714:
2666:
2591:
2576:
2292:
2227:
2003:
1740:
1524:was the first of several kings to be
1058:. This was adopted in Old Russian as
4831:
4797:Communist and Post-Communist Studies
4624:European Journal of Political Theory
4150:"Origins and evolution of chiefdoms"
3865:
3739:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197618608.013.9
3286:
3247:
3196:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3049:
2846:
2405:
2393:
2175:
2095:
1054:, both of which were titles for the
1003:
972:in Latin America and the empires of
6622:The End of History and the Last Man
6532:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
4747:"Weaknesses of Autocracy Promotion"
4743:
3796:
3421:
2858:
1300:Autocrats may claim that they have
24:
4809:10.1525/j.postcomstud.2020.53.4.91
4458:International Studies Perspectives
3521:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2774:
1423:Though autocracies often restrict
1207:The earliest autocracies, such as
25:
7248:
4902:
4889:. Oxford University Press. 2023.
4368:American Political Science Review
4199:International Area Studies Review
3553:The Two Logics of Autocratic Rule
2305:North, Wallis & Weingast 2008
910:Autocrats maintain power through
6592:The Open Society and Its Enemies
4471:10.1111/j.1528-3577.2005.00197.x
4193:"How (not) to measure democracy"
4054:Shen-Bayh, Fiona Feiang (2022).
3299:Grzymala-Busse & Finkel 2022
2265:, How Autocracies Are Sustained.
2263:Grzymala-Busse & Finkel 2022
2216:Grzymala-Busse & Finkel 2022
2152:Grzymala-Busse & Finkel 2022
1686:. This saw the establishment of
1581:. These include the rule of the
1457:
1317:to justify their rule, often in
825:
5399:Family as a model for the state
4832:Zeev, Miriam Pucci Ben (1996).
4535:Journal of Theoretical Politics
4147:; Korotayev, Audrey V. (2001).
3899:. In Morgan, Kathryn A. (ed.).
1753:, a 1947 show trial in Slovenia
1734:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1243:is greater inequality and less
994:dissolution of the Soviet Union
6749:Separation of church and state
6647:Collectivism and individualism
6602:The Origins of Totalitarianism
3549:Gerschewski, Johannes (2023).
3011:Gurr, Jaggers & Moore 1990
2987:Gurr, Jaggers & Moore 1990
2970:Gurr, Jaggers & Moore 1990
2164:Gurr, Jaggers & Moore 1990
2016:Oxford English Dictionary 2023
1916:. At the end of the Cold War,
1558:introduced the concept of the
1528:over the following centuries.
1516:, when they were conquered by
887:, while it is contrasted with
534:Intergovernmental organisation
489:Separation of church and state
13:
1:
6789:Category:Political philosophy
6662:Critique of political economy
4721:10.1080/13510347.2015.1095736
4359:Hariri, Jacob Gerner (2012).
4167:10.1080/00988157.2001.9978293
3430:
2567:, pp. 240, 242–243, 245.
1728:The strength of autocracy in
1604:
1497:governance was replaced with
1467:
1401:, and dominant party states.
1295:
7191:Social dominance orientation
6687:Institutional discrimination
6682:History of political thought
5414:Negative and positive rights
4883:"Autocrator (n.), Etymology"
4792:"To Compete or to Cooperate"
3957:Schmidt, Manfred G. (2016).
1504:Early states were formed by
1202:
879:. It includes some forms of
331:(socio-political ideologies)
7:
7206:List of totalitarian states
7186:Right-wing authoritarianism
6697:Justification for the state
6482:Two Treatises of Government
4136:
4037:University of Toronto Press
3469:Fiala, Andrew, ed. (2015).
1931:
1593:beginning in 1170, and the
1379:a single ideological vision
1064:and then modern Russian as
399:(socio-economic ideologies)
69:List of forms of government
10:
7253:
7181:Left-wing authoritarianism
7016:Authoritarian conservatism
5367:Bellum omnium contra omnes
4449:Kinne, Brandon J. (2005).
4091:University of Hawaii Press
4081:Shultz, Edward J. (2000).
4064:Cambridge University Press
3998:The Encyclopedia of Empire
3559:Cambridge University Press
3532:Cambridge University Press
3442:Earle, Timothy K. (1997).
2123:Mukherjee & Koren 2018
1839:than democratic countries.
1446:
1442:
1431:, semi-liberal autocracy,
1425:civil and political rights
1230:, John Joseph Wallis, and
1034:
1022:
1000:rather than totalitarian.
38:
31:
7158:
7008:
6875:Counterintelligence state
6845:
6784:
6634:
6403:
6051:
5784:
5664:
5583:
5495:
5486:
5352:
5186:
5115:
4944:
4887:Oxford English Dictionary
4676:10.1007/s10101-008-0055-6
4404:Kalyvas, Andreas (2007).
4381:10.1017/S0003055412000238
4284:10.1080/01436590600720710
4190:Boese, Vanessa A (2019).
3905:University of Texas Press
3756:Kneuer, Marianne (2017).
3452:Stanford University Press
2218:, How Autocracies Emerge.
1825:Economist Democracy Index
1485:, which date back to the
1325:in ancient China and the
1180:Personalist dictatorships
520:(geo-cultural ideologies)
34:Autocrat (disambiguation)
7176:Inverted totalitarianism
7048:Authoritarian capitalism
6572:The Revolt of the Masses
4637:10.1177/1474885105052703
4615:Richter, Melvin (2005).
4548:10.1177/0951629812460122
4487:Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter
4426:10.1177/0090591707302208
4212:10.1177/2233865918815571
3986:Schrakamp, Ingo (2016).
3814:Harvard University Press
3772:10.1177/0090591707302208
3435:
3340:, pp. 112, 115–116.
1988:
1912:in 1974 through applied
1466:Julius Caesar (engraved
1341:
1251:Stability and succession
39:Not to be confused with
7060:Authoritarian socialism
6552:The Communist Manifesto
5478:Tyranny of the majority
5389:Consent of the governed
4852:10.3406/antiq.1996.1259
4663:Economics of Governance
4574:; Wallis, John Joseph;
4511:10.1023/A:1005078532251
4262:Burnell, Peter (2006).
4235:Brisch, Nicole (2013).
4155:Reviews in Anthropology
3969:Edward Elgar Publishing
3876:Oxford University Press
3841:Oxford University Press
3731:Oxford University Press
3695:Oxford University Press
3505:Oxford University Press
1672:constitutional monarchs
1453:History of dictatorship
1153:free and fair elections
1112:coronation of Louis XVI
1040:
1028:
1016:
783:Administrative division
727:International relations
5429:
5379:Clash of civilizations
5365:
4895:10.1093/OED/2280847239
4875:
4701:Tansey, Oisín (2015).
4027:Siaroff, Alan (2013).
3893:Morris, Sarah (2003).
3866:Mauk, Marlene (2019).
3804:A New History of Korea
3522:Fu, Zhengyuan (1993).
3398:Kurrild-Klitgaard 2000
2430:Kurrild-Klitgaard 2000
2418:Kurrild-Klitgaard 2000
2154:, How Autocracies Die.
1943:Democratic backsliding
1893:freedom of information
1881:Varieties of Democracy
1840:
1828:
1754:
1622:
1591:Goryeo military regime
1478:
1356:dominant-party regimes
1272:
1198:Origin and development
1123:
1120:Gabriel François Doyen
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1066:
1060:
1050:
914:of any opposition and
6924:Dominant-party system
5394:Divine right of kings
4840:L'Antiquité Classique
4766:10.1353/jod.2016.0009
4271:Third World Quarterly
4145:Bondarenko, Dmitri M.
4010:10.1002/9781118455074
4002:John Wiley & Sons
3651:Gibbons et al. (2014)
3647:Divine Right of Kings
3638:Gibbons et al. (2014)
3625:Gibbons et al. (2014)
3602:10.1002/9781118474396
3576:Gibbons, Michael T.;
3475:Bloomsbury Publishing
1889:freedom of expression
1834:
1822:
1748:
1715:several dictatorships
1651:Second French Empires
1612:
1552:Etruscan civilization
1465:
1447:Further information:
1327:divine right of kings
1289:hereditary succession
1287:Some autocracies use
1258:
1161:independent judiciary
1109:
907:since ancient times.
793:Democratic transition
656:Self-governing colony
253:Military dictatorship
18:Autocratic management
6542:Democracy in America
5921:political philosophy
5904:political philosophy
5719:political philosophy
5548:political philosophy
5458:Separation of powers
5419:Night-watchman state
5404:Monopoly on violence
4938:Political philosophy
4753:Journal of Democracy
4587:Journal of Democracy
4143:Beliaev, Dmitri D.;
3971:. pp. 111–126.
3831:Lynch, John (1992).
3812:; Shultz, Edward J.
3713:Grzymala-Busse, Anna
3661:Golosov, Grigorii V.
3580:; Ellis, Elisabeth;
3493:Finer, Samuel Edward
2543:, pp. 229, 232.
1914:public choice theory
1897:separation of powers
1877:Freedom in the World
1845:political philosophy
1815:Study and evaluation
1807:. The creation of a
1321:. This includes the
1307:American imperialism
1267:with the autocratic
912:political repression
905:political philosophy
873:system of government
7111:Ecoauthoritarianism
6929:Illiberal democracy
6732:Right-wing politics
6612:A Theory of Justice
6582:The Road to Serfdom
6502:The Social Contract
5209:Christian democracy
4744:Way, Lucan (2016).
3645:Murphy, Andrew R. "
3412:, pp. 155–156.
3388:, p. 222, 235.
3364:, pp. 122–123.
3151:, pp. 100–101.
2933:, pp. 238–239.
2921:, pp. 233–234.
2555:, pp. 239–240.
2531:, pp. 232–233.
2280:, pp. 237–238.
1526:recognized as a god
1449:History of monarchy
1437:electoral autocracy
1414:cult of personality
1184:cult of personality
1172:royal intermarriage
1102:Political structure
832:Politics portal
717:Supranational union
626:Dependent territory
539:National government
6744:Political violence
6739:Political theology
6722:Left-wing politics
6717:Political spectrum
4600:10.1353/jod.0.0060
4576:Weingast, Barry R.
4572:North, Douglass C.
4336:10.1007/BF02716906
4310:; Jaggers, Keith;
4255:10.1111/rec3.12031
3619:Grigg, Julianna. "
2849:, p. 251–253.
2619:Wong & Or 2020
1873:Polity data series
1841:
1829:
1805:electoral monarchy
1794:to participate in
1792:opposition parties
1755:
1741:Political activity
1703:Russian Revolution
1623:
1579:post-classical era
1522:Naram-Sin of Akkad
1479:
1375:cultural pluralism
1273:
1261:Russian Revolution
1124:
1074:was translated to
992:states. Since the
928:political ideology
27:Form of government
7214:
7213:
7166:Democracy indices
6853:Absolute monarchy
6797:
6796:
6707:Philosophy of law
6652:Conflict theories
6492:The Spirit of Law
6399:
6398:
5448:Original position
4128:978-90-247-3398-9
4100:978-0-8248-2324-5
4073:978-1-009-19713-7
4046:978-1-4426-0702-6
4019:978-1-118-45507-4
3989:"Akkadian Empire"
3978:978-2-01-694428-8
3949:978-3-319-91758-0
3922:978-0-29279-782-6
3885:978-0-19-885485-2
3858:978-0-19-821135-8
3810:Wagner, Edward W.
3781:978-0-19-022863-7
3748:978-0-19-761860-8
3704:978-0-19-092055-5
3678:978-1-80061-116-0
3632:Hulliung, Mark. "
3611:978-1-118-47439-6
3568:978-1-009-19941-4
3541:978-0-52144-228-2
3514:978-0-19-820664-4
3484:978-1-4411-1434-1
3461:978-0-8047-2856-0
3424:, pp. 64–65.
3289:, pp. 12–15.
3013:, pp. 74–75.
2813:, pp. 33–34.
2801:, pp. 31–33.
2507:, pp. 10–11.
2420:, pp. 68–70.
2178:, pp. 26–27.
1983:Tsarist autocracy
1926:liberal democracy
1920:'s theory of the
1869:democracy indices
1634:French Revolution
1568:dictator for life
1429:liberal autocracy
1323:Mandate of Heaven
1319:absolute monarchy
1232:Barry R. Weingast
1222:Pareto efficiency
1004:Etymology and use
883:and all forms of
866:
865:
817:
816:
788:Democracy indices
763:
762:
566:
565:
375:Semi-presidential
300:
299:
16:(Redirected from
7244:
7227:Authoritarianism
7065:Marxism–Leninism
6946:Managerial state
6824:
6817:
6810:
6801:
6800:
6712:Political ethics
6702:Machiavellianism
6642:Authoritarianism
6627:
6617:
6607:
6597:
6587:
6577:
6567:
6557:
6547:
6537:
6527:
6517:
6507:
6497:
6487:
6477:
6467:
6457:
6447:
6437:
6427:
6417:
5493:
5492:
5434:
5370:
5360:Balance of power
5334:Social democracy
5329:Social Darwinism
5304:Multiculturalism
5249:Environmentalism
5224:Communitarianism
4931:
4924:
4917:
4908:
4907:
4898:
4871:
4837:
4828:
4794:
4785:
4749:
4740:
4706:
4697:
4687:
4656:
4620:
4611:
4583:
4567:
4531:
4522:
4494:
4482:
4454:
4445:
4413:Political Theory
4409:
4400:
4364:
4355:
4319:
4308:Gurr, Ted Robert
4303:
4267:
4258:
4243:Religion Compass
4240:
4231:
4195:
4186:
4152:
4132:
4104:
4088:
4077:
4061:
4050:
4034:
4023:
3991:
3982:
3962:
3953:
3937:
3926:
3898:
3889:
3873:
3862:
3838:
3827:
3808:. Translated by
3807:
3793:
3761:
3752:
3724:
3708:
3682:
3669:World Scientific
3654:
3641:
3628:
3615:
3591:
3582:Ferguson, Kennan
3572:
3556:
3545:
3529:
3518:
3502:
3488:
3465:
3449:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3263:Gerschewski 2023
3260:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3236:Gerschewski 2023
3233:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3125:Gerschewski 2023
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3077:Gerschewski 2023
3074:
3068:
3065:Gerschewski 2023
3062:
3053:
3047:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2595:
2589:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2481:
2475:
2462:
2459:Gerschewski 2023
2456:
2450:
2444:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2341:Gerschewski 2023
2338:
2332:
2329:Gerschewski 2023
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2281:
2275:
2266:
2260:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2194:
2188:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2111:
2108:Gerschewski 2023
2105:
2099:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2069:Gerschewski 2023
2066:
2057:
2051:
2040:
2034:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1918:Francis Fukuyama
1879:report, and the
1796:unfair elections
1684:Great Depression
1483:tribal societies
1476:
1472:
1469:
1391:communist states
1335:ethnonationalist
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1069:
1063:
1053:
1048:) and the Latin
1043:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1019:
936:unfair elections
858:
851:
844:
830:
829:
777:
776:
621:Associated state
579:
578:
554:Internationalism
544:World government
521:
400:
332:
313:
312:
287:Free association
274:
235:
154:
97:
85:
84:
48:
47:
21:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7154:
7004:
6971:Socialist state
6956:One-party state
6870:Communist state
6841:
6828:
6798:
6793:
6780:
6769:Totalitarianism
6630:
6625:
6615:
6605:
6595:
6585:
6575:
6565:
6555:
6545:
6535:
6525:
6515:
6505:
6495:
6485:
6475:
6465:
6455:
6445:
6442:Treatise on Law
6435:
6425:
6415:
6395:
6053:
6047:
5786:
5780:
5666:
5660:
5579:
5482:
5468:State of nature
5463:Social contract
5443:Ordered liberty
5431:Noblesse oblige
5348:
5182:
5111:
4940:
4935:
4905:
4878:
4709:Democratization
4139:
4129:
4109:Tullock, Gordon
4101:
4074:
4047:
4020:
3994:MacKenzie, John
3979:
3950:
3923:
3886:
3859:
3824:
3782:
3749:
3705:
3679:
3612:
3594:Wiley Blackwell
3584:, eds. (2014).
3578:Coole, Diana H.
3569:
3542:
3515:
3503:. Vol. 1.
3485:
3462:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2873:, pp. 1–2.
2869:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2825:, pp. 1–2.
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2777:, pp. 1–2.
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2519:, pp. 5–6.
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2269:
2261:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2197:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2141:
2137:, pp. 7–8.
2133:
2129:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2043:
2035:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1934:
1885:enfranchisement
1817:
1743:
1730:global politics
1699:communist state
1680:interwar period
1613:Members of the
1607:
1566:when he became
1546:City-states in
1518:Sargon of Akkad
1514:Akkadian Empire
1474:
1470:
1460:
1455:
1445:
1344:
1298:
1253:
1245:social cohesion
1205:
1200:
1176:dynastic unions
1129:civil liberties
1104:
1072:Russian emperor
1011:comes from the
1006:
897:civil liberties
862:
824:
819:
818:
805:Democratisation
798:Autocratization
774:
766:
765:
764:
721:
682:
661:Tributary state
651:Satellite state
606:
576:
575:Power structure
568:
567:
519:
518:
500:
471:
457:
448:Totalitarianism
398:
397:
379:
330:
329:
310:
302:
301:
296:
272:
264:
229:
221:
152:
144:
91:
82:
81:Source of power
59:Basic forms of
53:Politics series
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7250:
7240:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7162:
7160:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7135:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7113:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7091:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7045:
7044:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6995:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6926:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6892:
6890:Constitutional
6887:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6855:
6849:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6827:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6804:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6759:Social justice
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6667:Egalitarianism
6664:
6659:
6657:Contractualism
6654:
6649:
6644:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6618:
6608:
6598:
6588:
6578:
6568:
6558:
6548:
6538:
6528:
6518:
6508:
6498:
6488:
6478:
6468:
6458:
6448:
6438:
6428:
6418:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6057:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5913:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5790:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5453:Overton window
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5362:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5284:Libertarianism
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4934:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4911:
4904:
4903:External links
4901:
4900:
4899:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4829:
4786:
4741:
4715:(1): 141–163.
4698:
4657:
4631:(3): 221–248.
4612:
4568:
4542:(2): 153–181.
4523:
4483:
4465:(1): 114–128.
4446:
4420:(4): 412–442.
4401:
4375:(3): 471–494.
4356:
4312:Moore, Will H.
4304:
4278:(4): 545–562.
4259:
4232:
4187:
4161:(4): 373–395.
4138:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4127:
4105:
4099:
4078:
4072:
4051:
4045:
4024:
4018:
3983:
3977:
3954:
3948:
3927:
3921:
3913:10.7560/752764
3890:
3884:
3863:
3857:
3828:
3822:
3794:
3780:
3753:
3747:
3717:Finkel, Eugene
3709:
3703:
3687:Gordon, Andrew
3683:
3677:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3642:
3629:
3610:
3573:
3567:
3546:
3540:
3519:
3513:
3489:
3483:
3466:
3460:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3414:
3402:
3390:
3378:
3376:, p. 123.
3366:
3354:
3342:
3330:
3315:
3313:, p. 111.
3303:
3291:
3279:
3275:Shen-Bayh 2022
3267:
3252:
3240:
3225:
3221:Shen-Bayh 2022
3213:
3201:
3189:
3177:
3165:
3163:, p. 119.
3153:
3141:
3139:, p. 126.
3129:
3117:
3115:, p. 161.
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3054:
3039:
3037:, p. 489.
3027:
3015:
3003:
3001:, p. 233.
2991:
2974:
2962:
2950:
2948:, p. 179.
2935:
2923:
2911:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2837:, p. 413.
2827:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2765:, p. 136.
2755:
2743:
2739:Schrakamp 2016
2731:
2719:
2717:, p. 104.
2707:
2705:, p. 381.
2695:
2693:, p. 377.
2683:
2681:, p. 373.
2671:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2596:
2581:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2482:
2480:, p. 548.
2463:
2451:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2372:, p. 549.
2357:
2355:, p. 178.
2345:
2333:
2321:
2319:, p. 547.
2309:
2297:
2282:
2267:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2195:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2139:
2127:
2112:
2100:
2085:
2073:
2058:
2041:
2039:, p. 546.
2020:
2008:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Patrimonialism
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1938:Centralisation
1933:
1930:
1922:end of history
1910:Gordon Tullock
1816:
1813:
1763:indoctrination
1742:
1739:
1719:Eastern Europe
1606:
1603:
1560:Roman dictator
1556:Roman Republic
1548:Ancient Greece
1459:
1456:
1444:
1441:
1343:
1340:
1297:
1294:
1265:Russian Empire
1252:
1249:
1237:economic rents
1228:Douglass North
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1186:, such as the
1103:
1100:
1026:; "self") and
1005:
1002:
920:indoctrination
864:
863:
861:
860:
853:
846:
838:
835:
834:
821:
820:
815:
814:
813:
812:
810:Hybrid regimes
807:
802:
801:
800:
790:
785:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
761:
760:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
741:Regional power
738:
730:
729:
723:
722:
720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
691:
690:
684:
683:
681:
680:
675:
670:
663:
658:
653:
648:
646:Puppet monarch
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
615:
614:
608:
607:
605:
604:
599:
594:
586:
585:
577:
574:
573:
570:
569:
564:
563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
523:
522:
517:
516:
511:
505:
502:
501:
499:
498:
497:
496:
491:
481:
479:State religion
473:
472:
470:
469:
466:
462:
459:
458:
456:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
402:
401:
396:
395:
390:
384:
381:
380:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
350:Constitutional
347:
342:
334:
333:
328:
327:
322:
316:
311:
309:Power ideology
308:
307:
304:
303:
298:
297:
295:
294:
289:
284:
276:
275:
273:(rule by none)
266:
265:
263:
262:
257:
256:
255:
245:
237:
236:
223:
222:
220:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
156:
155:
146:
145:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
125:Representative
122:
117:
112:
107:
99:
98:
83:
80:
79:
76:
75:
64:
63:
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7249:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7157:
7151:
7150:Shōwa Statism
7148:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7089:Caesaropapism
7087:
7083:
7082:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7046:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7007:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6986:
6982:
6981:Islamic state
6979:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6831:Authoritarian
6825:
6820:
6818:
6813:
6811:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6692:Jurisprudence
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6633:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6604:
6603:
6599:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6524:
6523:
6522:Rights of Man
6519:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6494:
6493:
6489:
6484:
6483:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6443:
6439:
6434:
6433:
6432:De re publica
6429:
6424:
6423:
6419:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6052:20th and 21st
6050:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5785:18th and 19th
5783:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5641:Nizam al-Mulk
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5324:Republicanism
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4927:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4803:(4): 91–117.
4802:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4670:(2): 99–117.
4669:
4665:
4664:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4498:Public Choice
4493:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4330:(1): 73–108.
4329:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4206:(2): 95–127.
4205:
4201:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4130:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3871:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3825:
3823:9780674615762
3819:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3439:
3423:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3400:, p. 63.
3399:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3358:
3352:, p. 96.
3351:
3346:
3339:
3334:
3328:, p. 95.
3327:
3322:
3320:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3277:, p. 22.
3276:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3238:, p. 28.
3237:
3232:
3230:
3223:, p. 28.
3222:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3150:
3149:Tangerås 2009
3145:
3138:
3133:
3127:, p. 11.
3126:
3121:
3114:
3109:
3103:, p. 37.
3102:
3097:
3091:, p. 32.
3090:
3085:
3078:
3073:
3067:, p. 31.
3066:
3061:
3059:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3036:
3031:
3025:, p. 13.
3024:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2995:
2989:, p. 90.
2988:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2972:, p. 74.
2971:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2932:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2907:Hulliung 2014
2903:
2896:
2891:
2885:, p. 58.
2884:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2861:, p. 48.
2860:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2789:, p. 16.
2788:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2753:, p. 40.
2752:
2747:
2740:
2735:
2729:, p. 38.
2728:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2669:, p. 15.
2668:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2645:, p. 91.
2644:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2609:, p. 90.
2608:
2603:
2601:
2594:, p. 66.
2593:
2588:
2586:
2579:, p. 70.
2578:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2461:, p. 32.
2460:
2455:
2449:, p. 18.
2448:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2432:, p. 66.
2431:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2402:
2396:, p. 34.
2395:
2390:
2384:, p. 20.
2383:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2354:
2349:
2343:, p. 13.
2342:
2337:
2331:, p. 17.
2330:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2295:, p. 14.
2294:
2289:
2287:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2242:, p. 57.
2241:
2236:
2230:, p. 67.
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2177:
2172:
2166:, p. 85.
2165:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2110:, p. 29.
2109:
2104:
2098:, p. 24.
2097:
2092:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2071:, p. 30.
2070:
2065:
2063:
2056:, p. 79.
2055:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1861:postcommunist
1856:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:Yeon Gaesomun
1584:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:Julius Caesar
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1530:Ancient Egypt
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:heterarchical
1492:
1488:
1484:
1464:
1458:Early history
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:revolutionary
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:authoritarian
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:dictatorships
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1165:civil society
1163:or an active
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1056:Roman emperor
1052:
1047:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1014:
1013:Ancient Greek
1010:
1001:
999:
998:authoritarian
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
859:
854:
852:
847:
845:
840:
839:
837:
836:
833:
828:
823:
822:
811:
808:
806:
803:
799:
796:
795:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
779:
778:
770:
769:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
732:
731:
728:
725:
724:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
697:Confederation
695:
694:
693:
692:
689:
686:
685:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
668:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
617:
616:
613:
610:
609:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
592:Unitary state
590:
589:
588:
587:
584:
581:
580:
572:
571:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
525:
524:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
504:
503:
495:
494:State atheism
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
484:Secular state
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
467:
464:
463:
461:
460:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
404:
403:
394:
391:
389:
388:Authoritarian
386:
385:
383:
382:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
365:Parliamentary
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
336:
335:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
315:
314:
306:
305:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
278:
277:
271:
268:
267:
261:
258:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
239:
238:
233:
228:
225:
224:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
158:
157:
153:(rule by few)
151:
148:
147:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:
95:
90:
87:
86:
78:
77:
74:
71:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
35:
30:
19:
7237:Dictatorship
7079:
6993:Majoritarian
6966:Police state
6934:Totalitarian
6894:
6880:Dictatorship
6857:
6835:totalitarian
6773:
6672:Elite theory
6620:
6610:
6600:
6590:
6580:
6570:
6560:
6550:
6540:
6530:
6520:
6510:
6500:
6490:
6480:
6470:
6460:
6450:
6440:
6430:
6420:
6410:
5709:Guicciardini
5665:Early modern
5488:Philosophers
5438:Open society
5374:Body politic
5244:Distributism
5234:Conservatism
5229:Confucianism
5148:Gerontocracy
5138:Dictatorship
5127:
5092:Sovereignty
5082:Ruling class
4972:Emancipation
4957:Citizenship
4886:
4843:
4839:
4800:
4796:
4760:(1): 64–75.
4757:
4751:
4712:
4708:
4667:
4661:
4628:
4622:
4594:(1): 55–68.
4591:
4585:
4539:
4533:
4505:(1): 63–84.
4502:
4496:
4462:
4456:
4417:
4411:
4372:
4366:
4327:
4321:
4275:
4269:
4249:(2): 37–46.
4246:
4242:
4203:
4197:
4158:
4154:
4113:
4084:
4057:
4030:
3997:
3964:
3933:
3900:
3869:
3834:
3803:
3798:Lee, Ki-Baik
3763:
3726:
3690:
3664:
3587:
3552:
3525:
3498:
3470:
3445:
3417:
3405:
3393:
3386:Richter 2005
3381:
3374:Schmidt 2016
3369:
3362:Schmidt 2016
3357:
3345:
3338:Schmidt 2016
3333:
3311:Schmidt 2016
3306:
3294:
3282:
3270:
3265:, p. 7.
3250:, p. 3.
3243:
3216:
3211:, p. 2.
3209:Golosov 2021
3204:
3199:, p. 6.
3192:
3187:, p. 1.
3185:Golosov 2021
3180:
3168:
3156:
3144:
3132:
3120:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3079:, p. 3.
3072:
3052:, p. 1.
3030:
3023:Golosov 2021
3018:
3006:
2999:Siaroff 2013
2994:
2965:
2953:
2946:Tullock 1987
2931:Richter 2005
2926:
2919:Richter 2005
2914:
2902:
2890:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2835:Kalyvas 2007
2830:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2657:, p. 8.
2655:Tullock 1987
2650:
2643:Siaroff 2013
2638:
2626:
2614:
2607:Siaroff 2013
2572:
2565:Siaroff 2013
2560:
2553:Siaroff 2013
2548:
2541:Siaroff 2013
2536:
2529:Siaroff 2013
2524:
2517:Tullock 1987
2512:
2505:Golosov 2021
2500:
2478:Burnell 2006
2454:
2447:Tullock 1987
2425:
2413:
2408:, p. 7.
2401:
2389:
2382:Tullock 1987
2377:
2370:Burnell 2006
2353:Tullock 1987
2348:
2336:
2324:
2317:Burnell 2006
2312:
2300:
2278:Siaroff 2013
2240:Tullock 1987
2235:
2223:
2193:, p. 7.
2191:Tullock 1987
2171:
2159:
2135:Tullock 1987
2130:
2125:, p. 5.
2103:
2083:, p. 2.
2081:Tullock 1987
2076:
2054:Siaroff 2013
2037:Burnell 2006
2011:
1901:
1866:
1857:
1849:
1842:
1809:constitution
1788:
1783:expansionism
1771:
1760:
1756:
1751:Nagode Trial
1727:
1723:
1711:World War II
1696:
1661:
1654:
1631:
1624:
1619:Adolf Hitler
1599:
1589:in 642, the
1576:
1572:Roman Empire
1545:
1541:Confucianism
1534:
1503:
1501:governance.
1499:hierarchical
1491:tribal chief
1480:
1422:
1403:
1395:Nazi Germany
1363:totalitarian
1360:
1345:
1315:
1299:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1269:Soviet Union
1241:
1226:
1217:Mancur Olson
1206:
1169:
1145:
1125:
1077:authocrateur
1008:
1007:
982:Totalitarian
978:Napoleon III
967:
949:
930:, religion,
909:
885:dictatorship
876:
868:
867:
746:Middle power
673:Vassal state
667:Buffer state
665:
641:Puppet state
636:Protectorate
612:Client state
602:Principality
428:Distributism
370:Presidential
248:Dictatorship
226:
172:Gerontocracy
94:rule by many
67:
51:Part of the
45:
29:
7133:Imperialism
7099:Enlightened
7053:Pinochetism
6941:Mafia state
6912:Proletarian
6896:Dictablanda
6546:(1835–1840)
6426:(c. 350 BC)
6416:(c. 375 BC)
6033:Tocqueville
5998:Saint-Simon
5963:Montesquieu
5814:Bolingbroke
5746:Machiavelli
5626:Ibn Khaldun
5591:Alpharabius
5584:Middle Ages
5409:Natural law
5384:Common good
5309:Nationalism
5269:Imperialism
5239:Corporatism
5214:Colonialism
5194:Agrarianism
5173:Technocracy
5153:Meritocracy
5133:Bureaucracy
5123:Aristocracy
4846:: 251–253.
4685:10419/81362
3410:Tansey 2015
3173:Kneuer 2017
3035:Hariri 2012
2883:Gordon 2003
2871:Shultz 2000
2823:Morris 2003
2751:Brisch 2013
2727:Brisch 2013
2631:Miller 2012
2493:Murphy 2014
2006:, Glossary.
1978:Triumvirate
1953:Mafia state
1948:Kleptocracy
1800:show trials
1775:selectorate
1668:World War I
1639:Bonapartism
1585:kingdom by
1537:Qin dynasty
1510:Mesopotamia
1475: 1589
1471: 1587
1399:theocracies
1192:North Korea
1141:subnational
1083:autocrateur
1061:samod′rž′c′
980:in Europe.
960:city-states
945:coup d'état
940:show trials
916:co-optation
751:Great power
736:Small power
678:Viceroyalty
549:Nationalism
413:Colonialism
393:Libertarian
355:Directorial
232:rule by one
212:Technocracy
207:Stratocracy
187:Meritocracy
177:Kleptocracy
167:Aristocracy
7221:Categories
7171:Deep state
7031:Khomeinism
7009:Ideologies
6951:Ochlocracy
6917:Right-wing
6902:Grassroots
6885:Benevolent
6839:government
6754:Separatism
6562:On Liberty
6462:The Prince
6191:Huntington
5694:Campanella
5621:al-Ghazali
5570:Thucydides
5528:Lactantius
5473:Statolatry
5299:Monarchism
5279:Liberalism
5204:Capitalism
5187:Ideologies
5168:Plutocracy
5116:Government
5072:Revolution
5057:Propaganda
5007:Legitimacy
4982:Government
3634:Absolutism
3431:References
3350:Boese 2019
3326:Boese 2019
3161:Kinne 2005
3137:Kinne 2005
2958:Lynch 1992
2895:Grigg 2014
2763:Finer 1997
2715:Finer 1997
2667:Earle 1997
2592:Finer 1997
2577:Finer 1997
2293:Earle 1997
2228:Finer 1997
2004:Fiala 2015
1779:militarism
1767:propaganda
1626:Absolutism
1615:Nazi Party
1605:Modern era
1473: – c.
1352:monarchies
1302:legitimacy
1296:Legitimacy
1188:Kim family
1157:corruption
1095:Autokrator
1089:Autocrator
1067:samoderžec
1046:αὐτοκράτωρ
1041:autocrator
932:birthright
924:propaganda
756:Superpower
712:Superstate
707:Federation
702:Devolution
688:Federalism
529:City-state
202:Plutocracy
197:Particracy
61:government
7232:Authority
7201:Strongman
7094:Despotism
7070:Stalinism
7026:Francoism
7021:Chiangism
6976:Theocracy
6961:Oligarchy
6858:Autocracy
6837:forms of
6472:Leviathan
6452:Monarchia
6446:(c. 1274)
6281:Oakeshott
6226:Mansfield
6221:Luxemburg
6206:Kropotkin
6101:Bernstein
6054:centuries
5968:Nietzsche
5911:Jefferson
5839:Condorcet
5787:centuries
5766:Pufendorf
5631:Marsilius
5518:Confucius
5503:Aristotle
5496:Antiquity
5424:Noble lie
5344:Third Way
5339:Socialism
5264:Feudalism
5219:Communism
5199:Anarchism
5178:Theocracy
5163:Oligarchy
5143:Democracy
5128:Autocracy
5042:Pluralism
5027:Obedience
4992:Hierarchy
4952:Authority
4860:0770-2817
4825:234556117
4817:0967-067X
4782:155187881
4774:1086-3214
4737:146222778
4729:1351-0347
4694:1435-6104
4653:143577539
4645:1474-8851
4608:153774943
4564:153751930
4556:0951-6298
4519:154097838
4479:1528-3577
4442:144115904
4434:0090-5917
4389:0003-0554
4352:154432421
4344:0039-3606
4300:153419534
4292:0143-6597
4228:191935546
4220:2233-8659
4183:162365014
4175:0093-8157
4114:Autocracy
3790:144115904
3287:Mauk 2019
3248:Mauk 2019
3197:Mauk 2019
3113:Mauk 2019
3101:Mauk 2019
3089:Mauk 2019
3050:Mauk 2019
2847:Zeev 1996
2406:Mauk 2019
2394:Mauk 2019
2176:Mauk 2019
2096:Mauk 2019
1963:Oligarchy
1958:Monocracy
1905:Juan Linz
1853:East Asia
1823:The 2022
1692:communist
1676:republics
1656:caudillos
1643:Caesarism
1595:shogunate
1487:Neolithic
1410:Sultanism
1406:despotism
1371:political
1331:communist
1209:chiefdoms
1203:Formation
1149:the state
1137:feudalism
1133:democracy
1092:and then
1080:and then
1051:imperator
1009:Autocracy
990:communist
969:caudillos
956:chiefdoms
952:despotism
893:feudalism
889:democracy
869:Autocracy
583:Unitarism
559:Globalism
465:Religious
453:Tribalism
443:Socialism
438:Feudalism
423:Despotism
418:Communism
408:Anarchism
345:Communist
292:Stateless
282:Anarchism
243:Despotism
227:Autocracy
217:Theocracy
182:Kritarchy
150:Oligarchy
135:Socialist
89:Democracy
41:adhocracy
7159:See also
7036:Putinism
6907:Military
6727:Centrism
6422:Politics
6412:Republic
6381:Voegelin
6361:Spengler
6346:Shariati
6321:Rothbard
6276:Nussbaum
6176:Habermas
6151:Fukuyama
6141:Foucault
6066:Ambedkar
6043:Voltaire
6013:de Staël
5988:Rousseau
5869:Franklin
5844:Constant
5804:Beccaria
5636:Muhammad
5616:Gelasius
5601:Averroes
5575:Xenophon
5555:Polybius
5508:Chanakya
5353:Concepts
5319:Populism
5289:Localism
5274:Islamism
5259:Feminism
5158:Monarchy
5062:Property
5052:Progress
5017:Monopoly
4987:Hegemony
4868:41658953
4578:(2008).
4489:(2000).
4397:54222556
4314:(1990).
4137:Journals
4119:Springer
4111:(1987).
3940:Springer
3800:(1984).
3719:(2022).
3689:(2003).
3663:(2021).
3621:Monarchy
3495:(1997).
3422:Way 2016
2859:Lee 1984
1932:See also
1583:Goguryeo
1550:and the
1506:warlords
1433:anocracy
1044:(Greek:
1032:(Greek:
1020:(Greek:
974:Napoleon
901:anocracy
881:monarchy
877:autocrat
631:Dominion
360:Legalist
340:Absolute
325:Republic
320:Monarchy
192:Noocracy
162:Anocracy
115:Economic
105:Demarchy
7196:Statism
7116:Fascism
6988:Tyranny
6863:Tsarist
6764:Statism
6677:Elitism
6635:Related
6436:(51 BC)
6366:Strauss
6341:Scruton
6336:Schmitt
6326:Russell
6246:Michels
6241:Maurras
6236:Marcuse
6196:Kautsky
6166:Gramsci
6161:Gentile
6131:Dworkin
6121:Du Bois
6116:Dmowski
6111:Chomsky
6106:Burnham
6091:Benoist
6061:Agamben
6028:Thoreau
6018:Stirner
6008:Spencer
5953:Mazzini
5943:Maistre
5938:Madison
5933:Le Play
5864:Fourier
5829:Carlyle
5809:Bentham
5799:Bastiat
5794:Bakunin
5771:Spinoza
5761:Müntzer
5731:Leibniz
5704:Grotius
5684:Bossuet
5651:Plethon
5596:Aquinas
5565:Sun Tzu
5533:Mencius
5523:Han Fei
5294:Marxism
5254:Fascism
5087:Society
5012:Liberty
4997:Justice
4977:Freedom
3996:(ed.).
2811:Fu 1993
2799:Fu 1993
2787:Fu 1993
2775:Fu 1993
1973:Statism
1837:famines
1688:fascist
1621:in 1940
1617:salute
1443:History
1418:tyranny
1311:Zionism
1213:anarchy
1122:, 1775)
986:fascist
964:empires
773:Related
468:Secular
433:Fascism
270:Anarchy
260:Tyranny
120:Liberal
7138:Nazism
7075:Maoism
7041:Ziaism
6626:(1992)
6616:(1971)
6606:(1951)
6596:(1945)
6586:(1944)
6576:(1929)
6566:(1859)
6556:(1848)
6536:(1820)
6526:(1791)
6516:(1790)
6506:(1762)
6496:(1748)
6486:(1689)
6476:(1651)
6466:(1532)
6456:(1313)
6386:Walzer
6376:Taylor
6331:Sartre
6296:Popper
6291:Pareto
6286:Ortega
6271:Nozick
6261:Mouffe
6211:Laclau
6171:Guénon
6156:Gandhi
6096:Berlin
6086:Bauman
6081:Badiou
6071:Arendt
6038:Tucker
5928:Le Bon
5889:Herder
5879:Haller
5874:Godwin
5859:Fichte
5854:Engels
5849:Cortés
5819:Bonald
5776:Suárez
5751:Milton
5741:Luther
5714:Hobbes
5699:Filmer
5689:Calvin
5674:Boétie
5667:period
5646:Ockham
5513:Cicero
5314:Nazism
5102:Utopia
5077:Rights
5067:Regime
5037:People
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1035:κράτος
1029:kratos
962:, and
597:Empire
509:Global
140:Others
130:Social
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6846:Forms
6775:Index
6404:Works
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6356:Spann
6351:Sorel
6316:Röpke
6311:Rawls
6266:Negri
6256:Mosca
6251:Mises
6216:Lenin
6186:Hoppe
6181:Hayek
6146:Fromm
6136:Evola
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6023:Taine
6003:Smith
5983:Renan
5978:Paine
5899:Iqbal
5884:Hegel
5834:Comte
5824:Burke
5736:Locke
5726:James
5679:Bodin
5611:Dante
5606:Bruni
5560:Shang
5543:Plato
5097:State
5047:Power
5032:Peace
4967:Elite
4945:Terms
4864:JSTOR
4821:S2CID
4778:S2CID
4733:S2CID
4649:S2CID
4604:S2CID
4560:S2CID
4515:S2CID
4438:S2CID
4393:S2CID
4348:S2CID
4296:S2CID
4224:S2CID
4179:S2CID
3992:. In
3786:S2CID
3436:Books
1989:Notes
1867:Many
1647:First
1342:Types
1023:αὐτός
938:, or
871:is a
514:Local
7104:Soft
6998:Soft
6833:and
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