Agriculture in the United Kingdom

616: 190: 259: 3502:(called "County Farms") as an entry route into agriculture, but this provision is shrinking. Between 1984 and 2006, the amount of land available as County Farms shrank from 137,664 hectares (340,180 acres) to 96,206 hectares (237,730 acres), a reduction of 30%. The number of tenants on these smallholdings shrank by 58% in the same period to about 2,900. County Farms yielded an operational surplus of £10.6 million to local authorities in the financial year 2008–9. Some local authorities dispose of County Farms to obtain capital receipts. Somerset County Council proposes to sell 35 of its 62 County Farms. As of March 2009, 39% of County Farms were of 50 acres (20 ha) or smaller, 31% of 50 acres (20 ha) to 100 acres (40 ha) and 30% of 100 acres (40 ha) or more. 198: 3399:

which was commissioned by DEFRA and carried out by Exeter University in conjunction with the University of Plymouth, found that 65% of full-time farming businesses had diversified, but in the June census of the preceding year (2003), the estimate was 19% of full-time farming businesses. The large discrepancy is probably because the census data excluded the letting or subletting of buildings. The most common kinds of diversification are probably letting of barns as warehouses and storage, letting of former farm labourers' cottages (whether as holiday cottages or on longer leases) and farm shops. The number of farm shops in the UK increased by more than 50% between 1999 and 2003.

574:, which prevented contracting out on terms less favourable than a normal tenancy. Subsequent Agricultural Holdings Acts in 1900 and 1906 further refined the dispute resolution procedure; required landlords to compensate tenants for their damaged crops if the damage was caused by game that the landlord did not allow tenants to kill; allowed tenants to choose for themselves what crops to grow, except in the last year of the tenancy; and prevented penal rents being charged except in special circumstances. The legislation was consolidated in another Act of 1908. Further Agricultural Holdings Acts came into force in 1914, two in 1920, and a further consolidating Act in 1923. 3285: 1049:. The English regions have individual maps for: London and the South East; the Eastern Region; the East Midlands; the West Midlands; Yorkshire and Humber; the North East; the North West; the South West. Revised criteria for land grading dated 1988 are provided at the same site, together with climatological data used for the purpose of mapping, and soil sample data with a glossary. The Welsh government, in applying the same grading system, offers predictive map guidance online so that it is easier to decide whether an individual land survey is required to establish the grading of the land. For Wales, the Land Quality Advice Service is the responsible agency. 1462: 978: 2897: 306: 3360: 1306: 555: 1418: 3525: 2725: 109: 593: 3516:

hectares were let as smallholdings. It was estimated that this represents a 0.4% decline in area over a year. Arable farming was the predominant type of farming (27.6%). 1,978 smallholdings were let as at 31 March 2021 at an average rent per hectare of £310. There were 1,416 tenants of whom 69% had Farm Business Tenancies without security of tenure, and 20% had lifetime tenancies held under the Agricultural Holdings Act 1986 with security of tenure. As at 31 March 2021 the total rent roll for smallholdings reported was approximately £20 million.

255:, which was largely complete by 1540. The monasteries had been among the principal landowners in the Kingdom and the Crown took over their land, amounting to about 2,000,000 acres (810,000 ha). This land was largely sold off to fund Henry's military ambitions in France and Scotland, and the main buyers were the aristocracy and landed gentry. Agriculture boomed as grain prices increased sixfold by 1650. Improvements in transport, particularly along rivers and coasts, brought beef and dairy products from the north of England to London. 3606:

the Chief Executive Johnson McNeil was removed. In the midst of the crisis, staff of the Newcastle office of the RPA were reported by the local Evening Chronicle for being captured on CCTV leaping naked between the office filing cabinets. On 12 June 2006, apparently to celebrate their infamy, team members and managers held a drink-and-sex-fuelled party, news of which was reported the following day in considerable detail, alongside a series of apparently leaked office emails in which farmers were referred to in unflattering terms. The

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the pressure off other food supplies. But with so much of the agricultural labour force fighting, pressure on food supplies worldwide increased throughout the war. The government estimated that in 1945 world meat consumption would exceed supply by 1.8 million tons and that only wheat would be "available in abundance". The Prime Minister suggested that if necessary, food supplies could take priority over supplies for the military, and considered the possibility of famine in the occupied territories after the war.

521:, a suburb of Glasgow, was the first estate to be completed in 1922 under that Act. By 1926 agricultural law had become openly redistributive in favour of ex-servicemen. County Councils had compulsory purchase powers to requisition land they could let as smallholdings. Ex-servicemen were the preferred tenants. The tenant could then buy the land and could ask the Council to lend them money to fund the purchase as a mortgage. The Council could not refuse without the Minister of Agriculture's permission. 746:

Winter crops tend to be planted around mid-September, and spring crops as soon as the soil is ready. Each year the country produces about 6.5 million tonnes of barley, of which 1.5 million are exported, 2 million used in brewing and distilling activities and the remainder fed to livestock. The country also produces 14 to 15 million tons of wheat each year, of which farmers kept 3.9 million tonnes as stock in February 2012. In 2008, 750,000 tonnes of oats were produced, in 2011–2012 613,000.

1399:. This promotes disease resistance and helps to build starches and sugars. Plants tend to absorb potash during early stages of growth, and potash may reduce problems caused by applying nitrogen. Potash also increases the weight of an individual cereal grain. Traditional potash sources included applying ash to the land and ploughing in crop residues after the harvest. Artificial potash fertilisers were not used until deposits of potash salts were discovered in Germany in 1861. 2619: 33: 11514: 9788: 154:

the figure is 84%. "Less Favoured Area" means land that produces a lower agricultural yield, typically upland moors and hill farms, which explains the tendency to focus on sheep and sometimes dairy farming. In England, the eastern and southern areas where the fields are flatter, larger and more open tend to concentrate on cereal crops, while the hillier northern and western areas with smaller, more enclosed fields tend to concentrate on livestock farming.

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assured that his land would not be taken away and whatever he grew would be sold at a known price. The Agricultural Holdings Act 1948 remained the governing code in England and Wales until its replacement in 1986, which consolidated intervening amending statutes. These Acts made it hard to evict tenant farmers. With the new security tenants enjoyed, a system of rent reviews was necessary to take account of land price inflation.

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does not necessarily indicate a high level of animal welfare. Generally there is a tension between the minimum acceptable level of animal welfare for the consumer, the price of the product, and an acceptable margin for the farmer. This tension is resolved by food labelling that enables the consumer to select the price they are prepared to pay for a given level of animal welfare. So for example, many consumers prefer to buy

2644:(BSE). The BSE crisis led to regulations preventing animals more than 30 months old from entering the food chain, which meant cull cows could no longer be sold for beef. Just under 6 million cattle over this age were destroyed. A Calf Purchase Aid Scheme, under which a further nearly 2 million calves were slaughtered, ended in 1999. In 2002, the UK produced 72% of the beef it ate. Important beef cattle breeds include the 4972: 2825:

move livestock. There are also minimum "standstill" periods once livestock has been moved, so for example, a farmer buying new cattle and moving them onto his farm must then wait six days before taking other cattle to market. Most livestock must be identified. Each individual cow must have a "passport" issued by the British Cattle Movement Service. Other farm animals such as sheep, goats or pigs must have a

3351:. Unfortunately biofuels are quite bulky for their energy yield, which means processing into fuel needs to happen near where the crop is grown; otherwise, most or all of the benefit of biofuels can be lost in transporting the biofuel to the processing area. Such local processing units are not generally available in the UK, and further expansion of this market will depend on politics and industrial finance. 11524: 1361:(NVZ) aim to protect ground and surface water from contamination with nitrates and manure. Around 68% of English farmland, 14% of Scottish farmland and all of Welsh farmland is within a NVZ. The NVZ rules control at what time of year farmers may apply nitrogen or manure to the land and oblige them to keep strict records of nitrogen-containing substances used. They also regulate slurry and manure storage. 431:, i.e. the sum payable to an outgoing tenant for farm improvements that the tenant had funded and, if crops were in the ground when the tenant left, compensation for their value. This was dealt with in accordance with local custom, which might vary from place to place. In 1848 a parliamentary committee examined the possibility of a standardised system, but a Bill on the matter was not passed until 1875. 1606:. Hormone-based weedkillers are used to kill weeds more selectively. Although most weeds are vulnerable to at least one of these substances, eradicating all the weeds from a particular area will usually need several different weedkillers. The use of pesticides has declined, and British farmers now use about a third less pesticides than they did in 1983. The crop needing most pesticides is wheat. 1542:

plants look yellow and affect growth and marketability of the crop. They are most commonly treated with fungicides, and may be called mildews, rusts, blotches, scabs, wilts, rots or blights. European Union regulations on pesticides are changing, and several important pesticides currently in use will no longer be available. This has potentially quite serious implications for British agriculture.

3265:, which consolidated and built on a century-long trend of increasing protection for tenants, became so onerous towards landlords that they were reluctant to let land at all. It became so hard to obtain a tenancy that the farming industry supported reform enabling termination of tenancies in accordance with the terms of the letting rather than with security of tenure under the 1986 Act. Thus the 478:

technology brought cheap frozen meat from Australia, New Zealand and South America to the British market. British farm products declined significantly as a percentage of GDP during the period 1860–1914. In 1860 agriculture represented 20% of GDP. By 1913 it had fallen to 7%. The period 1850–1914 has been described as "completing the shift to a fundamentally urban and industrial society".

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outdoors. In many countries sows are kept tethered in individual stalls, but this system was banned in the UK in 1999 on animal welfare grounds. Indoor sows are housed in groups. Each sow produces an average of 24 piglets a year and will be pregnant or lactating for 340 days a year. This intensive production wears the sows out, and about 40% of them need to be replaced each year.

4988: 4969: 1384:, which stimulates root development in young plants. It also increases yields and speeds up plant growth. Phosphates are not easily lost from soil, but mostly occur in stable forms that are not liberated quickly enough by natural processes, so fertilisation is necessary. Traditionally, phosphate-bearing materials added to soil include bonemeal, powdered slag, and seaweed. 2935:. It is alleged that the badgers are infecting the cows. A scientific report for the government recommended a selective cull of badgers, which immediately met with opposition from other scientists. The government is currently consulting on this issue. As of 16 September 2011, a total of 27 online petitions had attracted 65,000 signatures opposing the plan. 2995:, which was the first agricultural college in the English-speaking world, opened as the Royal Agricultural College in 1845. It was granted its royal charter shortly after its founding. By the latter half of the nineteenth century, as farming grew more complex and methodical and as productivity increased, there was a dawning recognition that farmers needed 947:(69%) and methane (48%) emissions. It contributes 1.7% to UK CO2 emissions. Levels have been steady since the early 2000s when a 16% drop was achieved from the 1990s. A study of farmer awareness of mitigation measures indicates that barriers to mitigation practices include lack of information, the belief change is not necessary and financial barriers. 1470:

varies between 5–6 inches in some limestone regions to up to 18 inches in deep stoneless silt land. Most British ploughs are designed to turn a furrow of up to about a foot deep, which is relatively shallow compared to some other countries, where furrows of up to 16 inches are common. Other machines used to prepare land include

889:(EFRA) of the Westminster Parliament's House of Commons is tasked to oversee and enquire into the policy, administration and spending of DEFRA. It conducts its own inquiries usually leading to published Reports. EFRA may also inquire into matters that do not lead to formal reports, and it is empowered to conduct interviews and take evidence. 365:

when demanded, even when in practice the rights were not widely in use. Similarly each large landholding would consist of scattered patches, not consolidated farms. In many cases enclosures were largely an exchange and consolidation of land, and exchange not otherwise possible under the legal system. Enclosure under the scheme of the

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Strict enforcement of legal rights may not always have been seen in practice. Parliamentary inclosure was seen as a cost-effective method of creating a legally binding settlement. This is because of the costs (time, money, complexity) of using the common law and equity legal systems. Statute required consent of the owners of

3461:(314,000 hectares). Only 3.1% of UK cattle were raised organically. Cereal growing represented 9.7% of organic land use (49,000 hectares). There has been a 31.6% decrease in organic land use since peaking in 2008. However, the Soil Association is optimistic that an increased organic area is to be anticipated. 3588:

went on camera feeding his four year old daughter a beef burger as part of his attempt to reassure the public that eating beef was safe. Consequently described by the BBC as "probably the most derided politician to emerge out of the BSE scandal," Gummer had been responsible for delaying a ban on beef

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Local authority smallholdings in Wales are the subject of annual public reports made by the Welsh Ministers. The Report for 1 April 2021 to 31 March 2022 Just under 1% of total 1.9 M hectares Welsh farm land was held as smallholdings. At 31 March 2022 there were 884 tenants holding 969 tenancies. 62%

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published 25 May 2023, state that 509,000 hectares are farmed organically in the UK by 5,500 operators. The figures include land under conversion to organic status. The total organic land is approximately 3% of total farmed land. The largest component was 61.8% of UK organic land in permanent pasture

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says that organic food offers no additional nutritional benefits over the non-organic kind, though the Soil Association disputes this. However, there are definite benefits in terms of on-farm conservation and wildlife. In the UK as in most of northern Europe, organic crop yields can be 40%–50% lower

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led to the creation of Farm Business Tenancies under its terms. Since then most new tenancies in England and Wales are Farm Business Tenancies under the 1995 Act. 1986 Act tenancies continue in force and may be followed by up to two generations of family tenant. In 2011 the most common route of entry

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The UK pig herd is declining, and there are now some individual pig farms in the US that have more sows than there are in the UK as a whole. Pigs often used to be kept indoors throughout their lives, but welfare concerns and increased costs have led to more outdoor units, and by 2002 30% of sows were

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Pig farming is concentrated in Yorkshire and East Anglia. About 4,600 farms produce pigs, and the UK is 90% self-sufficient in pork, but only about 40% self-sufficient in bacon and ham, which reflects a traditional British preference for these cuts. Nowadays many pig farms in the UK breed intensively

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and crop health. For example, some vigorous crops such as kale or arable silage will, when liberally fertilised, tend to outgrow and smother weeds. Many pests and diseases are crop-specific and the more often a particular crop is taken, the greater the buildup of pests and diseases that attack it.

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Since the Second World War, scientific and technical progress and the removal of tenancy-based restrictions on choice of crop have given British arable farmers a great deal more freedom to plan cropping sequences. Strict crop rotation is no longer technically necessary or even financially desirable.

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DEFRA as at 2023 operates in England. Scotland's agriculture is controlled by the Scottish Government and its Agriculture and Rural Economy Directorate. The Welsh government also controls agriculture as a devolved matter under the aegis of the Minister for Rural Affairs. Northern Irish agriculture is

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From 2002 to 2003, of the cereals grown, 31% of barley, 36% of oats and 34% of wheat were used for human consumption. Consumption of oats by the human population compared with livestock was proportionally higher in the UK than in European countries, 455,000 tonnes as forecast by farm officials during

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In 2011, earnings were £30,900 per full-time person, which represented an increase of 24% from 2010 values in real terms. This was the best performance in UK agriculture since the 1990s. Agriculture employed 476,000 people, representing 1.5% of the workforce, down more than 32% since 1996. In terms

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was limited to the end of 1917 and 1918, a change of mood arose about food security. The Ministry of Food was created in 1916. There was an opinion that a man who had fought for his country should be entitled to retire to a smallholding on British land that would provide him with a livelihood. This

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The biggest challenge faced by agriculture was the unavailability of manpower due to the large numbers of men who joined the armed forces in the early years of the War. By the end of 1916, 4 million men had become participant in the armed forces, and agriculture was given no special treatment. It was

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At the time of the parliamentary enclosures, most manors had seen consolidation of tenant farms into multiple large landholdings. Multiple larger landholders already held the bulk of the land. They 'held' but did not legally own in today's sense. They also had to respect the open field system rights,

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While there is little difference between farming practices in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland in places where the terrain is similar, the geography and the quality of the farmland does have an impact. In Wales, 80% of the farmland is designated as a "Less Favoured Area", and in Scotland

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The total area of agricultural holdings is about 41.6 million acres (16.8 million hectares), of which about a third are arable and most of the rest is grassland. In 2022 only 4.4 million hectares (10.9 millon acres) were planted. The remainder lay fallow or as temporary grassland. During the growing

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An Organic Aid Scheme came into effect in 1994, providing grants to fund farmers wishing to convert to organic farming. By the end of 1997 about 30,000 hectares (74,000 acres) had been converted under the scheme, at a cost of £750,000. In 2000 it increased to 525,000 hectares (1,300,000 acres), and

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expressed concern about the effects of the biofuels initiative and identified the conversion of agricultural land to biofuels production as a factor in rising food prices. The current recommended option is that farmers should use marginal or waste land to produce biofuels and maintain production of

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farmers and, as the "Lincolnshire Farmers Union", held its first meeting in 1904. By 1908 they were called the National Farmers Union and were meeting in London. During the Second World War, the NFU worked closely with the Ministry of Agriculture to ensure food security. Rationing continued after

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A pest is an animal that eats or spoils food meant for humans. Pests damage crops by removing leaf area, severing roots, or simply gross damage. In the UK, they are invertebrates (chiefly nematodes, slugs and insects or insect larvae), mammals (particularly rabbits) and birds (mainly members of the

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contains about half the nitrogen and most of the potash that an animal voids. Dung contains the other half of the nitrogen and most of the phosphoric acid and lime. With dung, much of the nitrogen is lost in storage or locked up in slowly released forms, so greater quantities are necessary compared

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Land classification maps were issued first in the 1960s, intended as a tool for the better siting of planned new towns. They were provisional in contents but in fact were not updated. Areas of under 80 hectares were stated not to be identifiable from these maps, which were reissued in the 1980s at a

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Famously, the Government responded to a temporary wartime oversupply of carrots by suggesting that the RAF's exceptional night-flying was due to eating carotene. The ruse worked: consumption of carrots increased sharply because people thought carrots might help them see in the blackout, thus taking

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epoch. It took 2,000 years for the practice to extend across all of the isles. Wheat and barley were grown in small plots near the family home. Sheep, goats and cattle came in from mainland Europe, and pigs were domesticated from wild boar already living in forests. There is evidence of agricultural

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The Secretary of State for DEFRA is required to present to Parliament statistics for the English local authorities' smallholdings estates. Incomplete but statistically significant data were presented for the fiscal year ended 31 March 2021. This report indicates that of 67,699 hectares held, 65,932

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There are many ways of diversifying. Farmland may, for example, be converted to equestrian facilities, amenity parkland, country clubs, hotels, golf courses, camping and caravan sites. Farmers open shops, restaurants and even pubs to sell their products. The Farm Diversification Benchmarking Study,

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Animal welfare as an issue is increasingly important to the European Union. Although welfare-conscious husbandry can have economic benefits to the farmer, because a happy animal puts on weight more rapidly and will reproduce more easily, the mere fact that an animal is gaining weight or reproducing

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Farmers wanting to move their livestock outside their own farms must obey the Disease Control (England) Order 2003, the Disease Control (Wales) Order 2003 or the Disease Control (Interim Measures) (Scotland) Order 2002, as applicable. This means a farmer needs a licence from the Local Authority to

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The Secretary of State for DEFRA can, under section 98 of the Agriculture Act 1947, intervene to compel or assist with pest control by destruction of animals, birds and eggs specified in a notice. Such animal pests are defined as "rabbits, hares and other rodents, deer, foxes and moles". Birds are

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Seeds may be sown in spring, summer or autumn. Spring-sown crops are vulnerable to drought in May or June. Autumn sowing is usually restricted to frost-hardy types of bean, vetch, or cereal such as winter wheat. Traditional sowing techniques include broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, and ploughing

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Nitrogen stimulates plant growth, but over-application softens the plant tissues, making them more vulnerable to pests and disease, and less resistant to frost. Nitrogen may be added by using slurry, by nitrogen-fixing crops or by artificial fertilisers. The negative side-effects of adding nitrogen

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If organic matter poor in nitrogen but rich in carbohydrate is added to soil, nitrogen is assimilated and fixed. Fertility increases while land is under grass, which helps to accumulate organic matter in the soil. These factors mean that soil is traditionally improved by means of liming, draining,

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Scotland uses its own classification system for Land Capability for Agriculture (LCA). It has seven Classes which subdivide. The Prime Quality Land is in Classes 1–3.1 inclusive, corresponding to the superior grades 1–3a in the English/Welsh system. Downloadable data and maps are available from the

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The Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA), as of 2022, was 41.619 million acres (16.843 million hectares), approximately 69% of the land area of the UK. This amount was down 2.2% from 2021. The UAA encompasses land used for agricultural purposes, including all arable and horticultural crops, uncropped

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The Board of Agriculture was established by Act of Parliament in 1889. In 1911 the Board of Agriculture for Scotland was created under the Secretary of State for Scotland. In respect of England and Wales, in 1919 the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries was replaced by the Ministry of Agriculture and

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broadly revamped agricultural law. It was a reaction to the privations of the Second World War, and was aimed at food security, so as to reduce the risk of a hostile foreign power being able to starve the UK into submission. The Act guaranteed prices, markets and tenure, so that a farmer could be

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rewrote the law on tenant right such that tenants received consistent levels of compensation for the value of their improvements to the holding and any crops in the ground. It also gave tenants the right to remove fixtures they had provided, increased the period of a Notice to Quit from six months

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Government control of agriculture during the First World War was removed in 1921 by the repeal of the Agriculture Act 1920. This has been described as "the great betrayal" but has also been found to be welcomed by a section of the farming community that preferred to trade in the market and resented

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In the period 1815 to 1846 Corn Laws were enacted designed to protect domestic agriculture by imposing a tax on foreign imported grain. Their repeal was ultimately secured after major political lobbying by the Anti-Corn Law League. The issue was divisive because of the increased urbanisation of the

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Open fields divided among several tenants originally had the advantage of reducing risks by giving all farmers diverse soils and crops so no one faced famine when others prospered. But the system was inefficient. Poor farmers got as much land as good farmers. By the 18th century enclosures came in

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and 5.2 million pigs. These are arranged on about 191,000 holdings, whose average croppable area is around 69 hectares (170 acres). About 70% of farms are owner-occupied or mostly so (perhaps with individual barns or fields let out), and the remainder are rented to tenant farmers. Farmers represent

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had underestimated their task and had seriously underestimated the cost of their intended new computer system. By January 2005, thousands of farmers were unpaid: they exchanged via the NFU forthright views with the Rural Affairs Minister, Lord Bach. By March 2006, money still had not been paid, so

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When EU subsidy regime changes in 2013, farmers will receive a greater proportion of their payments from "management of natural resources and climate action". This forms one of the three "principal objectives" of the reformed Common Agricultural Policy which is under consultation until March 2012.

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The only option for someone who lacks capital for land purchase but wants to farm is to rent land on a tenancy. In the 1930s land with vacant possession cost an average of £60 per hectare. In 1996 it cost £8,795 per hectare. In the same period retail prices rose by a factor of 35, but agricultural

3090:(CLA), formerly known as the Country Landowners' Association, represents a 28,000 membership base of people or organisations owning land in England and Wales. Its purpose is to provide membership services and information, as well as lobbying to secure desired policy outcomes for landowner members. 2791:

as well, but there are only about 300 venison-producing farms. As noted above, there are about 26,500 farms with chickens. However, more than half the UK's eggs come from fewer than 400 flocks, mostly with more than 50,000 birds each. Other livestock and poultry farmed on a smaller scale include

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The period 1750–1850 included a twenty-year depression in agriculture 1815 to 1836. It was so severe that landlords as well as tenants suffered financial ruin, and large areas of farmland were entirely abandoned. The ancient landlord and tenant system was unsuited to new-style, capital-intensive

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began to break down as labourers, who were in short supply following the plague, demanded wages (instead of subsistence) and better conditions. Also, there were a series of poor harvests after about 1315, coinciding with some evidence (from tree rings) of poor weather across the whole of northern

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British farming is on the whole intensive and highly mechanised. This approach is well-suited to the current distribution infrastructure, but can be less productive by area than smaller scale, diversified farming. The UK produces only 60% of the food it consumes. The vast majority of imports and

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scandal forced junior health minister Edwina Currie out of office two weeks after she declared that most of British egg production was affected by salmonella. The public believed her, and 4 million hens and 40 million eggs were destroyed in consequence. Years later a respectable newspaper alleged

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and local equivalents were run by the Countryside Commission and the Countryside Council for Wales from 1991 until 1996, when they came under ministry control. Nowadays schemes to encourage farmers to think about wildlife conservation and to farm in an environmentally friendly way abound, though

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A major byproduct of pig production is slurry. One sow and her piglets can produce ten tonnes of slurry a year. Because regulations limit how much slurry can be loaded onto a given area of land, this means that each sow with her progeny will manure at least 0.8 hectares. This is a problem

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Most diseases of crop plants result from fungus spores that may live in the soil and enter through roots, be airborne and enter the plant through damaged areas or landing on leaf surfaces, or are spread by pests. These spores tend to affect photosynthesis and reduce chlorophyll. They often make

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Arable farming is the production of crops. Crop growth is affected by light, soil, nutrients, water, air, and climate. Crops commonly grown in the United Kingdom include cereals, chiefly wheat, oats and barley; root vegetables, chiefly potatoes and sugar beet; pulse crops such as beans or peas;

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plants such as peas, beans or lucerne live in a symbiotic relationship with certain bacteria that produce nodules on their roots. The bacteria extract nitrogen from the air and convert it to nitrogenating compounds that benefit the legume. When the legume dies or is harvested, its rotting roots

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Owing to high rainfall in the UK, less well drained areas may become waterlogged. Wet land is more difficult to work and crops grow less well. Field drains were traditionally open ditches, but covered pipes have been used in more modern times. Earthworms are important for creating small drainage

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Between 1750 and 1850, the English population nearly tripled, with an estimated increase from 5.7 million to 16.6 million, and all these people had to be fed from the domestic food supply. This was achieved through intensified agriculture and land reclamation from the Fens, woodlands, and upland

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The Central Association of Agricultural Valuers was founded in 1910 from a number of local associations. Its current membership is approximately 3,000 who are qualified by the CAAV and are rural agricultural professionals. The organisation operates throughout the UK and does so via its committee

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Pastoral farming is the breeding of livestock for meat, wool, eggs and milk, and historically (in the UK) for labour. Livestock products are the main element of the UK's agricultural output. The most common meat animals in the United Kingdom are cattle, pigs, sheep and poultry. Overwhelmingly,

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Ploughing is not always regarded as essential nowadays, but the plough can improve soil by inverting it to improve soil aeration and drainage, release nutrients through weathering, and expose harmful pests to predators. It is also an effective method of weed control. Ploughing depth in Britain

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The planning system requires permission for many kinds of development. Superior grades of agricultural land, meaning grades 1-3a inclusive, are less likely to be permitted to be developed and so fall out of agricultural use. These superior grades of land are the subject of a separate set of maps

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In 2009, 3,133,000 hectares (7,740,000 acres) of cereal crops were sown in the UK. There were 581,000 hectares (1,440,000 acres) of oil seed rape, 233,000 hectares (580,000 acres) of peas and beans, 149,000 hectares (370,000 acres) of potatoes, and 116,000 hectares (290,000 acres) of sugar beet.

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Farm output in terms of grains rose somewhat during the three years from 1938/1939. Wheat and barley figures increased by two thirds and potatoes doubled. Livestock production was static or fell. Cattle were static and sheep numbers dropped. Large increases in farm income were effected by direct

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Enclosure following private or local act of Parliament could also involve the extinguishment of common rights. Without unanimous extinguishment, the entire system survived at common law. With land one held, one could not formally exchange the land, consolidate fields, or entirely exclude others.

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There is grant funding available for diversification schemes, as well as other initiatives to improve competitiveness in the farming sector, through the Rural Development Programme for England. The scheme runs until 2013, is managed through Defra and has been delivered to date through Regional

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The Scottish Tenant Farmers' Association, which operates in Scotland, was founded in 2001. It was originally known as the Tenant Farmers' Action Group. Its members are tenants of farms in Scotland and its purpose is to inform membership and promote its interests including by legislative change.

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Nowadays many ewes are housed indoors for lambing, which costs more but facilitates earlier lambing with lower mortality and replacement rates. It also rests and protects the grassland, leading to better early growth and higher stocking rates. Sheep are also important in helping to manage the

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Cows require significant areas of grassland to raise. Dairy cows need 0.4 to 0.5 hectares per cow, including the area needed for winter silage; suckler beef cows can need up to a whole hectare each. The UK produces very little veal. UK animal welfare law requires that animals are kept in

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The primary benefits to large land holders came from increased value of their own land, not from expropriation. Smaller holders could sell their land to larger ones for a higher price post enclosure. There was not much evidence that the common rights were particularly valuable. Protests against

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permitted the fencing and regulation of arable land in accordance with the wishes of three quarters of the owners in number and value of the land in question. Regulations and allotments made were valid for six years. The lord of the manor and three quarters of the commoners acting together were

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Smallholdings in Scotland, can be either owner-occupied or tenanted holdings. A Scottish smallholding is averagely 20 hectares in extent. There are approximately 20,000 smallholders. 75 are tenants of the Scottish Government under the Small Landholdings Acts 1886–1931. The remainder are mostly

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The Agricultural Law Association (ALA) is a non-political organisation of legal and other experts in agricultural law which offers advice in response to government consultations. Members may be qualified lawyers, surveyors or otherwise professionally qualified. Members may also be qualified as

2605:

Most British farm animals are bred for a particular purpose, so for example, there is a sharp division between cattle bred for the beef trade—early-maturing cattle are best to increase yield, and those that store fat marbled within the muscle rather than as layers outside are preferred for the

392:

parliamentary inclosure continued, sometimes in Parliament itself, frequently in the villages affected, and sometimes as organised mass revolts. Voluntary enclosure was frequent at that time. Enclosed land was twice as valuable, a price which could be sustained only by its higher productivity.

2711:

The number of sheep farmed in the UK peaked in 1998 at 20.3 million, as a result of the Sheepmeat Regime, a relatively generous EU support initiative first begun in 1980. Numbers declined following the 2001 outbreak of foot and mouth, and the UK temporarily lost its place as Europe's largest

1066:

There are no Agricultural Land Classification maps, but the system reflects the same grading and criteria as for England and Wales. Grade 3 is designated into 3A and 3B (capitalisation deliberate). There are published soil maps. The Agri-Food and Business Sciences Institute (AFBI) has created

490:

is a plough with a wider share, which cuts a wider shallower furrow, after which the slice of soil is inverted by a short concave mould-board with a sharp turn. This has the effect of breaking up and pulverising the soil, leaving no visible furrow and facilitating the use of a seed drill for

477:

was exporting a substantial excess of cereals. The area planted with wheat in the United Kingdom dropped from 3,514,033 acres (1,422,079 ha) in 1875 to 1,836,598 acres (743,245 ha) in 1905. At the same time, Britain suffered a series of poor harvests. By 1891 reliable refrigeration

5182:

MAFF was dissolved on 27 March 2002 on the coming into force of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Dissolution) Order 2002 (SI 2002/794). Article 2 of that Order transferred the functions of MAFF to the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs in charge of the

3610:

followed both the payments and the sex scandal narratives. The new Chief Executive (the third inside a year) Tony Cooper hastened to investigate. In early August there were 4 sackings and 5 disciplinary warnings, and an admission that there had been "incidents of misbehaviour that are simply

1117:

increases soil acidity, but even normal rain may be slightly acid. In freely-drained areas, soil base material (including dissolved nitrites) may be washed away, leaving higher concentrations of organic acids in the ground. Wet soil results where rainfall exceeds the rate of evaporation.

687:

On government instructions, the Northfield Committee began to review the country's agricultural system in 1977. It did not report until July 1979. The report influenced ongoing discussions between the NFU and the Country Landowners Association (CLA), who were trying to reach an agreement on

577:

The legislative focus on tenant's improvements is against a background where it was the assumed practice for the tenant to provide seed, implements, livestock, machinery and fertilisers. By 1914 a large mixed arable/livestock farm would be typically providing £10 per acre of his own capital.

1328:

Slurry lagoons that are open are polluting infrastructure. New grants as of 2022 will pay towards conversion of stores to closed stores with minimum 6 months storage. Acidification treatment or covers will be required under the scheme. Many existing stores are concrete or steel structures.

2628:

There are about 17,000 dairy farms in the UK, largely in the west. Average herd size is 86 cows in England, 75 in Wales and 102 in Scotland. Most cows are milked twice a day, and an average dairy cow yields 6,300 litres a year. The most important dairy cattle breed is the ubiquitous

3144:

The farming and horticultural business base of the NFU as at 2023 stood at over 46,000 business members. The organisation is concerned with promoting the interests of its members by lobbying and campaigning, the provision of information and making available other services to members.

831:

affecting honeybees. Honeybees pollinated 80% of plants worldwide. In 2007, up to 80% of the bee colonies in some areas were wiped out. Honeybees pollinated crops worth about £200 million a year, and their total contribution to the economy might have been as high as £1 billion.

361:. Enclosure consisted of exchange in land, and an extinguishing of common rights. This allowed farmers to consolidate and fence off their own large plots of land, in contrast to multiple small strips spread out and separated. Voluntary enclosure was also frequent at that time. 450:

UK and its need for cheap food, as well as the general influence of free trade doctrines. The repeal of the Corn Laws initially steadied grain prices. Experts differ over whether by 1846 the Corn Laws were still relevant, because of low prices and/or self-sufficiency in grain.

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defined for these purposes as wild birds other than those included in the First Schedule to the Protection of Birds Act 1954. The Secretary of State may assist in the process of pest extermination by providing equipment or services and recoup the reasonable cost of doing so.

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for food and farming workers, with Unite's Food, Drink, and Agricultural sector representing over 100,000 members. It was formed in mid 2015 from a merger of Unite's food, drink and tobacco sector, with Unite's rural and agricultural sector. The sector inherited its paper,

350:

poorer regions where several landholders were more willing to sell land. After 1760, though, parliamentary legislation permitted the enclosure of wealthier lands that had more complex structures of ownership. The result was an added £4 million to England's national income.

326:

ways of organising labour, meant that increased crop production did not need much more manpower, which freed labour for non-agricultural work. Indeed, by 1850 Britain had the smallest proportion of its population engaged in farming of any country in the world, at 22%.

761:, bedding, property, power and machinery costs all underwent double-digit rises in percentage terms, meaning that the losses in the year to April 2010 increased over 2009 losses by over £30/animal. However, wheat exports were much stronger than the previous year. 1325:

to artificial fertilisers. Manure is most effective when ploughed into the fields while it is still fresh, but this is not practical while crops are growing. In practice, most manure is stored and then applied in winter, or else added in ridges for root crops.

1258:

Lime counteracts soil acidity. With fine particulate soils such as clays, lime also encourages the formation of a better soil structure that will aerate and help with drainage. Its benefits have been known, if not scientifically understood, since Roman times.

291:(wheat, turnips, barley and clover) which allowed fertility to be maintained with much less fallow land. Clover increases mineral nitrogen in the soil and clover and turnips are good fodder crops for livestock, which in turn improve the soil by their manure. 2660:

daylight in groups with bedding and access to hay, silage or straw. This produces "pink" veal where the calves grow more slowly. It was initially less desirable to some continental customers than the "white" veal produced in harsher conditions for the calf.

1357:. In several places in Britain, particularly in the Midlands and the South East, nitrate concentrations occasionally exceed this level and the government has brought in regulations to control nitrate levels in the water. The regulations governing designated 906:

The supervising bodies of the Scottish Parliament include the Rural Economy and Connectivity Committee with oversight of agriculture and forestry, and the Rural Affairs and Islands Committee responsible for land use, food, animal welfare and fisheries.

3639:, a body with key functions and considerable power in relation to crofting, was declared in the 2020/2021 audit to have resulted in that body "falling below the standards expected of a public body in Scotland." The Crofting Commission were required by 688:

legislation that could be presented as having industry-wide support. In 1984, in accordance with the agreement they did reach, succession was extended to the retirement of the tenant, but no new tenancies from 1984 were to include succession rights.

1505:, so called because they both harvest and thresh the crop, are common. Other machines used include mowers, reapers, binders, harvesters, pea cutters and flax pullers. Once reaped, some crops are brought directly to market. Others need to be 2716:

landscape. Their trampling hinders bracken spread and prevents heather moor from reverting to scrub woodland. Wool production is no longer economically important in the UK, and nowadays, sheared fleeces are often treated as a waste product.

3448:

between 1996 and 2000, the number of organic farms increased from 865 to 3500. The global market for organic food was worth £1.2 billion a year (2009) and is increasing. The UK's share of the European organic farming market was about 10%.

3047:

operates from Aberdeen. There is no specialist agricultural university in Wales, though courses in agriculture are available. The same is true for Northern Ireland. There is also a specialist agricultural college in Northern Ireland, the

897:

The Economy, Trade, and Rural Affairs Committee of the Welsh Parliament supervises the Welsh Government in respect of animal welfare, environment, agriculture, forestry, food, marine resources and fisheries as well as trade and economy.

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The European Egg Marketing Regulations say that "free range" hens are those with continuous daytime access to runs with a certain proportion of vegetation, and that have a maximum stocking density of 1,000 birds per hectare (395 per

716:

attached to land, and particularly how it ought to be shared between landlord and tenant. Nowadays, milk quotas no longer exist, but other subsidies (largely rolled up into Single Payments) still must be divided between the parties.

3330:("RTFO") obliges fuel suppliers to see that a certain proportion of the fuel they sell comes from renewable sources. The target for 2009/10 is 3.25% by volume. This presents a potentially useful source of revenue for some farmers. 3497:

Local government authorities have powers under the Smallholdings and Allotments Act to buy and rent land to people who want to become farmers. Fifty County Councils and Unitary Authorities in England and Wales offer tenancies on

2587:. c. 32) are not authorised by a notice under the Agriculture Act 1947. As of 2023 the Game Act 1831 remains in force. It prohibits, amongst other things, taking game at certain times and also the laying down of poison for game. 234:

in England. The system is documented by detailed maps made in 1635 recording numbers against on the map. The owners and extent of the rights are in an accompanying set of ledger entries against the numbers recorded on the maps.

2978:. Nowadays, there are various welfare assurance schemes in response to consumer pressure. The use of battery cages in now illegal in the European Union, due to the severe impacts the cages can have on the well-being of hens. 1581:

Historically weed control was by hand-pulling of weeds, often during "fallowing" (which means leaving the land to carry no crop for a season, during which time the weeds can be found and removed). In 1896 it was found that a

788:

in 2012 were (in metric tons): milk (13.8 M); wheat (13.2 M); Chicken meat (1.4 M); cattle meat (882,000); pig meat (770,000); sheep meat (770,000); potatoes (4.5 M); rapeseed (2.5 M); hen eggs (630,000); sugar beet (7.2 M).

3007:

in 1901. Meanwhile, the West of Scotland Agricultural College formed in 1899, the East of Scotland Agricultural College in 1901, and the North of Scotland Agricultural College in 1904; these colleges amalgamated to form the

530:

the previous restraints. In the inter-war years 1919–1939 agriculture in Britain was not the subject of protectionist policies but had to absorb price falls resulting from increased domestic production and the effects of the

3394:

Sporting rights over farmland for hunting or trapping game have commercial value; game shooting, deer stalking and fishing contribute to the UK economy. Fox hunting has been banned in the United Kingdom since February 2005.

1079:

Sale or letting of land may use the land classification to price the land. Setting rents or evaluating dilapidations (disrepair or breach of obligation on tenanted farms) will probably include reference to this information.

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concentration, warmer spring/summer temperatures and lengthened growing season will all be beneficial to certain types of crop production, specifically grains and barley and detrimental to other crops, such as potatoes.

427:

farms. Parliament began to review the legislation, for example by distinguishing between farm improvements that the tenant should fund, and those the landlord should fund. Parliament was concerned with the issue of

998:

Land is classified in England and Wales in accordance with five grades. These grades are established using information as to soil quality and characteristics together with climatological data. The grades used are:

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in 2007. The most serious disease to affect British agriculture was BSE, a cattle brain disease that causes a similar disease in some humans who eat infected meat. It has killed 166 people in Britain since 1994.

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Development Agencies. Expenditure on the Rural Development Programme for England will remain around £3.7 billion for the 2007–13 programme period, compared with the original planned budget of about £3.9 billion.

3528:

Smallholding at Quarter Beach, Carmarthenshire, Wales (2011). The dwelling sits in the protected dip of the land with sheep-grazing in the foreground. Woodland and an enclosed area of planted trees are by the

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reached Britain in 1349. This and subsequent epidemics caused the population to fall; one-third of the population in England died between 1349 and 1350. In consequence, areas of farmland were abandoned. The

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The UK's egg-laying flock declined between 1970 and 2000. It fell by 5.5% in one year from June 1999 to May 2000. In 1971, there were 125,258 farms with egg-laying hens and by 1999 this was down to 26,500.

619:

1942 in Kensington in regularly bombed Central London. Here a fashionably dressed lady and her soldier friend attend to an allotment to supplement scarce food rations. This was part of the Dig for Victory

62:

Agricultural activity occurs in most rural locations. It is concentrated in the drier east (for crops) and the wetter west (for livestock). There are 191,000 farm holdings, which vary widely in size.

6388:

As at 2023 section 2 of the Game Act 1831 defines game widely: "game" shall for all the purposes of this Act be deemed to include hares, pheasants, partridges, grouse, heath or moor game, black game"

1368:

introduced an all Wales NVZ in 2021. Previously, 2.4% of Wales' land was designated as a NVZ. Environmental and fishing groups welcomed the new rules. It will be rolled out, pending a review by the

964:

Approximately 36% of the land is croppable (arable), or approximately 25% of the total UK land area. Most of the rest is permanent grassland, rough grazing and other land on agricultural holdings.

915:

The Committee for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs of the Northern Ireland Assembly is tasked to advise and assist the DAERA Minister and operates in accordance with its mandate periods.

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payments (after the War becoming deficiency payments covering the gap between average farm prices and levels guaranteed for 11 products).Farm incomes in this three year period accordingly tripled.

330:

During the 18th century, a large share of farmers had the ability to use numerical skills and the ability to read and write, both being skills that were not widespread in the early modern period.

981:

Before Agricultural Land Classification systems, agricultural land was mapped by descriptions that would aid farming. Here is a 1793 map describing Sussex by the noted agriculturalist and writer

3391:

About half of all farmers in the United Kingdom supplement their income by diversifying their businesses away from pure agriculture. On average diversification adds £10,400 to a farm's revenue.

1076:(Likelihood of Best and Most Versatile (BMV) Agricultural Land - Strategic scale maps) for strategic planning purposes only for the English regions, also available online from Natural England. 7413: 1109:

Soil is a mix of mineral and organic components, produced when rock is weathered and acted on by living organisms. If soils are acidic they may need repeated applications of alkalines (such as

73:. Low earnings, high land prices and a shortage of let farmland discourage young people from joining the industry. The average (median) age of the British farm holder is about 60 (as of 2016). 2966:, the Welfare of Farmed Animals Regulations 2007 and the Welfare of Animals (Transport) Order 1997. The UK has a good reputation for animal welfare, and there are several codes of practice. 1586:

solution would kill broad-leaved weeds without seriously damaging young cereal plants. Other chemical weedkillers were soon discovered and now common chemical weedkiller ingredients include

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Climate change is bringing with it the earlier onset of winter rain. These very wet soils during spring time will also lead to unwanted pest and disease problems during the plating season.

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caused the destruction of over 2,000 animals and the payment of £47 million damages by the Government after contaminated effluent escaped from the biological research laboratories at the

684:

of 1976. The 1976 Act allowed for succession of agricultural tenancies on a farmer's death. A suitable relative could inherit the tenancy. This was limited to two generations of tenant.

669:(NFU) to fix the support price to be paid for each agricultural product. They were enacted in a series of Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Acts in 1949, 1954, 1963, 1968 and 1972. 3128:

committed the government to undertake a national review of the industry every year in consultation with the NFU. After the 2001 creation of DEFRA, the NFU continued to influence policy.

9900: 125:

an ageing population, partly due to low earnings and barriers to entry, and it is increasingly hard to recruit young people into farming. The average farm holder is about 60 years old.

2602:

British wool comes from sheep, with only a few goats or alpacas bred for exotic wools such as cashmere or angora. The vast majority of milk comes from cattle, and eggs from chickens.

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Factors that influence crop sequences include the soil type, weather, the price and availability of labour and power, market outlets, and technical considerations about maintaining

5833: 3028:

In England the Royal Agricultural University in Cirencester offers degree-level education and research opportunities in agriculture, as does Harper Adams University in Shropshire.

10163: 10115: 6741: 5309: 3262: 3193:

was formed in 1981 and operates in England and Wales. Its purpose is to represent tenant farmer members and to lobby on their behalf. It provides information and some services.

3156:

was founded in 1913 and as at 2023 represents approximately 10,000 farmers in Scotland. Its purpose is to further the interests of its members and to inform and represent them.

10531: 10120: 9972: 8460: 5112: 1518:

The farmer will therefore try to design a sequence to sustain high yields, permit adequate weed control, service market needs, and keep the soil free from diseases and pests.

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different scale (1:250,000 or one quarter inch to the mile). The British Society of Soil Science has published a guide to the history and mapping of UK land classifications.

10125: 931:

a new subsidy scheme is being introduced with a proposed reduction in direct payments with an increase in payments tied to specific environmental or developmental criteria.

279:, explained the systems and devices he espoused to improve agriculture. The book had such an impact that its influence can still be seen in some aspects of modern farming. 3944: 120:

season about 72% of the arable area is cereal crops, and of the cereal crop area, more than 57% is wheat. There are about 33 million sheep, 9.6 million cattle, 188 million

6357:

Part I of the First Schedule of the Protection of Birds Act 1954 lists birds and eggs protected year-round. Part II lists birds and eggs protected during the close season.

852: 5420: 201:

1635 Laxton map showing numbered areas including adjoining sheep and cattle/horse grazing areas, distinct field boundaries and a set of buildings protected by four trees.

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producer of lamb, although this was recovered later. (Although it is Europe's largest producer, the UK is nevertheless a net importer of lamb, often from New Zealand.)

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by 1943. Potatoes became "the food of the war". Because so many men had been conscripted into the army, women were drafted in to work the land; they were called the

10143: 4892: 624:

Food rationing was introduced at the start of 1940. It did not completely end until July 1954. The government tried to encourage people to grow their own food in

570:

Some landlords reacted to the 1875 Act by refusing to let land on a tenancy, instead contracting out the labour to contract farmers. Parliament responded with the

9850: 9163: 7474: 869: 3370:

It was first suggested that farmers could be paid for "producing countryside" in 1969, but the real beginning of positive agri-environmental policy came with the

3205:

was founded in 1918 and operates in Northern Ireland. It has approximately 12,500 members and its purpose is to promote their interests by professional lobbying.

11484: 11295: 10250: 10222: 10168: 10110: 9997: 8810:

Thomas, Richard, Matilda Holmes, and James Morris. ""So bigge as bigge may be": tracking size and shape change in domestic livestock in London (AD 1220–1900)."

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arable land, common rough grazing, temporary and permanent grassland and land used for outdoor pigs. It excludes woodland and other non-agricultural land.

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Campbell, Bruce M.S. and Overton, Mark. (1991). "A New Perspective on Medieval and Early Modern Agriculture: Six Centuries of Norfolk Farming c. 1250–1850,"

8431: 2391: 6720: 11416: 1603: 886: 8325: 4357:

McCloskey, Donald N. "The enclosure of open fields: Preface to a study of its impact on the efficiency of English agriculture in the eighteenth century."

1509:

to separate the cash crop from the straw and chaff. Wheat, oats, barley, beans and some kinds of small seed (e.g. clover) typically need to be threshed.

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planting. Earlier ploughs were simply large hoes for stirring the soil, drawn by animals, that left furrows suitable for distribution of seed by hand.

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The UK has about 73,000 goats, mostly as milk producers; this number is relatively small by EU standards. Venison production in the UK is mainly from

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pigeon family). The damage caused by crop pests is considerable. For example, potato cyst nematodes cause over £50 million damage a year in the UK.

9668: 6758: 5795: 3226: 3049: 2421: 2101: 11396: 7893: 4340:

Tollnek, F. and Baten, J., 2017. Farmers at the heart of the 'human capital revolution'? Decomposing the numeracy increase in early modern Europe.

3270:

into farming was to succeed to a holding, whether as owner or tenant, so a person's opportunity to farm depended primarily on a family connection.

487: 6868: 3870: 3752: 3302:. They can be used in their pure form to power vehicles, but most commonly they are blended with traditional fuels such as diesel. In 2003, the 9562: 8969: 5359: 1126:

Most British soils are 2% to 5% organic and 95% to 98% mineral, but soils such as peat may contain up to 50% organic matter. As far south as the

3722:

Animal welfare is hard to measure in any scientific sense and largely relies on the knowledge, expertise and instincts of concerned individuals.

749:

During 1999–2003 production of barley ranged from 6,128,000 to 7,456,000, wheat from 11,580,000 to 16,704,000 and oats from 491,000 to 753,000.

11527: 11367: 9126: 8915: 5820: 4102: 927:. This is roughly £28,300 per farm, although this includes around £3,000 of environmental subsidies, such as for planting woodland. Following 11342: 8168:

House of Commons, Parliament of the United Kingdom (24 January 2006). "House of Commons – Environment, Food and Rural Affairs – Fifth Report"

3534:

of the tenancies were under 20 hectares. Total income to the landlords amounted to approximately £4.3M with an operational surplus of £2.7M.

2451: 3102:

was formed in 1955 to represent those members farming in Wales. It has the right to represent Welsh farmers in UK government consultations.

1353:

80/778/EEC and 91/676/EEC both state a ceiling acceptable level of nitrates of 50 mg/litre, which is also the level recommended by the

1130:, the soil has been heavily glaciated, which ground down the rock and redistributed the resulting matter. Most British soils date from the 11379: 11272: 11069: 7844: 3477: 1501:

a crop. Traditionally reaping was done with the scythe and reaping hook, but in Britain these have been entirely superseded by machinery.

513:

led to various initiatives, including making housing available, collectively called "Homes for Heroes." The priorities were established in

7981: 5610: 5470: 11362: 10215: 9356: 9351: 9346: 3620: 2920: 2912: 2826: 7821: 4558: 11548: 11059: 10305: 9791: 8962: 7397: 6781: 6306: 3116: 666: 7718: 6529: 6054: 11337: 11207: 10829: 6618: 6028: 3802: 2916: 2668:

Over 41,000 farms in the UK produce sheep, but more than half of breeding ewes are on hill or upland farms suitable for little else.

280: 262: 7230: 5116: 189: 11389: 11332: 11160: 10649: 10569: 10554: 6506: 571: 547: 100:. There is increasing awareness that farmers have an important role to play as custodians of the British countryside and wildlife. 8624: 8006:

Originally under section 59(2) of the Agriculture Act 1970 now by paragraph 30 to Schedule 11 of the Government of Wales Act 2006.

6728:, report of the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Secretary of State, originally submitted 30 July 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2010. 4941: 2999:. Thanks to government financial support for agricultural education in the 1890s, the Royal Agricultural College was followed by 10511: 10506: 10357: 7435: 4051: 514: 459: 8350: 7255: 4185: 11517: 11064: 11054: 11039: 10974: 10471: 10406: 10208: 9950: 9824: 9567: 6843: 6699: 4552: 3153: 1297:

are mitigated by phosphates. The risk of excess nitrogen polluting water is the focus of designating Nitrate Vulnerable Zones.

8067: 5271: 4920: 357:. They consolidated strips in the open fields into more cohesive units, and enclosed much of the remaining pasture commons or 11426: 11421: 11347: 10622: 9880: 9600: 8608: 8572: 8554: 8536: 8385: 5445: 4854: 4767: 4694: 4499: 4214: 4052:"Survey shows that small-scale, agroecological farms produce high yields, deliver multiple environmental and social benefits" 3241: 3087: 248: 4870: 792:

In 2014, total income from farming in the United Kingdom was £5.38 billion, representing about 0.7% of the British national

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Europe, which continued on and off until about 1375. The population did not recover to 1300 levels for 200 to 300 years.

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From 1992 until 2004, or 2006 for organic farms, there were subsidies for not growing any crops at all. This was called

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DEFRA supports organic farming by offering leaflet advice as to the compatible schemes and grants that generate income.

1058:

Scottish Government online. Scottish planning policy may require superior grades of land and peatland to be identified.

197: 11357: 11008: 10996: 10952: 10466: 9385: 9324: 4961: 1433:

forage crops such as cabbages, vetches, rape and kale; fruit, particularly apples and pears; and hay for animal feed.

258: 11185: 8118: 5739: 5497: 2606:

flavour—and those bred for dairy, where animals with a high milk yield are strongly preferred. Nevertheless, because

11469: 11372: 11317: 11079: 11049: 10814: 10664: 10327: 10322: 10189: 9577: 8404: 7302: 3674: 3233: 1134:

and are comparatively young, but in level areas, and particularly south of the Thames Valley, there are older soils.

785: 80:

in an attempt to sustain profits, and many farmers supplement their income by diversifying activities away from pure

10501: 4782: 3426:, or the routine use of drugs, antibiotics or wormers. In the United Kingdom it is supported and encouraged by the 11305: 11084: 10364: 9925: 9700: 9308: 9303: 9121: 7531: 5686: 4232:"Feeding Anglo-Saxon England: a bioarchaeological dataset for the study of early medieval agriculture (Data paper)" 3679: 2854: 2641: 2637:

in British dairy herds thanks both to its high milk yield and the relatively high quality of the beef it produces.

401: 322:

led to sustainable increased yields. These increased yields, combined with improved farming machinery and then-new

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publications with data specific to Northern Ireland in the form of soil surveys, geo-chemical data and soil maps.

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Cooper, A.F., 1986. Another look at the" great betrayal": agrarian reformers and agricultural policy in Britain.

3266: 3172:, a form of small-scale farming found in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. It campaigns for those purposes. 3004: 2764: 1372:, over the next three years. The review came after major political backlash from opposition parties and farmers. 587: 418:

tenure whereby a dwelling and a small area of land is made available for so long only as the owner of it allows.

300: 48: 17: 9052: 7894:

https://defrafarming.blog.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/246/2023/06/Defra-SFI-Organics-Leaflet-June-2023-1.pdf

7303:"Agricultural Wages Board for Northern Ireland (AWB) | Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs" 608:

started, Britain imported 55 million tons of food a year. By the end of 1939, this had dropped to 12 million.

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As a direct result of climate change, harvesting is coming earlier in the year. The increased temperatures and

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Enclosure in Scotland is associated with sudden and large-scale clearances, perhaps due to the prevalence of

135:

Farming is subsidised, with subsidies to farmers totalling more than £3 billion (after deduction of levies).

8264: 5834:"Consultation on the Defra Construction Code of Practice for Sustainable Use of Soils on Construction Sites" 3078:

network. It provides information resources, meetings, and advice in and regarding government consultations.

11464: 11285: 11148: 11126: 11106: 11035: 10957: 10834: 10824: 10819: 10491: 10456: 10312: 9623: 9590: 9464: 9447: 8092: 5821:

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5b2264ff40f0b634cfb50650/pb13298-code-of-practice-090910.pdf

3165: 3017: 982: 93: 11300: 11280: 11121: 10984: 10766: 10669: 10379: 10352: 10332: 9678: 9412: 9173: 8873: 8865: 3669: 3581: 3044: 1533:

levels allow this to happen. This means crops can be harvested well in advance of the heavy rain season.

1313:

without infrastructure to contain or cover the slurry. Uncovered storage releases atmospheric pollution.

1090:

Road surveys for building or extending highways will require to include land classification information.

318:

pastures. The crop mix changed too, with wheat and rye replacing barley. Nitrogen fixing plants such as

268: 5560: 5510: 4135: 1440:

Climate change will have positive impacts on crop production in Ireland. The combined effects of higher

128:

In 2022 with 15,540,000 metric tons, the UK ranked as the 14th largest producer of wheat in the world.

11499: 11111: 10317: 10072: 9817: 9660: 9557: 9103: 8736:

Horses, oxen and technological innovation: the use of draught animals in English farming from 1066–1500

7486: 5712: 5535: 3190: 3099: 3029: 2697: 701: 628:, and householders were encouraged to keep rabbits and chickens for the table. There were 1.5 million 6358: 5635: 4551: 209:

and there was an expansion of arable farming between the 8th and 13th centuries in England Under the

11131: 10969: 10905: 10895: 10890: 10002: 9962: 9865: 9512: 9193: 7548: 7328: 5964: 4795:

CONCLUSIONS of a Meeting of the War Cabinet held in the Cabinet War Room on 14 March 1945 at 12 noon.

4204: 3423: 3284: 1354: 977: 855:(MAFF). MAFF was in turn the predecessor of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 538:. By 1938, 88% of wheat was imported, 96% of butter, 76% of cheese and about half the eggs and meat. 8444: 1461: 186:

and hunter-gatherer groups meeting and trading with one another in the early part of the Neolithic.

10396: 9977: 9572: 9474: 8942: 8349:

Paragraph 5, page 3 of the Scottish Government Audit Scotland Crofting Commission Report 2020/2021

8239: 5976: 5585: 5087: 4300: 3202: 2232: 814: 444: 8623:

Allen, Robert C. "English and Welsh agriculture, 1300–1850: outputs, inputs, and income." (2006).

6159:

Watson and More 1949, p. 132 (cultivator), 136 (harrow), 140 (roller) and 142 (sprayer and duster)

4151: 4025: 2896: 1045:

Agricultural Land Classification maps are available by online download for England and Wales from

288: 10804: 10391: 10342: 10173: 10057: 10052: 10027: 9885: 9595: 9430: 9422: 7280: 6444: 4667:

Rooth, T., 1985. Trade agreements and the evolution of British agricultural policy in the 1930s.

4167: 3659: 3551: 2963: 2862: 2361: 2301: 2165: 1358: 662: 231: 144: 10589: 8909: 8891: 4259: 3020:

in 1880; it closed in 1906 as it was unable to compete with the publicly funded state colleges.

661:

There were many other changes in the law, and each of these Acts needed negotiation between the

11489: 10082: 10032: 9992: 9945: 9940: 9930: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9890: 9875: 9870: 9860: 9855: 9845: 9773: 9615: 9605: 9528: 9435: 9377: 9338: 9278: 9027: 5660: 4119: 3652: 2996: 2842: 2705: 2610:

must calve to produce milk, much of the British beef output is from surplus dairy herd calves.

1660: 1227:

Aside from the information above under Agricultural Land Classification, DEFRA has published a

7907:

Written evidence submitted by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (PRO0037)

7906: 7498: 7178: 5713:"Natural England Access to Evidence - Likelihood of Best and Most Versatile Agricultural Land" 217:

fens were drained, woods cleared and farmland expanded to feed a rising population, until the

11244: 11234: 11001: 10849: 10716: 10694: 10627: 10431: 10337: 10077: 10067: 10047: 10037: 10022: 10017: 9967: 9935: 9920: 9895: 9810: 9390: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9183: 8351:

https://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/uploads/docs/report/2021/aar_2021_crofting_commission_0.pdf

7923: 7710: 4939: 3602: 3598: 3431: 2870: 2866: 2558: 2186: 1751: 784:

In 2012 the top ten agricultural products of the United Kingdom by value, as reported by the

757:

Most farmers of beef cattle or sheep made a net loss in the year to April 2010. Production,

629: 244: 7391: 6789: 5940:"Farming Investment Fund – new slurry infrastructure grants coming in autumn 2022 - Farming" 4403: 3060:

There are numerous bodies and associations, charities and others interested in agriculture.

11224: 11217: 10872: 10809: 10781: 10756: 10751: 10726: 10684: 10486: 10441: 10436: 10265: 10062: 9957: 9492: 9484: 9233: 9042: 7715: 6525: 6284: 6134: 5272:

https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/52/environment-food-and-rural-affairs-committee/

3664: 3572:

there had been a Government cover-up, and that the straight-talking Mrs Currie was right.

3524: 3125: 2346: 2316: 1911: 1645: 1417: 654: 633: 223: 214: 148: 66: 8682:

Dewey, Peter. "Agriculture, Agrarian Society and the Countryside." in Chris Wrigley, ed.,

8506: 4379: 3899:"Agriculture in the United Kingdom 2014 – Publications – Government of the United Kingdom" 3778:"After 170 years of labour market change, now only 1% of workers are in agriculture - ONS" 8: 10844: 10799: 10791: 10736: 10644: 10579: 10270: 9645: 9469: 9273: 9268: 6695: 5137: 3636: 3624: 3033: 2850: 2640:

The UK once produced roughly as much beef as it ate, but this changed in 1996 because of

2543: 2496: 1859: 1844: 1675: 1437:

in. Drilling is normally the most economical technique where conditions are dry enough.

1131: 924: 758: 531: 500:

not until 1917 that agricultural production was overseen by County Executive Committees.

405: 305: 193:

1635 Laxton map showing numbered strips, ploughs drawn by horse and oxen, and a windmill.

108: 8920: 8824:

The Failure of Land Reform in Twentieth-Century England: The Triumph of Private Property

8710:

Hopcroft, Rosemary L. "The social origins of agrarian change in late medieval England."

8698:

The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain: Volume 1, Industrialisation, 1700–1870

7659: 6138: 3964: 3359: 1305: 10920: 10910: 10877: 10776: 10746: 10639: 10614: 10574: 9741: 9283: 6651: 6210: 5980: 5415: 3315: 2924: 2748: 2685: 2201: 2120: 1896: 1630: 1599: 1591: 697: 470: 409: 366: 8815: 8326:"Naked civil servants get bums rush as agency sacks four after lewd behaviour scandal" 7685: 7489:, European Commission website, published 18 November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010. 7477:, European Commission website, published 18 November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010. 7443: 6146: 5222: 10689: 10659: 9459: 9288: 8905: 8887: 8604: 8568: 8550: 8532: 8502: 8299: 8213: 7579: 7516: 6189:"Irish farms under climate change – is there a regional variation on farm responses?" 5536:"Natural England Access to Evidence - Regional Agricultural Land Classification Maps" 5402: 4763: 4690: 4495: 4210: 3436: 3136:

The main NFU operates in England and Wales. The Welsh section is known as NFU Cymru.

2775:

because pig manure is mildly toxic, owing to the use of copper as a growth enhancer.

2645: 2634: 2171: 2135: 2003: 1957: 1813: 1569: 1502: 1412: 1110: 1084: 823: 230:

The last surviving working mediaeval strip farming system with common grazings is in

206: 59:

11.2 billion). The UK currently produces about 54% of its domestic food consumption.

52: 37: 8954: 8760: 6214: 4273: 2931:

A current issue is the control of bovine tuberculosis, which can also be carried by

1233:

Construction Code of Practice for the Sustainable Use of Soils on Construction Sites

732:

farming policies. From 2007 onwards, set aside subsidies in the UK were withdrawn.

11474: 10915: 10864: 10674: 10654: 9655: 9502: 9454: 9405: 9153: 9098: 7753: 7735: 6200: 6142: 5740:

https://soils.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Soils-and-Land-Quality-Jan-2022.pdf

5498:

https://soils.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Soils-and-Land-Quality-Jan-2022.pdf

4917: 4239: 3713:

Greece has 5.3 million goats, and Spain, Italy and France well over a million each.

3689: 3427: 2740: 2724: 2596: 2584: 2528: 1942: 1766: 1706: 1365: 1349:

Where nitrogen from soil gets into the water, it can be hazardous to human health.

774: 592: 11202: 8767:

The Agricultural Revolution: The Transformation of the Agrarian Economy: 1500–1850

4851: 4103:"Agriculture in the United Kingdom Statistics: 2022: Chapter 10 - Public Payments" 765:

of gross value added in 2009, 83% of the UK's agricultural income originated from

370:

empowered to lease one twelfth of the land for the improvement of the remainder.

11170: 11091: 10496: 10461: 10451: 10421: 10295: 9400: 9395: 9188: 9077: 9072: 8464: 8182: 7722: 7637: 7529: 7401: 6978: 6863: 6724: 6533: 5384: 4965: 4924: 4896: 4877: 4858: 3554:

was able to prevent Donald Trump's ambitions for a golf course in Aberdeenshire.

3481: 3412: 3311: 3213: 3000: 2975: 2971: 2756: 2736: 2728: 2630: 2406: 2376: 2116: 1721: 1587: 1583: 1046: 415: 88:

present new opportunities for farmers against a background of rising fears about

77: 70: 10200: 8144: 6681: 4262:. University of California, published 9 October 2003. Retrieved 4 January 2012. 1317:

170 million tonnes of animal excreta ("slurry") is produced annually in the UK.

11197: 10741: 10481: 10369: 10260: 10255: 9760: 9318: 9131: 9062: 9032: 9017: 8882: 6712: 5065: 3640: 3592: 3307: 3303: 3037: 3013: 2959: 2752: 2693: 2653: 2649: 2150: 2086: 1798: 1736: 1595: 1560: 1514: 625: 554: 56: 8727:

Langdon, John (1982). "The Economics of Horses and Oxen in Medieval England,"

8170:

https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmenvfru/840/84002.htm

6307:"Pesticides: code of practice for using plant protection products in Scotland" 6205: 6188: 11542: 11074: 10854: 10632: 10584: 10564: 10476: 9767: 9497: 9093: 9022: 8303: 8217: 6120:"Possible change in Irish climate and its impact on barley and potato yields" 6002: 5421:

The Path to Sustainable Farming: An Agricultural Transition Plan 2021 to 2024

4945: 4547: 3338: 2805: 2673: 2580: 2481: 2436: 1264: 1127: 944: 474: 354: 174: 11101: 8647:

Bone, Quentin. "Legislation to Revive Small Farming in England 1887–1914."

8629:

Allen, Robert C. (1994). "Agriculture During the Industrial Revolution," in

7776: 4958: 4740:

Bowers, J.K., 1985. British agricultural policy since the Second World War.

3069:

Fellows by the ALA. The ALA operates throughout the UK via regional groups.

2046:

Pesticides: code of practice for using plant protection products in Scotland

11192: 10839: 10711: 9712: 9238: 9158: 8424: 5752: 4078:"United Kingdom Food Security Report 2021: Theme 2: UK Food Supply Sources" 3969: 3828:"United Kingdom Food Security Report 2021: Theme 2: UK Food Supply Sources" 3499: 3334: 3288: 3120: 2953: 2689: 2607: 1350: 681: 605: 541: 473:

ended in 1865, and by 1875, with new steam-powered railways and ships, the

428: 51:, employs 1% of its workforce (471,000 people) and contributes 0.5% of its 6993: 4231: 3422:

Organic farming is farming without chemical fertilisers, most pesticides,

3337:(which is also grown for other purposes), short-rotation coppices such as 275:

farmer, invented his famous rotating-cylinder seed drill. His 1731 book,

10883: 10731: 10706: 10699: 10520: 10347: 9748: 9734: 9313: 9243: 9001: 8677:

Progress and poverty: an economic and social history of Britain 1700–1850

6600: 5796:"Code of practice for the sustainable use of soils on construction sites" 3585: 3363: 3217: 3124:

the war and it is a measure of the NFU's influence at that time that the

2886: 2837:

Designated notifiable diseases under the Diseases of Animals Act include

2793: 2788: 2744: 2331: 2216: 1988: 793: 705: 677: 509: 218: 182: 89: 81: 9802: 9507: 4529:

Fairlie, S., 1969. The Corn Laws and British Wheat Production, 1829–76.

923:

When in the EU, UK farmers received more than £3 billion a year via the

551:

to twelve, and brought in an agricultural dispute resolution procedure.

10559: 9258: 9057: 8715: 8017:"Local authority smallholdings: annual report 2021 to 2022 | GOV.WALES" 4562:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 398. 3480:"to support our agricultural industry", at the same time as "providing 3347: 2890: 2878: 2622: 2285: 2247: 1874: 1690: 1494:(used to spread herbicides, fungicides, insecticides and fertilisers). 1381: 1310: 713: 503: 323: 178: 8663:

A concise economic history of Britain: from the earliest times to 1750

7620: 7031: 6971: 6029:"Farmers 'at wits' end' over cost of works to meet new pollution laws" 4362: 10446: 9263: 9248: 9067: 9047: 8807:(8 vol 1978) to 1939; the standard scholarly history; highly detailed 7759:

Soil Association response to the Food Standards Agency Organic Review

7475:

Commission outlines blueprint for forward-looking agricultural policy

4244: 4229: 3695:

List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom

3379:

actual payments to farmers to support this are comparatively modest.

3072: 2846: 2767:

and farmers need permission from their local authority to keep them.

2760: 2681: 1828: 1554: 1506: 1396: 1276: 1114: 725: 597: 440: 344: 272: 5247: 4729:

British Agriculture in the First World War (RLE The First World War)

4617:

British Agriculture in the First World War (RLE The First World War)

2618: 69:, farm earnings are relatively low, mainly due to low prices at the 9705: 9442: 9037: 7231:"Celebrating rural workers and 100 years of The Landworker journal" 6359:

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1954/30/schedule/FIRST/enacted

5611:"National scale land capability for agriculture | Scotland's soils" 4797:

Pages 186–189. National archives. Retrieved 31 December 2011.

3643:

in the Report to follow an Implementation Plan to rectify matters.

3544: 3292: 3169: 2911:

The United Kingdom suffered outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in

2905: 2901: 2882: 2784: 2677: 1880: 1572:

growing in Scotland. Ragwort is a problem weed throughout the UK.

1565: 1408: 1272: 1222: 818: 770: 535: 385: 32: 7911:

Public Sector Procurement of Food: Sixth Report of Session 2019–21

7909:, quoted in Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee, 11494: 9298: 9253: 8093:"Donald Trump golf opponent Michael Forbes wins 'Top Scot' award" 7106: 5143:

Flowers and fruit crops facing disaster as disease kills off bees

4629: 4492:

The Scottish Clearances: A History of the Dispossessed, 1600–1900

3299: 3279: 2858: 2838: 2809: 1972: 1498: 1137:

Soffe (2003) summarises the acidity of British soils as follows:

766: 563: 559: 518: 310: 283:, a viscount known as "Turnip Townsend", in the 1730s introduced 210: 121: 85: 7006: 6996:, Corporatewatch, published July 2003. Retrieved 4 January 2012. 6186: 6003:"River pollution Wales: Farmers face 'six-figure sum' to comply" 2949: 353:

During the 18th and 19th centuries, enclosures were by means of

10516: 8636:

also in Roderick Floud, Jane Humphries, and Paul Johnson, eds.

7153: 5173:

Section 1 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1919

4230:

McKerracher, M.; Hamerow, H.; Bogaard, A.; et al. (2023).

3342: 3105: 2932: 2874: 2813: 2511: 1926: 1392: 1369: 1337: 1280: 1268: 928: 319: 284: 65:

Despite skilled farmers, advanced technology, fertile soil and

8743:

Farmers, landlords and landscapes: rural Britain, 1720 to 1870

8631:

The Economic History of Britain since 1700, Vol. I: 1700–1860,

7982:"71st annual report to Parliament on smallholdings in England" 7396:

Aberdeen: Land Economy Research, SAC. Retrieved 18 June 2010.

5561:"Agricultural land classification: predictive map | GOV.WALES" 5511:"Agricultural land classification: predictive map | GOV.WALES" 3175: 3081: 1244:

Guidance for Successful Reclamation of Mineral and Waste Sites

11229: 8633:

ed. by Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, pp. 96–122.

7392:

Barriers Facing New Entrants to Farming—An Emphasis on Policy

6187:

Shrestha, S.; Abdalla, M.; Hennessy, T.; et al. (2015).

5737:

Soils and Land Quality: How to find online maps and data sets

5495:

Soils and Land Quality: How to find online maps and data sets

4472: 3168:

operates in Scotland and is concerned to promote and protect

2801: 1782: 1426: 1422: 1321: 1255:

channels in the soil and for helping to move soil particles.

805:

2012. 163,000 tonnes were fed to livestock during 2011–2012.

778: 112: 7686:"Rare woodpecker returns to Dorset 'due to organic farming'" 7602:

Farmers Weekly, 18 June 2010: Vol. 152 No. 24, p. 24–27

7081: 6981:, Open I, published 16 March 2002. Retrieved 4 January 2012. 6055:"All-Wales NVZ to go ahead as pollution 'remains very high'" 4436: 3630: 3593:

2006 the Rural Payments Agency: incompetence and sex scandal

2885:

Order conditions that can be transmitted to humans, such as

2763:

are sometimes farmed. They are currently covered under the

813:

Two of the most serious diseases affecting crop plants were

9754: 8936: 8374:

The Importance of County Council Farms to the Rural Economy

7056: 6918: 4936: 4385: 4171: 4155: 4139: 4123: 2816:. In this way, the UK produce annually 22 million turkeys. 2797: 2701: 1099: 828: 696:

By this time the then-European Economic Community (now the

7962:

Farmers' Weekly, Vol. 153 No. 19, 12 November 2010, p. 18.

7530:

Public and Corporate Economic Consultants (PACEC) (2014).

7487:

Agriculture Committee's first thoughts on Commission plans

7179:"Written evidence submitted by Unite, the Union (BTR0076)" 6944: 6287:, Health and Safety Executive. Retrieved 12 November 2010. 6117: 177:

between about 5000 BC and 4500 BC after a large influx of

9611:

Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences

8943:

UK government website on food and agricultural production

8851:

Documents in English Economic History: England since 1760

8779: 7771: 7574: 6771:

Farmers Weekly, 16 September 2011: Vol. 156 No. 12, p. 6.

6676: 6118:

Holden, N.M; Brereton, A.J; Fealy, R; Sweeney, J (2003).

5586:"Agricultural land classification: enquiries | GOV.WALES" 4785:, from the National Archives. Retrieved 31 December 2011. 4537:(1), pp. 88–116 argues against the "irrelevance" position 4404:

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo3/13/81/section/I.

4295: 3965:"Subsidies plan for farmers who help to restore wildlife" 872:(DAERA) which is part of the Northern Ireland Executive. 740: 729: 9164:

Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs

8592:

Agriculture: The Science and Practice of British Farming

7825:, last updated 23 December 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2010. 7371:

Farmers Weekly, 30 October 2009: Vol. 151 No. 18, p. 85.

7307:

Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs

5967:, EC Environment Commission. Retrieved 13 November 2010. 5011:

Farmers Weekly, 29 October 2010: Vol. 153 No. 17, p. 16.

4460: 3468:

published June 2023, lists five separate possibilities.

2819: 2648:, which is the most popular British beef breed, and the 870:

Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs

542:

Legislative change in respect of tenanted land 1875–1923

8782:, last updated 5 November 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010. 8594:(ninth ed.), Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd 7428: 6844:"European Union Bans Battery Cages for Egg-Laying Hens" 5417:

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (UK)

5403:"Do farmers make more from subsidies than agriculture?" 4186:"Overview: From Neolithic to Bronze Age, 8000 – 800 BC" 1148: 8531:(third ed.), Chichester: Packard Publishing Ltd, 7584:

last updated 19 November 2004. Retrieved 18 June 2010.

7131: 6897: 6884:

A Short History of Agricultural Education and Research

6801: 6799: 6742:

Response to the Report of the Chief Scientific Advisor

6483: 6481: 5164:

Section 4 of the Small Landholders (Scotland) Act 1911

4593:. 7, 1850–1914: Pt. 2. at page 947 in Introduction to 3318:

to see that production was kickstarted. In 2008, the

2981: 8984: 8583:

Spencer's Smallholdings and Allotments Acts 1908–1926

7780:, last updated 3 August 2005. Retrieved 19 July 2010. 7406: 7380:

Farmers Weekly, 10 June 2011: Vol. 155 No. 24, p. 35.

6113: 6111: 5146:, published 1 April 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2010. 3859:. Government of the United Kingdom. 18 December 2019. 3063: 943:

states that agriculture is a major contributor to UK

8834:

Woolgar, C.M., Serjeantson, D., Waldron, T. (Eds.),

8750:

An economic and social history of Britain, 1760–1970

8292:"'Depraved' civil servants play naked office pranks" 8206:"'Depraved' civil servants play naked office pranks" 8068:"Small landholdings in Scotland: legislation review" 7905:

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs,

6703:, published 14 October 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2010. 5310:"Session 5 Rural Economy and Connectivity Committee" 3857:

Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs

3458:

National statistics Organic farming statistics 2022,

3184: 504:

Post First World War housing and agricultural policy

9651:

Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland

8601:

Scammell and Densham's Law of Agricultural Holdings

7913:, published 21 April 2021, accessed 3 November 2022 7329:"What we do: Agricultural Advisory Panel for Wales" 6796: 6557: 6548: 6490: 6478: 6469: 6460: 6451: 6244: 6242: 5970: 5183:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 4788: 4776: 4572:O'Gráda, C., 1981. Agricultural decline 1860–1914. 4260:

The Price History of English Agriculture, 1209–1914

3023: 2974:even where these are more expensive than eggs from 2688:. In the lowlands, pockets of sheep farms remain. 967: 169:

Economics of English agriculture in the Middle Ages

132:exports are with other Western European countries. 9169:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 7747: 6989: 6987: 6108: 4836: 3547:legislation. Smallholdings were reviewed in 2017. 3314:and stimulating the rural economy, and agreed the 3073:Central Association of Agricultural Valuers (CAAV) 2962:legislation affecting UK agriculture includes the 2684:in Wales are dominated by sheep farms, as are the 2570: 1474:(to break up land too heavy for a normal plough), 875: 11208:Glasgow International Financial Services District 10230: 8937:Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs 7762:, published 29 July 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2010. 7726:, published 29 July 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2010. 7057:"NFU Scotland | National Farmers Union, Scotland" 6872:, published 1 May 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2012. 6513:. Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board. 6296:These tables are adapted from Soffe 2003, p. 223. 4899:, uk.agriculture.com. Retrieved 13 November 2010. 4880:, uk.agriculture.com. Retrieved 13 November 2010. 4762:. USA: University of Chicago Press. p. 160. 4689:. USA: University of Chicago Press. p. 158. 3471: 3227:National Union of Agricultural and Allied Workers 3050:College of Agriculture, Food and Rural Enterprise 1344: 1235:. The latter was under review as at August 2022. 434: 11540: 8638:The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain 7729: 7559: 7459: 7356: 7347: 6923:The Central Association for Agricultural Valuers 6774: 6517: 6239: 5385:"Brexit: EU subsidy loss 'could wipe out farms'" 4861:, ukagriculture.com. Retrieved 13 November 2010. 4043: 3055: 1320:Farmyard manure can be used as soil fertiliser. 1223:Government information or advice regarding soils 8904:. Melton Mowbray: Agro Business Consultants. 8549:(20th ed.), Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 6984: 5335:"Session 6 Rural Affairs and Islands Committee" 4883: 4864: 3901:. Government of the United Kingdom. 28 May 2015 3614: 3306:saw biofuels as an answer to several problems: 3258:land prices rose by a factor of well over 100. 3232:The union nominates six representatives to the 3159: 674:Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1976 9127:Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board 8916:Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology 8886:. Sutton, Surrey: Reed Business Information. 8684:A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain 7792: 6436: 6339:This table is adapted from Soffe 2003, p. 228. 5155:Section 1 of the Board of Agriculture Act 1899 2778: 481: 10216: 9818: 8970: 8722:Servants in husbandry in early modern England 5285:"Economy, Trade, and Rural Affairs Committee" 4918:Living Countryside Plc (a registered charity) 4845: 3992:"Agricultural Land Use in the United Kingdom" 3238:Agricultural Wages Board for Northern Ireland 2056: 2044:In Scotland there is a Code of Practice, the 887:Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee 9563:National Farmers' Union of England and Wales 8775:Agricultural Revolution in England 1500–1850 7956: 6857: 5360:"Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs" 3247: 3236:to represent workers' interests, six to the 3106:National Farmers' Union of England and Wales 1070: 955: 708:was having a direct impact on farming. The 515:the Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919 7414:"Executive Summary of the Gallagher Review" 6887:, Harper Adams University, (2015) pp. 96–97 6782:"Animal Welfare in the UK, an introduction" 6278: 6153: 5223:"Cabinet members and ministers | GOV.WALES" 5198:"Agriculture and Rural Economy Directorate" 4589:Collins, E.J.T. and Thirsk, J. eds., 2000. 3621:2007 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak 3176:Scottish Tenant Farmers' Association (STFA) 3082:Country Land and Business Association (CLA) 2708:encompasses both upland and lowland areas. 853:Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 524: 10223: 10209: 9825: 9811: 8977: 8963: 8949:National Statistics, Agriculture in the UK 8589: 8585:(third ed.), London: Stevens and Sons 7596: 7374: 7365: 6688: 6379:Section 98(2) of the Agriculture Act 1947. 6333: 4827: 4818: 4809: 4800: 4712: 4703: 4514: 3575: 3093: 1018:Good to moderate quality agricultural land 596:British tanks on a military exercise in a 464: 287:farming on a large scale. This created a 9832: 9204:Scottish Government Net Zero Directorates 8805:The agrarian history of England and Wales 8522:(short survey), Blackwell History Project 8501: 8240:"'Naked civil servants' celebrate infamy" 8145:"BBC NEWS | UK | John Gummer: Beef eater" 7660:"Organic farming 'benefits biodiversity'" 7587: 7492: 7480: 7468: 6967: 6965: 6718:Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle and Badgers 6418: 6409: 6348:Section 98(4) of the Agriculture Act 1947 6260: 6251: 6204: 6171: 6162: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6072: 5986: 5923: 5905: 5896: 5887: 5878: 5869: 5860: 5851: 5770: 5463: 4990:Pesticide Residue Minimization Crop Guide 4986: 4591:The agrarian history of England and Wales 4478: 4466: 4442: 4391: 4325: 4316: 4313:Overton 2009, "More food for more people" 4307: 4243: 3631:2021 Breakdown at the Crofting Commission 3601:due to farmers were not made because the 1478:(to level the surface of ploughed land), 840: 395: 8696:Floud, Roderick, and Paul Johnson, eds. 8598: 7971:section 59 of the Agriculture Act 1970. 7947: 7924:"Small Holdings and Allotments Act 1926" 7828: 7810: 7801: 7783: 7605: 7450: 7228: 6826: 6817: 6808: 6747: 6731: 6661: 6645: 6629: 6584: 6575: 6566: 6539: 6507:"UK Regional Breakdown of Breeding Herd" 6427: 6400: 6324: 6290: 6269: 6221: 5965:Implementation of the Nitrates Directive 5779: 4987:Berry, P.; et al. (November 2006). 4546: 4505: 4049: 3930: 3928: 3584:scare in May 1990, Agriculture Minister 3523: 3358: 3283: 3196: 2948: 2895: 2723: 2617: 1564: 1460: 1416: 1332: 1304: 976: 614: 591: 572:Agricultural Holdings (England) Act 1883 553: 548:Agricultural Holdings (England) Act 1875 304: 257: 196: 188: 107: 31: 10517:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union 10457:Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914 8900:Agricultural Budgeting and Costing Book 8580: 8461:Agriculture in the United Kingdom, 2011 7870:"Organic farming on the rise in the UK" 7626:Rural Development Programme for England 7617:Rural Development Programme for England 6700:Bluetongue spreads from cattle to sheep 6370:Section 101 of the Agriculture Act 1947 5958: 5131: 5014: 5005: 4635: 4280: 4202: 3918: 3916: 3562: 3557: 2751:, and formerly popular breeds like the 1380:Phosphates are substances that contain 1267:. It is traditionally fertilised with 581: 460:Great Depression of British Agriculture 421: 76:Recently there have been moves towards 14: 11541: 9376: 8791:England's developing economy 1714–1815 8323: 8289: 8203: 7938: 7765: 7568: 7537:. The British Shooting Sports Council. 7229:Campbell, Amanda (13 September 2019). 6962: 6670: 5471:Agriculture in the United Kingdom 2022 4982: 4980: 4632:under "Prison and housing development" 4600: 4265: 4009: 3952:. DEFRA. 14 July 2022. pp. 26–27. 3946:Agriculture in the United Kingdom 2021 3439:and labour use can be 10%–25% higher. 3366:in Yorkshire, an old farming community 3333:Biofuel crops grown in the UK include 2590: 1249: 1238:Guidance is also available in DEFRA's 741:Cereal production statistics 2000–2010 494: 138: 10204: 9806: 9601:Country Land and Business Association 9550: 8958: 8798:Mastering economic and social history 8562: 8544: 8517: 8402: 8370: 7704: 7514: 7151: 6230: 6096:Watson and More 1949, p. 159–160 4902: 4757: 4684: 4574:The economic history of Britain since 4252: 4183: 4161: 4152:Why farming matters: Northern Ireland 4145: 4129: 4113: 3962: 3925: 3242:Agricultural Advisory Panel for Wales 3088:Country Land and Business Association 2820:Livestock movement and record-keeping 1061: 249:Supreme Head of the Church of England 27:Economic sector in the United Kingdom 11523: 11240:London Platinum and Palladium Market 8265:"RPA rocked by staff in sex scandal" 8237: 7383: 6898:"ALA | Agricultural Law Association" 6706: 6658:website. Retrieved 12 November 2010. 6642:website. Retrieved 12 November 2010. 5983:website. Retrieved 13 November 2010. 5914: 5687:"National Planning Policy Framework" 4824:Williams et al. 2007, p. 14–15. 4815:Williams et al. 2007, p. 13–14. 4595:Part IV: Trade Commerce and Industry 4331:Overton 2009, "More food per worker" 4289: 4050:Laughton, Rebecca (11 August 2017). 3913: 3893: 3891: 3853:"Agriculture in the English regions" 3611:unacceptable in this organisation". 3252: 3131: 2945:Animal welfare in the United Kingdom 2656:is now a relatively uncommon sight. 2039: 1040: 752: 712:was concerned with the value of the 181:people and following the end of the 9641:Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre 9568:National Farmers' Union of Scotland 8603:, London: LexisNexis Butterworths, 8590:Watson, James; More, James (1949), 8526: 8473:Diversification in Agriculture 2004 8403:Curry, Donald; et al. (2002), 8324:Fuller, Georgina (10 August 2006). 7638:"Organic farms 'best for wildlife'" 7519:. Government of the United Kingdom. 7281:"Scottish Agricultural Wages Board" 7111:Scottish Tenant Farmers Association 6841: 6765: 6193:The Journal of Agricultural Science 6127:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 6078:Watson and More 1949, p. 86–87 5911:Watson and More 1949, p. 76–77 5665:Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute 4977: 4806:Williams et al. 2007, p. 9–13. 4184:Pryor, Francis (28 February 2011). 3328:Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation 3119:(NFU) was begun by a group of nine 2982:Agricultural education and training 1036:Very poor quality agricultural land 1006:Excellent quality agricultural land 910: 103: 24: 8843: 8769:(Cambridge University Press. 1996) 8738:(Cambridge University Press, 2002) 8724:(Cambridge University Press, 1981) 8358: 8183:"Farm subsidies system criticised" 8119:"Currie 'was right' on salmonella" 7132:"Tenant Farmers Association (TFA)" 6619:"Turkey meat production 2003–2017" 5992:ABC No. 71, November 2010, p. 394. 5717:publications.naturalengland.org.uk 5540:publications.naturalengland.org.uk 5032: 5023: 4520:Williams et al. 2007, p. 5–6. 4223: 3871:"Chapter 2: Structure of industry" 3782:webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk 3753:"Chapter 2: Structure of industry" 3406: 3386: 3208: 3064:Agricultural Law Association (ALA) 2919:, with a less serious outbreak in 1121: 1024:Moderate quality agricultural land 851:Fisheries, which later became the 636:, or less formally, "land girls". 25: 11560: 11549:Agriculture in the United Kingdom 11470:Confederation of British Industry 10665:Expansion plans for Milton Keynes 10328:Department for Business and Trade 10323:Competition and Markets Authority 8986:Agriculture in the United Kingdom 8930: 8812:Journal of Archaeological Science 8691:English Farming: Past and Present 8670:The Economy of England, 1450–1750 8433:Agriculture in the United Kingdom 7845:"Organic farming statistics 2022" 7777:Organic Farms "Best for Wildlife" 7517:"Diversifying farming businesses" 6972:Beyond the National Farmers Union 4615:Introduction to Dewey, P., 2014. 4209:. B.T. Batsford. pp. 17–19. 3888: 3675:Aquaculture in the United Kingdom 3323:food on prime agricultural land. 3234:Scottish Agricultural Wages Board 3185:Tenant Farmers' Association (TFA) 2938: 2923:. There was also an outbreak of 2735:farmed hybrids of types like the 2633:, which has largely replaced the 2613: 1402: 993: 786:Food and Agriculture Organization 680:'s support in Parliament for the 45:Agriculture in the United Kingdom 11522: 11513: 11512: 10365:Office for Budget Responsibility 9787: 9786: 9309:Scottish Agricultural Revolution 9304:Rural Reconstruction Association 9122:Agricultural Land Classification 8800:(1988), textbook chapters 2, 23. 8705:The Farmer in England, 1650–1980 8672:(1977), pp. 31–47, 111–130. 8567:, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 8467: (archived 13 November 2012) 8343: 8317: 8283: 8257: 8231: 8197: 8175: 8162: 8137: 8111: 8085: 8060: 8035: 8009: 8000: 7974: 7965: 7916: 7899: 7887: 7862: 7837: 7678: 7652: 7630: 7541: 7523: 7508: 7335:. Welsh Government. 7 March 2023 7321: 7295: 7273: 7248: 7222: 7197: 7171: 7145: 7124: 7107:"Welcome to the TFA of Scotland" 7099: 7074: 7049: 7024: 6999: 6937: 6911: 6890: 6875: 6835: 6759:TB Control Measures Consultation 6611: 6593: 6499: 6391: 6382: 6373: 6364: 6351: 6342: 6299: 6180: 6047: 6021: 5995: 5932: 5826: 5814: 5788: 5745: 5730: 5705: 5679: 5653: 5628: 5603: 5578: 5553: 5528: 5503: 5488: 5438: 5409: 5395: 4203:Pearson, Michael Parker (2005). 3725: 3716: 3707: 3680:Beekeeping in the United Kingdom 3487: 3354: 3298:Biofuels are fuels derived from 3024:University and further education 2663: 2642:bovine spongiform encephalopathy 1610:Table of significant crop weeds 1240:Good Practice for Handling Soils 968:Agricultural Land Classification 402:Scottish Agricultural Revolution 10301:Governor of the Bank of England 9149:British Cattle Movement Service 8838:(Oxford University Press, 2006) 8371:Curry, Donald (November 2008), 8363: 7580:Hunt ban forced through Commons 6682:CJD victim "had different gene" 5377: 5352: 5327: 5302: 5277: 5265: 5240: 5215: 5190: 5176: 5167: 5158: 5149: 5105: 5080: 5050: 5041: 4951: 4930: 4911: 4751: 4742:The Agricultural history review 4734: 4721: 4678: 4669:The Agricultural History Review 4661: 4644: 4622: 4609: 4583: 4566: 4540: 4523: 4484: 4448: 4427: 4418: 4409: 4397: 4368: 4351: 4334: 4322:Overton 2009, "Farming systems" 4196: 4177: 4095: 4070: 4018: 3984: 3963:Brown, Paul (2 February 1999). 3956: 3937: 3417: 3267:Agricultural Tenancies Act 1995 3148: 3005:Harper Adams University College 2765:Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976 2571:Ministerial intervention powers 1291: 1179:Cultivated soil, non-calcareous 876:Supervising or assisting bodies 808: 643: 588:Rationing in the United Kingdom 453: 301:British Agricultural Revolution 294: 238: 205:The Saxons and the Vikings had 11480:Federation of Small Businesses 9636:National Non-Food Crops Centre 9578:Young Farmers' Clubs of Ulster 9144:Animal and Plant Health Agency 8857: 7442:. 25 June 2010. Archived from 7256:"'The Land Worker', 1919–1950" 7205:"Food, Drink and Agricultural" 7007:"NFU Cymru #WeAreWelshFarming" 6397:Section 3 of the Game Act 1831 4456:The Village Labourer 1760–1832 4274:The New Horse Hoeing Husbandry 3863: 3845: 3820: 3795: 3770: 3745: 3685:Forestry in the United Kingdom 3472:Public sector food procurement 3376:Countryside Stewardship Scheme 3263:Agricultural Holdings Act 1986 2900:Aftermath of a foot and mouth 2719: 2672:and heather moors such as the 2066:Table of important crop pests 1345:Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZ) 1286: 1163:Calcareous (chalky) brown soil 1083:Land restoration projects for 1030:Poor quality agricultural land 1012:Good quality agricultural land 799: 508:Although rationing during the 435:The Corn Laws and their Repeal 277:The New Horse Hoeing Husbandry 253:dissolution of the monasteries 173:Farming was introduced in the 162: 13: 1: 11250:Alternative Investment Market 11230:London Interbank Offered Rate 11186:List of UK building societies 10232:Economy of the United Kingdom 9674:Royal Agricultural University 9629:National Museum of Rural Life 9137:Meat and Livestock Commission 9053:Müller Milk & Ingredients 8997:Economy of the United Kingdom 8712:American journal of sociology 8617: 8581:Spencer, Aubrey John (1927), 8290:Weaver, Matt (12 June 2006). 8204:Weaver, Matt (12 June 2006). 7420:. 6 July 2008. Archived from 6869:Scottish Agricultural College 6762:. Retrieved 20 November 2010. 6744:. Retrieved 20 November 2010. 6536:. Retrieved 20 November 2010. 6448:. Retrieved 20 November 2010. 6330:Soffe 2003, pp. 225–228. 6227:Soffe 2003, pp. 224–226. 6147:10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00002-9 5476:(Report). UK government. 2023 4277:. Retrieved 20 November 2010. 4136:Why farming matters: Scotland 3739: 3537: 3466:Payments for organic farmers, 3056:Political and advisory bodies 3010:Scottish Agricultural College 2993:Royal Agricultural University 1486:(used for firming the soil), 1395:is a substance that contains 1375: 1104: 1052: 835: 486:Invented in around 1885, the 333: 11465:British Chambers of Commerce 11460:British Bankers' Association 9624:Museum of English Rural Life 9591:British Egg Industry Council 9448:Scottish Crofting Foundation 8921:Postnote, June 2009, No. 336 8757:A History of English Farming 7926:. United Kingdom Legislation 7789:Soffe 2003, pp. 289 and 294. 7086:Scottish Crofting Federation 6433:Soffe 2005, p. 120–122. 6424:Watson and More 1949, p. 553 6415:Watson and More 1949, p. 552 6266:Watson and More 1949, p. 151 6257:Watson and More 1949, p. 145 6177:Watson and More 1949, p. 197 6168:Watson and More 1949, p. 182 6105:Watson and More 1949, p. 173 5113:"Battle against Cholesterol" 4833:Williams et al. 2007, p. 16. 4727:Page 10 in Dewey, P., 2014. 4606:Watson and More 1949, p. 125 4168:Why farming matters: England 3635:In-fighting at the Scottish 3615:2007 Foot-and-mouth epidemic 3510: 3492: 3484:within public procurement". 3478:public procurement in the UK 3442: 3166:Scottish Crofting Federation 3160:Scottish Crofting Federation 3139: 3110: 3018:Downton Agricultural College 2986: 2704:are famous for their sheep. 2692:(which gave its name to the 1887:Broad-leaved crops; cereals 1576: 972: 934: 918: 845: 735: 691: 648: 562:in Ploughing Demonstration, 7: 10353:Chancellor of the Exchequer 10333:Financial Conduct Authority 9174:Institute for Animal Health 8874:The Economic History Review 8866:Agricultural History Review 8729:Agricultural History Review 8520:Agrarian Britain, 1700–1980 7185:. United Kingdom Government 6087:Watson and More 1949, p. 88 5929:Watson and More 1949, p. 97 5920:Watson and More 1949, p. 93 5902:Watson and More 1949, p. 51 5893:Watson and More 1949, p. 49 5875:Watson and More 1949, p. 61 5866:Watson and More 1949, p. 60 5857:Watson and More 1949, p. 59 5785:Soffe 2003, pp. 29–30. 5661:"Soil maps and soil survey" 4718:Williams et al. 2007, p. 8. 4709:Williams et al. 2007, p. 7. 4531:The Economic History Review 4511:Williams et al. 2007, p. 5. 4378:(1975) pp. 123–60 at p 146 4359:Journal of Economic History 4342:The Economic History Review 4286:Overton 2009, "Crop yields" 4174:. Retrieved 2 January 2012. 4158:. Retrieved 2 January 2012. 4142:. Retrieved 2 January 2012. 4126:. Retrieved 2 January 2012. 3670:Economy of Northern Ireland 3646: 3597:Subsidy payments under the 3505: 3191:Tenant Farmers' Association 2779:Other livestock and poultry 2337:Sugar beet, peas and beans 1536: 1187:Cultivated soil, calcareous 1087:will use such information. 901: 676:was passed as the price of 482:Changes in farming practice 10: 11565: 11500:UK Payments Administration 10452:New Imperialism 1830s–1945 10276:Government-owned companies 9665:Universities and colleges 9661:Tenant Farmers Association 9104:Rare Breeds Survival Trust 8731:, Vol. 30, pp. 31–40. 8707:(Ashgate Publishing, 2013) 8545:Soffe, Richard J (2006) , 8529:Land and Estate Management 8508:The Economics of Enclosure 8172:Retrieved 20 November 2023 7896:Retrieved 19 November 2023 6994:The National Farmers Union 6361:Retrieved 18 November 2023 5884:Watson and More 1949, p. 9 5823:Retrieved 18 November 2021 5776:Watson and More 1949, p. 7 5757:standardsforhighways.co.uk 5742:Retrieved 18 November 2023 5615:soils.environment.gov.scot 5500:Retrieved 18 November 2023 5446:"Agri-climate report 2022" 5274:Retrieved 19 November 2023 4852:Set-aside, an introduction 4641:Spencer 1927, p. 3–4. 4454:Hammond J.L. and Barbara, 4433:section 15 of the 1773 act 4406:Retrieved 21 December 2023 4376:The Economics of Enclosure 4120:Why farming matters: Wales 3519: 3410: 3277: 3273: 3030:Writtle University College 2942: 2832: 2594: 2579:Actions prohibited by the 2057:Identification of UK pests 2033:Annual broad-leaved weeds 1681:Upland and hill grassland 1558: 1552: 1497:Reaping is the process of 1456: 1406: 1195:Permanent pasture, lowland 1097: 880: 868:within the control of the 862: 702:Common Agricultural Policy 585: 457: 438: 399: 355:special acts of Parliament 342: 338: 298: 263:Charles Viscount Townshend 251:in 1531, he set about the 207:open-field farming systems 166: 157: 142: 115:is a major crop in the UK. 47:uses 69% of the country's 11508: 11443: 11260: 11159: 11024: 11017: 10933: 10863: 10790: 10765: 10613: 10602: 10575:National champions policy 10570:Recessions and recoveries 10547: 10487:1979 Winter of Discontent 10422:1659–1849 Navigation Acts 10414: 10405: 10397:UK Trade & Investment 10306:Monetary Policy Committee 10284: 10238: 10182: 10134: 10096: 9838: 9782: 9726: 9693: 9586: 9541: 9521: 9483: 9475:Scotland Food & Drink 9421: 9369: 9337: 9224: 9217: 9194:Rights of way in Scotland 9112: 9086: 9010: 8992: 8686:(2003), pp. 270–285. 8563:Soffe, Richard J (2005), 8547:The Agricultural Notebook 7744:. Retrieved 19 June 2010. 7515:DEFRA (21 January 2014). 7505:website 31 December 2011. 6685:. Retrieved 19 June 2010. 6636:Cattle movement reporting 6206:10.1017/S0021859614000331 4424:section 2 of the 1773 act 4415:section 1 of the 1773 act 4304:. Retrieved 28 June 2010. 3922:DEFRA 2009, p. 13–14 3543:crofters governed by the 3451: 3261:In England and Wales the 3248:Current and recent issues 2893:, must also be notified. 1387: 1355:World Health Organization 1300: 1203:Permanent pasture, upland 1071:Purpose of classification 956:Areas in agricultural use 10512:2009 bank rescue package 10507:2008 bank rescue package 10472:1929–39 Great Depression 10343:HM Revenue & Customs 10251:Employee-owned companies 9679:Scotland's Rural College 8836:Food in Medieval England 8814:40.8 (2013): 3309–3325. 8679:(1995), pp. 25–121. 8640:(2014); vol 1 pp 96–116. 8599:Williams, James (2007), 8565:The Countryside Notebook 7716:Organic Review Published 7183:committees.parliament.uk 7032:"Find out about the NFU" 5977:Nitrate Vulnerable Zones 5944:defrafarming.blog.gov.uk 5753:"Standards For Highways" 3700: 3435:than conventional, more 3045:Scotland's Rural College 2233:Psylliodes chrysocephala 2228:Cabbage stem flea beetle 2092:Cereals, forage grasses 2051: 1548: 1465:Haymaking near Greenham. 1359:Nitrate Vulnerable Zones 941:Agri-climate Report 2022 892: 821:colonies worldwide, and 815:colony collapse disorder 525:Inter-War trade policies 10680:List of counties by GVA 10462:1873–79 Long Depression 10427:Agricultural Revolution 10392:UK Statistics Authority 9596:British Poultry Council 9558:Farmers' Union of Wales 9386:Agriculture in Cheshire 9229:Agricultural Revolution 8877:, quarterly since 1927. 8869:, quarterly since 1953. 8741:Martins, Susanna Wade. 8703:Hoyle, Richard W., ed. 8238:Williams, Christopher. 7874:www.soilassociation.org 7798:Nix et al. 1999, p. 192 7565:Nix et al. 1999, p. 108 7532:"The Value of Shooting" 7499:CAP reform consultation 7465:Nix et al. 1999, p. 187 6601:"How turkey farms work" 6523:Britishwildboar.co.uk: 5426:(Report). UK Government 4993:. Food Standards Agency 4857:3 December 2010 at the 4760:Diet for a large planet 4687:Diet for a large planet 4559:Encyclopædia Britannica 3660:Agriculture in Scotland 3576:1990 Beef-eating Gummer 3100:Farmers' Union of Wales 3094:Farmers' Union of Wales 3036:is in Gloucestershire. 2964:Animal Welfare Act 2006 2863:swine vesicular disease 2652:. The once-widespread 2362:Heterodera goettingiana 2302:Scutigerella immaculata 2166:Globodera rostochiensis 1341:nitrogenate the soil. 1093: 950: 663:Ministry of Agriculture 465:Prices and productivity 232:Laxton, Nottinghamshire 145:Agriculture in Scotland 11490:Institute of Directors 11455:Business organisations 11380:Science and technology 11273:International students 10985:Working Time Directive 10358:Debt Management Office 9881:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9616:James Hutton Institute 9606:Fresh Start Initiative 9279:Highland Potato Famine 8752:(2nd ed. 1995), passim 8658:#141, pp. 38–105. 8443:, 2009, archived from 7549:"The Ten Times Appeal" 7440:Renewable Fuels Agency 7418:Renewable Fuels Agency 7362:Nix et al. 1999, p. 80 7353:Nix et al. 1999, p. 78 7209:www.unitetheunion.org/ 4974:Retrieved 8 June 2012. 4964:18 August 2012 at the 4948:Retrieved 8 June 2012. 4927:Retrieved 8 June 2012. 4597:by Chartres and Perren 4494:. London: Allen Lane. 3653:Agriculture in England 3599:Single Payments Scheme 3530: 3476:It is an objective of 3367: 3295: 3117:National Farmers Union 2997:agricultural education 2956: 2908: 2843:foot-and-mouth disease 2731: 2706:Sheep farming in Wales 2625: 2492:Stem and bulb nematode 1794:Dove's-foot cranesbill 1661:Alopecurus myosuroides 1573: 1466: 1429: 1314: 1113:) to remain fertile. 986: 841:Government departments 667:National Farmers Union 621: 601: 567: 396:Enclosures in Scotland 314: 265: 202: 194: 116: 41: 11485:Industry trade groups 11245:London Stock Exchange 11235:London Metal Exchange 11002:Trades Union Congress 10695:East London Tech City 10539:Cost-of-living crisis 10477:1948–52 Marshall Plan 10432:Industrial Revolution 9833:Agriculture in Europe 9573:Ulster Farmers' Union 9391:Agriculture in London 9209:Single Payment Scheme 9199:Rural Payments Agency 9184:Quality Meat Scotland 8745:(Windgather Pr, 2004) 8651:49.4 (1975): 653–661. 8518:Mason, Simon (1984), 7721:24 April 2012 at the 7711:Food Standards Agency 7501:, retrieved from the 7283:. Scottish Government 6977:26 April 2012 at the 6532:21 April 2011 at the 5364:www.niassembly.gov.uk 4758:Otter, Chris (2020). 4685:Otter, Chris (2020). 4058:. Coventry University 3803:"Chapter 4: Accounts" 3603:Rural Payments Agency 3582:BSE "mad cow disease" 3580:At the height of the 3527: 3432:Food Standards Agency 3362: 3287: 3203:Ulster Farmers' Union 3197:Ulster Farmers' Union 2952: 2899: 2871:bovine leukemia virus 2727: 2621: 2559:Oryctolagus cuniculus 2523:Ryegrass mosaic virus 2187:Deroceras reticulatum 2156:Potatoes, sugar beet 1892:Mouse-eared chickweed 1752:Chrysanthemum segetum 1568: 1464: 1420: 1333:Nitrogen-fixing crops 1308: 980: 704:and the value of the 618: 595: 586:Further information: 557: 534:system favouring the 308: 261: 200: 192: 167:Further information: 143:Further information: 111: 35: 11279:Entertainment & 10502:Late-2000s recession 10497:1992 Black Wednesday 10437:Financial Revolution 10266:FTSE Fledgling Index 9323:Women's Land Army - 9234:British timber trade 9043:Frontier Agriculture 8897:King, Richard (ed): 8649:Agricultural History 8043:"Small landholdings" 7400:19 July 2011 at the 7158:Ulster Farmers Union 7011:www.nfu-cymru.org.uk 6723:20 June 2010 at the 4944:24 December 2012 at 4923:12 June 2012 at the 4652:Agricultural history 4490:Devine, T M (2018). 4481:, pp. 146, 156. 4236:Internet Archaeology 3665:Agriculture in Wales 3563:1988 Eggs and Currie 3558:Scandals and mishaps 3550:Notable smallholder 3424:genetic modification 3372:Agriculture Act 1986 3126:Agriculture Act 1947 2539:Clover stem nematode 2467:Cavariella aegopodii 2347:Heterodera schachtii 2317:Chaetocnema concinna 2161:Potato cyst nematode 2131:Cereal cyst nematode 1912:Polygonum persicaria 1646:Polygonum persicaria 1263:and allowing to lie 710:Agriculture Act 1986 655:Agriculture Act 1947 582:The Second World War 445:Anti–Corn Law League 422:Depression 1815–1836 149:Agriculture in Wales 10975:Equal opportunities 10580:Economic liberalism 10482:1974 Three-Day Week 10467:1926 general strike 10271:FTSE SmallCap Index 10097:States with limited 9646:Rothamsted Research 9470:Royal Highland Show 9370:Nations and regions 9274:Highland Clearances 9269:Haughley Experiment 8789:The vital century: 8714:(1994): 1559–1595. 8661:Clapham, Sir John. 8244:www.theregister.com 7834:Soffe 2005, p. 183. 7807:Soffe 2003, p. 289. 7456:Soffe 2003, p. 129. 6823:Soffe 2003, p. 438. 6814:Soffe 2003, p. 431. 6805:Soffe 2003, p. 562. 6792:on 3 December 2010. 6667:Soffe 2003, p. 576. 6652:Livestock movements 6590:Soffe 2005, p. 139. 6581:Soffe 2005, p. 138. 6572:Soffe 2005, p. 137. 6563:Soffe 2005, p. 136. 6554:Soffe 2005, p. 135. 6545:Soffe 2005, p. 133. 6496:Soffe 2005, p. 134. 6487:Soffe 2005, p. 131. 6475:Soffe 2005, p. 127. 6466:Soffe 2005, p. 124. 6457:Soffe 2005, p. 126. 6406:Soffe 2005, p. 120. 6275:Soffe 2005, p. 148. 6139:2003AgFM..116..181H 5339:www.parliament.scot 5314:www.parliament.scot 4908:Soffe 2005, p. 147. 4895:21 May 2011 at the 4876:21 May 2011 at the 4842:Soffe 2003, p. 558. 4553:"Agriculture" 4445:, pp. 128–144. 4361:32.1 (1972): 15–35 3637:Crofting Commission 3625:Pirbright Institute 3034:Hartpury University 3016:opened his private 3012:in 1990. Professor 2851:bovine tuberculosis 2544:Ditylenchus dipsaci 2526:Spread by the mite 2497:Ditylenchus dipsaci 2462:Willow-carrot aphid 2392:Acyrthosiphum pisum 2372:Pea and bean weevil 2259:Cabbage caterpillar 2067: 2028:Annual grass weeds 1963:Broad-leaved crops 1948:Broad-leaved crops 1917:Broad-leaved crops 1865:Broad-leaved crops 1860:Polygonum aviculare 1845:Reynoutria japonica 1835:Broad-leaved crops 1819:Broad-leaved crops 1804:Broad-leaved crops 1742:Broad-leaved crops 1727:Broad-leaved crops 1712:Broad-leaved crops 1676:Pteridium aquilinum 1651:Broad-leaved crops 1611: 1250:Traditional farming 925:Single Farm Payment 532:imperial preference 495:The First World War 406:Highland Clearances 139:Regional variations 11390:Telecommunications 10555:Economic geography 9284:Lowland Clearances 8951:, official website 8945:, official website 8925:"Crop Protection". 8880:King, Jane (ed.): 8826:(Routledge, 2018). 8822:Tichelar, Michael. 8803:Thirsk, Joan, ed. 8693:(Heinemann, 1961). 8656:Past & Present 8527:Nix, Hill (1999), 8450:on 23 January 2013 8391:on 6 November 2009 8125:. 26 December 2001 8099:. 30 November 2012 7988:. 7 September 2023 7424:on 4 October 2010. 6925:. 16 November 2023 6832:Soffe 2003, p. 44. 6607:. 6 February 2007. 5981:Environment Agency 5693:. 5 September 2023 5667:. 26 November 2015 4394:, pp. 149–50. 4374:Donald McCloskey, 4206:Bronze Age Britain 3569:Salmonella In Eggs 3531: 3368: 3316:Biofuels Directive 3296: 3225:, from the former 2957: 2909: 2867:Aujeszky's disease 2749:British Saddleback 2732: 2686:Scottish Highlands 2626: 2342:Beet cyst nematode 2146:Peach-potato aphid 2121:Rhopalosiphum padi 2065: 1897:Cerastium fontanum 1631:Anisantha sterilis 1609: 1604:dinitrobutylphenol 1600:dinitroorthocresol 1574: 1503:Combine harvesters 1467: 1430: 1315: 1231:. There is also a 987: 817:(CCD), wiping out 728:and resulted from 698:European Community 622: 602: 568: 471:American Civil War 410:Lowland Clearances 388:and freeholders). 367:Inclosure Act 1773 315: 289:four-crop rotation 266: 203: 195: 117: 42: 11536: 11535: 11439: 11438: 11218:Lloyd's of London 10929: 10928: 10901:Industrialisation 10815:Industrialisation 10598: 10597: 10527:COVID-19 pandemic 10447:1815–46 Corn Laws 10198: 10197: 9800: 9799: 9689: 9688: 9537: 9536: 9365: 9364: 9289:Napier Commission 8793:(1992) pp. 39–92. 8700:(2004) pp 96–116. 8610:978-1-4057-1797-7 8574:978-1-4051-1231-4 8556:978-0-632-05829-7 8538:978-1-85341-111-3 8503:McCloskey, Donald 8490:on 30 August 2011 8185:. 24 January 2006 7623:on 16 March 2011; 7593:DEFRA 2004, p. 14 7389:Williams, Fiona: 7036:www.nfuonline.com 6881:Carrie de Silva, 6786:ukagriculture.com 6442:The Cattle Site, 6059:www.farminguk.com 5636:"Planning Series" 5419:(November 2020). 5405:. 11 August 2016. 5047:DEFRA 2011, p. 3. 4769:978-0-226-69710-9 4696:978-0-226-69710-9 4675:(2), pp. 173–190. 4500:978-0-241-30410-5 4348:(3), pp. 779–809. 4216:978-0-7134-8849-4 4015:DEFRA 2009, p. 21 3934:DEFRA 2009, p. 16 3437:intensive farming 3253:Barriers to entry 3240:, and two to the 3132:Regional grouping 2591:Livestock farming 2585:1 & 2 Will. 4 2568: 2567: 2357:Pea cyst nematode 2136:Heterodera avenae 2040:Use of pesticides 2037: 2036: 2013: 2012: 2004:Avena ludoviciana 1958:Spergula arvensis 1840:Japanese knotweed 1814:Chenopodium album 1413:Vegetable farming 1218: 1217: 1085:contaminated land 1041:England and Wales 824:varroa destructor 753:Livestock farming 634:Women's Land Army 600:cornfield in 1942 384:ths of the land ( 53:gross value added 38:combine harvester 16:(Redirected from 11556: 11526: 11525: 11516: 11515: 11475:Co-operatives UK 11065:Hydroelectricity 11040:Renewable energy 11022: 11021: 10906:Renewable energy 10887: 10835:Renewable energy 10623:Atlantic Gateway 10611: 10610: 10442:Panic of 1796–97 10412: 10411: 10225: 10218: 10211: 10202: 10201: 10135:Dependencies and 9839:Sovereign states 9827: 9820: 9813: 9804: 9803: 9790: 9789: 9656:Soil Association 9548: 9547: 9542:Non-governmental 9522:Northern Ireland 9503:Royal Welsh Show 9374: 9373: 9222: 9221: 9154:The Country Code 9099:Hedgerow removal 9028:Bernard Matthews 8979: 8972: 8965: 8956: 8955: 8849:Clapp, B.W. ed. 8613: 8595: 8586: 8577: 8559: 8541: 8523: 8514: 8513: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8489: 8483:, archived from 8478: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8449: 8438: 8427: 8422: 8420: 8411: 8406:The Curry Report 8399: 8398: 8396: 8390: 8384:, archived from 8379: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8336: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8179: 8173: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8039: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8013: 8007: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7978: 7972: 7969: 7963: 7960: 7954: 7953:Curry 2008, p. 4 7951: 7945: 7944:Curry 2008, p. 3 7942: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7920: 7914: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7841: 7835: 7832: 7826: 7814: 7808: 7805: 7799: 7796: 7790: 7787: 7781: 7769: 7763: 7754:Soil Association 7751: 7745: 7741:What is Organic? 7736:Soil Association 7733: 7727: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7692:. 7 October 2022 7682: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7634: 7628: 7624: 7619:. 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5085: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5068:on 13 July 2011 5062:faostat.fao.org 5056: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4985: 4978: 4966:Wayback Machine 4956: 4952: 4935: 4931: 4925:Wayback Machine 4916: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4897:Wayback Machine 4888: 4884: 4878:Wayback Machine 4869: 4865: 4859:Wayback Machine 4850: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4756: 4752: 4748:(1), pp. 66–76. 4739: 4735: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4683: 4679: 4666: 4662: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4627: 4623: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4588: 4584: 4571: 4567: 4545: 4541: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4469:, pp. 146. 4465: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4373: 4369: 4356: 4352: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4270: 4266: 4257: 4253: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4201: 4197: 4182: 4178: 4166: 4162: 4150: 4146: 4134: 4130: 4118: 4114: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3897: 3896: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3649: 3633: 3617: 3608:Farmers' Weekly 3595: 3589:offal in 1989. 3578: 3565: 3560: 3540: 3522: 3513: 3508: 3495: 3490: 3482:value for money 3474: 3454: 3445: 3420: 3415: 3413:Organic farming 3409: 3407:Organic farming 3389: 3387:Diversification 3357: 3312:energy security 3282: 3276: 3255: 3250: 3216:is the biggest 3214:Unite the Union 3211: 3209:Unite the Union 3199: 3187: 3178: 3162: 3151: 3142: 3134: 3113: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3058: 3026: 3001:Writtle College 2989: 2984: 2972:free range eggs 2947: 2941: 2835: 2822: 2781: 2722: 2666: 2635:Dairy Shorthorn 2616: 2599: 2593: 2573: 2534:Forage grasses 2518:Forage grasses 2442:Peas and beans 2427:Peas and beans 2422:Contarinia pisi 2412:Peas and beans 2407:Cydia nigricana 2397:Peas and beans 2382:Peas and beans 2377:Sitona lineatus 2367:Peas and beans 2117:Sitobion avenae 2102:Delia coarctata 2077:Crops affected 2059: 2054: 2042: 2009:Winter cereals 1994:Spring cereals 1722:Stellaria media 1666:Winter cereals 1621:Crops affected 1592:copper chloride 1588:sodium chlorate 1584:copper sulphate 1579: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1539: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1522: 1459: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1415: 1407:Main articles: 1405: 1390: 1378: 1347: 1335: 1303: 1294: 1289: 1252: 1242:(2000) and its 1225: 1124: 1122:Soil in Britain 1107: 1102: 1096: 1073: 1064: 1055: 1047:Natural England 1043: 996: 975: 970: 958: 953: 937: 921: 913: 904: 895: 883: 878: 865: 848: 843: 838: 811: 802: 796:in that year. 755: 743: 738: 694: 651: 646: 626:victory gardens 590: 584: 544: 527: 510:First World War 506: 497: 484: 467: 462: 456: 447: 439:Main articles: 437: 424: 412: 400:Main articles: 398: 380: 376: 375: 347: 341: 336: 303: 297: 245:King Henry VIII 241: 171: 165: 160: 151: 141: 106: 94:energy security 78:organic farming 28: 23: 22: 18:British farming 15: 12: 11: 5: 11562: 11552: 11551: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11530: 11520: 11509: 11506: 11505: 11503: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11451: 11449: 11441: 11440: 11437: 11436: 11434: 11433: 11432: 11431: 11430: 11429: 11424: 11414: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11393: 11392: 11387: 11377: 11376: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11352: 11351: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11325: 11323:Legal services 11320: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11277: 11276: 11275: 11264: 11262: 11258: 11257: 11255: 11254: 11253: 11252: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11221: 11220: 11210: 11205: 11203:Euronext.liffe 11200: 11195: 11190: 11189: 11188: 11183: 11173: 11167: 11165: 11157: 11156: 11154: 11153: 11152: 11151: 11146: 11138: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11116: 11115: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11089: 11088: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11032: 11030: 11019: 11015: 11014: 11012: 11011: 11006: 11005: 11004: 10994: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10967: 10966: 10965: 10955: 10950: 10948:Businesspeople 10945: 10939: 10937: 10931: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10924: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10875: 10869: 10867: 10861: 10860: 10858: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10796: 10794: 10788: 10787: 10785: 10784: 10779: 10773: 10771: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10742:Thames Gateway 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10703: 10702: 10697: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10636: 10635: 10625: 10619: 10617: 10608: 10600: 10599: 10596: 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10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9901:Czech Republic 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9842: 9840: 9836: 9835: 9830: 9829: 9822: 9815: 9807: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9794: 9783: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9776: 9771: 9764: 9761:Farmers Weekly 9757: 9752: 9745: 9738: 9730: 9728: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9697: 9695: 9691: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9684: 9683: 9682: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9626: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9554: 9552: 9545: 9539: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9531: 9525: 9523: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9489: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9451: 9450: 9440: 9439: 9438: 9427: 9425: 9419: 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8801: 8794: 8783: 8770: 8763: 8759:(1949), 153pp 8753: 8746: 8739: 8732: 8725: 8718: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8680: 8673: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8644: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8627: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8614: 8609: 8596: 8587: 8578: 8573: 8560: 8555: 8542: 8537: 8524: 8515: 8499: 8468: 8428: 8400: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8354: 8342: 8316: 8282: 8271:. 12 June 2006 8269:Farmers Weekly 8256: 8230: 8196: 8174: 8161: 8149:news.bbc.co.uk 8136: 8110: 8084: 8059: 8034: 8023:. 17 July 2023 8008: 7999: 7973: 7964: 7955: 7946: 7937: 7915: 7898: 7886: 7861: 7836: 7827: 7809: 7800: 7791: 7782: 7764: 7746: 7728: 7703: 7677: 7651: 7629: 7604: 7595: 7586: 7567: 7558: 7540: 7522: 7507: 7491: 7479: 7467: 7458: 7449: 7427: 7405: 7382: 7373: 7364: 7355: 7346: 7320: 7294: 7272: 7247: 7221: 7196: 7170: 7144: 7123: 7098: 7073: 7048: 7023: 6998: 6983: 6961: 6949:www.cla.org.uk 6936: 6910: 6889: 6874: 6856: 6834: 6825: 6816: 6807: 6795: 6773: 6764: 6746: 6730: 6713:Sir David King 6705: 6687: 6669: 6660: 6644: 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(1911). 4548:Chisholm, Hugh 4539: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4483: 4479:McCloskey 1975 4471: 4467:McCloskey 1975 4459: 4447: 4443:McCloskey 1975 4435: 4426: 4417: 4408: 4396: 4392:McCloskey 1975 4384: 4367: 4350: 4333: 4324: 4315: 4306: 4288: 4279: 4271:Tull, Jethro: 4264: 4251: 4222: 4215: 4195: 4176: 4160: 4144: 4128: 4112: 4094: 4069: 4042: 4017: 4008: 3983: 3955: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3887: 3862: 3844: 3819: 3794: 3769: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3724: 3715: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3648: 3645: 3641:Audit Scotland 3632: 3629: 3616: 3613: 3594: 3591: 3577: 3574: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3552:Michael Forbes 3539: 3536: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3473: 3470: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3419: 3416: 3411:Main article: 3408: 3405: 3388: 3385: 3356: 3353: 3308:climate change 3304:European Union 3278:Main article: 3275: 3272: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3210: 3207: 3198: 3195: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3161: 3158: 3150: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3095: 3092: 3083: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3038:Hadlow College 3025: 3022: 3014:John Wrightson 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2960:Animal welfare 2943:Main article: 2940: 2939:Animal welfare 2937: 2834: 2831: 2821: 2818: 2780: 2777: 2721: 2718: 2670:National Parks 2665: 2662: 2654:Beef Shorthorn 2650:Aberdeen Angus 2615: 2614:Cattle farming 2612: 2595:Main article: 2592: 2589: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2549:Clover plants 2547: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2320: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2255: 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1672: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1642: 1641:Black bindweed 1638: 1637: 1634: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1596:sulphuric acid 1578: 1575: 1570:Common ragwort 1561:Weeds Act 1959 1553:Main article: 1550: 1547: 1538: 1535: 1527: 1515:soil fertility 1458: 1455: 1446: 1404: 1403:Arable farming 1401: 1389: 1386: 1377: 1374: 1346: 1343: 1334: 1331: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1251: 1248: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1123: 1120: 1106: 1103: 1098:Main article: 1095: 1092: 1072: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1054: 1051: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1031: 1025: 1019: 1013: 1007: 995: 994:Grades of land 992: 974: 971: 969: 966: 957: 954: 952: 949: 936: 933: 920: 917: 912: 909: 903: 900: 894: 891: 882: 879: 877: 874: 864: 861: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 827:, a parasitic 810: 807: 801: 798: 754: 751: 742: 739: 737: 734: 693: 690: 650: 647: 645: 642: 583: 580: 543: 540: 526: 523: 505: 502: 496: 493: 488:digging plough 483: 480: 466: 463: 458:Main article: 455: 452: 436: 433: 423: 420: 397: 394: 343:Main article: 340: 337: 335: 332: 299:Main article: 296: 293: 247:named himself 240: 237: 164: 161: 159: 156: 140: 137: 105: 102: 98:climate change 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11561: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11529: 11521: 11519: 11511: 11510: 11507: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11448:organisations 11442: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11409: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11378: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11355: 11353: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11330: 11329: 11328:Manufacturing 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11271: 11270: 11269: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11259: 11251: 11248: 11247: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11181:List of banks 11179: 11178: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11164: 11158: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11139: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11093: 11090: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11075:North Sea oil 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11042: 11041: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11029: 11023: 11020: 11016: 11010: 11007: 11003: 11000: 10999: 10998: 10997:Trades unions 10995: 10993: 10990: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10971: 10968: 10964: 10961: 10960: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10940: 10938: 10932: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10885: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10866: 10862: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10793: 10789: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10764: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10634: 10633:Big City Plan 10631: 10630: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10616: 10612: 10609: 10601: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10585:Privatisation 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10565:Gold standard 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10546: 10540: 10537: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10528: 10525: 10522: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10492:1986 Big Bang 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10415:Chronological 10413: 10410: 10408: 10404: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10372: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10283: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10246:Co-operatives 10244: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10226: 10221: 10219: 10214: 10212: 10207: 10206: 10203: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10181: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10149:Faroe Islands 10147: 10145: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10133: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10121:South Ossetia 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10095: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9973:Liechtenstein 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9837: 9828: 9823: 9821: 9816: 9814: 9809: 9808: 9805: 9793: 9785: 9784: 9781: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9769: 9768:Farming Today 9765: 9763: 9762: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9746: 9744: 9743: 9739: 9737: 9736: 9732: 9731: 9729: 9725: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9692: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9585: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9549: 9546: 9544:organisations 9540: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9520: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9493:Animal breeds 9491: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9482: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9449: 9446: 9445: 9444: 9441: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9431:Animal breeds 9429: 9428: 9426: 9424: 9420: 9414: 9411: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9368: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9223: 9220: 9216: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9094:Grazing marsh 9092: 9091: 9089: 9085: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9023:Arla Foods UK 9021: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8991: 8987: 8980: 8975: 8973: 8968: 8966: 8961: 8960: 8957: 8950: 8947: 8944: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8924: 8922: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8901: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8884: 8879: 8876: 8875: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8863: 8862: 8852: 8848: 8847: 8837: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8825: 8821: 8820: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8776: 8771: 8768: 8764: 8762: 8758: 8755:Orwin, C. S. 8754: 8751: 8748:May, Trevor. 8747: 8744: 8740: 8737: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8719: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8695: 8692: 8689:Ernle, Lord. 8688: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8674: 8671: 8667: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8646: 8645: 8639: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8621: 8612: 8606: 8602: 8597: 8593: 8588: 8584: 8579: 8576: 8570: 8566: 8561: 8558: 8552: 8548: 8543: 8540: 8534: 8530: 8525: 8521: 8516: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8500: 8486: 8482: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8466: 8462: 8446: 8442: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8426: 8415: 8408: 8407: 8401: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8375: 8369: 8368: 8352: 8346: 8331: 8327: 8320: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8286: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8245: 8241: 8234: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8200: 8184: 8178: 8171: 8165: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8124: 8123:The Telegraph 8120: 8114: 8098: 8094: 8088: 8073: 8069: 8063: 8048: 8044: 8038: 8022: 8021:www.gov.wales 8018: 8012: 8003: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7968: 7959: 7950: 7941: 7925: 7919: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7895: 7890: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7850: 7846: 7840: 7831: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7804: 7795: 7786: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7761: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7666:. 20 May 2015 7665: 7661: 7655: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7608: 7599: 7590: 7583: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7544: 7533: 7526: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7500: 7495: 7488: 7483: 7476: 7471: 7462: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7393: 7386: 7377: 7368: 7359: 7350: 7334: 7333:www.gov.wales 7330: 7324: 7309:. 11 May 2015 7308: 7304: 7298: 7282: 7276: 7261: 7260:warwick.ac.uk 7257: 7251: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7133: 7127: 7112: 7108: 7102: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7062: 7058: 7052: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7012: 7008: 7002: 6995: 6990: 6988: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6968: 6966: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6899: 6893: 6886: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6845: 6838: 6829: 6820: 6811: 6802: 6800: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6768: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6743: 6739: 6734: 6727: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6696:The Telegraph 6691: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6664: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6587: 6578: 6569: 6560: 6551: 6542: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6493: 6484: 6482: 6472: 6463: 6454: 6447: 6446: 6439: 6430: 6421: 6412: 6403: 6394: 6385: 6376: 6367: 6360: 6354: 6345: 6336: 6327: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6293: 6286: 6281: 6272: 6263: 6254: 6245: 6243: 6233: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6183: 6174: 6165: 6156: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6112: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6075: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6035:. 20 May 2021 6034: 6030: 6024: 6009:. 9 June 2021 6008: 6004: 5998: 5989: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5966: 5961: 5946:. 9 June 2022 5945: 5941: 5935: 5926: 5917: 5908: 5899: 5890: 5881: 5872: 5863: 5854: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5822: 5817: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5782: 5773: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5741: 5738: 5733: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5692: 5688: 5682: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5591: 5590:www.gov.wales 5587: 5581: 5566: 5565:www.gov.wales 5562: 5556: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5516: 5515:www.gov.wales 5512: 5506: 5499: 5496: 5491: 5472: 5466: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5404: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5228: 5227:www.gov.wales 5224: 5218: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5152: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5138:The Telegraph 5134: 5119:on 5 May 2012 5118: 5114: 5108: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5044: 5035: 5026: 5017: 5008: 4992: 4991: 4983: 4981: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4954: 4947: 4946:archive.today 4943: 4940: 4938: 4933: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4914: 4905: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4886: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4867: 4860: 4856: 4853: 4848: 4839: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4796: 4791: 4784: 4779: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4730: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4698: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4670: 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3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3570: 3555: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3503: 3501: 3500:smallholdings 3488:Smallholdings 3485: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3462: 3459: 3449: 3440: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3414: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3355:Custodianship 3352: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3206: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3182: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3129: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3103: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3079: 3070: 3061: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3043:In Scotland, 3041: 3040:is in Kent. 3039: 3035: 3032:is in Essex. 3031: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2881:. Under the 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2787:, with a few 2786: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2759:are extinct. 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2674:Lake District 2671: 2664:Sheep farming 2661: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2623:Jersey cattle 2620: 2611: 2609: 2603: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2581:Game Act 1831 2577: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2484: 2483: 2482:Delia antiqua 2479: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2437:Delia platura 2434: 2432:Bean seed fly 2431: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2243:Pollen beetle 2242: 2241: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2063: 2049: 2047: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2008: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1747:Corn marigold 1746: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1546: 1543: 1534: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1463: 1454: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1424: 1419: 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Retrieved 6058: 6049: 6037:. Retrieved 6033:County Times 6032: 6023: 6011:. Retrieved 6006: 5997: 5988: 5972: 5960: 5948:. Retrieved 5943: 5934: 5925: 5916: 5907: 5898: 5889: 5880: 5871: 5862: 5853: 5841:. Retrieved 5837: 5828: 5816: 5804:. Retrieved 5799: 5790: 5781: 5772: 5760:. Retrieved 5756: 5747: 5736: 5732: 5720:. Retrieved 5716: 5707: 5695:. Retrieved 5690: 5681: 5669:. Retrieved 5664: 5655: 5643:. Retrieved 5640:www.gov.scot 5639: 5630: 5618:. Retrieved 5614: 5605: 5593:. Retrieved 5589: 5580: 5568:. Retrieved 5564: 5555: 5543:. Retrieved 5539: 5530: 5518:. Retrieved 5514: 5505: 5494: 5490: 5478:. Retrieved 5465: 5453:. Retrieved 5449: 5440: 5428:. Retrieved 5411: 5397: 5388: 5379: 5367:. Retrieved 5363: 5354: 5342:. Retrieved 5338: 5329: 5317:. Retrieved 5313: 5304: 5292:. Retrieved 5289:senedd.wales 5288: 5279: 5267: 5255:. Retrieved 5251: 5242: 5230:. Retrieved 5226: 5217: 5205:. Retrieved 5202:www.gov.scot 5201: 5192: 5184: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5151: 5141: 5133: 5121:. Retrieved 5117:the original 5107: 5095:. Retrieved 5091: 5082: 5070:. Retrieved 5066:the original 5061: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5016: 5007: 4995:. Retrieved 4989: 4953: 4932: 4913: 4904: 4885: 4866: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4790: 4778: 4759: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4731:. Routledge. 4728: 4723: 4714: 4705: 4686: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4637: 4624: 4619:. Routledge. 4616: 4611: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4557: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4516: 4507: 4491: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4438: 4429: 4420: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4370: 4358: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4299: 4291: 4282: 4272: 4267: 4254: 4235: 4225: 4205: 4198: 4189: 4179: 4163: 4147: 4131: 4115: 4106: 4097: 4085:. Retrieved 4081: 4072: 4060:. Retrieved 4055: 4045: 4033:. Retrieved 4029: 4020: 4011: 3999:. Retrieved 3995: 3986: 3974:. Retrieved 3970:The Guardian 3968: 3958: 3945: 3939: 3903:. Retrieved 3878:. Retrieved 3874: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3835:. 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Retrieved 3756: 3747: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3634: 3618: 3607: 3596: 3579: 3566: 3549: 3541: 3532: 3514: 3496: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3457: 3455: 3446: 3421: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3381: 3369: 3346: 3335:oilseed rape 3332: 3325: 3297: 3289:Oilseed rape 3260: 3256: 3231: 3222: 3212: 3200: 3188: 3179: 3163: 3154:NFU Scotland 3152: 3149:NFU Scotland 3143: 3135: 3121:Lincolnshire 3114: 3097: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3059: 3042: 3027: 3003:in 1893 and 2990: 2976:battery hens 2968: 2958: 2954:Battery hens 2930: 2910: 2836: 2823: 2782: 2773: 2769: 2733: 2714: 2710: 2694:Romney sheep 2690:Romney Marsh 2667: 2658: 2639: 2627: 2608:dairy cattle 2604: 2600: 2578: 2574: 2557: 2542: 2527: 2510: 2495: 2480: 2465: 2450: 2435: 2420: 2405: 2390: 2375: 2360: 2345: 2330: 2315: 2300: 2284: 2273:Various spp. 2262:Various spp. 2246: 2231: 2215: 2200: 2185: 2170: 2164: 2149: 2134: 2115: 2100: 2085: 2060: 2045: 2043: 2002: 1987: 1971: 1956: 1941: 1925: 1910: 1895: 1879: 1873: 1858: 1843: 1827: 1812: 1797: 1781: 1765: 1750: 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10873:Agriculture 10830:Oil and gas 10805:Agriculture 10732:Silicon Fen 10707:M4 corridor 10700:London Plan 10521:Growth deal 10348:HM Treasury 10318:Company law 10287:governance, 10164:Isle of Man 10099:recognition 10073:Switzerland 10008:Netherlands 9749:Countryfile 9735:The Archers 9314:Swing Riots 9244:Common land 9179:Legislation 9002:Agriculture 8858:Periodicals 8459:, see also 8335:20 November 8309:20 November 8275:20 November 8249:20 November 8223:20 November 8189:20 November 8154:20 November 8129:20 November 8103:19 November 8077:19 November 8052:19 November 8027:20 November 7992:19 November 7930:12 December 7879:19 November 7854:19 November 7696:19 November 7670:19 November 7644:19 November 7163:16 November 7152:WebsiteNI. 7137:16 November 7116:16 November 7091:16 November 7066:16 November 7041:16 November 7016:16 November 6954:16 November 6929:16 November 6903:16 November 6316:18 November 5950:20 November 5843:18 November 5806:18 November 5762:18 November 5722:18 November 5697:18 November 5671:18 November 5645:18 November 5620:18 November 5595:18 November 5570:18 November 5545:18 November 5520:18 November 5455:19 November 5369:19 November 5344:19 November 5319:19 November 5294:19 November 5257:16 November 5232:16 November 5207:16 November 4301:Jethro Tull 4035:19 November 4030:www.fao.org 3586:John Gummer 3364:Long Riston 3291:growing in 3218:trade union 2887:brucellosis 2789:fallow deer 2757:Small White 2737:Large White 2720:Pig farming 2452:Psila rosea 2352:Sugar beet 2332:Aphis fabae 2322:Sugar beet 2307:Sugar beet 2292:Sugar beet 2276:Sugar beet 2217:Phyllotreta 2212:Flea beetle 2071:Common name 1989:Avena fatua 1824:Hemp nettle 1615:Common name 1472:cultivators 1287:Fertilisers 1171:Upland peat 800:Consumption 794:value added 706:green pound 678:Plaid Cymru 604:Before the 269:Jethro Tull 219:Black Death 183:Pleistocene 163:Before 1500 90:fossil fuel 82:agriculture 40:in Scotland 11427:High-speed 11422:Inter-city 11338:Automotive 11318:Healthcare 11306:Television 11296:Newspapers 11140:Materials 11055:Geothermal 11028:production 10970:Labour law 10953:Demography 10936:and labour 10717:Manchester 10628:Birmingham 10560:Free trade 10289:regulation 10043:San Marino 10003:Montenegro 9983:Luxembourg 9963:Kazakhstan 9866:Azerbaijan 9701:Beekeeping 9259:Dutch barn 9113:Government 9058:NFU Mutual 8785:Rule, John 8618:Historical 7235:LabourList 7154:"About us" 3740:References 3529:homestead. 3418:Background 3348:miscanthus 3223:Landworker 2925:bluetongue 2891:salmonella 2879:warble fly 2794:game birds 2753:Cumberland 2564:Any plant 2447:Carrot fly 2286:Onychiurus 2281:Springtail 2265:Brassicas 2254:Brassicas 2248:Meligethes 2238:Brassicas 2223:Brassicas 2207:Brassicas 2192:Brassicas 2172:G. pallida 2074:Latin name 1979:Grassland 1902:Grassland 1875:Matricaria 1850:Grassland 1789:Grassland 1773:Grassland 1697:Grassland 1691:Ranunculus 1686:Buttercups 1656:Blackgrass 1618:Latin name 1559:See also: 1499:harvesting 1382:phosphorus 1376:Phosphates 1338:Leguminous 1311:slurry pit 1292:Background 1277:phosphates 1105:Background 836:Government 773:, 4% from 769:, 9% from 759:veterinary 714:milk quota 630:allotments 334:Enclosures 324:capitalist 179:Mesolithic 11444:Trade and 11407:Transport 11354:Property 11333:Aerospace 11268:Education 11213:Insurance 11161:Financial 11045:Biodiesel 10921:Transport 10850:Transport 10810:Edinburgh 10782:Transport 10757:Wiltshire 10752:Transport 10727:Sheffield 10685:Liverpool 10548:Recurrent 10375:Banknotes 10285:Currency, 10239:Companies 10154:Gibraltar 9978:Lithuania 9294:Rationing 9264:Enclosure 9249:Corn Laws 9068:Openfield 9011:Companies 8910:0952-7605 8892:0034-6659 8494:3 January 8304:0261-3077 8218:0261-3077 6849:13 August 6511:AHDB Pork 5430:28 August 5088:"FAOSTAT" 5058:"FAOSTAT" 4890:AgriStats 4871:AgriStats 4783:Rationing 4026:"FAOSTAT" 3567:The 1988 3052:(CAFRE). 2847:fowl pest 2827:herd mark 2810:ostriches 2761:Wild boar 2698:The Downs 2682:Snowdonia 2477:Onion fly 2417:Pea midge 2387:Pea aphid 2297:Symphylid 2270:Millipede 2177:Potatoes 1984:Wild oats 1938:Speedwell 1855:Knotgrass 1829:Galeopsis 1717:Chickweed 1555:Crop weed 1425:field in 1397:potassium 1246:(2005). 1229:Soil Code 1145:Land type 1115:Acid rain 1022:Grade 3b: 1016:Grade 3a: 935:Emissions 919:Subsidies 736:2000–2015 726:set-aside 692:1985–2000 649:1945–1985 620:campaign. 598:Yorkshire 536:Dominions 441:Corn Laws 345:Enclosure 273:Berkshire 71:farm gate 67:subsidies 49:land area 11543:Category 11518:Category 11446:business 11412:Aviation 11385:Internet 11291:Gambling 11198:The City 11163:services 11144:Forestry 11127:Scottish 11118:Fishing 11060:Fracking 10992:Pensions 10800:Aberdeen 10792:Scotland 10767:Northern 10737:Somerset 10645:Cornwall 10605:regions, 10603:Nations, 10387:Taxation 10174:Svalbard 10159:Guernsey 10106:Abkhazia 10058:Slovenia 10053:Slovakia 10028:Portugal 9886:Bulgaria 9792:Category 9718:Forestry 9706:June Gap 9620:Museums 9508:Tŷ unnos 9443:Crofting 9436:Shetland 9423:Scotland 9401:Cornwall 9038:Farmcare 8716:in JSTOR 8505:(1975), 8097:BBC News 7719:Archived 7690:BBC News 7664:BBC News 7398:Archived 6975:Archived 6721:Archived 6623:Statista 6605:BBC News 6530:Archived 6445:Friesian 6215:84633699 6007:BBC News 5389:BBC News 4962:Archived 4942:Archived 4921:Archived 4893:Archived 4874:Archived 4855:Archived 3812:2 August 3787:2 August 3647:See also 3545:crofting 3538:Scotland 3456:DEFRA's 3293:Cornwall 3170:crofting 2906:Scotland 2902:outbreak 2883:Zoonoses 2785:red deer 2678:Pennines 2646:Hereford 2472:Carrots 2457:Carrots 2402:Pea moth 2141:Cereals 2126:Cereals 2107:Cereals 2082:Frit fly 2048:(2007). 1968:Thistles 1907:Redshank 1881:Anthemis 1870:Mayweeds 1757:Cereals 1732:Cleavers 1702:Charlock 1636:Cereals 1537:Diseases 1507:threshed 1488:sprayers 1409:Agronomy 1273:nitrogen 1214:4.0–7.0 1206:4.5–5.5 1198:5.0–6.0 1190:7.0–8.0 1182:5.0–7.0 1174:3.5–4.5 1166:6.5–8.0 1158:3.5–5.0 1053:Scotland 1034:Grade 5: 1028:Grade 4: 1010:Grade 2: 1004:Grade 1: 939:DEFRA's 902:Scotland 819:honeybee 771:Scotland 665:and the 92:prices, 86:Biofuels 11528:Commons 11495:Make UK 11402:Tourism 11368:Housing 11348:Exports 11311:Theatre 11176:Banking 11122:English 11018:Sectors 10963:Poverty 10916:Tourism 10911:Swansea 10896:History 10891:Fishing 10878:Cardiff 10845:Tourism 10825:History 10820:Fishing 10777:Belfast 10769:Ireland 10747:Tourism 10722:Reading 10670:Fishing 10650:Croydon 10640:Bristol 10615:England 10407:History 10380:Coinage 10083:Ukraine 10033:Romania 9993:Moldova 9951:Ireland 9946:Iceland 9941:Hungary 9931:Germany 9926:Georgia 9916:Finland 9911:Estonia 9906:Denmark 9891:Croatia 9876:Belgium 9871:Belarus 9861:Austria 9856:Armenia 9851:Andorra 9846:Albania 9774:Hurdles 9694:Sectors 9529:Cuisine 9513:Fishing 9498:Cuisine 9465:Fishing 9455:Cuisine 9413:Fishing 9396:Cuisine 9378:England 9299:Run rig 9254:Diggers 9218:History 8939:(DEFRA) 8902:("ABC") 8853:(1976). 8463:at the 8419:19 June 8395:18 June 7613:"DEFRA" 7339:15 July 7313:15 July 7287:15 July 7265:15 July 7240:15 July 7214:15 July 7189:15 July 6526:Farming 6135:Bibcode 6064:10 June 6039:10 June 6013:10 June 5480:18 July 5187:DEFRA). 5123:17 June 4997:18 June 4959:N Denby 4630:Riddrie 4190:History 4087:21 July 4062:20 June 4001:19 July 3880:16 July 3837:21 July 3762:16 July 3511:England 3493:History 3443:History 3430:. 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