1148:
71:
caps, weapons, disguises, false identification and thousands of rounds of ammunition. The agents were able to neutralize all the ammunition and explosives in the apartment, by replacing the gunpowder with coconut charcoal. Using surveillance, investigators determined that the group planned to place bombs at a military facility on July 4, 1983. This prompted the arrest on June 29, 1983, of three FALN members: Edwin Cortes, Alberto
Rodriguez, and Alejandrina Torres, and a fourth sympathizer (Jose Rodriguez).
180:
conspiracy to armed robbery, and firearms violations. Among the other convicted Puerto Rican nationalists there were sentences of as long as 90 years in
Federal prisons for offenses, that included seditious conspiracy, possession of unregistered firearms, interstate transportation of a stolen vehicle, interference with interstate commerce by violence and interstate transportation of firearms with intent to commit a crime.
884:, United Nations General Assembly, June 12, 2006. (GA/COL/3138/Rev.1*). Department of Public Information, News and Media Division, New York. Special Committee on Decolonization, 8th & 9th Meetings. (Issued on June 13, 2006.) The approved text reads, in part, "As in previous years, ...the Special Committee called on the President of the United States to release Puerto Rican political prisoners..." (page 1)
54:
education to better serve her community. She was a founding member and later a teacher at the Puerto Rican High School in
Chicago. She help found Chicago's Betances Health Clinic. Her work and membership in the FALN were rooted in the work made by other Puerto Rican nationalists and separatists who believed in their right to fight U.S. colonialism in relation to the
303:
274:, prohibiting from calling her family and lawyer to denounce the abuses. She was further penalized for violating prison rules, and a secret letter was written to a judge assigned to her case giving a false version of the events. In the third case, female prison guards held her while a male guard inserted his fingers in her
311:
269:
Torres was also sexually assaulted multiple times in cases involving prison personnel with the assailants never being charged. The attacks occurred in three different prisons. The first assault took place when she was locked in a men's unit, permitting the men to exhibit themselves in front of her.
183:
President
Clinton's offer of clemency to former FALN members, including Alejandrina, was strongly opposed by overwhelming bipartisan majorities in both the US House of Representatives and US Senate. In criticizing President Clinton's decision, both houses of Congress categorized the FALN members as
106:
One of the strange things about this case is that these defendants didn't accomplish any of their purpose. The didn't succeed in springing Oscar Lopez. They didn't succeed in springing anybody from
Pontiac Correctional Center. And they didn't even succeed in planting the bombs. Why? Because in this
70:
as a suspect. This led to the identification of a FALN safe-house, and subsequently that it was also used by
Alejandrina Torres. The surveillance team was able to place cameras and listening equipment in the apartment. In the apartment, they found approximately 24 pounds of dynamite, 24 blasting
53:
in 1939 and grew up in New York City. Her family emigrated to the United States when she was 11 years old. During the 1960s and 1970s, she was a leader in her community. During the time of her arrest, she was married to Rev. Jose A. Torres and was the mother of five children. Torres continued her
216:
There were reports of human rights violations against the FALN prisoners. The prisoners were placed in prisons far from their families, some were sexually assaulted by prison personnel, some were denied adequate medical attention, and others were kept in isolated underground prison cells for no
241:
Throughout her imprisonment, Torres was plagued by health problems which were aggravated by prison staff's attacks and an indifference to her medical needs. Further, she faced physical abuse during her incarceration. It took the federal prison system six years to place her in a regular women's
111:
Torres and other FALN members had been linked to more than 100 bombings or attempted bombings since 1974 in their attempt to achieve independence for Puerto Rico. Torres was sentenced by a
Federal district court to 35-years of incarceration for seditious conspiracy, bomb and weapons violations
179:
A spokesman for the
Clinton administration stated that none of the crimes for which they were convicted resulted in deaths or injuries. They pointed out that they had not been convicted of the actual bombings. Rather, they had been convicted on a variety of charges ranging from bomb making,
97:
American corporations, particularly drug companies, conducted unethical experiments, such as birth control tests, on Puerto Rican women; where the
American government systematically effaced a rich, proud Puerto Rican cultural heritage; and where the powerful, shadowy hand of the Wall Street
112:(conspiracy to make destructive devices, unlawful storage of explosives, possession of an unregistered firearm), and interstate transportation of a stolen car. Cortes and Rodriguez were convicted of conspiring to rob a Chicago Transit Authority money collector.
880:
Special
Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self-determination Process: Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader's Killing, Human Rights Abuses; Calls for Clean-up, Decontamination of
102:"There may be something heroic about someone who dies for his beliefs, but there is nothing heroic about someone who sneaks out into the dead of the night, plants bombs and then slinks back into the sanctuary of a safe house before the bomb detonates."
196:
For many years, numerous national and international organizations criticized Torres' incarceration categorizing it as political imprisonment. Cases involving the other Puerto Rican Nationalist prisoners have also been categorized by some as cases of
270:
In a second incident, a male prison lieutenant forced her to put her head between his knees and observed while female guards tore off her clothes and left her naked. The authorities responded to Torres' complaint in this case by placing her in
930:
In the words of Congressman Marcantonio, "There is no place in America for political prisoners ... When we ask ourselves, 'Can it happen here?' the Puerto Rican people can answer, 'It has happened in Puerto Rico.' as he spoke about
261:. It was finally closed by a federal judge after two years of protest by religious and human rights groups. She was then moved to the federal women's prison in Danbury, Connecticut, from which she was released in September 1999.
1853:
257:(HSU) was a kind of prison within a prison, occupying the basement of the Federal Correctional Institute. Allegations were made that the unit was an experimental underground political prison that practiced isolation and
192:
The sentences given to the FALN members were judged by some to be "out of proportion to the nationalists' offenses", and almost 20 times greater than sentences for similar offenses by the American population at large.
107:
case, in this court's judgement, represents one of the finest examples of preventive law enforcement that has ever come to this court's attention ... They were going to plant bombs in public buildings during a holiday."
229:, the judge found that their exceptionally restrictive conditions of detention were not in response to any legitimate security threat, and were therefore "an exaggerated response" and in violation of the prisoners'
455:
Statement of the Special Agent (Retired) Richard S. Hahn before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary Hearing on FALN Clemency, September 15, 1999. Redacted in the website for Latin American Studies
221:
and the House of Representatives' Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property and the Administration of Justice both criticized the conditions. The conditions were found to be in violation of the
1953:
95:
that would determine their status. The Federal court, however, did not recognize their request. During the trial, Cortes and Torres painted a picture of Puerto Rico as a bleak world where
950:
1933:
136:
as having been influential on his decision to grant clemency to FALN prisoners. Torres was one of the eleven who accepted clemency. The other ten who accepted clemency were:
1948:
1268:
30:
433:
Effects and effectiveness of law enforcement intelligence measures to counter homegrown terrorism: A case study on the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN)
1943:
27:
1958:
900:
408:
1818:
1241:
230:
1547:
91:
status. They argued that the U.S. courts did not have jurisdiction to try them as criminals and petitioned for their cases to be handed over to an
629:
286:
who ordered the search admitted later that he did not suspect Torres of having contraband, and that the search was in violation of prison rules.
1874:
1843:
225:. A federal judge also expressed concerns regarding FALN prisoners held at the Female High Security Unit, Lexington, Kentucky. In the case of
184:
militant terrorists, and asserted that the actions of the FALN had killed 6 persons and maimed others, including members of law enforcement.
66:
Torres was arrested in June 1983 at the age of 44. The arrest in April 1980 of a dozen FALN members in Evanston led to the identification of
1923:
506:
246:
condemned the conditions in that unit as "deliberately and gratuitously oppressive" and as causing physical and psychological deterioration.
1091:
966:
806:
802:
1026:
1838:
944:
528:
436:; Roberta Belli, Final Report to the Science & Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, August 2012, page 23.
368:
1231:
1137:
37:. Torres was linked to FALN, which claimed responsibility for 100 bombings and six deaths. Her sentence was commuted by President
917:
Vito Marcantonio, U.S. Congressman. In his August 5, 1939, speech before Congress titled "Five Years of Tyranny" (Recorded in the
1211:
646:
923:
753:
1109:
833:
1151:
431:
1938:
1349:
957:
Report states, "Chicago's Puerto Rican community celebrates the release of political prisoner Carlos Alberto Torres..."
1442:
1060:"Cruel But Not Unusual: The Punishment of Women in U.S. Prisons, An Interview with Marilyn Buck and Laura Whitehorn."
1757:
1379:
1793:
1437:
1226:
978:
1452:
1304:
979:"Carlos Alberto Torres, Puerto Rican Nationalist Imprisoned In Illinois For 30 Years, Returns Home To Puerto Rico"
390:
1928:
1221:
121:
893:
242:
prison. Two of those six years were spent in the underground Women's High Security Unit at Lexington. Kentucky.
1562:
588:
1778:
1236:
772:
Nebbia, Gerardo (September 9, 1999). "Puerto Rican nationalists to be released after two decades in prison".
574:
ProLIBERTAD Campaign for the Freedom of Puerto Rican Political Prisoners and Prisoners of War: Arm the Spirit
458:
1672:
1467:
1216:
1130:
87:
in an anti-colonial war against the United States to liberate Puerto Rico from U.S. domination and invoked
1532:
1527:
1369:
1828:
810:
470:
1334:
1324:
801:
Opposition to the clemency was approved by 88% of the US House of Representatives and 98% of the Senate
1707:
1344:
173:
1752:
1319:
1314:
1284:
161:
1417:
1389:
1747:
1582:
1412:
1339:
145:
1522:
1364:
606:
157:
50:
1652:
1447:
1848:
1657:
1647:
1329:
1123:
1798:
1502:
1482:
721:
685:
1918:
1732:
1642:
1632:
1617:
1257:
55:
1737:
1727:
1637:
1492:
823:
740:
FALN prisoners another step closer to freedom: Clinton condemned on Capitol Hill for clemency.
547:
1808:
1687:
1612:
647:"Commutations, Remissions, and Reprieves Granted by President William J. Clinton (1993-2001)"
243:
218:
206:
83:, and refused, in general, to participate in the proceedings. They declared themselves to be
1692:
1497:
1462:
1374:
1115:
878:
862:
789:
354:
98:
capitalist dictated the country's politics and exploited its citizens and natural resources.
1913:
1577:
1262:
1206:
523:
271:
210:
34:
1702:
907:
Reviews Puerto Rico – U.S. relations, including cases of Puerto Rican political prisoners.
454:
165:
8:
1869:
1762:
1572:
1507:
1487:
1359:
932:
258:
202:
120:
On September 10, 1999, Torres was released as one of 12 FALN members granted conditional
92:
23:
1354:
848:
1788:
1742:
1697:
1592:
1422:
254:
198:
153:
1587:
1299:
995:
654:
79:
At their trial proceedings, all of the arrested FALN members declared their status as
1682:
1477:
1427:
1170:
967:"Puerto Rican Nationalist Sentenced to 7 Years for 1983 Wells Fargo Robbery in Conn."
829:
1722:
1432:
916:
1854:
Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
1289:
1165:
571:
1667:
1384:
1309:
333:
1833:
1823:
1607:
1597:
1517:
1294:
954:
927:
904:
532:
88:
80:
1803:
1783:
1602:
1472:
1147:
738:
141:
894:
Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Hunter College, City University of New York.
1907:
1717:
1677:
1622:
1394:
283:
1712:
1662:
1627:
1512:
1075:
1059:
896:
Guide to the Ruth M. Reynolds Papers: Archives of the Puerto Rican Diaspora
149:
137:
133:
129:
67:
38:
1552:
1537:
1457:
249:
Torres was one of four subjects housed in an experimental prison unit in
1190:
169:
84:
409:"Authorities Wednesday arrested four members of the Puerto Rican..."
1891:
250:
1185:
1175:
1092:"Judge Bars U.S. From Isolating Prisoners for Political Beliefs".
703:
126:
renouncing the use or threatened use of violence for any purpose.
947:
Puerto Rican community celebrates release of political prisoner.
1954:
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
1180:
1011:
Jan Susler, "The Women's High Security Unit in Lexington, KY",
275:
205:
facility where Torres was imprisoned was sharply criticized by
115:
209:
and its closure was eventually ordered by U.S. District Judge
61:
1145:
391:"Puerto Rican Political Prisoners: It's Time to Let Them Go!"
33:) resulted in her conviction and sentencing of 35 years for
279:
822:
Torres, Andrés; Velázquez, José Emiliano (June 22, 1998).
223:
U.N. Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
124:. All of them were required to submit a written statement
1076:"Brainwashing in America? The women of Lexington Prison".
264:
630:"12 Imprisoned Puerto Ricans Accept Clemency Conditions"
1112:
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.
493:
491:
187:
1934:
Puerto Rican people convicted of seditious conspiracy
996:"Lolita Lebrón, Puerto Rican Nationalist, Dies at 90"
509:
The Puerto Rican movement: voices from the diaspora.
488:
481:
479:
825:
The Puerto Rican Movement: Voices from the Diaspora
790:
Eleven Puerto Rican Nationalists Freed from Prison.
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
550:
The Puerto Rican movement: voices from the diaspora
543:
541:
1242:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
864:Eleven Puerto Rican Nationalists Freed from Prison
1949:People convicted of illegal possession of weapons
476:
459:Official report of the Committee of the Judiciary
1905:
556:
538:
44:
898:, August 1991 and December 2003; (updated 2005)
821:
1944:Imprisoned Puerto Rican independence activists
625:
623:
621:
619:
535:Denver Westword Retrieved on November 21, 2008
1131:
754:Puerto Rican Nationalists Freed From Prison.'
74:
1959:Recipients of American presidential clemency
395:The North American Congress on Latin America
116:Commutation of sentence by President Clinton
639:
616:
357:, PeaceHost.net. RetrievedJanuary 23, 2014.
301:
62:Criminal activities, arrest and convictions
1138:
1124:
785:
783:
302:Crawford Jr, William B (October 5, 1985).
26:woman whose trial as a member and role in
553:, Temple University Press. 1998, pg. 147.
369:"Las mujeres y la conspiración sediciosa"
366:
1232:Hostosian National Independence Movement
586:
511:Temple University Press. 1998. Page 147.
1212:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
780:
388:
295:
236:
1906:
1875:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
1819:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
1269:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
1024:
807:"Congressional Record — SENATE" S18018
771:
752:Charles Babington. September 11, 1999,
389:Fuentes, Anette (September 25, 2007).
384:
382:
265:Allegations of human rights violations
28:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
1844:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
1119:
1027:"High Security Unit in Lexington, KY"
1013:Yale Journal of Law and Liberation 31
767:
765:
675:W. Crawford, Chicago Tribune article.
580:
1924:People from San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico
1152:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
1074:Reuben, William A.; Norman, Carlos.
803:"Congressional Record — HOUSE" H8019
587:Crawford, William (August 6, 1985).
188:Challenges of political imprisonment
1110:United States v. Alejandrina Torres
379:
373:Crítica Socio-Cultura Contemporánea
13:
809:, and by law enforcement agencies.
762:
653:. January 12, 2015. Archived from
522:Prendergast, Alan, July 12, 1995.
326:
14:
1970:
1103:
969:, Fox News Network, May 26, 2010.
1146:
282:during an alleged "search". The
1222:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1097:, 1988. Accessed March 19, 2009
1085:
1068:
1052:
1018:
1005:
988:
972:
960:
938:
910:
887:
872:
856:
842:
815:
795:
746:
732:
714:
696:
678:
669:
599:
516:
500:
464:
49:Alejandrina Torres was born in
1758:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
1390:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
1227:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
722:"#352: 08-11-99 NEWS ADVISORY"
686:"#352: 08-11-99 NEWS ADVISORY"
448:
439:
425:
401:
360:
348:
1:
1779:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
1693:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
1453:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
1305:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
1082:1987. Accessed March 19, 2009
304:"3 FALN MEMBERS GET 35 YEARS"
289:
122:clemency by President Clinton
104:Judge George Layton stated, "
45:Early years and personal life
1839:Truman assassination attempt
1217:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
935:. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
7:
1829:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1438:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
828:. Temple University Press.
10:
1975:
1207:Union Party of Puerto Rico
1058:Day, Susie. August, 2001.
355:Alejandrina Torres profile
75:Trial as a prisoner of war
22:(born June 18, 1939) is a
1939:Puerto Rican nationalists
1883:
1862:
1771:
1561:
1533:María de Lourdes Santiago
1528:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
1403:
1370:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
1277:
1250:
1199:
1158:
926:January 12, 2012, at the
838:– via Google Books.
531:January 28, 2012, at the
513:Retrieved March 19, 2003.
336:. CNN. September 10, 1999
334:"FALN prisoners set free"
1365:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
1335:Francisco Ramírez Medina
1325:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
1065:Accessed March 19, 2009,
792:CNN. September 10, 1999.
774:World Socialist Web Site
605:William B. Crawford Jr.
367:Domenech Cruz, Roxanna.
158:Alberto Rodriguez (FALN)
51:San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico
1849:Cerro Maravilla murders
1794:Levantamiento de Ciales
1753:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
1673:Tomás López de Victoria
1658:Andres Figueroa Cordero
1648:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
1468:José M. Dávila Monsanto
1330:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
1320:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
1315:Eugenio María de Hostos
1285:Ramón Emeterio Betances
1200:Political organizations
868:CNN. September 10, 1999
743:CNN. September 9, 1999.
589:"4 Guilty in Bomb Plot"
457:. Also can be found at
162:Alicia Rodríguez (FALN)
100:Prosecutors countered:
58:with armed resistance.
1929:History of Puerto Rico
1748:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
1643:Isabel Freire de Matos
1633:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1583:Margot Arce de Vázquez
1413:Antonio Rafael Barceló
1340:José Gualberto Padilla
1278:19th century activists
1258:Cadets of the Republic
1251:Militant organizations
953:July 31, 2010, at the
903:July 15, 2010, at the
471:Richard Hahn interview
56:History of Puerto Rico
1708:Helen Rodríguez Trías
1688:Francisco Matos Paoli
1653:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
1613:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1548:Carlos Alberto Torres
1448:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
1404:20th and 21st century
1345:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
1159:Indigenous resistance
607:4 Guilty In Bomb Plot
497:R. Belli, page 27-28.
244:Amnesty International
219:Amnesty International
207:Amnesty International
174:Carmen Valentín Pérez
132:and former President
16:Puerto Rican activist
1799:Río Piedras massacre
1503:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
1483:Víctor Manuel Gerena
1418:Félix Benítez Rexach
1263:Boricua Popular Army
1025:Susler, Jan (1989).
919:Congressional Record
849:Peoples Law Office.
272:solitary confinement
237:Experience in prison
35:seditious conspiracy
1870:Grito de Lares flag
1763:Olga Viscal Garriga
1738:Clemente Soto Vélez
1728:Vidal Santiago Díaz
1638:José Ferrer Canales
1573:Pedro Albizu Campos
1523:Ángel Rivero Méndez
1508:Antonio S. Pedreira
1493:Luis Lloréns Torres
1488:Edwin Irizarry Mora
1360:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
983:The Huffington Post
945:Chicago Sun-Times.
933:Pedro Albizu Campos
757:The Washington Post
632:by John M. Broder.
314:on October 19, 2012
259:sensory deprivation
227:Baraldini vs. Meese
203:Lexington, Kentucky
199:political prisoners
128:Clinton cited Rev.
93:international court
1789:Intentona de Yauco
1743:Griselio Torresola
1698:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1593:Casimiro Berenguer
1543:Alejandrina Torres
1498:Oscar López Rivera
1463:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
1380:Fernando Fernandez
1375:Manuel Zeno Gandía
1095:The New York Times
1034:Law and Liberation
1015:(1989): pp. 31-42.
1000:The New York Times
921:, August 14, 1939)
636:September 8, 1999.
634:The New York Times
485:R. Hahn testimony.
445:R. Belli, page 24.
255:High Security Unit
154:Dylcia Noemi Pagan
20:Alejandrina Torres
1901:
1900:
1813:Ley de la Mordaza
1703:Germán Rieckehoff
1618:José Coll y Cuchí
1565:Nationalist Party
1478:Leopoldo Figueroa
1428:Americo Boschetti
1002:, August 3, 2010.
835:978-1-56639-618-9
657:on March 27, 2015
613:, August 6, 1985.
576:October 30, 1995.
211:Barrington Parker
166:Ida Luz Rodríguez
1966:
1355:Juan Ríus Rivera
1290:Mariana Bracetti
1150:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1098:
1089:
1083:
1072:
1066:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1031:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1003:
994:Douglas Martin.
992:
986:
985:, July 28, 2010.
976:
970:
964:
958:
942:
936:
914:
908:
891:
885:
876:
870:
860:
854:
846:
840:
839:
819:
813:
799:
793:
787:
778:
777:
769:
760:
750:
744:
736:
730:
729:
718:
712:
711:
704:"Inmate Locator"
700:
694:
693:
682:
676:
673:
667:
666:
664:
662:
643:
637:
627:
614:
603:
597:
596:
584:
578:
569:
554:
545:
536:
525:End of the Line.
520:
514:
504:
498:
495:
486:
483:
474:
468:
462:
452:
446:
443:
437:
429:
423:
422:
420:
418:
405:
399:
398:
386:
377:
376:
364:
358:
352:
346:
345:
343:
341:
330:
324:
323:
321:
319:
310:. Archived from
299:
81:prisoners of war
1974:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1879:
1858:
1834:Utuado Uprising
1824:Jayuya Uprising
1767:
1608:Nemesio Canales
1598:Julia de Burgos
1588:Elías Beauchamp
1578:José S. Alegría
1564:
1557:
1518:Miguel Poventud
1405:
1399:
1300:Roberto Cofresí
1295:Mathias Brugman
1273:
1246:
1237:Socialist Front
1195:
1154:
1144:
1106:
1101:
1090:
1086:
1073:
1069:
1063:Monthly Review,
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1006:
993:
989:
977:
973:
965:
961:
955:Wayback Machine
943:
939:
928:Wayback Machine
915:
911:
905:Wayback Machine
892:
888:
877:
873:
861:
857:
847:
843:
836:
820:
816:
800:
796:
788:
781:
770:
763:
751:
747:
737:
733:
726:www.justice.gov
720:
719:
715:
702:
701:
697:
690:www.justice.gov
684:
683:
679:
674:
670:
660:
658:
651:www.justice.gov
645:
644:
640:
628:
617:
611:Chicago Tribune
604:
600:
593:Chicago Tribune
585:
581:
570:
557:
548:Andrés Torres.
546:
539:
533:Wayback Machine
521:
517:
507:Andrés Torres.
505:
501:
496:
489:
484:
477:
469:
465:
453:
449:
444:
440:
430:
426:
416:
414:
407:
406:
402:
387:
380:
365:
361:
353:
349:
339:
337:
332:
331:
327:
317:
315:
308:Chicago Tribune
300:
296:
292:
267:
239:
231:First Amendment
190:
146:Ricardo Jiménez
118:
89:prisoner of war
77:
64:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1972:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1804:Ponce massacre
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1784:Grito de Lares
1781:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1723:Isolina Rondón
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1603:Blanca Canales
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1473:Elizam Escobar
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1433:Juan Mari Brás
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1104:External links
1102:
1100:
1099:
1084:
1067:
1051:
1017:
1004:
987:
971:
959:
937:
909:
886:
871:
855:
841:
834:
814:
794:
779:
761:
745:
731:
713:
695:
677:
668:
638:
615:
598:
579:
555:
537:
515:
499:
487:
475:
463:
461:, pages 33-35.
447:
438:
424:
400:
378:
359:
347:
325:
293:
291:
288:
266:
263:
238:
235:
189:
186:
142:Elizam Escobar
117:
114:
76:
73:
63:
60:
46:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1971:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:Living people
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:Daniel Santos
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:Isabel Rosado
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1678:Hugo Margenat
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:Lolita Lebrón
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:Oscar Collazo
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:Rubén Berríos
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1395:Marcos Xiorro
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:Agustín Stahl
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:José de Diego
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1001:
997:
991:
984:
980:
975:
968:
963:
956:
952:
949:
948:
941:
934:
929:
925:
922:
920:
913:
906:
902:
899:
897:
890:
883:
882:
875:
869:
866:
865:
859:
853:
852:
845:
837:
831:
827:
826:
818:
811:
808:
804:
798:
791:
786:
784:
775:
768:
766:
758:
755:
749:
742:
741:
735:
727:
723:
717:
709:
705:
699:
691:
687:
681:
672:
656:
652:
648:
642:
635:
631:
626:
624:
622:
620:
612:
608:
602:
594:
590:
583:
577:
575:
572:ProLIBERTAD.
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
552:
551:
544:
542:
534:
530:
527:
526:
519:
512:
510:
503:
494:
492:
482:
480:
472:
467:
460:
456:
451:
442:
435:
434:
428:
413:
410:
404:
396:
392:
385:
383:
374:
370:
363:
356:
351:
335:
329:
313:
309:
305:
298:
294:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
262:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
194:
185:
181:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
72:
69:
59:
57:
52:
42:
40:
36:
32:
29:
25:
21:
1890:
1812:
1713:Hiram Rosado
1683:René Marqués
1663:Irvin Flores
1628:Rosa Collazo
1563:Puerto Rican
1542:
1513:Pedro Pietri
1350:Manuel Rojas
1265:(Macheteros)
1171:Agüeybaná II
1094:
1087:
1079:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1037:
1033:
1020:
1012:
1007:
999:
990:
982:
974:
962:
946:
940:
918:
912:
895:
889:
879:
874:
867:
863:
858:
851:Puerto Rico.
850:
844:
824:
817:
797:
773:
756:
748:
739:
734:
725:
716:
707:
698:
689:
680:
671:
659:. Retrieved
655:the original
650:
641:
633:
610:
601:
592:
582:
573:
549:
524:
518:
508:
502:
466:
450:
441:
432:
427:
415:. Retrieved
411:
403:
394:
372:
362:
350:
338:. Retrieved
328:
316:. Retrieved
312:the original
307:
297:
268:
248:
240:
226:
222:
215:
195:
191:
182:
178:
150:Adolfo Matos
138:Edwin Cortes
134:Jimmy Carter
130:Desmond Tutu
125:
119:
110:
105:
101:
96:
78:
68:Edwin Cortes
65:
48:
39:Bill Clinton
24:Puerto Rican
19:
18:
1914:1939 births
1553:Iris Zavala
1538:Piri Thomas
1458:Juan Dalmau
1166:Agüeybaná I
708:www.bop.gov
1908:Categories
1080:The Nation
473:, page 48.
417:August 22,
290:References
85:combatants
1443:Roy Brown
1406:activists
1044:April 18,
340:March 18,
318:March 18,
170:Luis Rosa
41:in 1999.
1892:Claridad
951:Archived
924:Archived
901:Archived
759:Page A2.
661:June 22,
529:Archived
278:and her
251:Kentucky
233:rights.
217:reason.
1863:Symbols
1809:Gag Law
1191:Urayoán
1186:Jumacao
1176:Arasibo
881:Vieques
412:upi.com
1772:Events
1181:Hayuya
832:
284:warden
276:vagina
253:. The
201:. The
172:, and
1884:Media
1030:(PDF)
31:(FALN
1046:2022
830:ISBN
805:and
663:2019
419:2019
342:2009
320:2009
280:anus
1078:,
1040:(1)
1910::
1036:.
1032:.
998:,
981:,
782:^
764:^
724:.
706:.
688:.
649:.
618:^
609:,
591:.
558:^
540:^
490:^
478:^
393:.
381:^
371:.
306:.
213:.
176:.
168:,
164:,
160:,
156:,
152:,
148:,
144:,
140:,
1815:)
1811:(
1139:e
1132:t
1125:v
1048:.
1038:1
812:.
776:.
728:.
710:.
692:.
665:.
595:.
421:.
397:.
375:.
344:.
322:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.