Albanian–Ottoman Wars (1432–1479)

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Basilicata), where they found dilapidated houses, abandoned and devastated places, often also inhabited old abbeys. Still others in Calabria and the countryside, where in the province of Cosenza near Corigliano Calabro and the slopes of the Sila massif, the towns of Lungro, Firmo, Macchia Albanese, San Cosmo Albanese, San Demetrio Corone, San Giorgio Albanese, Santa Sofia d ' Epiro, Spezzano Albanese and Vaccarizzo Albanese. Others plan to settle on the heights of the Ionian Sea from Sinni to Crati, from Cosenza to the sea. Some families of the old nobility in Trani and Otranto ashore. The Basta family should be mentioned, who became rights and powerful in Genoa and Venice. In 1759, Ferdinand IV attributed the family to the nobility of Taranto with another document. A Giorgio Basta war captain and baron of Civitella and Pasquale Teodoro Basta (born April 26, 1711, in Monteparano, † December 27, 1765) was heard on January 29, 1748, as Bishop of Melfi and Rapolla.

1758:. In late summer 1448, due to a lack of potable water, the Albanian garrison eventually surrendered the castle with the condition of safe passage through the Ottoman besieging forces, a condition which was accepted and respected by Sultan Murad II. Primary sources disagree about the reason why the besieged had problems with the water in the castle: While Barleti and Biemmi maintained that a dead dog was found in the castle well, and the garrison refused to drink the water since it might corrupt their soul, another primary source, an Ottoman chronicler, conjectured that the Ottoman forces found and cut the water sources of the castle. Recent historians mostly concur with the Ottoman chronicler's version. Although his loss of men was minimal, Skanderbeg lost the castle of Svetigrad, which was an important stronghold that controlled the fields of Macedonia to the east. At the same time, he besieged the towns of Durazzo (modern 2108:, a historian of the Ottoman Empire, describes the battle as Skanderbeg's most brilliant victory. The battle of Albulena strengthened the morale of Skanderbeg's men who afterwards rarely, if at all, deserted his army as Hamza had. Hamza himself was sent as a prisoner to Naples in Alfonso's realm after being captured. An Ottoman envoy was sent to ransom the standard bearers and forty of the distinguished prisoners. The envoy also tried to settle for a truce between Mehmed and Skanderbeg, but the latter responded that he would only accept if Svetigrad and Berat, which had been lost in 1448 and 1450 respectively, were restored to his state. Seeing that Mehmed would not accept such terms, Skanderbeg strengthened his garrisons in the area around Svetigrad. The victory still bought Albania and Italy time; in 1460, Mehmed and Skanderbeg signed an armistice that lasted three years. This gave Skanderbeg the opportunity to 1275: 1791:. Skanderbeg instructed his troops on what to expect and opened battle by ordering a force of archers to open fire on the Venetian line. The battle continued for hours until large groups of Venetian troops began to flee. Skanderbeg, seeing his fleeing adversaries, ordered a full-scale offensive, routing the entire Venetian army. The Republic's soldiers were chased right to the gates of Scutari, and Venetian prisoners were thereafter paraded outside the fortress. The Albanians managed to inflict 2,500 casualties on the Venetian force, capturing 1,000. Skanderbeg's army suffered 400 casualties, most on the right wing. The peace treaty, negotiated by 2689: 1837: 2080:

groups, to assemble without being seen by the Ottomans. The army gathered by the hills at Tumenishta – as the weakest point in the Ottoman camp was in this direction – and on 2 September 1457, it was split again into three groups to assault the Ottoman camp. With some of his most trusted men, he climbed to a high peak to scout on the Ottoman camp and saw that the Ottomans were resting. He descended with his chosen band to eliminate any watching guards, but one saw Skanderbeg and fled into the camp yelling that Skanderbeg had arrived. In order to maintain the surprise, Skanderbeg ordered his men to get ready for battle.

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without tears that you can see the ships that flee from the Albanian leadership themselves in the ports of Italy, those bare miserable families who stretch out their hands to the sky from their own contents of the sea and hear the air with lamentations in an unintelligible language . " Many of the Albanians who fled to Italy, those of the local feudal lords in the populated areas and civil rights. You need to feel settled in Genazzano to feel settled in Genazzano. Others in the Marche, a country where they are listed in Urbino and other places in central Italy; of these, all memories are quickly lost.

1512:("scribe", secretary) and chancellor at the court. He was also the manager of Skanderbeg's bank account in Ragusa. Members of the Gazulli family had important roles in diplomacy, finance, and purchase of arms. John Gazulli, a doctor, was sent to the court of king Matthias Corvinus to coordinate the offensive against Mehmed II. The knight Pal Gazulli was travelling frequently to Italy, and another Gazulli, Andrea, was ambassador of the despot of Morea in Ragusa before becoming a member of Skanderbeg's court in 1462. Some adventurers also followed Skanderbeg, such as a certain John Newport, a 2674: 1263: 458: 448: 225: 1101: 1525: 2538:; during the latter parts of the war he also had at his service Venetian and Neapolitan mercenaries. Skanderbeg's revolt represented a reaction by sections of local society and feudal lords against the loss of privilege and the exactions of the Ottoman government which they resented. As well as Turks, the League also fought against members of their own ethnic groups because the Ottoman forces, both commanders and soldiers, were composed of local people (Albanians, Slavs, Vlachs, Greeks and Turkish timar holders), as well as Turks from 3163:, p. 209. "This happened in 1443 when Gjergj Kastrioti (called Skenderbeg), who had been reared as a Muslim in the sultan's palace, abandoned the Islamic faith and publicly reverted to the creed of his forefathers. But this conversion was not merely a public gesture of defiance. It was the first act in a revolutionary drama. For, after changing his religious allegiance, Skenderbeg demanded that Muslim colonists and converts alike embrace Christianity on pain of death, declaring a kind of holy war against the sultan/caliph." 2731:

Catania 1488 Biancavilla. For their own rights, some belong to agriculture or animal husbandry and others to the army of Catholic Ferdinand II, King of Sicily. Peter and Mercurio Bua, Blaschi Bischettino, Giorgio and Demetrius Capusmede, Lazarus Comilascari, Giorgio Matrancha (Junior), Biaggio Musacchio from the Musacchi family (princes and despots of Epirus), Cesare Urana (Vranà), and other human beings Soldiers and captains who, with their martial art, emperor Charles V in the Tunis campaign (1535), in the wars in Italy.

2009: 78: 608: 596: 584: 572: 560: 543: 531: 511: 491: 481: 469: 435: 421: 215: 1213: 2129:

lifetime, his assistance to King Alphonse I by sending troops to quell an uprising and later his expedition to suppress a revolt on behalf of King Ferdinand led to Albanian mercenaries and other soldiers being allowed by the Neapolitan monarchs to settle villages in Southern Italy. With the death of Skanderbeg and the conquest of his domains by the Ottomans, Albanian leaders and other Albanians found refuge in the Kingdom of Naples. These events and migrations contributed to the formation of the

1604: 399: 353: 327: 4690:, p. 219 "When the commanders of the fleet — Triadan Gritti and his predecessor as Captain-General, Piero Moccnigo — met in Albania, they commissioned a certain Leonardo Boldù to find one of the lords of the country to the north of Lake Shkoder, John Chcrnojcvich, "a man of great following and authority," and exhort him to gather as many men as possible. They ordered Leonardo to transport these, with his own infantry and cavalry, across the lake to relieve Shkoder,..." 2137: 1999:, while, with the remainder of the army, which included many Slavs, Germans, Frenchmen and Italians, he harassed the Ottoman camps around Krujë by continuously attacking Sultan Murad II's supply caravans. The garrison repelled three major direct assaults on the city walls by the Ottomans, causing great losses to the besieging forces. Ottoman attempts at finding and cutting the water sources failed, as did a sapped tunnel, which collapsed suddenly. An offer of 300,000 406: 390: 380: 370: 360: 344: 334: 318: 300: 290: 280: 270: 260: 245: 204: 2711: 2727:

in the province of Cosenza. Acquaformosa, Castroregio, Cavallerizzo (now a fraction of Cerzeto), Cervicati, Cerzeto, Civita, Frascineto, Ehe (now a fraction of San Benedetto Ullano), Mongrassano, Percile, Plataci, Rota Greca, San Basile, San Benedetto Ullano, Santa Caterina Albanese, San Giacomo di Cerzeto (today the Cerzeto fraction), Serra di Leo (near Mongrassano) and many other places of which traces have been lost in the future.

1151:(two-ninths of a ducat) to their lords. The Ottoman system aimed at increasing revenues to support military expenses, thus new taxes were imposed and existing ones were altered. In addition to 1/10 of agrarian production Muslim families were required to pay 10001 leke (~0.6 ducats) to the timar holders, while non-Muslim families had to pay 30 leke (~0.7 ducats). Both groups were subject to additional taxes including the 1735: 2750:, as the Turks had invaded that region. Charles V established these troops in Italy of the South to reinforce defense against the threat of Turkish invasion. Established in insular villages (which enabled them to maintain their culture until the 20th century), Arbëreshë were, traditionally, soldiers for the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Venice, from the Wars of Religion to the Napoleonic invasion. 1329:. Dukagjini then tried to ally himself with Venice by offering to accept Venetian suzerainty and granting them control of Dagnum. However, Venice refused any kind of involvement in his plan and the revolt in general. Dukagjini was not aware that Hasan Bey, the Ottoman governor of Dagnum, had requested Venetian assistance after his defeat. As Venice did not want to provoke Ottoman hostility, the captain of 2481: 1919:"The Prince of Taranto wrote me a letter, a copy of which, and the reply I made him, I am sending to Your Majesty. I am very surprised that His Lordship should think to turn me from my intention by his brusque words, and I should like to say one thing: may God guard Your Majesty from ill and harm and danger, but however things may turn out I am the friend of virtue and not fortune." 2666:, had heard Mehmed II's insatiable languishing after more domination. More and more Albanian cities and fortresses belong to Ottoman rule. The representation was rejected and slaughtered. Many Albanians who foresaw the entire occupation of their homeland and the revenge of the Ottomans, the example of those Albanians who had already settled in southern 2092:

larger numbers than they actually had. Hamza tried to reorder his men, assuring them that the Albanians were few. Isak bey, tried to send reinforcements to Hamza's men, but the arrival of new Albanian contingents forced him to turn his attention. A series of cavalry charges and counter-charges kept the battle moving with a rain of missiles and

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movements were picked up by Skanderbeg's scouts, who moved to meet Firuz. The Ottomans were lured into the Mokra valley, and Skanderbeg with a force of 3,500 attacked and defeated the Ottomans. Firuz was killed along with 1,500 of his men. Skanderbeg defeated the Ottomans two more times the following year, once when Ottoman forces from

3353:Ђурађ Кастриот је био велики борац против Турака, али је ипак с времена на време морао да плаћа харач султану. Додуше он је то чинио само у изузетним приликама: или у време жестоких сукоба са млетачком републиком или када је напуштао родни крај и одлазио у Италију, или можда када притиснут огромном турском силом ни на који други начин 2097:

addition, 15,000 men were taken prisoner, twenty-four standards were captured, and all the riches in the camp were lost to the Albanians. A multitude of men were also captured, among them Hamza Kastrioti. The fallen Albanian warriors were buried in the Cathedral of St. Mary in the village of Shumri (3 kilometres (1.9 mi) east of

2084: 1822:, although Brankovic's exact role is disputed. As a result, Skanderbeg ravaged his domains as a punishment for the desertion of the Christian cause. He appears to have marched to join Hunyadi immediately after making peace with the Venetians, and to have been only 20 miles from Kosovo Polje when the Hungarian army finally broke. 1766:. Mustafa Pasha lost 3,000 men and was captured, along with twelve high officers. Skanderbeg learned from these officers that it was the Venetians who pushed the Ottomans to invade Albania. The Venetians, upon hearing of the defeat, urged to establish peace. Mustafa Pasha was soon ransomed for 25,000 ducats to the Ottomans. 1624:. At a given signal, they descended, encircled the Ottomans, and gave Skanderbeg a much needed victory. About 8,000 Ottomans were killed and 2,000 were captured. Skanderbeg's first victory echoed across Europe because this was one of the few times that an Ottoman army was defeated in a pitched battle on European soil. 1770: 2726:

After the conquest of Kruja (1478) and Shkodra (1479) by the Ottomans, Albanian nobles fled further to the Kingdom of Naples in order to include the revenge of the Ottomans and Islamization. Many Catholic Albanian families with a Byzantine rite belong to their compatriots and belonged to the “Casali”

2385:. Gritti led the Venetian fleet of six galleys which sailed early in May 1474 to protect the coast of Albania Veneta and especially the mouths of river Bojana. When Venetian fleet entered Bojana the Ottoman forces attempted to block it by clogging the mouth of Bojana with a cut tree trunks, just like 2079:

The local population remained faithful to Skanderbeg and did not reveal his whereabouts. Isak bey and Hamza grew confident that Skanderbeg had been defeated and had thus began to withdraw. When he judged the time right, Skanderbeg gave the signal for the army, which had up until then been in separate

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to help fund his campaign. Meanwhile, his men landed in Italy and Angevin forces lifted their siege on Barletta. Upon arriving, Skanderbeg continued to pursue his ally's enemies with great success. Ferdinand's adversaries thus began to retreat from his territories and Skanderbeg went back to Albania;

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against the opposing armies by using the mountainous terrain to his advantage. During the first 8–10 years, Skanderbeg commanded an army of generally 10,000–15,000 soldiers, but only had absolute control over the men from his own dominions, and had to convince the other princes to follow his policies

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La sua morte, abbiam detto, gettò nel lutto la cristianità poichè i Principi di Europa perdevano con Scanderbeg l'uomo che permetteva loro di guardare con tranquillità alle vicende dell'Europa Orientale. Per Ferdinando invece il dolore fu profondo e disinteressato: egli perdeva l'amico della buona e

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had been assembled. Despite the military victories the rebel leaders acted autonomously without a central leadership, the lack of which contributed greatly to their final defeat. Turahan's forces eventually subdued the revolt and marched through Albania, committing widespread massacres of civilians.

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report ; no.25 Issue 25 of Report, National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of (National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council. Publication) Author George Nicholas Nasse Publisher National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 1964 page 26 link

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Ivan Strez Balsa, ein Neffe Skanderbegs, verlangte dabei seinen enteigneten Besitz zurück, und zwar die Burg Petrela, das nicht weiter zu lokalisierende Woiwodat von "Terra nuova" um Kruja (kaum gemeint sein kann das ebenfalls als Terra nuova bezeichnete osmanische Elbasan), die Dörfer des Gebietes

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The arrival of the Arbëresh in Italy with their dads and their cult image; Icon in the Chiesa Santissimo Salvatore in Cosenza There is more to say of those who belonged to the Kingdom of Naples and selected mountainous areas around Benevento (today in Campania) and Barile (1477) and Melfi (today in

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wrote to the Duke of Burgundy: “The cities , which were wider up to this day the rage of the Turks, have come under their control from now on. All the peoples who inhabit the shores of the Adriatic Sea tremble at the threat they face. Everywhere you see horror, grief, captivity and death. It is not

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Two lines of the Castriota family lived in southern Italy, one of which descended from Pardo Castriota Scanderbeg and the other from Achille Castriota Scanderbeg, who were both biological sons of Ferrante, the son of John Castriot II and his wife Jerina. They were highly ranked Italian nobility and

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which surprised Ottomans at Skadar lake. During whole summer Ivan Crnojević participated in military actions. He controlled the Skadar lake with three fustas and 15 smaller ships, which was very important because Venetian fleet (composed of 34 larger ships and about 100 smaller) was unable to sail

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In Western Europe the death of Skanderbeg was mourned by princes and other rulers such as Ferdinand I. In a condolence letter written to Skanderbeg's widow dated 24 February 1468, Ferdinand expressed pain of having lost his friend and promised assistance to Skanderbeg's family. During Skanderbeg's

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Consequently, the changes in property rights, relations between feudal lords and peasants, the taxation system and the enactment of devşirme resulted in further resistance. As changes affecting both nobles and peasants were principally implemented through registration in the cadastral survey, many

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With the accompaniment of loud noise made from metallic tools and weapons being clapped together, the Albanians charged into the Turkish camp. The Ottomans were caught by surprise and, despite their large numbers, were terrified by the fury of the Albanian assault, thinking they were attacking in

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Others belong to the Royal Charter in Sicily, where they belong to the settlements seized by the soldiers of Reres in 1448. But new settlements were also created: in the province of Palermo 1481 Palazzo Adriano, 1488 Piana dei Greci, 1490 Mezzojuso and 1691 Santa Cristina Gela in the province of

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fled to the neighboring countries and settled in a few villages in Calabria. From the time of Skanderbeg's death until 1480 there were constant migrations of Albanians to the Italian coast. Throughout the 16th century, these migrations continued and other Albanian villages were formed on Italian

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who stopped the Venetian merchants from any longer furnishing the Ottomans. Venetians' help to the Ottomans notwithstanding, by September 1450, the Ottoman camp was in disarray, as the castle was still not taken, the morale had sunk, and disease was running rampant. Murad II acknowledged that he

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tried to dissuade Skanderbeg from this enterprise and even offered him an alliance. This did not affect Skanderbeg, who answered on 31 October 1460, that he owed fealty to the Aragon family, especially in times of hardship. In his response to Orsini, Skanderbeg mentioned that the Albanians never

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himself. Demoralized and severely weakened by hunger and lack of supplies from the year-long siege, the defenders surrendered to Mehmed, who had promised to allow them to leave unharmed in exchange. As the Albanians were walking away with their families, however, the Ottomans killed the men and

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forcing the Ottomans into the heart of the camp. Seeing that they were surrounded, the Ottoman force began to panic and melted away. Hamza was thus captured, though Isak bey fled. The Ottoman dead may have been as high as 30,000, but it is unlikely that they suffered more than 15,000 deaths. In

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Between 7,000 and 20,000 Ottoman soldiers are reported to have been killed, and approximately 3,000 civilians from Scutari died of thirst and hunger. In the siege, the outer walls were damaged significantly. The citizens rebuilt the walls in anticipation of a stronger Ottoman attack later. The

1953:, he managed to defeat the Italian and Angevin forces of Orsini of Taranto, secured King Ferdinand's throne, and returned to Albania. King Ferdinand was grateful to Skanderbeg for this intervention for the rest of his life: at Skanderbeg's death, he rewarded his descendants with the castle of 1680:

On 10 October 1445, an Ottoman force of 9,000–15,000 men under Firuz Pasha was sent to prevent Skanderbeg from moving into Macedonia. Firuz had heard that the Albanian army had disbanded for the time being, so he planned to move quickly around the Black Drin valley and through Prizren. These

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The Italo-Albanian villages of southern Italy Issue 25 of Foreign field research program, report, National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of Publication (National Research Council (U.S.)) Foreign field research program, sponsored by Office of Naval research,

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die Skanderbegs Personlichkeit gelassen hatte, nicht zu füllen. Deshalb muste Venedig wie in den Jahrzehnten vor Skanderbeg mit einer Vielzahl von Adligen zusammenarbeiten; neben Leka, Progon und Nikola Dukagjin gehörten zu dieser Schicht auch Comino Araniti, wohl derselbe, der 1466 Durazzo

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Već 1448. posredovao je u sklapanju mira u sukobu između Mletačke Republike i Skenderbega, koji je pustošio okolinu Bara i Ulcinja U ime Skenderbega nudio je 1450. godine Mlečanima Kroju Kako je Pelinović od 1453.-1456. bio i apostolski pronotar,171 sastavljao je Skenderbegove

1467:, where he arrived on 28 November, and by the use of a forged letter from Sultan Murad to the Governor of Krujë he became lord of the city that very day. To reinforce his intention of gaining control of the former domains of Zeta, Skanderbeg proclaimed himself the heir of the 1408:

After the revolt had largely been suppressed, those who accepted Ottoman suzerainty were initially allowed to retain their holdings and partial autonomy. Many timars were also granted to local Albanians holding high posts of the administration, especially during the rule of

1711:, and the assembly met with the approval of Venice. The later affirmation of Skanderbeg and his rise as a strong force on their borders, however, was seen as a menace to the interests of the Republic, leading to a worsening of relations and the dispute over the fortress of 1855:. In order to repay Alfonso for the financial and military assistance given to him years before, Skanderbeg took up the pope's pleas to help out Alfonso's son by sending a military expedition to Italy. Before leaving, Skanderbeg tried to negotiate a ceasefire with Sultan 2057:, urging for assistance, and the Ragusans informed Pope Nicholas V. Through financial assistance, Skanderbeg managed to hold Krujë and regain much of his territory. Skanderbeg's success brought praise from all over Europe and ambassadors were sent to him from Rome, 1814:'s army in Kosovo and his invitation for Skanderbeg to join the expedition against the sultan. However, the Albanian army under Skanderbeg did not participate in this battle as he was prevented from joining with Hunyadi's army. It is believed that he was delayed by 1376:

mention that many Ottoman soldiers were captured, while Ishak Bey escaped with a small group. In April 1435, Arianiti defeated another Ottoman campaign and hostilities virtually ceased until the beginning of 1436, as Murat II's military efforts were focused against

2397:. Gritti returned his fleet down the river and destroyed Ottoman forces on 15 June 1474. Despite all of his efforts, Gritti was not able to deliver to Scutari all goods his fleet carried because many of his ships were trapped in the shallow waters of Bojana near 1495:

as its national symbol to this day). Skanderbeg abandoned Islam, reverted to Christianity, and ordered others who had embraced Islam or were Muslim colonists to convert to Christianity or face death. From that time on, the Ottomans referred to Skanderbeg as

2116:, who had been crowned after his father had died. The battle thus opened a new phase in the Ottoman-Albanian war which saw the high-water mark of the Albanian resistance and the fiercest Ottoman invasions of Albania in the war. The war would last until the 2053:. The other nobles from the region of Albania allied with Murad II as he came to save them from the oppression. Even after the sultan's withdrawal they rejected Skanderbeg's efforts to enforce his authority over their domains. Skanderbeg then travelled to 1600:

and tactics. Skanderbeg occasionally had to pay tribute to the Ottomans, but only in exceptional circumstances, such as during the war with the Venetians or his travel to Italy and perhaps when he was under pressure of Ottoman forces that were too strong.

1799:, and also that Skanderbeg would enjoy the privilege of buying, tax-free, 200 horse-loads of salt annually from Durazzo. In addition Venice would pay Skanderbeg 1,400 ducats. During the period of clashes with Venice, Skanderbeg intensified relations with 4659:У близиниушћа покушали су да затворе реку, као што je 1422. годинечинио и деспотов командант Мазарек. Једноставно су насе-кли дрвеће и побацали га у реку да би затворили излаз. Три-јадан Грити није смео дозволити да му непријатељ блокирафлоту у реци 1619:

who were under direct command of the Ottoman general Ali Pasha, with an army of 25,000 men. Skanderbeg had under his command 7,000 infantry and 8,000 cavalry. 3,000 cavalry were hidden behind enemy lines in a nearby forest under the command of

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The names of religion and liberty provoked a general revolt of the Albanians, who indulged the Ottoman garrisons in the choice of martyrdom or baptism ; and for 23 years Skanderbeg resisted the powers of the Turkish Empire, — the hero of

1750:. The Albanian garrison in the castle resisted the frontal assaults of the Ottoman army, while Skanderbeg harassed the besieging forces with the remaining Albanian army under his personal command. On 23 July 1448, Skanderbeg won a battle near 5061:Представник млетачких власти, и да je хтео, није био у стању да ce одупре одржавању таквог скупа, као што ни неколико месеци доцније није могао да ce супротстави Скендербеговим људима који су no граду лљачкали стоку и одводили жене и децу. 3427:

George Skanderbeg, a man of noble birth, received his inheritance. ... fortress of Krujë by stratagem and declared himselfa Christian, going so far as to impale the Ottoman officials who refused to accept baptism; see Fine, LMB, 521–22,

1882:. They were incorporated into Ferdinand's forces to combat his Angevin rivals. They held back their enemy for a year, but did not gain much ground until Skanderbeg arrived in September 1461. Before reaching Italy, Skanderbeg visited 1421:

in 1437. As the empire further extended its area of rule in the Balkans, centralization attempts and the replacement of local timar holders with Ottoman landowners resumed. These policies would lead in part to the formation of the

2025:

sold food to the Ottoman army and those of Durazzo supplied Skanderbeg's army. An angry attack by Skanderbeg on the Venetian caravans raised tension between him and the Republic, but the case was resolved with the help of the

4281:überfallen hatte; die Söhne von Juani Stexi, di Johann Balsha, Machthaber zwischen Alessio und Kruja; Gojko Balsha und seine söhne der woiwode Jaran um Kruja (1477), und auch der mit seinem Erbe überforderte Johann Kastriota. 4953:

deportation of the Archbishop of Ohrid, Dorotei, to Istanbul in 1466, to-gether with other clerks and bolyars who probably were expatriated be-cause of their anti Ottoman acts during the Skender-Bey's rebellion.

1727:, and Albanians of the area, the Venetians offered rewards for his assassination. The Venetians sought by every means to overthrow Skanderbeg or bring about his death, even offering a life pension of 100 golden 1175:

The revolt was prompted by the replacement of large parts of the local nobility with Ottoman landowners, centralized governance and the Ottoman taxation system, the population and the nobles, led principally by

4632:, p. 383 "Турци су предузели две одлучне офанзиве - 1474 и 1478. У првом походу порушили су Дањ, око кога су се толико отимали Дукађини, а онда га напустили. Многобројне поправке су биле потребне у Љешу." 1941:, and reminded Orsini of Pyrrhus' victories in southern Italy. When the situation became critical, Skanderbeg made a three-year armistice with the Ottomans on 17 April 1461, and in late August 1461, landed in 2164:

After Skanderbeg's death, Venice asked and obtained from his widow the permission to defend Krujë and the other fortresses with Venetian garrisons. Krujë held out during its fourth siege, started in 1477 by

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Scanderbeg intended to go "peronalmente" with an army to assist Hunyadi, but was prevented from doing so by Branković, whose lands he ravaged as punishment for the Serbian desertion of the Christian cause.

1520:

merchant family had a role similar to Gazulli. Correspondence was written in Slavic, Greek, Latin, and Italian. Documents in Latin were written by notaries from Italy or Venetian territories in Albania.

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defeated a small Ottoman force in central Albania. His victory encouraged the other leaders and the revolt spread throughout Albania. Later that year the Ottomans lost control of the central seaport of

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and signed between Skanderbeg and Venice on 4 October 1448, envisioned that Venice would keep Dagnum and its environs, but would cede to Skanderbeg the territory of Buzëgjarpri at the mouth of the

2345:. All Venetian governors were also ordered to help the besieged city. According to Venetian reports in July Shkodra was besieged by 50,000 Ottoman soldiers who were supported by heavy artillery. 644: 55:

resisted the Ottomans under two Sultans in over 30 battles. Skanderbeg continued this resistance until his death in 1468, and the Albanians persevered for another 11 years before being defeated.

1136:(feudal cavalry), while the remainder and especially remote areas, which were not under full Ottoman control, were granted to Albanian spahis, both Christian and Muslim. The replacement of the 1731:

annually for the person who would kill him. During the conflict, Venice invited the Ottomans to attack Skanderbeg simultaneously from the east, facing the Albanians with a two-front conflict.

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E che questa sia la data vera lo dimostra la lettera di condoglianze scritta da Re Ferdinando I di Napoli alla vedova dello Scanderbeg, lettera che porta appunto la data del 24 febbraio 1468.

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continued the resistance against the Ottomans, and tried to liberate territories from Ottoman rule in 1481–84. In addition, a major revolt in 1492 occurred in southern Albania, mainly in the

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declared that if Ferdinand of Naples received Skanderbeg, Malatesta would go to the Ottomans. In the month of September 1460, Skanderbeg dispatched a company of 500 cavalry under his nephew,

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Rätselhaft erscheint vor diesem Hintergrund das Schicksal Andreas Humojs: Er beging verrat und wurde von Generalkapitan Triadan Gritti zum tode verurteilt. Das urteil vollstreckte ein Tuzi.

4983:

A revolt against Turkish authority in Albania, led by George Castriota (Iskender Bey or "Skanderbeg") was successful for a brief period and was supported by dissident Greeks in the Morea.

4799:мада су им се касније прикључили стратиоти из Грчке као и посаде свих бродова, млетачке снаге ни у једном тренутку нису премашиле 25.000 људи, како су Млечани извештавали своје савезнике 4203:

Ma in una lettera del 24 febb. 1468 il re promette alla vedova di lui «non solamente li lassaremo quello che ce avemo donato, ma quando bisogno fosse li donaremo delli altri nostri beni»

1544:

again revolted against the Ottomans in the region of central Albania. Under Venetian patronage, on 2 March 1444, Skanderbeg summoned Albanian noblemen in the Venetian-controlled town of

4754:Иван Црнојевић је господарио Скадарским језером уз помоћ три фусте и 15 мањих бродова. То је било веома значајно, јер велика млетачка флота није могла да се пробија дал.е од Светог Срђа 4720:У одбрани Скадра важну улогу играо је Иван Црнојевић обезбијеђујући везу с Котором и дотурање помоћи преко Жабљака и Скадарског језера. Морао је да одбија нападе великих турских одреда. 1400:, a Bulgarian nobleman, and in early 1436 Daud, a pretender to the Ottoman throne, to negotiate the possibility of a coalition with the rebels. However, by mid-1436 a large force under 2267: 1649:

The first battle of Skanderbeg's rebels against the Ottomans was fought on 10 October 1445, on mountain Mokra. According to Setton, after Skanderbeg was allegedly victorious in the

1364:

in south-central Albania in August 1434. After his defeat, all beys of the territories bordering Albania were ordered to gather their forces and attack the rebels. In December 1434

3443:

A Handbook for Travellers in Greece: Describing the Ionian Islands, Continental Greece, Athens, and the Peloponnesus, the Islands of the Ægean Sea, Albania, Thessaly, and Macedonia

5308: 1516:, ambassador of Skanderbeg in Milan in 1456, a certain Stjepan Radojevic, who in 1466 provided ships for a trip to Split, a certain Ruscus from Cattaro, and others. The Ragusan 4583:, p. 295 "почетком 1474 ... о султановој намери да обнови Подгорицу и да је насели са пет хиљада турских домаћинстава, а исто тако да подигне из рушевина стари град Балеч" 5020:, p. 153 "... a solid military alliance was concluded among all the Albanian and Serbian chieftains along the Adriatic coast from southern Epirus to the Bosnian border." 5078:Мада ниједан савремени млетачки документ не помиње овај скуп, сви старији и многи новији историчари прихватили су Барлецијеве вести не придајући им, разуме се, исти значај. 637: 2303: 1995:

strategy (thus denying the Ottomans the use of necessary local resources), Skanderbeg left a protective garrison of 1,500 men under one of his most trusted lieutenants,

2263: 4921: 2582:. A couple of months later Skanderbeg's forces stole cattle of the citizens of Lezhë and captured their women and children. The main members of the league were the 1349:

began. Vlorë was lost to the rebels as early as May 1432, but must have been recovered by May 1434 as contemporary Venetian documents mention an Ottoman official (

2614:

news about this meeting in Lezhë (without giving it equal weight), although no contemporary Venetian document mentions it. Barleti referred to the meeting as the

1634:

using the forged letter to take control from Zabel Pasha, his rebels managed to capture many Ottoman fortresses including strategically very important Svetigrad (

1385:. At the end of 1435 reports of the Ragusan senate assessed the situation as calm and noted that the belligerents had retreated to their respective territories. 630: 1707:

was supportive of Skanderbeg, considering his forces to be a buffer between them and the Ottoman Empire. Lezhë, where the eponymous league was established, was

1189:. Gjergj Arianiti, who was living at the Ottoman court as a hostage, was called by rebels to lead the revolt in his family's domains. In response, he fled from 4342:"Die venezianischen Jahrbücher des Stefano Magno (ÖNB Codd 6215–6217) als Quelle zur albanischen und epirotischen Geschichte im späten Mittelalter (1433–1477)" 4298:"Die venezianischen Jahrbücher des Stefano Magno (ÖNB Codd 6215–6217) als Quelle zur albanischen und epirotischen Geschichte im späten Mittelalter (1433–1477)" 4237:"Die venezianischen Jahrbücher des Stefano Magno (ÖNB Codd 6215–6217) als Quelle zur albanischen und epirotischen Geschichte im späten Mittelalter (1433–1477)" 2038:. The Ottomans suffered 20,000 casualties during the siege, and many more died as Murad escaped Albania. A few months later, on 3 February 1451, Murad died in 4920:; Mitko B. Panov; Dragi Georgiev; Krste Bitovski; Ivan Katardziev; Vanche Stojchev; Novica Veljanovski; Todor Chepreganov (2008), Todor Chepreganov (ed.), 2191: 1875:, that Mehmed not only declared a truce, but also a three-year ceasefire with Skanderbeg. This gave Skanderbeg his opportunity to send his men to Italy. 1630:

claims that majority of accounts on Skanderbeg's activities in the period 1443–1444 "owe far more to fancy than to fact." Soon after Skanderbeg captured

1167:

families tried to avoid becoming registered in the 1431–2 survey and took refugee in mountainous areas, while the nobility prepared for armed conflict.

2157:, woivodate of "Terra nuova" of Kruje (unknown position), territory between Kruje and Durrës and villages in the region of Bushnesh (today part of the 2027: 1896: 1155:, an annual cash tax that affected households registered to the cadasters. Non-Muslims were also required to pay 45 akçe (~1.3 ducats) as part of the 4917: 4737:Преко Котора је брдским путевима пребацивао људе и грађу од које би се, кад стигне у Жабљак, изградиле фусте и изненадили Турци на Скадарском језеру. 2301:, who had promised them they could leave unharmed in exchange. One of the important historical sources about this siege is the fourth volume of the 1540:

In Albania, the rebellion against the Ottomans had already been smouldering for years before Skanderbeg deserted the Ottoman army. In August 1443,

4782:...su Turci opsjedali Skadar 1474, Leonardo Boldù, Mlečanin, je na burćima i lađama Ivana Crnojevića iz Zabljaka mogao s vojskom da dođe pod grad. 4196: 2232: 1255:, capital of the sanjak of Albania. At nearby Këlcyrë the rebels captured the castle, but the concurrent siege of Gjirokastër was prolonged and 841: 848: 2331:

and feared Venetian reinforcements. According to some sources, when Scutari garrison complained for lack of food and water, Loredan told them

2149:

was perceived by Venice as Skanderbeg's successor. After Skanderbeg's death Ivan and his brother Gojko Balšić, together with Leke, Progon and

2655: 2153:, continued to fight for Venice. In 1469 Ivan requested from the Venetian Senate to return him his confiscated property consisting of Castle 2324: 600: 4881: 2651: 916: 2445:. Boldù was able to reach the besieged city from Žabljak thanks to the ships of Ivan Crnojević. The crew of Venetian ships together with 923: 909: 2297:

Demoralized and severely weakened by hunger and lack of supplies from the year-long siege, the Albanian defenders surrendered to Sultan

5894: 2034:

could not capture the castle of Krujë by force of arms before the winter, and in October 1450, he lifted the siege and made his way to

1463:

on 2 January 1444. Skanderbeg quit the field along with 300 other Albanians serving in the Ottoman army. He immediately led his men to

5030: 2005:(Ottoman silver coins) and a promise of a high rank as an officer in the Ottoman army made to Vrana Konti, were both rejected by him. 4165:

della cattiva ventura. La lettera di condoglianze che fece rimettere alla vedova del Castriota non è certo un capolavoro di stile,...

2547: 1417:. Throughout the pacification process, various primarily rural areas were still in revolt and new rebellions erupted, like that of 1337:(Alessio) and by 1435 the fort had been returned to Ottoman control. In central Albania, Andrea Thopia unsuccessfully besieged the 1274: 2449:

from Greece joined the defenders in the besieged city and, according to some Venetian reports, their total number reached 25,000.

2357: 2356:

and Baleč in 1474 and to settle them with 5,000 Turkish families in order to establish an additional obstacle for cooperation of

967: 4847: 960: 2642:

After the death of Skanderbeg in 1468, the organized Albanian resistance against the Ottomans came to an end. Like much of the

837: 5535:

Islami, Selim; Anamali, Skënder; Korkuti, Muzafer; Prendi, Frano; Shukriu, Edi (2002). Kristaq Prifti, Muzafer Korkuti (ed.).

5818: 5800: 5780: 5760: 5737: 5714: 5648: 5584: 5509: 5478: 5440: 5421: 5298: 5272: 5233: 5099: 4976: 4894: 4353: 4309: 4248: 3772: 3420: 1658: 1591:

Skanderbeg organized a mobile defense army that forced the Ottomans to disperse their troops, leaving them vulnerable to the

1108:

During the late 14th and early 15th century the Ottoman Empire gradually defeated local Albanian principalities, forming the

44: 5183:

Biçoku, Kasem (1970). "Mbi disa çështje lidhur me jetën dhe veprimtarinë e Gjergj Kastriotit-Skënderbeut para vitit 1443".

3176: 4815: 4368:

Tatsächlich kam Venedig den Wünschen Ivan Strezs weitgehend entgegen und setzte ihn damit zum Nachfolger Skanderbegs ein.

4177: 4157: 4346:

Südosteuropa : von vormoderner Vielfalt und nationalstaatlicher Vereinheitlichung : Festschrift für Edgar Hösch

4302:

Südosteuropa : von vormoderner Vielfalt und nationalstaatlicher Vereinheitlichung : Festschrift für Edgar Hösch

4241:

Südosteuropa : von vormoderner Vielfalt und nationalstaatlicher Vereinheitlichung : Festschrift für Edgar Hösch

2424:

had important role in the defense of the Shkodra because he provided connection with Kotor and supplied the city through

2254:

The only legitimate daughter of Duke Ferrante, Irene Castriota Scanderbeg, born to Andreana Acquaviva d'Aragona from the

1646:. According to some sources, Skanderbeg impaled captured Ottoman officials who refused to be baptized into Christianity. 905: 2204:, went to Lezhë and organized a local uprising, but that too was unsuccessful. The Venetians evacuated Durazzo in 1501. 4931: 4825: 4676:ни Тријадан Грити није могао опседнутом граду дапошаље помоћ којом су били натоварени бродови укотвљенипод Светим Срђом 2109: 1840: 1831: 1267: 1020: 4594: 1259:

attacked and defeated the troops that surrounded the city in early 1433. Zenebishi himself was captured and executed.

5862: 5693: 5604: 5546: 5458: 5377: 5357: 5326: 5173: 4701: 4604: 3683: 3658: 2790: 2248: 1933: 1716: 1140:

with the timar system led to conflicts, as a result of which many rural areas were not under complete Ottoman rule.

976: 5116: 1762:) and Lezhë which were then under Venetian rule. In August 1448, Skanderbeg defeated Mustafa Pasha in Dibër at the 781: 5347: 1388:

During the revolt many attempts were made to form an anti-Ottoman coalition including the Holy Roman Empire. Pope

5889: 2161:

municipality). Venice largely conceded to the wishes of Ivan Balšić and installed him as Skanderbeg's successor.

1305:, who was also called to join the revolt, remained in Ottoman service in Anatolia. In August 1433, the senate of 1297:, pillaged the areas of Kanina and Yannina and moved northwards, where they subdued the rebels in the domains of 1878:

Due to fears of an approaching Ottoman army, Skanderbeg first sent his nephew, Constantine, with 500 cavalry to

1372:

marched into south-central Albania but was defeated by Gjergj Arianiti. Contemporary sources from the senate of

1333:(Scutari) was ordered to assist Hasan Bey in recapturing Dagnum. Arms were subsequently sent to the garrison of 1143:

Under the previous taxation code, farmers were required to pay a tenth of their seasonal agricultural output, 1

761: 729: 1313:

in the region too. However, by the end of October they reevaluated the crisis and rejected the deployment of a

1077: 1012: 956: 889: 745: 2574:

On 2 March 1444 the regional Albanian and Slavic chieftains united against the Ottoman Empire. This alliance (

1236: 2747: 2670:. From the ports of Ragusa, Skutari and Lezha she heard her home on Venetian, Neapolitan and Albanian ships. 2258:

dukes, inherited the Castriota paternal estate, bringing the Duchy of Galatina and County of Soleto into the

1907: 1863:, to ensure his domain's safety. Mehmed had not declared a truce and he was still sending his armies against 1427: 3283:Искусни вођа Арнит (Арианит) поче у средњој Албанији већ у августу 1443 године поново борбу против турака. 1787:

with 10,000 men, meeting a Venetian force of 15,000 men under the command of Daniele Iurichi, governor of

897: 82: 1895:

a troop of his men stayed until Ferdinand managed to finally defeat the pretenders to his throne at the

1392:

requested troops to be sent to assist the revolt and tried to gather funds. In 1435, Holy Roman Emperor

1360:

in the summer of 1434. Again under the command of Sinan Pasha, this Ottoman expedition was defeated by

753: 3205: 2688: 2495: 1747: 1698: 1322: 1004: 813: 771: 2607: 948: 473: 2587: 2178:, reducing Venice's Albanian possessions to only Durazzo, Antivari, and Dulcigno. Skanderbeg's son 1468: 737: 697: 5264:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

4564: 2352:, came under Ottoman rule. According to some sources the Ottoman sultan had intentions to rebuild 2279: 2117: 2049:

After the siege Skanderbeg was at the end of his resources. He lost all of his possessions except

2012: 1974: 1843:. The Northern route was taken by himself, whereas the southern one was taken by his subordinates. 1378: 1163:, which required the enlistment of young males in the Ottoman army and their conversion to Islam. 1054: 984: 829: 166: 146: 3447: 2425: 1930: 1763: 1046: 873: 821: 4900: 4325:

von "Bonese" (Bushnesh, WNW von Kruja gelegen), schließlich das Land zwischen Kruja und Durazzo.

1980: 1815: 1720: 1448: 713: 451: 150: 142: 2550:

together with considerable number of Christian citizens of Ohrid were expatriated by sultan to

2216: 2150: 2146: 2104:

The Battle of Albulena was significant for the southern resistance against the Ottoman Empire.

1911: 1860: 1418: 1393: 797: 69: 5790: 5750: 5163: 4341: 4297: 4236: 3410: 2133:

community and many of their settlements in southern Italy that still exist in the modern era.

1848: 1836: 576: 5727: 4966: 3248: 2631: 2558:'s rebellion. Skanderbeg's rebellion was also supported by Greeks in the Morea. According to 2526:. In addition to Albanians, who composed the bulk of his forces, his followers also included 2319:

Strong Ottoman forces besieged Shkodra in spring 1474. Mehmed had dispatched the governor of

2130: 2113: 1903: 1810:

One of the reasons Skanderbeg agreed to sign the peace treaty with Venice was the advance of

1615:

In the summer of 1444, in the Plain of Torvioll, the united Albanian armies under Skanderbeg

865: 705: 5828: 3272: 2662:

The years and richest migration date back to between 1468 and 1506, when the Venetians, the

1906:

and asked for help from Skanderbeg. This invitation worried King Ferdinand's opponents, and

1552:. Among those who joined the military alliance were the powerful Albanian noble families of 5034: 4488:

Archivio del Gran Priorato di Napoli e Sicilia del Sovrano Militare Ordine di Malta, Napoli

3971:

While the Venetians of Scutari sold food to the Turks, those of Durazzo aided the Albanians

3334: 3252: 2432:, fighting simultaneously against strong Ottoman forces. He transported men and woods from 2259: 2169:, until 16 June 1478, when the city was starved to death and finally surrendered to Sultan 1962: 1958: 1639: 1627: 1369: 2673: 1686: 1517: 805: 8: 5752:

A History of the Crusades: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, edited by H. W. Hazard

5723: 4811: 4558: 4515:Ништа се није могло остварити јер је снажна турска војска с пролећа 1474 притисла Скадар. 4337: 4293: 4232: 2834:. Akademia e Shkencave e RPSSH, Instituti i Ghuhesise dje i Letersise. 1972. p. 49. 2543: 1800: 1592: 1488: 1262: 1198: 1159:

and had to supply regularly the Ottoman state with young recruits in accordance with the

228: 2659:

soil. The new immigrants often took up work as mercenaries hired by the Italian armies.

2412:

and to urge him to mobilize as many of his men as possible to help Venetians during the

1724: 1585: 1239:, to lead the rebels in the south. After spreading the revolt in nearby areas including 457: 447: 224: 5498: 4843:

Merula, George. “The War of Shkodra” (1474). An English translation by Robert Elsie at

3441: 2394: 2158: 2073: 2062: 2054: 1883: 1868: 1704: 1674: 1650: 1616: 1460: 1373: 1318: 1306: 881: 789: 383: 2575: 2236: 2174:

enslaved the women and children. In 1479, an Ottoman army, headed again by Mehmed II,

1549: 1505: 1423: 461: 207: 132: 105: 5868: 5858: 5840: 5814: 5796: 5776: 5756: 5733: 5710: 5689: 5685:

Nihil obstat: religion, politics, and social change in East-Central Europe and Russia

5644: 5626: 5610: 5600: 5580: 5542: 5505: 5484: 5474: 5454: 5436: 5417: 5401: 5383: 5373: 5353: 5322: 5294: 5268: 5250: 5229: 5203: 5169: 5148: 5095: 4972: 4937: 4927: 4890: 4844: 4821: 4711: 4600: 4359: 4349: 4315: 4305: 4254: 4244: 3768: 3679: 3654: 3416: 3244: 2786: 2734:

Another wave of emigration, between 1500 and 1534, relates to Arbëreshë from central

2637: 2386: 2224: 2212: 2208: 2166: 2066: 2058: 1938: 1891: 1872: 1864: 1666: 1657:

are said to have sung praises about him and urged Skanderbeg to join the alliance of

1596: 1524: 1459:. According to some earlier sources, Skanderbeg deserted the Ottoman army during the 1137: 1109: 664: 612: 113: 109: 4868:

in seiner Gefolgschaft fanden sich neben Albanern auch Slawen, Griechen und Vlachen.

2714:

Detail of a German ethnographic map of South Italy from 1859, in which the Albanian/

2421: 2409: 2405: 1847:

In 1457, Skanderbeg had achieved his most famous victory over the Ottoman Empire at

1484: 1342: 1309:

convened to evaluate the situation and deemed that the revolt posed a threat to the

1228: 1217: 373: 363: 303: 5558:"Benediktinska opatija svete Marije Ratačke kod Bara, Acta diplomatica et iuridica" 4995: 4916: 2591: 2523: 2515: 2499: 2469: 2457: 2413: 2228: 2195: 2179: 2175: 2008: 1557: 1513: 1410: 1310: 1121: 1062: 940: 689: 548: 519: 499: 495: 307: 170: 2348:

At the beginning of 1474 the whole region around Shkodra, including the abandoned

1983:

to Krujë with an army numbering approximately 100,000 men and led again by Sultan

721: 5852: 5770: 5704: 5683: 5666: 5638: 5594: 5574: 5536: 5468: 5395: 5367: 5336: 5262: 5244: 5223: 5197: 5133: 4999: 4851: 4767: 3762: 3466: 3390: 3338: 3276: 3256: 3188: 2829: 2780: 2692: 2511: 2503: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2338: 2328: 1792: 1621: 1608: 1577: 1573: 1553: 1541: 1492: 1361: 1244: 1177: 932: 857: 681: 622: 515: 337: 321: 273: 77: 48: 40: 3676:

Comentario de le cose de' Turchi, et del S. Georgio Scanderbeg, principe d' Epyr

3481:...с пролећа 1946 обраћао за помоћ папи и Угарској преко републике дубровачке... 3234:

Schmitt Oliver Jens, "Skanderbeg et les Sultans", Turcica, 43 (2011) pp. 68, 69.

2416:. Boldù was also ordered to transport Crnojević's cavalry and infantry over the 2083: 1338: 5833:

Istorija srpskog naroda. Knj. 1, Od najstarijih vremena do maričke bitke (1371)

5746: 5159: 3184: 2374: 2361: 2342: 2333:"If you are hungry, here is my flesh; if you are thirsty, I give you my blood." 2105: 1992: 1708: 1635: 1565: 1480: 1298: 1248: 607: 595: 583: 571: 559: 542: 530: 510: 490: 480: 468: 434: 420: 219: 214: 185: 24: 4263:...Ivan Strez Balsics, des von Venedig anerkannten Nachfolgers Skanderbegs,... 3243: 2294:, and resulted in the town's capture after the failure of three prior sieges. 1252: 5883: 5872: 5844: 5772:

The papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries

5614: 5405: 5387: 4941: 4569:

If you are hungry, here is my flesh; if you are thirsty, I give you my blood.

3180: 2611: 2603: 2563: 2308: 1755: 1569: 1561: 1504:. The small court of Skanderbeg consisted of persons of various ethnicities. 1282: 1181: 1100: 398: 393: 352: 326: 293: 283: 5488: 5152: 4363: 4319: 4258: 2341:

ordered all available galleys to transport archers to Shkodra through river

2320: 1487:, and others) he raised, according to Frashëri, a red standard with a black 1038: 5207: 4715: 4198:

Escusione storico-etnografica noi passi slavi della Provincia di Campobasso

3406: 2805: 2703: 2650:

became subject to the invading Turks. Many of its people under the rule of

2599: 2453: 2452:

After the discovery of the treason committed by Andreas Humoj, a member of

2093: 1811: 1796: 1784: 1581: 1456: 1314: 1240: 1227:

His victory prompted the Albanians in the area of Gjirokastër to call upon

535: 347: 5667:"Sur les causes des insurrections des annees '30 du XVe siecle en Albanie" 5630: 5254: 2836:

Vrana Konti me krahun e lidhur dhe Vladan Jurica me kokën e pështjeUur ...

2442: 2398: 2136: 1902:

In 1460, King Ferdinand had serious problems with another uprising of the

1603: 1113: 5246:

Scanderbeg; his life, correspondence, orations, victories, and philosophy

2743: 2527: 2429: 2417: 2240: 1996: 1401: 1256: 1221: 1202: 673: 588: 263: 27:

by Albanian feudal lords. The wars and revolts took place in present-day

5837:

History of Serbs, Book 1, From earliest times to Battle of Marica (1371)

3468:

Zapadna Evropa i balkanski narodi prema Turcima u prvoj polovini XV veka

1979:

In June 1450, two years after the Ottomans had captured Svetigrad, they

1548:

and they established a military alliance known in historiography as the

1212: 1160: 4336: 4292: 4231: 2555: 2291: 2187: 1807:, where his dreams for an empire were always opposed by the Venetians. 1777: 1769: 1654: 1533: 1414: 1302: 1278: 1209:, where he was ambushed and defeated by forces under Gjergj Arianiti. 405: 389: 379: 369: 359: 343: 333: 317: 299: 289: 279: 269: 259: 249: 244: 203: 52: 32: 3935:, p. 101: "among whom were Slavs, Germans, Italians and others"; 2507: 2183: 2022: 1788: 1751: 1330: 3939:, p. 60: "including many Slavs, Italians, Frenchmen and Germans" 2710: 2678: 2663: 2488: 2446: 2353: 2298: 2200: 2170: 2098: 2043: 1988: 1887: 1856: 1743: 1670: 1452: 1389: 1365: 1290: 564: 440: 1945:

with an expeditionary force of 1,000 cavalry and 2,000 infantry. At

1759: 1350: 1346: 1152: 2583: 2559: 2551: 2539: 2484: 1984: 1946: 1879: 1819: 1804: 1742:

On 14 May 1448, an Ottoman army led by Sultan Murad II and his son

1738:

Woodcut depicting an engagement between Albanian and Ottoman forces

1444: 1382: 1206: 1194: 1148: 1117: 426: 4560:

The Seven Ages of Venice: A Romantic Rendering of Venetian History

2622:; the term "League of Lezhë" was coined by subsequent historians. 2579: 2349: 2283: 2255: 2050: 1631: 1545: 1529: 1476: 1464: 1334: 1186: 138: 2647: 2643: 2460:

Gritti sentenced him to death and had him executed by a man from

2287: 2194:, grandson of Skanderbeg and son of John Castriot II, along with 2154: 1851:(Ujëbardha), which was received with great enthusiasm throughout 1472: 1443:

In early November 1443, Skanderbeg deserted the forces of Sultan

1397: 1294: 28: 4532:Румелијски беглербег Сулејман је почео опсаду са око 8.000 људи. 4159:

Albania rivista mensile di politica, economia, scienze e lettere

2404:

When Gritti joined Mocenigo in Shkodra and they both ordered to

2001: 1734: 1116:

the local feudal lords were largely replaced with Ottomans from

5318: 3255:; Charles William Previté-Orton; Zachary Nugent Brooke (1966). 2739: 2735: 2696: 2595: 2535: 2531: 2519: 2368: 2220: 2190:

was personally involved with crushing the resistance. In 1501,

2039: 2035: 1942: 1712: 1662: 1357: 1326: 1190: 1180:, revolted against the Ottomans. The revolt began in 1432 when 1133: 1129: 1125: 36: 5557: 2367:

During their 1474 campaign Ottomans damaged Alessio and razed

4968:

Margins and Metropolis: Authority Across the Byzantine Empire

4710:] (in Serbian), Belgrade: Književne novine, p. 172, 4618:...очвидно из разлога да спрече везе између Зећана и Албанаца 3175: 2682: 2667: 2437: 2433: 2021:

During the First Siege of Krujë, the Venetian merchants from

1954: 1950: 1899:, although it is not known if Skanderbeg's men participated. 1852: 1728: 1682: 1643: 1232: 1156: 1144: 4201:. Tip. d. R. Accad. d. Scienze fis. e mat. 1875. p. 7. 3206:"Старосрпски језик у два писма Ђурђа Кастриота Дубровчанима" 2480: 2327:, with about 8,000 men, but they were repulsed by commander 1669:

against the Ottomans. In the spring of 1446, using help of

1112:

as an administrative division of the empire. As part of the

5792:

The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The fifteenth century

4820:, München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH München, p. 492, 4189: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3653:. München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH München. p. 490. 2461: 1937:

betray their friends, and that they are the descendants of

1719:. After various attacks against Bar and Ulcinj, along with 1471:. After capturing some less important surrounding castles ( 16:

Revolts against the Ottoman Empire by Albanian feudal lords

5534: 3068: 2999: 2944: 2902: 2875: 1968: 1673:

diplomats, Skanderbeg requested support from the Pope and

5729:

Die Albaner: eine Geschichte zwischen Orient und Okzident

5839:] (in Serbian), Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 4769:

Historija pomorstva i ribarstva Crne Gore do 1918 godine

4635: 4472: 4470: 4397: 4395: 3904: 3902: 3744: 3742: 3692: 3630: 3501: 3081: 3079: 3077: 2554:

in 1466 because of their anti-Ottoman activities during

1803:(r. 1416–1458), who was the main rival of Venice in the 1301:, who was reduced again to vassal status, while his son 5006:...Vladan Jurica, këshilltari i tij më i besueshëm, ... 5001:

Vepra të plota: Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu (1405-1468)

3976: 1193:

and returned to Albania. In the winter of 1432, Sultan

5349:

Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu: jeta dhe vepra, 1405–1468

4926:, Skopje: Institute of National History, p. 133, 3764:

Europe and the Turk: a pattern of alliances, 1350–1700

3552: 3132: 3130: 2211:

gave land and noble title to Skanderbeg's family, the

2087:

Albanian assault on the Turkish camp during the battle

1128:) of 1431–1432 indicates that about 75% to 80% of the 4765: 4467: 4392: 4162:. Libreria e Rivisteria Ferraguti. 1940. p. 25. 4012: 3899: 3739: 3596: 3594: 3317: 3315: 3074: 23:

were a series of wars and revolts against the rising

5528:

Hicr ̂ı835 tarihli sûret-i defter-i sancak-i Arvanid

4759: 3216: 2273: 1871:. It was not until 1459, after Mehmed's conquest of 47:. In this period, Albanians under the leadership of 4152: 4150: 3579: 3127: 2290:occurred in 1478, ten years after the death of the 1841:

Skanderbeg's military expedition to Italy 1460—1462

1703:At the beginning of the Albanian insurrection, the 5497: 5202:(in Serbian). Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga. 4170: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3591: 3312: 2610:. All earlier and many modern historians accepted 2215:. His family were given control over the Duchy of 1825: 1289:In the summer of 1433 an army led by Sinan Pasha, 652: 188:except the Northern parts which had total autonomy 5451:Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero 5433:Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero 5307:Francione, Gennaro (2006) , Aliaj, Donika (ed.), 4556: 3797:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500 3618: 3300: 5881: 5795:, vol. II, American Philosophical Society, 5317:] (in Albanian), Translated by Tasim Aliaj, 5293:(in Albanian), Shtëpia botuese "Naim Frashëri", 4147: 4050: 4048: 3914: 3845: 3606: 3542: 3540: 3513: 3288: 3171: 3169: 3142: 2695:, Refugees from Parga, then an Albanian town in 2562:, the most reliable counselor of Skanderbeg was 5310:Skënderbeu, një hero modern: (Hero multimedial) 4455: 4431: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 3857: 3803: 3525: 3382: 3375: 3373: 3333: 3237: 2072: 1692: 1426:under Skanderbeg in 1444, and a new era in the 5809:Shuteriqi, Dhimitër (2012). Zana Prela (ed.). 5625:, New York: International Universities Press, 5530:(in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınlarından. 4095: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4062: 4060: 4000: 3988: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3815: 3799:. University of Washington Press. p. 393. 3569: 3567: 3281:. Izdavačka knjižarnica G. Kona. p. 147. 2569: 2207:After the fall of Albania to the Ottomans the 1317:to the Venetian colonies. In northern Albania 5596:The Italo-Albanian Villages of Southern Italy 5145:Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime 5011: 4964: 4883:Skanderbeg. Der neue Alexander auf dem Balkan 4547:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007, p. 921 4348:(in German), Oldenbourg Verlag, p. 168, 4304:(in German), Oldenbourg Verlag, p. 168, 4243:(in German), Oldenbourg Verlag, p. 167, 4138: 4111: 4102: 4069: 4045: 3794: 3537: 3464: 3166: 3115: 3091: 1924:Skanderbeg's letter to Ferdinand I of Naples. 638: 5369:L'Albanie et l'Invasion turque au XVe siècle 4373: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4038: 4036: 3709: 3649:Schmmit, Das venezianische Albanien (2001). 3370: 3210:Становништво словенског поријекла у Албанији 5315:Skanderbeg, a modern hero (Hero multimedia) 5147:(in Albanian), vol. I, Botimet Toena, 4958: 4845:www.albanianhistory.net/texts15/AH1474.html 4090: 4078: 4057: 4024: 3942: 3887: 3754: 3727: 3564: 3458: 3388: 3358: 3265: 2742:, they had to evacuate the colonies of the 2436:over the hills into Žabljak where he built 162:Resistance weakens after Skanderbeg's death 5850: 5755:, vol. III, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 5448: 5430: 5411: 4971:. Princeton University Press. p. 11. 4550: 3881: 3788: 3636: 3624: 3600: 3495: 3433: 3321: 3306: 3064: 3062: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2940: 2938: 2816: 1216:The castle of Gjirokastër was besieged by 645: 631: 5811:Aranitët: Historia-Gjenealogjia-Zotërimet 5808: 5306: 5288: 5094:. Prishtinë: Albanica. pp. 111–116. 4988: 4208: 4129: 4033: 3982: 3920: 3703: 3507: 3203: 3037: 3035: 3026: 3020: 3010: 3008: 1685:suffered severe losses, and again in the 1433: 1251:his forces besieged the southern city of 5827: 5702: 5640:A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire 5555: 5397:The decline and fall of the Roman empire 5345: 5334: 5158: 5017: 4793: 4748: 4731: 4641: 4526: 4509: 4476: 3936: 3908: 3851: 3809: 3761:Vaughan, Dorothy Margaret (1954-06-01). 3748: 3715: 3673: 3612: 3531: 3519: 3294: 3154: 3148: 3085: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2806:https://www.worldcat.org/title/798159013 2778: 2709: 2687: 2672: 2479: 2135: 2082: 2007: 1835: 1768: 1733: 1602: 1523: 1321:captured territories of the pre-Ottoman 1273: 1261: 1211: 1099: 5722: 5623:George Castroiti Scanderbeg (1405–1468) 5599:, Washington D.C.: National Academies, 5525: 5435:, London: Centre for Albanian Studies, 5242: 5142: 4880:Schmitt, Oliver Jens (September 2009), 4879: 4862: 4810: 4699: 4592: 4491: 4449: 4437: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4274: 3868: 3760: 3648: 3558: 3271: 3109: 3059: 2986: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2914: 2908: 2886: 2884: 2239:and one of the last descendants of the 1969:Siege of Krujë (1450) and its aftermath 1783:On 23 July 1448 Skanderbeg crossed the 1677:for his struggle against the Ottomans. 5882: 5788: 5768: 5745: 5664: 5572: 5393: 5352:(in Albanian), Tiranë: Botimet Toena, 5338:The history of Albania: a brief survey 5182: 5089: 5031:"A Timeline of Skanderbeg's Campaigns" 4837: 4817:Das venezianische Albanien (1392-1479) 4563:. Blackie & son, limited. p. 4497: 4461: 4340:; Konrad Clewing, Edgar Hösch (2005), 4296:; Konrad Clewing, Edgar Hösch (2005), 4235:; Konrad Clewing, Edgar Hösch (2005), 4018: 4006: 3994: 3965: 3932: 3821: 3651:Das venezianische Albanien (1392–1479) 3546: 3439: 3399: 3121: 3041: 3032: 3005: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2950: 2896: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2760: 2262:family after her marriage with Prince 2123: 1595:of the Albanians. Skanderbeg fought a 1356:Another Ottoman army was assembled in 5681: 5636: 5592: 5495: 5466: 5365: 5261:Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994-06-15). 5195: 5131: 5072: 5055: 4687: 4670: 4653: 4629: 4580: 4219: 3491: 3489: 3222: 3177:Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen 3160: 3097: 3047: 3014: 2980: 2956: 2890: 2864: 2746:with the assistance of the troops of 626: 5620: 5372:(in French), Universite de Louvain, 5260: 5221: 4994: 4599:(in Serbian). Zoograf. p. 357. 4386: 3953: 3893: 3733: 3585: 3573: 3364: 3136: 3053: 2929: 2920: 2881: 2858: 2766: 2314: 1231:, who had settled in his estates in 1197:gathered around 10.000 troops under 1170: 1030:Resistance until the Fall of Shkodra 5851:Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (1958), 5321:: Shtëpia botuese "Naim Frashëri", 2841: 2718:communities are indicated in green. 13: 5775:, American Philosophical Society, 3667: 3486: 3405: 2578:) was forged in the Venetian held 1235:after the Ottoman conquest of the 1205:and reached the central valley of 14: 5906: 5895:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire 5688:. Durham: Duke University Press. 5165:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time 3678:. Altobello Salkato. p. 88. 3471:. Izd. Matice srpske. p. 249 2782:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time 2274:After Skanderbegs death till 1478 2249:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1491:on Krujë (Albania uses a similar 184:Most of Albania conquered by the 137:Ottomans unsuccessfully besieged 63:Albanian-Ottoman Wars (1432–1479) 21:Albanian-Ottoman Wars (1432–1479) 5706:The fall of Constantinople, 1453 5267:. University of Michigan Press. 5124: 5108: 5083: 5066: 5049: 5023: 4923:History of the Macedonian People 4910: 4873: 4856: 4804: 4787: 4742: 4725: 4693: 4681: 4664: 4647: 4623: 4586: 4574: 4545:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges 4537: 4520: 4503: 4482: 4443: 4419: 4407: 4330: 4182:. R. Giusti. 1929. p. 252. 3389:Stojanovski, Aleksandar (1988). 2699:, as they abandon their homeland 1774:Skanderbeg addressing the people 1717:Albanian-Venetian War of 1447–48 1584:, and also the Serbian nobleman 1353:) stationed there at that time. 606: 594: 582: 570: 558: 541: 529: 509: 489: 479: 467: 456: 446: 433: 419: 404: 397: 388: 378: 368: 358: 351: 342: 332: 325: 316: 298: 288: 278: 268: 258: 243: 223: 213: 202: 76: 5593:Nasse, George Nicholas (1964), 5414:Mirdita House of Gjomarku Kanun 4286: 4268: 4225: 4120: 3926: 3880:Translated version provided by 3874: 3832: 3642: 3395:. Makedonska kniga. p. 88. 3327: 3228: 3197: 3103: 1832:Skanderbeg's Italian expedition 1826:Italian expedition 1460 to 1462 1754:against a Venetian army led by 1132:were granted to Ottoman Muslim 96:1432 — 25 April 1479 (47 Years) 5709:, Cambridge University Press, 5643:. Cambridge University Press. 5541:(in Albanian). Botimet Toena. 5168:. Princeton University Press. 4766:Dinko Franetović-Bûre (1960). 3392:Istorija na makedonskiot narod 3258:The Cambridge Medieval History 2822: 2810: 2799: 2785:. Princeton University Press. 2772: 654:Medieval Albanian–Ottoman Wars 1: 5562:Croatica Christiana Periodica 5500:The Crusade of Varna, 1443–45 5470:The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1481 3340:Zbornik Filozofskog fakulteta 2753: 2738:. Employed as mercenaries by 2268:Nicolò Bernardino Sanseverino 2266:(1508–1559). They had a son, 2235:, daughter of Serbian despot 2176:besieged and captured Shkodër 2042:and was succeeded by his son 1908:Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta 1451:, while fighting against the 1104:The Sanjak of Albania in 1431 1095: 5637:Pamuk, Şevket (2000-03-09). 5538:Historia e popullit shqiptar 3440:(Firm), John Murray (1872). 2625: 2112:and help out Alfonso's son, 2074:Ottoman Campaign of Albulena 1776:, 16th-century engraving by 1746:laid siege to the castle of 1693:War with Venice 1447 to 1448 663:Early Ottoman invasions and 7: 5789:Setton, Kenneth M. (1978), 5769:Setton, Kenneth M. (1976), 5504:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 5400:, P. F. Collier & Son, 5291:Skenderbeu: Një hero modern 5289:Francione, Gennaro (2003), 4889:, Verlag Friedrich Pustet, 3204:Jovanović, Gordana (1990). 2570:League of Lezhë (1444–1479) 1861:conqueror of Constantinople 1237:Principality of Gjirokastër 83:Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg 51:and especially later under 10: 5911: 5621:Noli, Fan Stilian (1947), 5449:Hodgkinson, Harry (2005), 5431:Hodgkinson, Harry (1999), 5135:Simpoziumi per Skenderbeun 5004:. Rilindija. p. 138. 4593:Ćorović, Vladimir (2005). 4557:C. Marshall Smith (1927). 3415:. CUA Press. p. 114. 3343:. Naučno delo. p. 257 3190:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 2635: 2629: 2546:and clerics and boyars of 2377:was appointed as Venetian 2014:First Siege of Krujë, 1450 1972: 1829: 1818:, then allied with Sultan 1696: 1325:and besieged and captured 1090: 957:Ballaban's fourth Campaign 838:Mehmed II's first Campaign 5703:Runciman, Steven (1990), 5412:Gjon Marku, Ndue (2017). 5346:Frashëri, Kristo (2002), 5335:Frashëri, Kristo (1964). 5143:Anamali, Skënder (2002), 5138:. Instituti Albanologjik. 4700:Maletić, Mihailo (1976), 4179:Archivio storico di Malta 3767:. AMS Press. p. 62. 3674:Demetrio, Franco (1539). 3261:. Macmillan. p. 383. 3187:; Joseph Schacht (1973). 2514:, but also extended into 2498:was primarily located in 2475: 2304:Annali Veneti e del Mondo 2282:by the Ottoman Empire of 1345:the siege of the fort of 1341:, while in the region of 1323:Principality of Dukagjini 1074: 995:Contemporaneous Campaigns 660: 234: 196: 157:Eventual Ottoman victory: 126:Initial Albanian victory: 88: 75: 67: 62: 5579:, Monthly Review Press, 5473:. Istanbul: Isis Press. 5394:Gibbon, Edward (1901) , 5366:Gegaj, Athanase (1937), 2779:Babinger, Franz (1978). 2264:Pietrantonio Sanseverino 2101:) near the battlefield. 1957:, and the properties of 1638:) taken with support of 1201:, who marched along the 5732:(in German), C.H.Beck, 5682:Ramet, Sabrina (1998). 5556:Marković, Savo (2004). 5526:İnalcık, Halil (1954). 5199:Nemirno pomorje XV veka 5191:. University of Tirana. 3840:Kosovo: A Short History 2141:The death of Skanderbeg 2017:, woodcut by Jost Amman 1934:Giovanni Antonio Orsini 1929:Ferdinand's main rival 1528:Skanderbeg's return to 1438: 1268:Principality of Albania 5890:Wars involving Albania 5854:The Balkans since 1453 5813:(in Albanian). Toena. 5243:Drizari, Nelo (1968), 5228:(in Albanian). Toena. 5090:Biçoku, Kasem (2009). 5080: 5063: 4965:Judith Herrin (2013). 4870: 4850:5 October 2013 at the 4801: 4756: 4739: 4678: 4661: 4534: 4517: 4283: 3973: 3829: 3795:Jean W Sedlar (1994). 3724: 3465:Jovan Radonić (1905). 3249:Whitney, James Pounder 2719: 2700: 2685: 2496:Skanderbeg's rebellion 2492: 2307:manuscript written by 2217:San Pietro in Galatina 2143: 2088: 2018: 1921: 1844: 1780: 1739: 1689:on 27 September 1446. 1642:and 3,000 rebels from 1612: 1537: 1434:Skanderbeg's rebellion 1419:Theodor Corona Musachi 1394:Sigismund of Luxemburg 1286: 1281:from the biography of 1271: 1224: 1220:, who was defeated by 1105: 1078:Wars involving Albania 772:Skanderbeg's Rebellion 474:Mahmud Pasha Angelović 235:Commanders and leaders 70:Ottoman wars in Europe 5747:Setton, Kenneth Meyer 5665:Pulaha, Sami (1967). 5496:Imber, Colin (2006). 5467:Imber, Colin (1990). 5132:Ajeti, Idriz (1969). 5092:Kastriotët në Dardani 5076: 5059: 4866: 4797: 4752: 4735: 4674: 4657: 4530: 4513: 4278: 3969: 3825: 3719: 3446:. J. Murray. p. 3253:Tanner, Joseph Robson 3193:. Brill. p. 139. 2713: 2691: 2676: 2483: 2280:Fourth Siege of Krujë 2139: 2114:Ferdinand I of Naples 2086: 2011: 1987:himself and his son, 1975:Siege of Krujë (1450) 1917: 1839: 1772: 1737: 1699:Albanian–Venetian War 1606: 1527: 1428:Ottoman–Albanian wars 1277: 1265: 1215: 1103: 5724:Schmitt, Oliver Jens 5573:Myrdal, Jan (1976), 5222:Buda, Aleks (2002). 5196:Božić, Ivan (1979). 4812:Schmitt, Oliver Jens 4338:Jens Schmitt, Oliver 4294:Jens Schmitt, Oliver 4233:Jens Schmitt, Oliver 3412:Europe (c.1400-1458) 2472:to conquer Shkodra. 2325:Hadım Suleiman Pasha 1963:San Giovanni Rotondo 1715:which triggered the 1640:Moisi Arianit Golemi 1628:Kenneth Meyer Setton 1311:Venetian territories 698:Bayezid I's Campaign 601:Hadım Suleiman Pasha 5829:Srejović, Dragoslav 3409:(1 November 2013). 3273:Jireček, Konstantin 2831:Studime Filologjike 2677:The arrival of the 2620:universum concilium 2616:generalis concilium 2548:Ohrid Archbishopric 2544:Archbishop of Ohrid 2198:and around 150–200 2124:Death of Skanderbeg 1801:Alfonso V of Aragon 1593:hit-and-run tactics 1532:, 1444 (woodcut by 1489:double-headed eagle 1013:Dukagjini Civil War 906:Macedonian Campaign 577:Ali Bey Evrenosoğlu 229:Despotate of Serbia 5249:, National Press, 4479:, pp. 183–185 4452:, pp. 417–420 4440:, pp. 416–417 4428:, pp. 413–416 4416:, pp. 411–413 4144:Hodgkinson p. 220. 4117:Hodgkinson p. 151. 4108:Hodgkinson p. 150. 4075:Hodgkinson p. 149. 4054:Hodgkinson p. 148. 3911:, pp. 370–390 3884:, pp. 163–164 3751:, pp. 160–161 3245:Bury, John Bagnell 3212:. Cetinje: Rastko. 3088:, pp. 130–133 3069:Islami et al. 2002 3029:, pp. 129–130 3000:Islami et al. 2002 2945:Islami et al. 2002 2903:Islami et al. 2002 2876:Islami et al. 2002 2720: 2701: 2686: 2493: 2395:Second Scutari War 2227:, Italy. His son, 2219:and the County of 2192:George Castriot II 2151:Nicholas Dukagjini 2144: 2089: 2019: 1890:) to convince its 1845: 1781: 1740: 1709:Venetian territory 1705:Republic of Venice 1675:Kingdom of Hungary 1651:Battle of Torvioll 1617:faced the Ottomans 1613: 1538: 1508:, a Serb, was the 1461:Battle of Kunovica 1379:Ibrahim of Karaman 1370:sanjakbey of Üsküb 1319:Nicholas Dukagjini 1287: 1272: 1270:in the Middle Ages 1225: 1106: 1021:Italian Expedition 384:Nicholas Dukagjini 5820:978-99943-1-729-5 5802:978-0-87169-127-9 5782:978-0-87169-127-9 5762:978-0-299-06670-3 5739:978-3-406-63031-6 5716:978-0-521-39832-9 5650:978-0-521-44197-1 5586:978-0-85345-356-7 5511:978-0-7546-0144-9 5480:978-975-428-015-9 5442:978-1-873928-13-4 5423:978-1-5425-6510-3 5300:978-99927-38-75-7 5274:978-0-472-08260-5 5235:978-99927-1-651-9 5225:Shkrime historike 5185:Studime Historike 5101:978-9951-8735-4-3 4996:Noli, Fan Stylian 4978:978-0-691-15301-8 4896:978-3-7917-2229-0 4772:. s.n. p. 82 4404:, pp. 411–12 4355:978-3-486-57888-1 4311:978-3-486-57888-1 4250:978-3-486-57888-1 4222:, pp. 24–26. 3774:978-0-404-56332-5 3422:978-0-8132-2182-3 2638:Albanian diaspora 2542:. Dorotheos, the 2315:Battle of Shkodra 2225:Province of Lecce 2209:Kingdom of Naples 2167:Gedik Ahmed Pasha 2147:Ivan Strez Balšić 1959:Monte Sant'Angelo 1939:Pyrrhus of Epirus 1931:Prince of Taranto 1912:Ivan Strez Balšić 1687:Battle of Otonetë 1607:A woodcut of the 1479:, Guri i Bardhë, 1171:Revolt of 1432–36 1138:existing nobility 1110:sanjak of Albania 1085: 1084: 1067: 1059: 1051: 1043: 1034: 1025: 1017: 1009: 1000: 989: 981: 972: 965: 953: 945: 937: 928: 921: 914: 902: 894: 886: 878: 870: 862: 853: 846: 834: 826: 818: 810: 802: 794: 786: 777: 766: 758: 750: 742: 734: 726: 718: 710: 702: 694: 686: 678: 670: 621: 620: 613:Gedik Ahmed Pasha 547:Tahip Pasha 192: 191: 131:Formation of the 114:Serbian Despotate 110:Sanjak of Albania 5902: 5875: 5847: 5824: 5805: 5785: 5765: 5742: 5719: 5699: 5678: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5633: 5617: 5589: 5569: 5552: 5531: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5503: 5492: 5463: 5453:, I. B. Tauris, 5445: 5427: 5408: 5390: 5362: 5342: 5331: 5303: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5257: 5239: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5192: 5179: 5155: 5139: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5087: 5081: 5070: 5064: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5033:. Archived from 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5008: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4948: 4918:Shukarova, Aneta 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4899:, archived from 4888: 4877: 4871: 4860: 4854: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4808: 4802: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4777: 4763: 4757: 4746: 4740: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4668: 4662: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4554: 4548: 4541: 4535: 4524: 4518: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4390: 4384: 4371: 4370: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4290: 4284: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4206: 4205: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4154: 4145: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4100: 4099:Frashëri p. 356. 4097: 4088: 4087:Babinger p. 152. 4085: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4066:Frashëri p. 352. 4064: 4055: 4052: 4043: 4040: 4031: 4030:Frashëri p. 351. 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3940: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3842:, 1998, pp 89–90 3836: 3830: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3690: 3689: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3484: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3173: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3072: 3066: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3003: 2997: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2933: 2927: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2879: 2873: 2862: 2856: 2839: 2838: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2632:Arbëreshë people 2516:Southern Albania 2458:Siege of Shkodra 2414:Siege of Shkodra 2362:Venetian Shkodra 2358:Crnojević's Zeta 2233:Jerina Branković 2229:John Castriot II 2196:Progon Dukagjini 2180:John Castriot II 2046:(r. 1451–1481). 1925: 1897:Battle of Orsara 1764:battle of Oranik 1725:Stefan Crnojević 1586:Stefan Crnojević 1518:Gondola/Gundulić 1514:Stefan Maramonte 1411:Yakup Bey Muzaka 1122:cadastral survey 1065: 1057: 1049: 1041: 1032: 1023: 1015: 1007: 998: 987: 979: 970: 963: 951: 943: 935: 926: 919: 912: 900: 892: 884: 876: 868: 860: 851: 844: 832: 824: 816: 808: 800: 792: 784: 775: 764: 756: 748: 740: 732: 724: 716: 708: 700: 692: 684: 676: 668: 655: 647: 640: 633: 624: 623: 611: 610: 599: 598: 587: 586: 575: 574: 563: 562: 553: 546: 545: 534: 533: 524: 514: 513: 504: 496:Koca Davud Pasha 494: 493: 484: 483: 472: 471: 460: 450: 438: 437: 424: 423: 408: 401: 392: 382: 372: 362: 355: 346: 336: 329: 320: 312: 302: 292: 282: 272: 262: 247: 227: 218: 217: 206: 90: 89: 80: 60: 59: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5865: 5821: 5803: 5783: 5763: 5740: 5717: 5696: 5671:Studia Albanica 5655: 5653: 5651: 5607: 5587: 5576:Albania defiant 5549: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5481: 5461: 5443: 5424: 5380: 5360: 5329: 5319:Tiranë, Albania 5301: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5236: 5212: 5210: 5187:(in Albanian). 5176: 5160:Babinger, Franz 5127: 5122: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5088: 5084: 5071: 5067: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5037:on June 7, 2011 5029: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5012: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4963: 4959: 4946: 4944: 4934: 4915: 4911: 4903: 4897: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4861: 4857: 4852:Wayback Machine 4842: 4838: 4828: 4809: 4805: 4792: 4788: 4775: 4773: 4764: 4760: 4747: 4743: 4730: 4726: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4669: 4665: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4555: 4551: 4542: 4538: 4525: 4521: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4393: 4385: 4374: 4356: 4335: 4331: 4312: 4291: 4287: 4273: 4269: 4251: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4209: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4156: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4091: 4086: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4058: 4053: 4046: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3943: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3882:Hodgkinson 1999 3879: 3875: 3867: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838:Malcolm, Noel. 3837: 3833: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3693: 3686: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3647: 3643: 3637:Hodgkinson 1999 3635: 3631: 3625:Hodgkinson 1999 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3601:Hodgkinson 1999 3599: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3496:Hodgkinson 1999 3494: 3487: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3459: 3438: 3434: 3423: 3404: 3400: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3346: 3344: 3335:Momčilo Spremić 3332: 3328: 3322:Hodgkinson 2005 3320: 3313: 3307:Stavrianos 1958 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3270: 3266: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3202: 3198: 3185:Pellat, Charles 3174: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3075: 3067: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3006: 2998: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2882: 2874: 2865: 2857: 2842: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2817:Gjon Marku 2017 2815: 2811: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2693:Francesco Hayez 2640: 2634: 2628: 2612:Marin Barleti's 2576:League of Lezhë 2572: 2512:North Macedonia 2504:Central Albania 2478: 2383:Pietro Mocenigo 2379:captain general 2339:Venetian Senate 2329:Antonio Loredan 2317: 2276: 2247:members of the 2237:Lazar Branković 2126: 2077: 1977: 1971: 1927: 1923: 1834: 1828: 1816:Đurađ Branković 1793:Georgius Pelino 1721:Đurađ Branković 1701: 1695: 1622:Hamza Kastrioti 1609:battle of Varna 1550:League of Lezhë 1542:George Arianiti 1506:Ninac Vukosalić 1441: 1436: 1424:League of Lezhë 1362:Gjergj Arianiti 1339:castle of Krujë 1178:Gjergj Arianiti 1173: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1070: 762:Arianiti Revolt 746:Albanian Revolt 656: 653: 651: 617: 605: 593: 581: 569: 557: 549: 540: 528: 520: 516:Ballaban Badera 508: 500: 488: 478: 466: 462:Lazar Branković 452:Đurađ Branković 432: 418: 412: 338:Gjergj Arianiti 322:Thopia Zenevisi 308: 274:Hamza Kastrioti 255: 253: 222: 212: 208:League of Lezhë 180: 159: 133:League of Lezhë 116: 106:League of Lezhë 81: 49:Gjergj Arianiti 41:North Macedonia 17: 12: 11: 5: 5908: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5877: 5876: 5863: 5848: 5825: 5819: 5806: 5801: 5786: 5781: 5766: 5761: 5743: 5738: 5720: 5715: 5700: 5694: 5679: 5662: 5649: 5634: 5618: 5605: 5590: 5585: 5570: 5553: 5547: 5532: 5523: 5510: 5493: 5479: 5464: 5459: 5446: 5441: 5428: 5422: 5409: 5391: 5378: 5363: 5358: 5343: 5332: 5327: 5304: 5299: 5286: 5273: 5258: 5240: 5234: 5219: 5193: 5180: 5174: 5156: 5140: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5107: 5100: 5082: 5065: 5048: 5022: 5010: 4987: 4977: 4957: 4933:978-9989159244 4932: 4909: 4895: 4872: 4855: 4836: 4827:3-486-56569--9 4826: 4803: 4786: 4758: 4741: 4724: 4692: 4680: 4663: 4646: 4644:, p. 334. 4634: 4622: 4605: 4585: 4573: 4549: 4543:Jaques, Tony. 4536: 4519: 4502: 4490: 4481: 4466: 4454: 4442: 4430: 4418: 4406: 4391: 4372: 4354: 4329: 4310: 4285: 4267: 4249: 4224: 4207: 4188: 4169: 4146: 4137: 4135:Setton p. 231. 4128: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4089: 4077: 4068: 4056: 4044: 4042:Franco p. 320. 4032: 4023: 4021:, p. 102. 4011: 3999: 3987: 3983:Francione 2003 3975: 3958: 3941: 3925: 3921:Francione 2003 3913: 3898: 3886: 3873: 3856: 3844: 3831: 3814: 3802: 3787: 3773: 3753: 3738: 3726: 3718:, p. 207 3708: 3706:, p. 105. 3704:Francione 2003 3691: 3684: 3666: 3659: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3605: 3590: 3588:, p. 557. 3578: 3563: 3561:, p. 302. 3551: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3510:, p. 310. 3508:Francione 2003 3500: 3485: 3457: 3432: 3421: 3398: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3326: 3311: 3299: 3287: 3264: 3236: 3227: 3225:, p. 226. 3215: 3196: 3181:Lewis, Bernard 3165: 3153: 3141: 3139:, p. 559. 3126: 3114: 3102: 3090: 3073: 3058: 3046: 3044:, pp. 142 3031: 3027:Shuteriqi 2012 3019: 3004: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2934: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2880: 2863: 2840: 2821: 2809: 2798: 2791: 2771: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2636:Main article: 2630:Main article: 2627: 2624: 2571: 2568: 2524:Albania Veneta 2510:, and Western 2477: 2474: 2470:return in 1478 2422:Ivan Crnojević 2410:Ivan Crnojević 2406:Leonardo Boldù 2375:Triadan Gritti 2316: 2313: 2275: 2272: 2125: 2122: 2106:Franz Babinger 2076: 2071: 1993:scorched earth 1991:. Following a 1973:Main article: 1970: 1967: 1916: 1830:Main article: 1827: 1824: 1697:Main article: 1694: 1691: 1500:(treacherous) 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1299:Gjon Kastrioti 1229:Depë Zenebishi 1218:Depë Zenebishi 1172: 1169: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1060: 1052: 1044: 1027: 1026: 1018: 1010: 991: 990: 982: 974: 954: 946: 938: 930: 903: 895: 887: 879: 871: 863: 855: 835: 827: 819: 811: 803: 795: 787: 768: 767: 759: 751: 743: 735: 727: 719: 711: 703: 695: 687: 679: 661: 658: 657: 650: 649: 642: 635: 627: 619: 618: 616: 615: 603: 591: 579: 567: 555: 538: 526: 506: 486: 476: 464: 454: 444: 430: 415: 413: 411: 410: 402: 386: 376: 374:Ivan Crnojević 366: 364:Lekë Dukagjini 356: 340: 330: 314: 304:Depë Zenebishi 296: 286: 276: 266: 256: 240: 237: 236: 232: 231: 220:Ottoman Empire 210: 199: 198: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186:Ottoman Empire 182: 176: 175: 174: 173: 163: 155: 154: 153: 135: 122: 118: 117: 104: 102: 98: 97: 94: 86: 85: 73: 72: 65: 64: 58: 57: 25:Ottoman Empire 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5907: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5864:9780030096853 5860: 5856: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5804: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5787: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5767: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5701: 5697: 5695:9780822320708 5691: 5687: 5686: 5680: 5676: 5673:(in French). 5672: 5668: 5663: 5652: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5606:9780598204004 5602: 5598: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5548:9789992716229 5544: 5540: 5539: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5513: 5507: 5502: 5501: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5460:1-85043-941-9 5456: 5452: 5447: 5444: 5438: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5379:9780598935991 5375: 5371: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5359:99927-1-627-4 5355: 5351: 5350: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5328:99927-38-75-8 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5305: 5302: 5296: 5292: 5287: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5220: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5175:0-691-01078-1 5171: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5125:Sources cited 5117: 5111: 5103: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5075:, p. 363 5074: 5069: 5062: 5058:, p. 358 5057: 5052: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5019: 5018:Babinger 1992 5014: 5007: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4961: 4954: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4906:on 2011-07-07 4902: 4898: 4892: 4885: 4884: 4876: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4840: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4807: 4800: 4796:, p. 407 4795: 4794:Srejović 1981 4790: 4783: 4771: 4770: 4762: 4755: 4751:, p. 407 4750: 4749:Srejović 1981 4745: 4738: 4734:, p. 406 4733: 4732:Srejović 1981 4728: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4673:, p. 380 4672: 4667: 4660: 4656:, p. 380 4655: 4650: 4643: 4642:Babinger 1992 4638: 4631: 4626: 4619: 4608: 4606:9788675781271 4602: 4598: 4597: 4596:Istorija Srba 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4553: 4546: 4540: 4533: 4529:, p. 406 4528: 4527:Srejović 1981 4523: 4516: 4512:, p. 406 4511: 4510:Srejović 1981 4506: 4500:, p. 329 4499: 4494: 4485: 4478: 4477:Runciman 1990 4473: 4471: 4464:, p. 467 4463: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4439: 4434: 4427: 4422: 4415: 4410: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4388: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4282: 4277:, p. 297 4276: 4271: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4192: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4161: 4160: 4153: 4151: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4096: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4072: 4063: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4027: 4020: 4015: 4009:, p. 102 4008: 4003: 3997:, p. 272 3996: 3991: 3985:, p. 94. 3984: 3979: 3972: 3968:, p. 101 3967: 3962: 3955: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3938: 3937:Babinger 1992 3934: 3929: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3909:Frashëri 2002 3905: 3903: 3895: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3871:, p. 387 3870: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3854:, p. 201 3853: 3852:Babinger 1992 3848: 3841: 3835: 3828: 3824:, p. 100 3823: 3818: 3811: 3810:Babinger 1992 3806: 3798: 3791: 3776: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3757: 3750: 3749:Frashëri 2002 3745: 3743: 3736:, p. 100 3735: 3730: 3723: 3717: 3716:Marković 2004 3712: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3687: 3685:99943-1-042-9 3681: 3677: 3670: 3662: 3660:3-486-56569-9 3656: 3652: 3645: 3639:, p. 89. 3638: 3633: 3626: 3621: 3615:, p. 158 3614: 3613:Frashëri 2002 3609: 3603:, p. 102 3602: 3597: 3595: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3560: 3555: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3533: 3532:Frashëri 1964 3528: 3522:, p. 144 3521: 3520:Frashëri 2002 3516: 3509: 3504: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3482: 3470: 3469: 3461: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3407:II, Pope Pius 3402: 3394: 3393: 3385: 3379:Setton p. 73. 3376: 3374: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3330: 3324:, p. 240 3323: 3318: 3316: 3308: 3303: 3297:, p. 135 3296: 3295:Frashëri 2002 3291: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3278:Istorija Srba 3274: 3268: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3231: 3224: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3170: 3162: 3157: 3151:, p. 212 3150: 3149:Frashëri 2002 3145: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3106: 3100:, p. 120 3099: 3094: 3087: 3086:Frashëri 2002 3082: 3080: 3078: 3071:, p. 338 3070: 3065: 3063: 3056:, p. 247 3055: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3028: 3023: 3017:, p. 115 3016: 3011: 3009: 3002:, p. 337 3001: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2965: 2959:, p. 114 2958: 2953: 2947:, p. 336 2946: 2941: 2939: 2932:, p. 246 2931: 2926: 2924: 2916: 2911: 2905:, p. 333 2904: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2878:, p. 331 2877: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2861:, p. 535 2860: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2825: 2819:, p. 10. 2818: 2813: 2807: 2802: 2794: 2792:0-691-01078-1 2788: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2564:Vladan Jurica 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2473: 2471: 2468:Ottomans did 2465: 2463: 2459: 2456:, during the 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2441:further than 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2360:and besieged 2359: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2309:Stefano Magno 2306: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2270:(1541–1606). 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2159:Kodër-Thumanë 2156: 2152: 2148: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2121: 2119: 2118:fall of Krujë 2115: 2111: 2110:land in Italy 2107: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2024: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756:Andrea Venier 1753: 1749: 1745: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1597:guerrilla war 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1469:Balšić family 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449:Battle of Niš 1446: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1284: 1283:Marin Barleti 1280: 1276: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1182:Andrea Thopia 1179: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1102: 1080: 1079: 1073: 1064: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1048: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1022: 1019: 1014: 1011: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 997: 996: 986: 983: 978: 975: 969: 962: 958: 955: 950: 947: 942: 939: 934: 931: 925: 918: 911: 907: 904: 899: 896: 891: 888: 883: 880: 875: 872: 867: 864: 859: 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Retrieved 4595: 4588: 4576: 4568: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4539: 4531: 4522: 4514: 4505: 4493: 4484: 4457: 4450:Anamali 2002 4445: 4438:Anamali 2002 4433: 4426:Anamali 2002 4421: 4414:Anamali 2002 4409: 4402:Anamali 2002 4389:, p. 38 4367: 4345: 4332: 4323: 4301: 4288: 4279: 4275:Schmitt 2001 4270: 4262: 4240: 4227: 4202: 4197: 4191: 4183: 4178: 4172: 4163: 4158: 4140: 4131: 4126:Sugar p. 67. 4122: 4113: 4104: 4071: 4026: 4014: 4002: 3990: 3978: 3970: 3961: 3956:, p. 25 3928: 3923:, p. 88 3916: 3896:, p. 32 3889: 3876: 3869:Anamali 2002 3847: 3839: 3834: 3826: 3817: 3812:, p. 40 3805: 3796: 3790: 3780:12 September 3778:. Retrieved 3763: 3756: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3675: 3669: 3650: 3644: 3632: 3627:, p. 85 3620: 3608: 3581: 3576:, p. 40 3559:Schmitt 2001 3554: 3549:, p. 48 3534:, p. 72 3527: 3515: 3503: 3498:, p. 81 3480: 3473:. Retrieved 3467: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3435: 3426: 3411: 3401: 3391: 3384: 3367:, p. 21 3360: 3352: 3347:11 September 3345:. Retrieved 3339: 3329: 3309:, p. 64 3302: 3290: 3282: 3277: 3267: 3257: 3239: 3230: 3218: 3209: 3199: 3189: 3156: 3144: 3124:, p. 72 3117: 3110:Drizari 1968 3105: 3093: 3049: 3022: 2983:, p. 27 2976: 2971:, p. 39 2964: 2952: 2917:, p. 12 2915:İnalcık 1954 2910: 2898: 2893:, p. 46 2835: 2830: 2824: 2812: 2801: 2781: 2774: 2769:, p. 36 2762: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2704:Pope Paul II 2702: 2661: 2641: 2619: 2615: 2573: 2494: 2491:(XV century) 2466: 2454:Humoj family 2451: 2403: 2373: 2366: 2347: 2336: 2332: 2318: 2302: 2296: 2277: 2253: 2245: 2206: 2199: 2186:region, and 2163: 2145: 2140: 2127: 2103: 2094:arquebusiers 2090: 2078: 2048: 2028: 2020: 2013: 2000: 1978: 1928: 1922: 1918: 1901: 1877: 1846: 1812:John Hunyadi 1809: 1782: 1773: 1741: 1702: 1679: 1648: 1626: 1614: 1590: 1539: 1509: 1501: 1497: 1457:John Hunyadi 1442: 1407: 1387: 1355: 1288: 1266:Standard of 1226: 1174: 1165: 1142: 1114:Timar system 1107: 1076: 1029: 1028: 1005:Venetian War 994: 993: 992: 770: 769: 714:Zenevisi War 662: 550: 536:Moisi Golemi 521: 501: 439: 425: 348:Moisi Golemi 309: 254:(Until 1468) 248: 197:Belligerents 156: 125: 124: 68:Part of the 45:South Serbia 20: 18: 5213:12 February 4947:26 December 4498:Setton 1978 4462:Gibbon 1901 4019:Setton 1978 4007:Setton 1978 3995:Setton 1975 3966:Setton 1978 3933:Setton 1976 3822:Setton 1978 3547:Myrdal 1976 3122:Setton 1976 3112:, p. 1 3042:Biçoku 1970 2969:Pulaha 1967 2744:Peloponnese 2656:Marco Becci 2430:Skadar Lake 2418:Skadar Lake 2393:did during 2381:instead of 2260:Sanseverino 2241:Palaiologos 2231:, married 1997:Vrana Konti 1447:during the 1402:Turahan Bey 1257:Turahan Bey 1253:Gjirokastër 1222:Turahan Bey 1203:Via Egnatia 1033:(1468–1479) 999:(1447–1462) 776:(1443–1468) 669:(1385–1443) 589:Turahan Bey 409:Marin Spani 264:Vrana Konti 179:Territorial 5884:Categories 5073:Božić 1979 5056:Božić 1979 4708:Montenegro 4688:Imber 1990 4671:Božić 1979 4654:Božić 1979 4630:Božić 1979 4612:21 January 4581:Božić 1979 4220:Nasse 1964 3223:Ajeti 1969 3161:Ramet 1998 3098:Gegaj 1937 3015:Imber 1990 2981:Imber 2006 2957:Imber 1990 2891:Pamuk 2000 2754:References 2652:Luca Baffa 2608:Crnojevići 2556:Skanderbeg 2292:Skanderbeg 2188:Bayazid II 2031:of Durazzo 1981:laid siege 1797:river Drin 1785:Drin River 1778:Jost Amman 1655:Hungarians 1534:Jost Amman 1415:Skanderbeg 1315:war galley 1303:Skanderbeg 1279:Skanderbeg 1096:Background 730:Muzaka War 250:Skanderbeg 53:Skanderbeg 33:Montenegro 5873:485496689 5845:456125379 5615:476226177 5406:317326240 5388:652265147 5041:March 28, 4942:276645834 4703:Crna Gora 4387:Noli 1947 3954:Noli 1947 3894:Noli 1947 3734:Noli 1947 3586:Fine 1994 3574:Noli 1947 3365:Noli 1947 3137:Fine 1994 3054:Buda 2002 2930:Buda 2002 2859:Fine 1994 2767:Noli 1947 2748:Charles V 2679:Albanians 2664:Albanians 2626:Aftermath 2592:Dukagjini 2489:Stradioti 2447:stratioti 2443:Sveti Srđ 2399:Sveti Srđ 2354:Podgorica 2299:Mehmed II 2213:Castriota 2201:stratioti 2171:Mehmed II 2120:in 1478. 2099:Mamurrasi 2044:Mehmed II 1989:Mehmed II 1888:Dubrovnik 1857:Mehmed II 1748:Svetigrad 1636:Kodžadžik 1588:of Zeta. 1558:Dukagjini 1502:İskender" 1481:Svetigrad 1453:crusaders 1390:Eugene IV 1366:Ishak Bey 1291:beylerbey 1066:(1478–79) 1058:(1477–78) 1042:(1473–79) 1024:(1460–62) 1016:(1456–57) 1008:(1447–48) 980:(1466–67) 814:Svetigrad 782:Svetigrad 757:(1437–38) 749:(1432–36) 741:(1428–30) 733:(1415–17) 717:(1414–18) 565:Ishak Bey 485:Ali Pasha 441:Mehmed II 5831:(1981), 5749:(1975), 5726:(2012), 5489:22297448 5162:(1992). 5153:52411919 4998:(1968). 4848:Archived 4814:(2001), 4776:24 April 4364:62309552 4320:62309552 4259:62309552 3337:(1968). 3275:(1923). 2584:Arianiti 2560:Fan Noli 2552:Istanbul 2540:Anatolia 2500:Northern 2485:Urs Graf 2408:to find 2389:voivode 2371:castle. 2131:Arbëresh 2067:Burgundy 1985:Murad II 1947:Barletta 1904:Angevins 1880:Barletta 1867:and the 1849:Albulena 1820:Murad II 1805:Adriatic 1667:Burgundy 1578:Dushmani 1574:Zenevisi 1554:Arianiti 1445:Murad II 1383:Anatolia 1358:Manastir 1207:Shkumbin 1195:Murat II 1161:devşirme 1118:Anatolia 882:Albulena 790:Torvioll 427:Murad II 165:Fall of 101:Location 5656:31 July 5517:31 July 5280:31 July 5208:5845972 4716:5090762 3722:povelje 3475:21 June 2716:Albaner 2648:Albania 2644:Balkans 2508:Malësia 2426:Žabljak 2391:Mazarek 2387:Serbian 2321:Rumelia 2288:Albania 2223:in the 2184:Labëria 2155:Petrela 2063:Hungary 2023:Scutari 1892:rectors 1789:Scutari 1752:Shkodër 1671:Ragusan 1659:Hungary 1611:in 1444 1566:Zaharia 1473:Petrela 1398:Fruzhin 1331:Shkodër 1295:Rumelia 1245:Zagorie 1241:Këlcyrë 1199:Ali Bey 1091:History 1063:Shkodra 1047:Shkodra 968:Kashari 842:Modrica 806:Otonetë 551:† 522:† 502:† 310:† 181:changes 171:Shkodra 29:Albania 5871: 5861: 5843: 5817: 5799: 5779: 5759: 5736: 5713: 5692: 5647: 5631:732882 5629: 5613: 5603: 5583: 5545: 5508: 5487: 5477: 5457: 5439: 5420: 5404: 5386: 5376: 5356: 5325: 5297: 5271: 5255:729093 5253: 5232: 5206: 5172: 5151: 5098: 4975: 4940: 4930: 4893: 4824: 4714: 4603: 4362: 4352: 4318: 4308: 4257: 4247: 3771: 3682: 3657: 3419: 2789: 2740:Venice 2736:Greece 2697:Epirus 2604:Thopia 2596:Muzaka 2588:Balšić 2536:Greeks 2534:, and 2532:Vlachs 2522:, and 2520:Kosovo 2476:Forces 2438:fustas 2369:Dagnum 2343:Bojana 2221:Soleto 2065:, and 2059:Naples 2055:Ragusa 2040:Edirne 2036:Edirne 1943:Apulia 1884:Ragusa 1873:Serbia 1865:Bosnia 1859:, the 1760:Durrës 1744:Mehmed 1729:ducats 1713:Dagnum 1663:Papacy 1661:, the 1653:, the 1570:Thopia 1562:Muzaka 1485:Modrič 1374:Ragusa 1351:subaşi 1347:Kaninë 1327:Dagnum 1307:Venice 1285:(1508) 1191:Edirne 1153:avarız 1149:groshe 1147:and 4 1134:spahis 1130:timars 1126:defter 1120:. The 1050:(1474) 1039:Himarë 988:(1467) 971:(1465) 964:(1465) 961:Vajkal 952:(1465) 944:(1465) 941:Vajkal 936:(1464) 927:(1462) 920:(1462) 917:Pollog 913:(1462) 901:(1462) 893:(1459) 885:(1457) 877:(1456) 874:Oranik 869:(1455) 861:(1453) 858:Pollog 852:(1452) 845:(1452) 833:(1450) 825:(1448) 822:Oranik 817:(1448) 809:(1446) 801:(1445) 793:(1444) 785:(1443) 765:(1443) 725:(1415) 709:(1395) 701:(1394) 693:(1389) 690:Kosovo 685:(1385) 677:(1375) 518: 498: 396: 350: 324: 306: 121:Result 37:Kosovo 5835:[ 5568:(53). 5313:[ 4904:(PDF) 4887:(PDF) 4706:[ 2683:Italy 2668:Italy 2600:Spani 2580:Lezhë 2528:Slavs 2434:Kotor 2350:Baleč 2284:Krujë 2256:Nardò 2051:Krujë 2029:bailo 2002:aspra 1955:Trani 1951:Trani 1869:Morea 1853:Italy 1683:Ohrid 1644:Debar 1632:Krujë 1582:Spani 1546:Lezhë 1530:Krujë 1510:dijak 1498:"hain 1477:Prezë 1465:Krujë 1396:sent 1343:Vlorë 1335:Lezhë 1249:Pogon 1233:Corfu 1187:Vlorë 1157:jizya 1145:ducat 1055:Krujë 985:Krujë 977:Krujë 949:Meçad 933:Ohrid 924:Livad 910:Mokra 898:Mokra 866:Berat 849:Meçad 830:Krujë 798:Mokra 722:Krujë 706:Ohrid 682:Savra 674:Ohrid 167:Krujë 139:Krujë 5869:OCLC 5859:ISBN 5841:OCLC 5815:ISBN 5797:ISBN 5777:ISBN 5757:ISBN 5734:ISBN 5711:ISBN 5690:ISBN 5658:2012 5645:ISBN 5627:OCLC 5611:OCLC 5601:ISBN 5581:ISBN 5543:ISBN 5519:2012 5506:ISBN 5485:OCLC 5475:ISBN 5455:ISBN 5437:ISBN 5418:ISBN 5402:OCLC 5384:OCLC 5374:ISBN 5354:ISBN 5323:ISBN 5295:ISBN 5282:2012 5269:ISBN 5251:OCLC 5230:ISBN 5215:2012 5204:OCLC 5170:ISBN 5149:OCLC 5096:ISBN 5043:2011 4973:ISBN 4949:2011 4938:OCLC 4928:ISBN 4891:ISBN 4822:ISBN 4778:2013 4712:OCLC 4614:2012 4601:ISBN 4360:OCLC 4350:ISBN 4316:OCLC 4306:ISBN 4255:OCLC 4245:ISBN 3782:2012 3769:ISBN 3680:ISBN 3655:ISBN 3477:2013 3428:556. 3417:ISBN 3349:2013 2787:ISBN 2654:and 2606:and 2502:and 2462:Tuzi 2337:The 2278:The 1961:and 1949:and 1723:and 1665:and 1580:and 1493:flag 1439:Rise 1413:and 1247:and 890:Sati 665:rule 169:and 151:1467 149:and 147:1466 143:1450 112:and 93:Date 43:and 19:The 4565:134 3453:... 3448:478 2681:in 2618:or 2428:or 2286:in 1455:of 1381:in 1293:of 141:in 5886:: 5867:, 5669:. 5609:, 5566:28 5564:. 5560:. 5483:. 5416:. 5382:, 4981:. 4951:, 4936:, 4830:, 4780:. 4718:, 4616:. 4567:. 4469:^ 4394:^ 4375:^ 4366:, 4358:, 4344:, 4322:, 4314:, 4300:, 4261:, 4253:, 4239:, 4210:^ 4149:^ 4092:^ 4080:^ 4059:^ 4047:^ 4035:^ 3944:^ 3901:^ 3859:^ 3741:^ 3694:^ 3593:^ 3566:^ 3539:^ 3488:^ 3479:. 3450:. 3425:. 3372:^ 3351:. 3314:^ 3251:; 3247:; 3208:. 3183:; 3179:; 3168:^ 3129:^ 3076:^ 3061:^ 3034:^ 3007:^ 2988:^ 2937:^ 2922:^ 2883:^ 2866:^ 2843:^ 2646:, 2602:, 2598:, 2594:, 2590:, 2586:, 2566:. 2530:, 2518:, 2506:, 2487:, 2464:. 2420:. 2401:. 2364:. 2323:, 2311:. 2251:. 2243:. 2069:. 2061:, 1965:. 1576:, 1572:, 1568:, 1564:, 1560:, 1556:, 1483:, 1475:, 1430:. 1368:, 1243:, 966:• 922:• 915:• 847:• 145:, 108:, 39:, 35:, 31:, 5823:. 5698:. 5677:. 5675:4 5660:. 5551:. 5521:. 5491:. 5426:. 5341:. 5284:. 5238:. 5217:. 5189:7 5178:. 5104:. 5045:. 3784:. 3688:. 3663:. 2795:. 1914:. 1886:( 1536:) 1124:( 973:) 959:( 929:) 908:( 854:) 840:( 646:e 639:t 632:v

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Knowledge

Albanian–Ottoman Wars (1432–1479)

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