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Agriculture in Wales

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371: 183: 405: 84: 22: 528: 313: 343:, two or three times a day. The milk passes by pipeline to the cooler and is stored in a refrigerated bulk tank and collected by milk tanker daily. In general, the cows graze outdoors in summer and spend their winter under cover, often in cubicles, the bulk of their feed being silage. Milk prices barely cover the costs of production, margins are tight, and there are fewer family-run dairy farms each year. In 2014, there were 1855 milk-producers in Wales, an annual decline of 1.23% since 2011, but the number of cows milked was nearly static at 223,000. 347:
their main feed being silage. Systems adopted include suckler cows, where the calf is reared by its mother, and the buying in, and growing on, of young beef cattle. Some of these are crossbred calves, a by-product of the dairy industry, where the dairy cow is put to a Charolais, Limousin, Angus, Hereford or similar beef bull. Many of these "stores" are later sold to other parts of the United Kingdom for fattening. The beef sector in Wales is in slow decline; in 2011 there were some 220,000 beef cattle aged over two years in Wales.
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outbuildings or purpose-built units, bunkhouses for walkers and provision of food-related services in cafés, restaurants, farm shops, pick-your-own and farmer's markets. Indoor and outdoor leisure and recreational facilities are provided by some farmers including paint-balling, laser-combat games, pony trekking, mountain biking and many other activities. Caravans, camp sites and parking provide alternative uses for land, and wind turbines can provide extra income from land still farmed in the normal way.
469: 252: 1387: 3497: 2566: 1732: 4408: 1399: 238:, with farmers getting annual payments for the area they farm. Farm incomes have fallen over the years as a result of cheap food policies in the United Kingdom, the lowering of world commodity prices and the removal of production-based subsidies. Particularly hard hit have been the incomes of hill farms in Wales which averaged £15,000 in 2014, as against £23,000 for lowland livestock farms and £59,000 for dairy farms. 516:, particularly baled silage wrapped in film that can be handled mechanically. This has reduced the manpower needed on farms, and there has been an increase of use by farmers of specialised contractors who provide services in silage making, harvesting and fencing. Another problem facing Welsh farmers is their distance from the main distribution centres used by 591:, the UK government has committed to maintaining the current levels of farm funding until the end of the parliamentary term in 2024. In the autumn 2021 spending review, the UK government allocated funding to the Welsh government to allow the maintenance of the current levels of spending on farms until 2024–25. The 595:
trade union however, has calculated that Wales will be £225m worse off over the current parliament due to not using up all of EU funding. Managing director of the FUW said “It is political games. We take the view that the Westminster government is guilty of breaching a manifesto promise that it would
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In 2021 the UK Chancellor announced that Wales would receive £252.19 million for agricultural support in 2022/23, which would replace the Common Agricultural Policy funding from the EU. The Welsh government says that Welsh farmers would be losing £106 million, in addition to a loss of £137 million in
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In 2013, there were 1,094,644 cattle in Wales including 223,208 dairy cows and 174,100 beef cows, two years old or over. The total number of sheep and lambs was 9,460,692, of which 4,003,581 were ewes or replacement females retained for breeding. Besides this, there were 24,890 pigs, 10,475 goats and
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president John Davies emphasised that the European market was of "supreme importance" to the farming industry of Wales. 35-40% of Welsh lamb is sold to the continental mainland of Europe whilst 55-60% is sold to other countries in the UK and 5% is sold within Wales itself. Liz Truss claimed that the
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To increase their incomes, many farmers have diversified; the average income from non-farming business activities on farms in Wales in 2013/2014 was £4,900. Tourism-related activities accounted for much of this; these included bed and breakfast accommodation, self-catering accommodation in redundant
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and they feed on a wide range of vegetation and on coarse tufts of grass that sheep cannot tackle. The sheep are mostly "hefted" on the unfenced open hillside all year round. Here they know their way around, know where to graze at different times of year and where to shelter. The male lambs are used
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times, the feudal system of South Wales collapsed and the open fields were enclosed piecemeal, by agreement between the affected farmers, leaving a countryside of independent farms. In the North, farmers continued to live in hamlets, which according to a 15th-century account consisted of nine houses
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Compared with other parts of the United Kingdom, Wales has the smallest percentage of arable land (6%), and a considerably smaller area of rough grazing and hill land than Scotland (27% against 62%). The dairy industry is well-developed in more favourable parts of the country, livestock is raised in
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that roam at will. As with other parts of the United Kingdom, farming has been under great pressure, leading to fewer people being employed on the land, the amalgamation of holdings and an increase in part-time farming. Farmhouses have been used for bed-and-breakfast or converted into self-catering
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are the traditional breed of Wales. These hardy cows with horns and shaggy coats are able to thrive on poor quality pasture and moorland and can be used to provide both milk and beef. Large numbers were raised in Wales and herded on foot to be fattened in England for selling in English markets. On
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Lowland livestock farms concentrate largely on beef cattle and various breeds of sheep, but there are also small units producing rarer animals including goats, deer, alpaca, guanaco, llama, buffalo and ostrich, as well as specialised pig and poultry farms. Most cattle are now housed in winter with
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are not one of the main forms of livestock on Welsh farms though there are some specialised units. They used to be kept in small numbers on farms and by rural and urban cottagers. In the twentieth century, many miners in the South Wales valleys still kept a pig in a backyard sty, to be killed for
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and Monmouthshire, where they were employed in mining, steel and other industries. There was a shift away from the land with many dwellers in the rural west emigrating in the 1830s and 1840s and migrating to the cities in the second half of the nineteenth century. By 1911, agriculture was a minor
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Much of the land was in the possession of large landowners and let out to tenant farmers in holdings of less than 100 acres (40 ha), often with buildings in a poor state of repair. Tenants were too poor to pay higher rents so landowners were loath to make improvements such as land drainage.
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is a hardy breed that can scrape a living from the mountainous habitats where they spend the whole year. Being adept at exploiting their environment, they have local knowledge of their mountains and are left to their own devices, being gathered once or twice a year. Originally often horned, and
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Arable crops grown in Wales include wheat, barley, rapeseed oil and maize for fodder. New potatoes from the Gower peninsula and Pembrokeshire are available early in the season. Horticulture is in long-term decline, with the area of land under cultivation for potatoes, vegetables, soft fruit and
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In 2014, in Wales there were 1,048,000 hectares under permanent grass, a further 437,000 hectares were rough grassland, 87,000 hectares were woodland and 239,000 hectares were arable land (including temporary grassland). The number of horses for agricultural purposes are not mentioned in the
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various shades of brown or black, they were often of poor conformation and bedraggled appearance. More recently, scientific breeding has improved them and they have been exported to many parts of the world. They form part of the ancestry of various local breeds of sheep in Wales, the
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was practised, people moving with their animals from a low-lying "hendre" farm in winter, to an upland "hafod" farmhouse in summer. Transhumance declined through the 18th century and collapsed at its end as land was enclosed, both upland and lowland. Over 81,000 hectares of Welsh
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statistics, but there were 290,000 dairy cows, 214,000 other cattle, 28,400 pigs and 9,739,000 sheep in the country. There were also 945 arable and horticultural holdings, 1,753 dairy farms, 12,650 beef and sheep farms, 95 specialist pig units and 426 specialist poultry units.
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In 1914, there were 2,258,000 acres (914,000 ha) acres of permanent grassland and 340,000 acres (140,000 ha) of corn in Wales. There were 86,000 horses used for agricultural purposes, 807,000 head of cattle, 237,000 pigs and 3,818,000 sheep.
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competency for Wales and the replacement for the common agricultural policy is still being designed with farmers in Wales continuing to receive direct payments. Journalist Lisa O'Carroll says that Brexit has caused a loss of unhindered access to the
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industry in Glamorgan, and migrant labour from England was needed to help get in the harvest. Rural craftsmen were also lost and their supply was replenished from depressed areas of southwestern England and by mass immigration from Ireland.
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the upland areas, with the mountainous areas being used extensively for sheep farming. There are 1,600,000 hectares (4,000,000 acres) of farmland in Wales and eighty percent of the country is classified as being in a "Less favoured area".
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and potential reduction in farm subsidies following the loss of the common agricultural policy of the EU. She also suggests that Welsh farmers are disadvantaged by new trade deals that give Australia and New Zealand farmers access to UK
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In 1801, the population of Wales was 587 thousand, and most of these would have been living in rural areas and employed in agriculture. By 1911, the population had swelled to 2.4 million, more than half of whom lived in
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The labour force has been dwindling for many years as a result of increased mechanisation and changes in farming practices. Fewer farmers are needed today because they are able to produce more food from their land.
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now covers more than 35,000 hectares (86,000 acres) of Wales. The horticultural products most widely-grown organically include potatoes, brassicas and salad crops. Welsh organic milk is marketed as well as organic
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Welsh farms they were used to pull ploughs and sometimes wagons during the nineteenth century, and were the prized possessions by which a man's wealth could be estimated. Nowadays, many have been crossed with
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is present in abundance. As a proportion of the national economy, agriculture is now much less important; a high proportion of the population now live in the towns and cities in the south of the country and
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farming has traditionally been the focus of agriculture. Wales is formed from an exposed mountainous region over 2,000 ft (600 m) in the northwest of the country, encompassing much of what is now
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Dairying is only economic in Wales with a sufficiently large herd in a productive lowland area. Hand-milking a few cows in a byre is a thing of the past and nowadays herds are milked by machine in
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has become an important form of income in the countryside and on the coast. Arable cropping is limited to the flatter parts and elsewhere dairying and livestock farming predominate.
3216: 3211: 924: 75:, and the Welsh government has introduced several schemes designed to encourage the farming community to co-operate in caring for their land in an environmentally sustainable way. 171:(where all the land was shared amongst all the sons of a landowner), creating small farms which often sank into poverty. Partible inheritance was abolished by Parliament in 1542. 3203: 2821: 2519: 43:. Wales is mountainous and has a mild, wet climate. This results in only a small proportion of the land area being suitable for arable cropping, but grass for the grazing of 1070: 294:
orchards having halved since the 1960s to about 30,000 hectares (74,000 acres). In general, Wales produces only about 20% of the horticultural produce eaten in the country.
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for meat and most of the females are retained on the hill as flock replacements. Aged ewes are moved to lower elevations and crossed with lowland rams to produce
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accommodation, and farmers have diversified into tourism-related and other activities. Agriculture in Wales was heavily subsidised by the European Union's
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also play a part. There have been various initiatives over the years designed to help farmers diversify and farm in an environmentally friendly fashion.
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The main farm animal in the lowlands remained cattle until the 18th century. In the uplands, sheep were kept, and if any cereal was grown, it was oats.
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Changes in farming practices, especially the drainage of land, the more intensive use of grassland and the removal of hedgerows, has affected
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50,381 horses. The poultry flock totalled 8,736,547 birds, including 6,079,114 table birds (broilers).
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The Making of the British Landscape: How We Have Transformed the Land, from Prehistory to Today
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all making use of "one plough team, one kiln, one churn, one cat, one cock and one herdsman."
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Much of the land at higher elevations is extensive sheepwalk country and is grazed by hardy
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is no longer the main source of winter feed for livestock and has largely been replaced by
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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was a scheme that aimed to preserve traditional landscapes and it was followed by
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was rapidly enclosed and attached to existing landholdings between 1793 and 1815.
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Footpath made available for use by the public as part of a Tir Gofal scheme
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Upland and hill farms provide grazing for hardy breeds of cattle like
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but pure bred herds can still be found in many parts of the uplands.
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in Wales. The causes of the decline are complex and factors such as
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Agriculture in Wales was heavily subsidised by the European Union's
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farming industry would "thrive" with or without an EU trade deal.
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Holdings in Wales tend to be small family farms. Arable crops and
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The climate and topography of Wales is such that there is little
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which are mostly located near centres of population in England.
263:. The reason given is: statistics are all from 2010s or earlier. 3850: 513: 306: 302: 187: 3542: 482:
https://www.gov.wales/sustainable-farming-scheme-guide#100023
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funding allocated by the UK government the previous year.
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Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences
509: 443: 660:. Meat Promotion Wales. 27 November 2014. Archived from 747:
The Agrarian History of England and Wales: 1914 to 1939
927:. Meat Production Wales. 23 March 2012. Archived from 1375: 35:
has in the past been a major part of the economy of
1150:"First North Wales farm to offer laser combat game" 874:"Welsh dairy makes decent margin from 100-cow herd" 1274:"Basic Payment Scheme announced for 2023 and 2024" 1046: 995:"Welsh Black Cattle Society – Points of the breed" 124:, the coastal plain of North Wales, the island of 975:. Climate Change Commission for Wales. p. 60 743: 4424: 1147: 1121: 599:As of December 2022, agriculture remains a 480:. The reason given is: 2025 scheme needs adding 374:Welsh Black suckler cows with their calves near 148:Between 400 and 800 AD, after the demise of the 39:, a largely rural country which is part of the 1353: 1071:"Comparing agriculture of the past with today" 630:Collins, Edward John T.; Thirsk, Joan (2000). 3527: 2596: 1762: 1425: 636:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 428–. 951:"Farming delivers for the hills and uplands" 871: 804:"Farmers in Wales handed new payment system" 769: 767: 3439: 1019: 3534: 3520: 2603: 2589: 1769: 1755: 1618:Campaign for the Protection of Rural Wales 1432: 1418: 447:production of fresh and salt pork, bacon, 218:Welsh farm labourers sowing seed, c. 1940s 16:Cultivation of plants and animals in Wales 1173: 1026:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 53–57. 1015: 1013: 1011: 764: 750:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 633:The Agrarian History of England and Wales 625: 623: 621: 1439: 835: 833: 831: 829: 526: 403: 369: 311: 213: 181: 156:, implying an expansion of agriculture. 82: 20: 1047:Robinson, Nicholas (14 February 2008). 775:"Farming Facts and Figures: Wales 2015" 484:and also agriculture relationship with 59:are limited to southeastern Wales, the 4425: 2610: 1008: 737: 681: 679: 658:"A review of the Beef Sector in Wales" 618: 3515: 2584: 1750: 1473:Agricultural Advisory Panel for Wales 1413: 1321: 1319: 901:. Coleg Sir Gar. 2014. Archived from 826: 650: 1776: 1299:"Agriculture subsidies after Brexit" 1122:Forgrave, Andrew (30 January 2015). 1023:Wales: Epic Views of a Small Country 965: 846:. ClickonWales. 2008. Archived from 566: 462: 458: 324: 245: 1483:Brecknockshire Agricultural Society 917: 676: 367:, which are then used for breeding. 241: 87:Hill farm in a "Less favoured area" 13: 3541: 1316: 1148:Forgrave, Andrew (1 August 2014). 1099:. Welsh Government. Archived from 1097:"Statistics: Farm diversification" 14: 4454: 4438:Agriculture in the United Kingdom 2775:fossiliferous stratigraphic units 2020:Department for Business and Trade 2015:Competition and Markets Authority 1457:Agriculture in the United Kingdom 810:. 14 January 2014. Archived from 596:match spending pound for pound". 4406: 3648:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 3496: 3495: 3478:Sustainability in Merthyr Tydfil 2565: 2564: 2062:Office for Budget Responsibility 1731: 1730: 1673:Badger Face Welsh Mountain sheep 1397: 1385: 1229:. Welsh Government. 4 March 2016 872:Price, Rhian (4 December 2014). 467: 250: 2623:Geography of the United Kingdom 1986:Governor of the Bank of England 1291: 1266: 1241: 1219: 1193: 1167: 1141: 1115: 1089: 1063: 1040: 987: 943: 891: 865: 796: 288: 1903:Monmouthshire Building Society 1073:. Animal Smart. Archived from 728: 719: 710: 701: 1: 4284:Non-Christian belief systems 3411:Social geography and identity 1908:Principality Building Society 1795:Economy of the United Kingdom 1201:"History of farming in Wales" 612: 316:Cows about to be milked near 3354:General forms of place-names 165:ridge-and-furrow open fields 7: 3455:Little England beyond Wales 2045:Chancellor of the Exchequer 2025:Financial Conduct Authority 1668:Balwen Welsh Mountain sheep 1623:Land Settlement Association 1049:"Welsh pig herd struggling" 899:"Welsh Dairy Farmer Survey" 78: 10: 4459: 4380:Prince of Wales's feathers 1658:Black Welsh Mountain sheep 1508:Welsh Agricultural College 1347: 744:Whetham, Edith H. (1978). 328: 281: 236:Common Agricultural Policy 186:Corn being harvested near 143: 73:Common Agricultural Policy 4402: 4353: 4248: 4210: 4118: 4085: 4076: 3999: 3995: 3986: 3924: 3915: 3869: 3774: 3765: 3756: 3670: 3661: 3563: 3550: 3491: 3465: 3403: 3344: 3292: 3105: 3096: 3032: 2958: 2631: 2618: 2560: 2509: 2309: 2227: 2164: 2105: 2072:UK Trade & Investment 2057:Monetary Policy Committee 1963: 1956: 1926: 1893:Development Bank of Wales 1879: 1870: 1830: 1804: 1784: 1726: 1686: 1640: 1631: 1590: 1557: 1516: 1465: 1447: 476:This section needs to be 436:, the Welsh mule and the 259:This section needs to be 3954:Housing and construction 3374:Welsh Place-Name Society 2474:Housing and construction 2145:Welsh Development Agency 2123:Minister for the Economy 2035:HM Revenue & Customs 1913:Swansea Building Society 1392:Agriculture and Agronomy 1303:Institute for Government 1174:Pike, Ben (8 May 2015). 953:. National Farmers Union 784:. Welsh Government. 2015 734:Pryor, 2011, pp. 486–487 725:Pryor, 2011, pp. 360–361 589:Institute for Government 557:combating climate change 4338:1904–1905 Welsh revival 4333:Welsh Methodist revival 2172:Regional economic deals 2130:Welsh Revenue Authority 2067:UK Statistics Authority 1488:Farmers' Union of Wales 782:Statistics and research 150:Roman Empire in Britain 128:, the coastal plain on 3446:(Welsh-speaking areas) 3440: 3014:Habitats of importance 2447:Science and technology 2050:Debt Management Office 1944:Other commercial banks 1549:Agricultural buildings 841:"Agriculture and Food" 532: 412: 378: 331:Sheep farming in Wales 321: 219: 190: 152:, land was cleared of 88: 29: 4343:Welsh Church Act 1914 4110:British Sign Language 3435:Anglo–Welsh relations 3184:by population in 1971 3019:Marine Character Area 2763:Temperate rainforests 2294:Trades Union Congress 1817:State-owned companies 575:in 2020, trade union 530: 411:on tussocky grassland 407: 373: 315: 217: 185: 86: 24: 4433:Agriculture in Wales 3899:British Armed Forces 3739:Wales–England border 3473:Geography of Cardiff 3384:in the United States 3009:Environmental issues 2712:Reservoir management 2540:Full fiscal autonomy 1840:Welsh fiscal balance 1678:Beulah Speckled Face 1598:Overview of land use 1580:National Wool Museum 1478:Bees for Development 1441:Agriculture in Wales 1077:on 29 September 2014 1020:Morris, Jan (2014). 438:Beulah speckle-faced 417:Welsh Mountain sheep 409:Welsh Mountain sheep 356:Welsh Mountain sheep 335:List of Welsh breeds 169:partible inheritance 68:Welsh Mountain sheep 33:Agriculture in Wales 4058:Scheduled monuments 4034:Literature in Welsh 3934:Banking and finance 3712:Mountains and hills 3638:Statute of Rhuddlan 2807:Mountains and hills 2707:Dams and reservoirs 2656:Border with England 2356:Water privatisation 1855:Banking and finance 716:Pryor, 2011, p. 314 707:Pryor, 2011, p. 211 573:Brexit negotiations 4225:Healthcare service 3846:Secretary of State 3628:Edwardian conquest 3618:Medieval Welsh law 3603:Kingdom of Gwynedd 3416:North–South divide 3391:Standardised Welsh 3379:In other countries 3231:Preserved counties 3179:1844–1974 exclaves 3004:Conservation areas 2612:Geography of Wales 2536:Economic autonomy 2204:Economy of Swansea 2199:Economy of Cardiff 2097:Business ownership 1694:Welsh Black cattle 1529:Monmouthshire Show 1524:Cardiff Horse Show 1305:. 2 September 2021 1280:. 15 December 2022 1103:on 17 October 2017 533: 413: 386:Welsh Black cattle 379: 322: 220: 191: 89: 30: 27:Welsh Black cattle 4420: 4419: 4398: 4397: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4239: 3982: 3981: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3836:Political parties 3752: 3751: 3643:Glyndŵr rebellion 3598:Early Middle Ages 3509: 3508: 3483:Lammas Ecovillage 3399: 3398: 3159:Historic counties 3047:Natural resources 2940:Extinct volcanoes 2578: 2577: 2545:Full independence 2516:Economic impacts 2241:Business schools 2160: 2159: 1952: 1951: 1812:List of companies 1744: 1743: 1722: 1721: 1709:Brecon Buff Goose 1368:978-0-141-04059-2 1033:978-0-241-97024-9 757:978-0-521-21780-4 643:978-0-521-32926-2 587:According to the 567:Effects of Brexit 505: 504: 486:Forestry in Wales 459:Agriculture today 325:Livestock farming 284:Land-use in Wales 280: 279: 106:Vale of Glamorgan 4450: 4443:Economy of Wales 4413:Wales portal 4411: 4410: 4409: 4083: 4082: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3922: 3921: 3889:Modern Welsh law 3804:Local government 3772: 3771: 3763: 3762: 3668: 3667: 3633:Late Middle Ages 3608:Kingdom of Powys 3593:Anglo-Welsh Wars 3536: 3529: 3522: 3513: 3512: 3499: 3498: 3445: 3195:Local districts 3115:Local government 3103: 3102: 2933:for military-use 2605: 2598: 2591: 2582: 2581: 2568: 2567: 2327:Renewable energy 2118:Welsh Government 1995:UK-wide Taxation 1961: 1960: 1877: 1876: 1778:Economy of Wales 1771: 1764: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1734: 1733: 1638: 1637: 1534:Royal Welsh Show 1452:Economy of Wales 1434: 1427: 1420: 1411: 1410: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1381: 1372: 1342: 1341: 1339: 1338: 1323: 1314: 1313: 1311: 1310: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1145: 1139: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1067: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1051:. Meatinfo.co.uk 1044: 1038: 1037: 1017: 1006: 1005: 1003: 1001: 991: 985: 984: 982: 980: 969: 963: 962: 960: 958: 947: 941: 940: 938: 936: 931:on 15 April 2016 921: 915: 914: 912: 910: 895: 889: 888: 886: 884: 869: 863: 862: 860: 858: 852: 845: 837: 824: 823: 821: 819: 800: 794: 793: 791: 789: 779: 771: 762: 761: 741: 735: 732: 726: 723: 717: 714: 708: 705: 699: 698: 696: 694: 687:"Farmers: Wales" 683: 674: 673: 671: 669: 664:on 15 April 2016 654: 648: 647: 627: 606:EU single market 500: 497: 491: 471: 470: 463: 275: 272: 266: 254: 253: 246: 242:Types of farming 4458: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4423: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4407: 4405: 4394: 4349: 4278:Presbyterianism 4236: 4206: 4138:Welsh Americans 4114: 4072: 3978: 3964:Slate quarrying 3903: 3879:Counsel General 3865: 3748: 3717:Protected areas 3657: 3623:Norman invasion 3559: 3546: 3540: 3510: 3505: 3487: 3461: 3395: 3340: 3288: 3267:Electoral wards 3243:Principal areas 3191:Poor law unions 3092: 3086:Slate quarrying 3028: 2954: 2906:Nature reserves 2886:Protected areas 2725:Desert of Wales 2627: 2614: 2609: 2579: 2574: 2556: 2505: 2305: 2277:UK Minimum wage 2272:UK equality law 2229: 2223: 2177:Cardiff Capital 2156: 2140:Auditor General 2113:Devolved policy 2101: 2000:Barnett formula 1981:Bank of England 1948: 1934:Bank of England 1922: 1866: 1826: 1822:Companies Court 1800: 1799: 1780: 1775: 1745: 1740: 1718: 1704:Welsh Harlequin 1682: 1653:Llanwenog sheep 1648:Welsh mule ewes 1633: 1627: 1586: 1553: 1512: 1461: 1443: 1438: 1408: 1398: 1396: 1386: 1384: 1376: 1369: 1350: 1345: 1336: 1334: 1325: 1324: 1317: 1308: 1306: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1283: 1281: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1258: 1256: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1232: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1210: 1208: 1207:. 28 March 2013 1199: 1198: 1194: 1184: 1182: 1172: 1168: 1158: 1156: 1146: 1142: 1132: 1130: 1120: 1116: 1106: 1104: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1080: 1078: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1054: 1052: 1045: 1041: 1034: 1018: 1009: 999: 997: 993: 992: 988: 978: 976: 971: 970: 966: 956: 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4155: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4091: 4089: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4005: 4003: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3959:Power stations 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3801: 3796: 3794:First Minister 3791: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3722:National parks 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3555:List of topics 3551: 3548: 3547: 3545: articles 3539: 3538: 3531: 3524: 3516: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3447: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3350: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3319: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3274: 3272:Built-up areas 3269: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3240: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3206: 3201: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3111: 3109: 3100: 3098:Administrative 3094: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3074:re-forestation 3066: 3065: 3064: 3054: 3044: 3038: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2964: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2891:National parks 2883: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2814: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2750: 2749: 2748: 2741:Extreme points 2738: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2687: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2641: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2608: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2585: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2552:Union dividend 2549: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2396:Re-forestation 2385: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2358: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2339:Food and drink 2336: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2319: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2239: 2233: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2115: 2109: 2107: 2106:Wales-specific 2103: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2092:Economic torts 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1978: 1967: 1965: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1918:Defunct banks 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1881: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1852: 1850:Business rates 1847: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1773: 1766: 1759: 1751: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1716: 1714:Welsh Sheepdog 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1684: 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paths 2693: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2571: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2383:Manufacturing 2381: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2289:Trades unions 2287: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2267:UK Labour law 2265: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1860:List of banks 1858: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1737: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1634:animal breeds 1630: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1565:Sheep farming 1563: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1539:Welsh cuisine 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1503:Welsh farmers 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1466:Organisations 1464: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1405: 1395: 1393: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1370: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1320: 1304: 1300: 1294: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1228: 1222: 1206: 1202: 1196: 1181: 1177: 1170: 1155: 1151: 1144: 1129: 1125: 1118: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1076: 1072: 1066: 1050: 1043: 1035: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1016: 1014: 1012: 996: 990: 974: 968: 952: 946: 930: 926: 920: 904: 900: 894: 879: 875: 868: 849: 842: 836: 834: 832: 830: 814:on 2014-02-18 813: 809: 805: 799: 783: 776: 770: 768: 759: 753: 749: 748: 740: 731: 722: 713: 704: 688: 682: 680: 663: 659: 653: 645: 639: 635: 634: 626: 624: 622: 617: 610: 607: 602: 597: 594: 590: 585: 581: 578: 574: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 529: 525: 521: 519: 515: 511: 499: 487: 483: 479: 474: 465: 464: 456: 454: 453:black pudding 450: 445: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 410: 406: 402: 400: 396: 392: 387: 383: 377: 372: 368: 366: 361: 357: 353: 348: 344: 342: 336: 332: 319: 318:Abercynllaith 314: 310: 308: 304: 299: 295: 285: 274: 262: 257: 248: 247: 239: 237: 232: 228: 224: 216: 212: 209: 203: 201: 196: 189: 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Retrieved 1333:. 2022-12-29 1331:the Guardian 1330: 1307:. Retrieved 1302: 1293: 1282:. Retrieved 1277: 1268: 1257:. Retrieved 1255:. 2020-11-05 1252: 1243: 1231:. Retrieved 1221: 1209:. Retrieved 1204: 1195: 1183:. Retrieved 1179: 1169: 1157:. Retrieved 1153: 1143: 1131:. Retrieved 1127: 1117: 1105:. Retrieved 1101:the original 1091: 1079:. Retrieved 1075:the original 1065: 1053:. Retrieved 1042: 1022: 998:. Retrieved 989: 977:. Retrieved 967: 955:. Retrieved 945: 933:. Retrieved 929:the original 919: 907:. Retrieved 903:the original 893: 881:. Retrieved 877: 867: 855:. Retrieved 848:the original 816:. Retrieved 812:the original 807: 798: 786:. Retrieved 781: 746: 739: 730: 721: 712: 703: 691:. Retrieved 666:. Retrieved 662:the original 652: 632: 598: 586: 582: 570: 561:biodiversity 534: 522: 518:supermarkets 506: 496:January 2024 493: 477: 442: 434:badger-faced 414: 384: 380: 352:Welsh Blacks 349: 345: 338: 296: 292: 289:Crop farming 268: 260: 233: 229: 225: 221: 204: 195:Transhumance 192: 176:Early Modern 173: 158: 147: 138: 130:Cardigan Bay 122:Denbighshire 90: 65: 57:horticulture 54: 32: 31: 18: 4385:Royal Badge 4328:Saint David 4268:Catholicism 4263:Anglicanism 3939:Coal mining 3929:Agriculture 3831:Nationalism 3293:Settlements 3282:for economy 3255:Communities 3057:Coal mining 3042:Agriculture 2960:Environment 2817:County tops 2661:Offa's Dyke 2494:Visit Wales 2361:Agriculture 2317:Innovations 2250:South Wales 2209:M4 corridor 2192:Swansea Bay 2187:North Wales 2135:Audit Wales 2040:HM Treasury 2010:Company law 1663:Lleyn sheep 1361:. Penguin. 1205:WalesOnline 426:Lleyn sheep 376:Penmaenpool 200:common land 161:Middle Ages 93:arable land 4427:Categories 4220:Healthcare 4180:Scientists 4143:Architects 4038:in English 4024:Eisteddfod 3799:Government 3784:Devolution 3767:Government 3744:Waterfalls 3613:Deheubarth 3583:Prehistory 3423:Demography 3322:Twin towns 3208:1896–1974 2945:Waterfalls 2881:Peninsulas 2666:Wat's Dyke 2530:Recessions 2469:Healthcare 2387:Materials 2262:Demography 2230:and labour 1939:Royal Mint 1898:Hodge Bank 1889:(proposed) 1558:Industries 1337:2023-02-01 1309:2023-02-01 1284:2023-02-05 1259:2023-02-01 1154:Daily Post 1128:Daily Post 973:"Land use" 613:References 430:Kerry Hill 329:See also: 282:See also: 118:Flintshire 4273:Mormonism 4165:Musicians 4160:Inventors 4095:Languages 4087:Languages 4019:Education 3974:Transport 3944:Companies 3789:Elections 3663:Geography 3588:Roman Era 3334:by county 3236:districts 3199:1848–1894 2834:by height 2802:Moorlands 2758:Broadleaf 2736:Estuaries 2717:by volume 2690:Coastline 2649:Blue Flag 2501:Transport 2442:Education 2435:Ironworks 2237:Inventors 2219:Transport 2182:Mid Wales 2165:Localised 2077:Mortgages 2005:UK Budget 1976:Banknotes 1805:Companies 1699:Welsh pig 1608:Tir Gofal 1603:Tir Cymen 1498:NFU Cymru 1357:(2011) . 1278:GOV.WALES 1227:"Glastir" 577:NFU Cymru 549:Tir Gofal 545:Tir Cymen 422:Llanwenog 391:Charolais 271:June 2024 208:Glamorgan 97:livestock 45:livestock 4324:History 4298:Hinduism 4293:Buddhism 4250:Religion 4195:in Welsh 3949:Forestry 3856:Unionism 3776:Politics 3758:Politics 3653:Colonies 3573:Timeline 3501:Category 3346:Toponymy 3163:by area 3154:Hundreds 3069:Forestry 3034:Land use 2950:Wetlands 2849:Marilyns 2822:historic 2700:heritage 2632:Physical 2570:Category 2520:COVID-19 2391:Forestry 2284:Pensions 2150:Technium 2087:Land law 1971:Currency 1845:Taxation 1736:Category 1591:Land use 1544:Tŷ unnos 1253:BBC News 979:22 April 818:31 March 808:BBC News 609:markets. 601:devolved 537:wildlife 395:Limousin 354:and for 307:yoghurts 126:Anglesey 79:Overview 4355:Symbols 4318:Sikhism 4313:Druidry 4308:Judaism 4288:Bahá'ís 4190:Writers 4175:Royalty 4148:Artists 4068:Theatre 4053:Museums 4014:Castles 4001:Culture 3988:Society 3969:Tourism 3917:Economy 3809:History 3702:Islands 3697:Geology 3692:Climate 3565:History 3428:Cardiff 3310:capital 3277:Regions 3204:1894–95 3137:Marches 3132:Commote 3127:Cantref 3120:history 2999:Climate 2923:Springs 2854:Nuttall 2844:highest 2797:Meadows 2787:Islands 2770:Geology 2753:Forests 2678:history 2644:Beaches 2489:Tourism 2418:Nantlle 2371:Fishing 2344:Cuisine 2310:Sectors 2255:Swansea 2245:Cardiff 2214:Tourism 1964:UK-wide 1927:UK-wide 1872:Banking 1832:Finance 1790:History 1613:Glastir 1575:Woollen 1570:Fishing 1517:Culture 1378:Portals 1348:Sources 1233:1 April 1211:3 April 1185:3 April 1159:3 April 1133:3 April 1107:3 April 1081:3 April 1055:2 April 1000:1 April 957:3 April 935:3 April 909:3 April 883:3 April 857:3 April 788:2 April 693:1 April 668:3 April 571:During 553:Glastir 478:updated 449:faggots 360:bracken 320:, Powys 303:cheeses 261:updated 159:In the 144:History 102:Gwynedd 50:tourism 4363:Anthem 4230:Boards 4212:Health 4133:Actors 4120:People 4063:Sports 3884:Courts 3851:Senedd 3819:Mayors 3814:Cities 3734:Rivers 3404:Social 3305:Cities 3300:Places 3052:Mining 2990:Apples 2978:Breeds 2918:Rivers 2911:Ramsar 2874:rescue 2869:ranges 2864:passes 2839:Hewitt 2829:Furths 2780:faults 2746:centre 2673:Canals 2525:Brexit 2510:Theory 2457:Cinema 2403:Mining 2334:Mining 2322:Energy 2228:People 1957:Policy 1365:  1030:  754:  689:. RSPB 640:  514:silage 432:, the 428:, the 424:, the 188:Llowes 112:, the 95:, and 4368:Flags 4303:Islam 4200:Women 4185:Women 4170:Poets 4153:Women 4100:Welsh 4048:Music 4043:Media 3727:AONBs 3707:Lakes 3685:Flora 3680:Fauna 3543:Wales 3466:Other 3317:Towns 3142:lords 2985:Flora 2973:Fauna 2928:Vales 2901:SSSIs 2896:AONBs 2859:P600s 2812:3000s 2792:Lakes 2685:Caves 2462:Music 2452:Media 2428:Mines 2413:Slate 2366:Sheep 2030:Gilts 1880:Wales 1687:Other 1641:Sheep 1632:Welsh 1404:Wales 851:(PDF) 844:(PDF) 778:(PDF) 37:Wales 4124:list 3364:Llan 3359:Caer 3260:list 3248:list 3224:1973 3172:1891 3167:1831 3081:Gold 3062:tips 2639:Bays 2408:Coal 2376:Wool 2349:Beer 1363:ISBN 1235:2016 1213:2016 1187:2016 1161:2016 1135:2016 1109:2016 1083:2016 1057:2016 1028:ISBN 1002:2016 981:2016 959:2016 937:2016 911:2016 885:2016 859:2016 820:2016 790:2016 752:ISBN 695:2016 670:2016 638:ISBN 451:and 444:Pigs 415:The 333:and 305:and 132:and 120:and 4009:Art 3871:Law 3369:Pil 3217:RDs 3212:UDs 3147:law 2423:WHR 593:FUW 510:Hay 397:or 309:. 174:By 4429:: 1329:. 1318:^ 1301:. 1276:. 1251:. 1203:. 1178:. 1152:. 1126:. 1010:^ 876:. 828:^ 806:. 780:. 766:^ 678:^ 620:^ 563:. 393:, 116:, 108:, 4126:) 4122:( 3535:e 3528:t 3521:v 2604:e 2597:t 2590:v 1770:e 1763:t 1756:v 1433:e 1426:t 1419:v 1380:: 1371:. 1340:. 1312:. 1287:. 1262:. 1237:. 1215:. 1189:. 1163:. 1137:. 1111:. 1085:. 1059:. 1036:. 1004:. 983:. 961:. 939:. 913:. 887:. 861:. 822:. 792:. 760:. 697:. 672:. 646:. 498:) 494:( 488:. 273:) 269:(

Index


Welsh Black cattle
Wales
United Kingdom
livestock
tourism
horticulture
Welsh Marches
Welsh Mountain sheep
Common Agricultural Policy

arable land
livestock
Gwynedd
Vale of Glamorgan
Monmouthshire
Welsh Marches
Flintshire
Denbighshire
Anglesey
Cardigan Bay
Pembrokeshire
Roman Empire in Britain
forest in Wales
Middle Ages
ridge-and-furrow open fields
partible inheritance
Early Modern

Llowes

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