847:
240:
677:
214:
258:
226:
935:
of
European powers. First of all, the region's economic activity throughout the colonial period was expanding quickly. Populations were then on the rise in order to meet demands for things like labor forces to create raw materials and industrial plants. In the meantime, some of the region's nations underwent transformation as a result of immigration. For instance, due to the poor conditions in China and the economic prospects in Malaysia, Chinese immigrants migrated to the peninsula. The British also used Indian workers. Then, Malaysia became a multicultural state as a result of the massive immigration of Chinese and Indian people into the Malay Peninsula. In Malay society, there were also differences between Malays, Chinese, and Indians (2018)^30.
425:
534:
of machines to manufacture goods would increase
European demand for raw materials on the one hand and lead to the accumulation of surplus goods on the other. Mutual economic dependence had become real by the 19th century, as Southeast Asia was now an integral provider of material and resources for the European economies. To keep pace with surplus output, European manufacturers pushed the development of markets in new territories, such as Southeast Asia, which led to the next phase of establishing imperial rule. Transformation of political institutions in the colonies aimed at the full consolidation of the monopoly markets by their European planners.
396:
people. The
Spanish mission succeeded with the complete Christianisation of the Philippines. People who changed their religions did so for a variety of reasons, including their search for social or personal security and identity in the face of social change, their quest for personal salvation or for a religion that seemed better suited to the modern world they aspired to, or one that appeared to leave room for traditional religious practices. Many times, those who upheld the faith and spread the gospel in succeeding generations did so because they had firsthand knowledge of Southeast Asia's Christian rebirth through time and culture (2018)^30.
19:
405:
713:
697:
437:
895:
and education systems into the region. Perceptions of the political reality differed widely among the
Southeast Asian countries. The early 20th century popular communist movement leaders of Vietnam were notably optimistic and “predicted a blessed future in which automobiles and trains would no longer be uniquely Western”, while Dutch author J.H. Boeke observed, that “societies like Indonesia were incurably dual”.
313:. Competition among the various nations was fierce and violence commonplace in order to secure exclusive access to the centers of production. Eventually, the Dutch and the Spanish wrestled control of it from the Portuguese in the 17th century. In the 18th century, the British, who became increasingly engaged in Southeast Asia over their interests in India, gained control of it from the Dutch.
1308:
component of this effort. The
Siamese were aware of how highly valued education, particularly geographical knowledge, was among Europeans. The French and the British used maps to identify the areas they controlled, and when borders were unclear, they took advantage of the situation to lay claim to the region. The concentration of power was another interesting factor (Ellesh, 2019).
829:), which was the mission to ‘civilise’ (uplift, advance) the ‘less fortunate’ and ‘less gifted’ people of Southeast Asia. Towards this end, they implemented policies providing educational and healthcare services. Christian missionaries often took leadership roles in education and medical care, and in opposing the slave trade.
882:
supply of food and timber, the
Europeans were forced to deal with the local communities nearby. These marked the beginnings of territorial control. A good example is the case of Batavia. There, the Dutch extended control over parts of western Java and later to central Java and the east where rice was grown and timber found.
2383:
466:
corporations and the introduction of the stock market had trade volumes reach unprecedented levels. Governmental support, military and administrative privileges, coining, legal and real estate rights enabled these enterprises to act as the official representatives of their country of origin in
Southeast Asia.
1375:
The
Chinese amount to 8595, and are landowners, field-labourers, mechanics of almost every description, shopkeepers, and general merchants. They are all from the two provinces of Canton and Fo-kien, and three-fourths of them from the latter. About five-sixths of the whole number are unmarried men, in
861:
In the early phase, European control in
Southeast Asia was largely confined to the establishment of trading posts. These trading posts were used to store the oriental products obtained from the local traders before they were exported to the European markets. Such trading posts had to be located along
666:
The United States does not hold any possessions in the East, nor does it desire any. The form of government forbids the holding of colonies. The United States therefore cannot be an object of jealousy to any
Eastern Power. Peaceful commercial relations, which give as well as receive benefits, is what
934:
Southeast Asia's social structure has changed as a result of colonialism, which also introduced contemporary western concepts. Some of these concepts were influenced by western culture, including human rights, religion, and education. The region's population has increased as a result of the presence
533:
By the latter half of the 18th century, Europe experienced the full effects of the Industrial Revolution, as rapid advancements in science, industry and technology, had created a tremendous gap in relative power between the Europeans and the rest of the world, including Southeast Asia. Extensive use
465:
was authorised by royal funding. These conglomerates of capital, ships, freely transferable shares and state power were characterised by many institutional innovations, significantly decreasing the financial risk of the individual merchants and share holders. An early form of the modern giant global
395:
Portuguese Catholic missionaries arrived in the 16th century under royal patronage and founded churches throughout the region. The Dutch first sent Protestant ministers during the 17th century. Their objective was more the spiritual service to the local Dutch people, rather than conversion of native
277:
Advances in sciences, cartography, shipbuilding and navigation during the 15th to 17th centuries in Europe and tightening Turkish control and eventual shut down of the Eastern Mediterranean gateways into Asia first prompted Portuguese, and later Spanish and Dutch, sea voyagers to ship around Africa
1600:
Throughout history, Eurasia was criss-crossed with communication routes and paths of trade, which gradually linked up to form what are known today as the Silk Roads; routes across both land and sea, along which silk and many other goods were exchanged between people from across the world. Maritime
894:
European interference has affected Southeast Asians in all aspects of life. Colonial economic exploitation, the mass theft of regional resources, and racial and ethnic discrimination all occurred alongside Europe's rapid scientific and technological progress, as well as its import of new political
180:
and the rise of powerful nation states in Europe. As the primary motivation for the first phase was the mere accumulation of wealth, the reasons for and degree of European interference during the second phase are dictated by geostrategic rivalries, the need to defend and grow spheres of interest,
881:
The role of the Europeans changed, however, in the industrialised phase as their control expanded beyond their trading posts. As the trading posts grew due to an increase in the volume of trade, demand for food supplies and timber (to build and repair ships) also increased. To ensure a reliable
144:
in 1511. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, conquests focused on ports along the maritime routes, that provided a secure passage of maritime trade. It also allowed foreign rulers to levy taxes and control prices of the highly desired Southeast Asian commodities. By the 19th century, all of
1307:
on the Malay Peninsula. The Siamese rulers, particularly Chulalongkorn, understood that they needed to modernise their political system in order to prevent colonialism. This developed into a significant effort at nation-building that helped Thailand become more advanced. Making maps was a key
930:
that engulfed many parts of the region. Taken altogether, it can be said that a common core of historical experiences existed, and that this core defined the region, thus justifying the use of the term ‘Southeast Asia’ to describe the region as a single entity.
1376:
the prime of life : so that, in fact, the Chinese population, in point of effective labour, may be estimated as equivalent to an ordinary population of above 37,000, and, as will afterwards be shown, to a numerical Malay population of more than 80,000!
730:, saw the conquest of nearly all Southeast Asian territories by the colonial powers. The Dutch East India Company and British East India Company were dissolved by their respective governments, who took over direct administration of the colonies. Only
885:
To ensure that trade flourished, the Europeans had to maintain political stability. Sometimes, they interfered with the internal affairs of the natives to maintain peace. The Europeans also tried to impose their culture on their colonies.
921:
The expansion of European dominance through colonialism was considered extraordinary as it affected the entirety of Southeast Asia significantly. Later on, more common features would emerge, such as the rise of nationalist movements, the
139:
marine spice traders. Fiercely competitive, the Europeans soon sought to eliminate each other by forcibly taking control of the production centres, trade hubs and vital strategic locations, beginning with the Portuguese acquisition of
1299:, but had Britain sphere of influence in the north and south and France in the Northeast and East which were merely brief proposals that amounted to nothing, much like the planned partition of the Qing and Ottoman Empires.
837:
of 1870. It expanded into Indochina in response to its need for international prestige to improve the government's image at home, and to keep abreast of other important European powers in terms of colonial acquisitions.
102:
took place throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. Where new European powers competing to gain monopoly over the spice trade, as this trade was very valuable to the Europeans due to high demand for various spices such as
832:
Sometimes, the acquisition of colonies was an attempt to revive declining prestige rather than a show of power. France was preoccupied with expanding her colonial empire to recover from her humiliating defeat in the
545:
unseated French power. The commercial and naval powers of Britain, which were unrivalled for a time, started to erode later on. Competition among European powers led to the practice of carving up the world into
801:
that ended the war with Spain, the United States gained the Philippines and other territories. No country recognised the self-proclaimed republic. Washington sent in the military to control the islands, in the
615:
on an 18-month voyage that returned with a bulk cargo of pepper, the first to be so imported into the country, which sold at the extraordinary profit of seven hundred per cent. In 1831, the merchantman
181:
competition for commercial outlets, long term control of resources and the Southeast Asian economies becoming more closely tied to European industrial and financial affairs by the late 19th century.
1859:
914:
and independence movements among the colonial subjects. During the inter-war years, these nationalist movements grew and often clashed with the colonial authorities when they demanded
1341:
the emporium for all foreign trade, and to receive all duties on imports; but, by a strange infatuation, the Portuguese government refused, and its decline is dated from that period.
1303:
Siam was able to successfully resist colonisation by European powers. Siam's location on the map made it the perfect buffer zone between the French colony of Indochina and the
1734:
Oscar Gelderblom, Abe de Jong, Joost Jonker (2011). "An Admiralty for Asia: Business Organization and the Evolution of Corporate Governance in the Dutch Republic, 1590–1640".
1601:
routes were an important part of this network, linking East and West by sea, and were used for the trade of spices in particular, thus becoming known as the Spice Routes.
821:
During the mid-19th century, the Europeans had certain goals which they regarded as important in the humanitarian sense. One of these goals was expressed in the slogan, ‘
1785:
742:, such that the country could be said to have successfully colonised itself. Western powers did, however, continue to interfere in both internal and external affairs.
3026:
2463:
The peoples and politics of the Far East: travels and studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya.
738:
reforms of the late 19th century continuing up till around 1910, imposed a Westernised form of government on the country's partially independent cities called
2857:
1337:
For fifty or sixty years, the Portuguese enjoyed the exclusive trade to China and Japan. In 1717, and again in 1732, the Chinese government offered to make
846:
734:
managed to avoid direct foreign rule, although was compelled to political reforms and make generous concessions in order to appease the Western powers. The
2215:
2016:
239:
3021:
340:
2287:
Cooper, Timothy S. "Anglo-Saxons and Orientals: British-American interaction over East Asia, 1898-1914." (PhD dissertation, U of Edinburgh, 2017).
2169:
1767:
1693:
2556:
1904:
986:
194:
293:
Central among the various plannings was to establish direct and permanent trade of the highly priced spices native to Southeast Asia, included
550:. There was also the need to fill ‘vacuums’ of territories that would otherwise fall under the influence of another competing European power.
3038:
655:
631:
676:
2466:
862:
major shipping routes and their establishments had to be approved by the local ruler so that peace would prevail for trade to take place.
2987:
2972:
2644:
774:
336:
2288:
3154:
497:. During the conflicts, Britain had struggled for naval superiority with the French, and the need of good harbours became evident.
1984:
1952:
257:
213:
2596:
790:
2676:
2221:
2202:
2058:
1751:
1629:
1317:
990:
612:
594:
246:
1575:
3076:
2446:
429:
1865:
Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat: In the U.S. Sloop-of-War Peacock During the Years 1832–34
1538:
482:
2686:
494:
225:
2216:
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/history/political-impact-of-colonial-powers-upon-southeast-asia-history-essay.php?vref=1
1516:
622:
of Salem returned to report the ship had been plundered, and the first officer and two crewmen murdered in Sumatra. The
3164:
1929:
627:
537:
However, industrialisation took place against increasing competition among the European powers. This was encouraged by
335:
followed and soon superseded Portugal as the main European powers in the region. In 1599, Spain began to colonise the
3104:
2929:
2824:
2339:
2214:
30. UKEssays. (November 2018). Political Impact of Colonial Powers Upon Southeast Asia History Essay. Retrieved from
1873:
1797:
1711:
626:
obligated the Dutch to ensure the safety of shipping and overland trade in and around Aceh, who accordingly sent the
2373:
2125:
Charles M. Andrew, "The French colonialist movement during the Third Republic: the unofficial mind of imperialism."
2073:
Kenton J. Clymer, "Humanitarian imperialism: David Prescott Barrows and the white man's burden in the Philippines."
2924:
2569:
518:
1268:
659:
573:
as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch. However, their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an
2474:
Secret Societies Reconsidered: Perspectives on the Social History of Early Modern South China and Southeast Asia
3129:
2726:
2639:
2456:
208:
2140:
474:
2959:
2522:
1451:
424:
204:
166:
910:
with a state bureaucracy, courts of law, print media and modern education, sowed the seeds of the fledgling
617:
3124:
2312:
The end of the peasantry in Southeast Asia: A social and economic history of peasant livelihood, 1800-1990s
1561:
1262:
1160:
558:
170:
3092:
3015:
2693:
2634:
2024:
1992:
1960:
1274:
1256:
803:
478:
1829:
2814:
2776:
2710:
2589:
871:
850:
643:
623:
574:
470:
458:
200:
145:
Southeast Asia had been forced into the various spheres of influence of European global players except
3159:
2964:
2741:
2654:
1855:
1357:
822:
794:
651:
639:
462:
233:
906:, which brought about massive demographic change. The study of institutions for a modern democratic
2949:
2934:
2731:
2574:
1918:
1645:
1096:
786:
454:
218:
2453:
Stars and Stripes Across the Pacific: The United States, Japan, and Asia/Pacific Region, 1895-1945
2298:
1703:
806:, which ended when the rebel leadership was captured. Conflicts followed with the self-proclaimed
3033:
2939:
2705:
1186:
762:
582:
413:
320:
282:
arrived in Southeast Asia as the earliest documented European in the early 15th century. By 1498
1373:
of the relative economic prowess of the peoples there, giving special attention to the Chinese:
279:
2944:
2901:
2896:
2829:
2736:
2681:
2546:
1790:
Journal of an Embassy from the Governor–general of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China
1667:
1170:
1058:
976:
798:
716:
387:; the republic lasted until 1884, when it fell under Dutch occupation as Qing influence waned.
132:
2258:
2194:
The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History - Industrialization and Its Implications
2192:
2048:
477:, had little interest in or impact on the region, and were effectively expelled following the
2800:
2582:
944:
807:
782:
578:
502:
417:
229:
177:
150:
66:
3061:
2977:
2954:
2649:
1370:
547:
324:
158:
83:
2222:
https://www.newhistorian.com/2019/01/08/how-did-siam-thailand-avoid-european-colonization/
18:
8:
3119:
2862:
2844:
2336:
By more than providence: grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783
2086:
Bronwen Everill, "Bridgeheads of Empire? Liberated African Missionaries in West Africa."
1429:
1304:
1018:
956:
834:
815:
731:
562:
510:
270:
243:
165:
among massive French and British political interference and territorial losses after the
39:
2253:
Chung, Jae Ho. "The Rise of China and East Asia: A New Regional Order on the Horizon?."
3114:
2407:
2356:
2322:
2275:
1898:
1761:
1498:
1490:
1250:
1048:
915:
811:
486:
190:
141:
1473:
Paget, Ralph; Varoprakar, Devawongse (1909). "Treaty between Great Britain and Siam".
650:
incident thus afforded the Dutch a reason to take over Ache; and Jackson, to dispatch
404:
2997:
2911:
2809:
2658:
2505:
2198:
2054:
1879:
1869:
1837:
1803:
1793:
1747:
1707:
1625:
1502:
968:
689:
681:
604:
538:
287:
120:
48:
2502:
A History of East Asian Civilizations, Volume II East Asia The Modern transformation
2782:
2772:
2479:
Platt, Desmond. "Economic Factors in British Policy during the" New Imperialism"."
2050:
The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History - The Philippines 1896 - 1972
1739:
1699:
1482:
1228:
1216:
854:
770:
758:
720:
705:
566:
364:
360:
154:
57:
30:
1792:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley. image 52, p. 34.
667:
the President wishes to establish with Siam, and such is the object of my mission.
3066:
3048:
2982:
2872:
2839:
2834:
1863:
1619:
1587:
1398:
1353:
1080:
923:
826:
727:
554:
542:
522:
380:
372:
3071:
3007:
2992:
2916:
2906:
2886:
2613:
2609:
1296:
1196:
1142:
1000:
754:
750:
635:
162:
136:
124:
98:
74:
70:
176:
The second phase of European colonisation of Southeast Asia is related to the
3148:
3098:
2553:
Regionalism, globalisation and international order: Europe and Southeast Asia
2220:
Ellesh. (January 8, 2019). Goodnews: Worldpress news Themes. Retrieved from:
1781:
1044:
899:
778:
746:
514:
506:
498:
490:
352:
283:
250:
2488:
Violence and Emancipation in Colonial Ideology: Hong Kong and British Malaya
1883:
1807:
1743:
3056:
2891:
2849:
2792:
2668:
2605:
2380:
Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century
2272:
The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830-1975
1841:
1733:
1421:
1176:
907:
903:
608:
441:
344:
306:
294:
217:
Dutch and Portuguese ships battling over the control of Malacca during the
128:
104:
712:
2819:
2804:
2764:
1352:
Other experiments in republicanism in adjacent regions were the Japanese
960:
911:
600:
384:
328:
266:
2415:
East Asia and the United States: An Encyclopedia of Relations Since 1784
696:
2877:
1494:
1220:
1124:
898:
Increased labour demand resulted in mass immigration, especially from
528:
436:
1034:
1008:
972:
875:
570:
453:
During the early 17th century the rivalling Dutch traders joined the
376:
2604:
1486:
947:(1824–1948, merged with India by the British from 1886 to 1937; now
1236:
1146:
1118:
1074:
1004:
927:
766:
409:
368:
316:
310:
149:, which had served as a convenient buffer state sandwiched between
146:
108:
87:
1668:"Regional patterns in the history of Southeast Asian Christianity"
3109:
2390:
Southeast Asia: Tradition and modernity in the contemporary world
2282:
America's Response to China: A History of Sino-American Relations
1232:
1040:
948:
863:
735:
685:
356:
348:
262:
2436:
Democracy and development in Southeast Asia: the winds of change
2170:"Impact of colonial powers on Southeast Asia - Political Impact"
2141:"The ruins of empire: Asia's emergence from western imperialism"
1369:
Company agent John Crawfurd used the census taken in 1824 for a
989:– Former Portuguese colony/possessions from 1522 to 1605 until
513:
was founded at the northeastern tip of Penang Island by Captain
2529:
Sentimental Imperialists - The American Experience in East Asia
1206:
1150:
1106:
1086:
1028:
867:
739:
553:
The British temporarily possessed Dutch territories during the
302:
298:
290:, established the first direct sea route from Europe to India.
112:
1836:. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. xx–xxiii.
351:) as a base for trading and expansion into the other parts of
2443:
The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism
2241:
Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World 1780-1830
2099:
E. A. Ayandele, "The coming of Western education to Africa."
1338:
1130:
1112:
1068:
701:
332:
116:
2519:
Fierce Enigmas: A History of the United States in South Asia
428:
View of Commercial Square (now known as Raffles' Square) in
278:
in search of new trading routes and business opportunities.
1292:
1240:
521:; this marked the beginning of British expansion into the
319:
was the first European power to establish a bridgehead in
2500:
Reischauer, Edwin O.; John K. Fairbank; Albert M. Craig.
2378:
Jensen, Richard, Jon Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds.
1692:
A. J. Stockwell (21 October 1999). Porter, Andrew (ed.).
577:
demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia.
355:
and the surrounding territory. In 1641, the Dutch took
359:
from the Portuguese. Economic opportunities attracted
2512:
A History of Modern Indonesia: c. 1300 to the Present
2353:
The dragon wakes : China and the West, 1793-1911
1621:
The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History
658:. In 1856 negotiations for amendment of this treaty,
2305:
East Asia: A cultural, social, and political history
2234:
A history of early modern Southeast Asia, 1400-1830
1982:
1295:(now Thailand) – was the only independent state in
599:Early American entry into what was then called the
529:
Consolidation and centralisation of state authority
1944:
161:had to contend with repeated humiliations, accept
2363:Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914
2348:(Macmillan International Higher Education, 1981).
3146:
2495:A history of Southeast Asia: Critical crossroads
2472:Ownby, David, and Mary F. Somers Heidhues, eds.
2248:In the eyes of the dragon: China views the world
789:began in Cuba in 1898, Filipino revolutionaries
2232:Andaya, Barbara Watson, and Leonard Y. Andaya.
2184:
1691:
1472:
390:
195:Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago
2190:
2046:
1617:
2590:
2420:May, Ernest R.; Thomson, James C., Jr., eds.
2197:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 379–.
2138:
2053:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 283–.
1695:British Expansion and Rule in South-East Asia
975:) – Dutch colony from 1602 to 1949 (included
363:to the region in great numbers. In 1775, the
2329:China Contested: Western Powers in East Asia
2303:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and Anne Walthall.
2127:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
2088:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
2040:
1985:"The 1820 Land Concession to the Portuguese"
1786:"Chapter I — Description of the Settlement."
1766:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
938:
2404:Modern Far Eastern International Relations.
1903:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1856:Roberts, Edmund (Digitized 12 October 2007)
1559:
607:) was subtle. In 1795, a secret voyage for
588:
539:changes in the continental balance of power
2597:
2583:
2008:
1976:
1613:
1611:
1609:
2429:Modern East Asia: An Introductory History
1704:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205654.001.0001
1475:The American Journal of International Law
662:stated the position of the United States:
501:had been brought to the attention of the
2536:The European Colonial Empires: 1815-1919
2531:(1981) scholarly history over 200 years.
2164:
2162:
2112:David Dorman, "Genesis of a Nightmare."
1821:
1780:
1774:
845:
841:
745:By 1913, the British crown had occupied
711:
695:
675:
461:, followed by France, where in 1664 the
435:
423:
403:
256:
238:
224:
212:
17:
2422:American-East Asian Relations: A Survey
1950:
1854:
1848:
1606:
1449:
1043:– British colony (1825–1957), formerly
399:
3147:
2402:Macnair, Harley F. & Donald Lach.
2321:(1967), diplomacy during World War I.
1419:
2578:
2397:Eastern Asia: an introductory history
2270:Clyde, Paul H., and Burton F. Beers.
2159:
2014:
1646:"The History of Christianity in Asia"
924:Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia
3077:Postcolonial international relations
2570:Anglo-Siamese Treaty - May 13, 1909
2399:(Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992).
2017:"A Very Small Part of World Affairs"
1983:de Mendonha e Cunha, Helder (1971).
1953:"The 1901–1902 Holy Man's Rebellion"
1827:
1539:"Colonial History of Southeast Asia"
1420:LePoer, Barbara Leitch, ed. (1987).
1343:(Roberts, 2007 PDF image 173 p. 166)
1286:
963:) – Spanish colony from 1565 to 1898
119:. This demand led to the arrival of
3018:— Predecessors of sovereign states
2441:Ness, Immanuel, and Zak Cope, eds.
818:, all of which were also defeated.
757:territories, the French controlled
13:
2465:(Scribner, 1904); primary source;
2265:A short history of South-East Asia
2226:
1930:National Museum of Natural History
1454:. National University of Singapore
1209:– British protectorate (1888–1984)
1199:– British protectorate (1888–1946)
1179:– British protectorate (1888–1946)
1133:– British protectorate (1914–1946)
1127:– British protectorate (1909–1946)
1121:– British protectorate (1909–1946)
1115:– British protectorate (1909–1946)
1109:– British protectorate (1909–1946)
1089:– British protectorate (1888–1957)
1083:– British protectorate (1874–1957)
1077:– British protectorate (1874–1957)
1071:– British protectorate (1874–1957)
825:’ (taken from a line in a poem by
671:
640:first Sumatran punitive expedition
628:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
495:Peace with France and Spain (1783)
371:in the region, was established in
14:
3176:
2563:
2250:(Rowman & Littlefield, 1999).
2101:West African Journal of Education
1648:. OMF International. 25 July 2014
1572:Science and Civilisation in China
1318:East Asia–United States relations
1277:– French protectorate (1893–1953)
1271:– French protectorate (1863–1953)
1265:– French protectorate (1883–1948)
1259:– French protectorate (1883–1948)
1231:(1887–1953; now the countries of
991:Dutch East India Company takeover
853:built in what is now Jakarta, by
642:of 1832, which was followed by a
595:East Asia–United States relations
448:
3039:Sovereign states formation dates
2490:(City University Press HK, 2020)
2338:(2017) a major scholarly survey
2255:Chinese Political Science Review
791:declared Philippine independence
489:, turned their attention to the
3155:History of European colonialism
2132:
2119:
2106:
2093:
2080:
2067:
1911:
1736:Origins of Shareholder Advocacy
1727:
1685:
1660:
1638:
1363:
1346:
1330:
3130:Decolonization of public space
2497:(John Wiley & Sons, 2015).
2267:(John Wiley & Sons, 2017).
2139:Pankaj Mishra (27 July 2012).
1624:. University of Hawaii Press.
1580:
1566:India in the Fifteenth Century
1562:"The travels of Niccolo Conti"
1553:
1541:. Slide Share. 8 November 2011
1531:
1509:
1466:
1443:
1413:
1391:
878:were all early trading posts.
517:, under the administration of
485:, in the guise of the British
339:. In 1619, acting through the
209:Ternatean-Portuguese conflicts
184:
1:
2945:Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian)
2372:(2d ed. Cambridge UP, 2017).
2331:(2006), for secondary schools
1964:. JSS Vol.62.1e (digital): 38
1828:Trow, Charles Edward (1905).
1568:, Hakluyt Society, p. 27
1385:
603:(usually in reference to the
509:. In 1786, the settlement of
457:, as the British founded the
343:, the Dutch took the city of
205:Acehnese-Portuguese conflicts
167:Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893
3125:Christianity and colonialism
1834:The old shipmasters of Salem
1738:. Springer. pp. 29–60.
1517:"Patterns Of A Colonial Age"
1189:– British colony (1946–1963)
1173:– British colony (1848–1946)
1163:– British colony (1946–1963)
1161:Crown Colony of North Borneo
1037:– British colony (1819–1963)
1031:– British colony (1786–1957)
391:Introduction of Christianity
171:Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
7:
3093:Decolonization of knowledge
3016:Wars of national liberation
2543:The British in the Far East
2410:, 780pp; focus on 1900-1950
2025:Journal of the Siam Society
1996:. JSS Vol. 059.2g (digital)
1993:Journal of the Siam Society
1961:Journal of the Siam Society
1919:"1b. Harris Treaty of 1856"
1311:
1253:– French colony (1862–1949)
797:the following year. In the
632:punitive expedition of 1831
416:, marking the beginning of
286:, who had sailed round the
10:
3181:
2361:Hodge, Carl Cavanagh, ed.
2346:History of South East Asia
654:, who in 1833 secured the
652:diplomatist Edmund Roberts
624:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
592:
471:British East India Company
459:British East India Company
408:The arrival of British in
347:, renamed it Batavia (now
201:Malay-Portuguese conflicts
198:
188:
3165:History of Southeast Asia
3085:
3047:
3006:
2871:
2791:
2763:
2754:
2719:
2667:
2627:
2620:
2307:(Cengage Learning, 2013).
2295:Americans in Eastern Asia
2239:Bayly, Christopher Alan.
2075:Pacific Historical Review
2028:. JSS Vol.53.1e (digital)
1951:Murdoch, John B. (1974).
1926:Royal Gifts from Thailand
1868:. Harper & Brothers.
1560:R. H. Major, ed. (1857),
1519:. Encyclopedia britannica
1426:Thailand: A Country Study
1378:(Crawfurd image 48. p.30)
1358:Republic of Taiwan (1895)
939:List of European colonies
889:
795:First Philippine Republic
692:, image taken before 1927
463:French East India Company
323:with the conquest of the
97:European colonization of
2408:1950 edition online free
2382:(Praeger, 2003), 304 pp
2015:Oblas, Peter B. (1965).
1323:
1097:Unfederated Malay States
656:Roberts Treaty with Siam
589:Early United States role
455:Dutch East India Company
341:Dutch East India Company
3034:Independence referendum
2276:online 3rd edition 1958
2246:Christensen, Thomas J.
2191:Norman G. Owen (2005).
2047:Norman G. Owen (2005).
1744:10.1057/9780230116665_2
1618:Norman G. Owen (2005).
1187:Crown Colony of Sarawak
816:Republic of Katagalugan
804:Philippine–American War
799:Treaty of Paris of 1898
781:was a precursor to the
763:Netherlands East Indies
726:The phenomenon denoted
638:also ordered America's
583:first Anglo-Burmese War
479:Siam–England war (1687)
414:Third Anglo-Burmese War
321:maritime Southeast Asia
2551:Wunderlich, Jens-Uwe.
2534:Wesseling, Hendrik L.
2527:Thomson, James et al.
2370:A History of East Asia
2351:Hibbert, Christopher.
2310:Elson, Robert Edward.
1698:. Oxford scholarship.
1570:Discussed in Needham,
1059:Federated Malay States
977:Netherlands New Guinea
858:
823:The White Man's Burden
785:(1896–1898). When the
769:managed to hold on to
761:, the Dutch ruled the
723:
717:Da Lat railway station
709:
693:
669:
445:
433:
421:
274:
254:
236:
222:
92:
2413:Matray, James I, ed.
2236:(Cambridge UP, 2015).
2116:63.6 (1972): 259-262.
2090:40.5 (2012): 789-805.
2077:45.4 (1976): 495-517.
1588:"About the Silk Road"
1399:"About the Silk Road"
987:Portuguese Insulíndia
849:
842:Role of the Europeans
808:Republic of Zamboanga
783:Philippine Revolution
719:, Lâm Đồng Province,
715:
699:
679:
664:
593:Further information:
579:British rule in Burma
439:
427:
418:British rule in Burma
407:
367:, possibly the first
261:Spanish missionaries
260:
242:
230:Afonso de Albuquerque
228:
216:
178:Industrial Revolution
22:European colonisation
21:
3062:Internal colonialism
1422:"The Crisis of 1893"
1371:statistical analysis
793:and established the
787:Spanish–American War
613:Salem, Massachusetts
548:spheres of influence
400:Industrialised phase
325:Sultanate of Malacca
219:Dutch–Portuguese War
3120:Uncontacted peoples
2971:Mostly contiguous:
2845:settler colonialism
2810:Chartered companies
2547:online free to read
2517:Raghavan, Srinath.
2510:Ricklefs, Merle C.
2506:online free to read
2483:39 (1968): 120-138.
2455:(Greenwood, 2001).
2388:McCloud, Donald G.
2368:Holcombe, Charles.
2357:online free to read
2323:online free to read
2257:1.1 (2016): 47-59.
2129:26 (1976): 143-166.
2103:15.1 (1971): 21-33.
1430:Library of Congress
1305:British possessions
1019:Straits Settlements
957:Spanish East Indies
835:Franco-Prussian war
680:Plywood factory in
644:punitive expedition
519:Sir John Macpherson
503:Government of India
440:British logging in
271:Spanish East Indies
244:Cornelis de Houtman
95:The first phase of
40:Spanish East Indies
24:of Southeast Asia
3115:Indigenous peoples
2858:Non-self-governing
2555:(Routledge, 2016)
2541:Woodcock, George,
2538:(Routledge, 2015).
2514:(Macmillan, 1981).
2486:Price, Rohan B.E.
2481:Past & Present
2476:(Routledge, 2016).
2451:Nimmo, William F.
2424:(Harvard UP, 1972)
2395:Mackerras, Colin.
2392:(Routledge, 2018).
2334:Green, Michael J.
2327:Flynn, Matthew J.
2243:(Routledge, 2016).
1049:Portuguese Malacca
916:self-determination
859:
812:Republic of Negros
724:
710:
694:
575:Anglo-Dutch treaty
487:East India Company
446:
434:
422:
412:in 1885 after the
275:
255:
237:
223:
191:Portuguese Malacca
93:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
2923:Overseas, minor:
2885:Overseas, major:
2750:
2749:
2687:European colonies
2438:(Routledge, 2018)
2431:(Routledge, 2007)
2427:Miller, David Y.
2314:(Springer, 2016).
2293:Dennett, Tyler.
2280:Cohen, Warren I.
2204:978-0-8248-2890-5
2060:978-0-8248-2890-5
1753:978-1-349-29072-7
1631:978-0-8248-2890-5
1287:Independent state
969:Dutch East Indies
753:and the northern
690:Dutch East Indies
605:Malay Archipelago
288:Cape of Good Hope
280:Niccolò de' Conti
253:(c. 16th century)
49:Dutch East Indies
3172:
3160:Christianization
3086:Related concepts
3027:in South America
2935:Austro-Hungarian
2873:Colonial empires
2783:Age of Discovery
2773:Maritime history
2761:
2760:
2625:
2624:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2445:(2 vol. 2016)
2319:The China Tangle
2209:
2208:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2136:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2097:
2091:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2021:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1932:. 14 March 2013
1923:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1784:(August 2006) .
1778:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1673:. John Roxborogh
1672:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1615:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1584:
1578:
1569:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1452:"Empire in Asia"
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1395:
1379:
1367:
1361:
1350:
1344:
1334:
1229:French Indochina
1219:(1702–1975; now
1217:Portuguese Timor
1047:(1641–1825) and
926:, and later the
855:Andries Beeckman
771:Portuguese Timor
721:French Indochina
706:French Indochina
567:Stamford Raffles
563:Seven Years' War
365:Lanfang Republic
361:Overseas Chinese
163:unequal treaties
155:French Indochina
81:
64:
58:French Indochina
55:
46:
37:
31:Portuguese Timor
28:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3134:
3081:
3067:Nation-building
3049:Postcolonialism
3043:
3002:
2875:
2867:
2840:detribalization
2815:Interventionism
2787:
2756:
2746:
2715:
2663:
2616:
2603:
2566:
2493:Reid, Anthony.
2461:Norman, Henry.
2317:Feis, Herbert.
2263:Church, Peter.
2229:
2227:Further reading
2212:
2205:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2147:. Guardian News
2137:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2019:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1876:
1853:
1849:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1800:
1779:
1775:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1616:
1607:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1487:10.2307/2212641
1471:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1368:
1364:
1356:(1869) and the
1354:Republic of Ezo
1351:
1347:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1314:
1289:
1283:
1081:Negeri Sembilan
941:
892:
844:
827:Rudyard Kipling
728:New Imperialism
674:
672:New Imperialism
660:Townsend Harris
597:
591:
581:began with the
555:Napoleonic Wars
543:Napoleonic Wars
531:
523:Malay Peninsula
469:Initially, the
451:
402:
393:
381:tributary state
373:West Kalimantan
269:convert in the
234:Malacca in 1511
232:, conqueror of
211:
197:
189:Main articles:
187:
91:
79:
77:
62:
60:
53:
51:
44:
42:
35:
33:
26:
23:
12:
11:
5:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3072:Neocolonialism
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3012:
3010:
3008:Decolonization
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2882:
2880:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2769:
2767:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2720:Decolonization
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2699:Southeast Asia
2691:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2614:neocolonialism
2610:decolonization
2602:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2564:External links
2562:
2561:
2560:
2549:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2515:
2508:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2459:
2449:
2439:
2434:Neher, Clark.
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2406:(2nd ed 1955)
2400:
2393:
2386:
2376:
2366:
2359:
2349:
2342:
2332:
2325:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2291:
2285:
2284:(5th ed. 2010)
2278:
2268:
2261:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2228:
2225:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2183:
2158:
2131:
2118:
2114:Social Studies
2105:
2092:
2079:
2066:
2059:
2039:
2007:
1975:
1943:
1910:
1874:
1860:"Introduction"
1847:
1830:"Introduction"
1820:
1798:
1782:Crawfurd, John
1773:
1752:
1726:
1712:
1684:
1659:
1637:
1630:
1605:
1579:
1552:
1530:
1508:
1481:(4): 297–304.
1465:
1442:
1412:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1362:
1345:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1297:Southeast Asia
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1225:
1224:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1197:Raj of Sarawak
1191:
1190:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1143:British Borneo
1139:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1038:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1001:British Malaya
997:
996:
995:
994:
981:
980:
965:
964:
953:
952:
940:
937:
891:
888:
843:
840:
673:
670:
636:Andrew Jackson
611:set sail from
590:
587:
530:
527:
493:following the
450:
449:Global players
447:
401:
398:
392:
389:
375:, present-day
186:
183:
99:Southeast Asia
78:
61:
52:
43:
34:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3177:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:Terra nullius
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2998:South African
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2753:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2384:online review
2381:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2344:Hall, D.G.E.
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2011:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1979:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1947:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1900:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1875:9780608404066
1871:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1799:9788120612372
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1769:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1715:
1713:9780191676734
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1669:
1663:
1647:
1641:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1602:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1540:
1534:
1518:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1453:
1450:Aloysius Ng.
1446:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:(now part of
1144:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1045:Dutch Malacca
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:(now part of
1002:
999:
998:
992:
988:
985:
984:
983:
982:
978:
974:
970:
967:
966:
962:
958:
955:
954:
950:
946:
945:British Burma
943:
942:
936:
932:
929:
925:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:British India
896:
887:
883:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
856:
852:
851:Dutch Batavia
848:
839:
836:
830:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:Cavite Mutiny
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
718:
714:
707:
703:
698:
691:
687:
683:
678:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
646:in 1838. The
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:
614:
610:
606:
602:
596:
586:
585:(1824–1826).
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:Spanish areas
556:
551:
549:
544:
540:
535:
526:
524:
520:
516:
515:Francis Light
512:
508:
507:Francis Light
504:
500:
499:Penang Island
496:
492:
491:Bay of Bengal
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
464:
460:
456:
443:
438:
431:
426:
419:
415:
411:
406:
397:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:in 1511. The
326:
322:
318:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
284:Vasco da Gama
281:
273:, circa 1890.
272:
268:
264:
259:
252:
248:
245:
241:
235:
231:
227:
220:
215:
210:
206:
202:
196:
192:
182:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:kings of Siam
156:
152:
151:British Burma
148:
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
100:
89:
85:
76:
72:
68:
67:British Burma
59:
50:
41:
32:
20:
16:
3097:
3057:Independence
2793:Colonization
2698:
2669:Colonization
2659:World oceans
2606:Colonization
2552:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2518:
2511:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2462:
2452:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2417:(2 vol 2002)
2414:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2379:
2369:
2365:(2 vol 2007)
2362:
2352:
2345:
2335:
2328:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2294:
2281:
2271:
2264:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2219:
2213:
2193:
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2149:. Retrieved
2145:The Guardian
2144:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2095:
2087:
2082:
2074:
2069:
2049:
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2023:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1991:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1959:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1925:
1922:(exhibition)
1913:
1887:. Retrieved
1864:
1850:
1833:
1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1789:
1776:
1735:
1729:
1717:. Retrieved
1694:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1640:
1620:
1599:
1592:. Retrieved
1582:
1571:
1565:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1511:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1456:. Retrieved
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1425:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1393:
1374:
1365:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1302:
1282:
1177:North Borneo
933:
920:
908:nation state
897:
893:
884:
880:
860:
831:
820:
744:
725:
700:Workshop in
665:
647:
634:. President
618:
598:
569:established
552:
536:
532:
475:Josiah Child
468:
452:
442:North Borneo
394:
345:Sunda Kelapa
315:
292:
276:
175:
96:
94:
15:
2955:New Zealand
2820:Colonialism
2805:Imperialism
2765:Exploration
2628:Exploration
2299:online free
2176:13 December
2151:13 December
2032:7 September
1889:16 February
1813:10 February
1719:13 December
1677:13 December
1652:13 December
1545:13 December
1523:13 December
1458:14 December
1435:14 December
1405:13 December
1251:Cochinchine
1099:(1885–1946)
1061:(1895–1946)
1051:(1511–1641)
1021:(1826–1946)
979:until 1962)
961:Philippines
912:nationalist
777:, the 1872
775:Philippines
601:East Indies
565:. In 1819,
511:George Town
432:circa 1900.
385:Qing Empire
337:Philippines
329:Netherlands
249:arrival in
185:Early phase
3149:Categories
3105:Plantation
2930:Australian
2912:Portuguese
2878:modern era
2825:chronology
2711:Antarctica
2655:Antarctica
2172:. UKEssays
2000:6 February
1936:9 February
1386:References
1221:East Timor
1125:Terengganu
708:circa 1935
648:Friendship
619:Friendship
199:See also:
121:Portuguese
3022:in Europe
2960:Norwegian
2863:Dependent
2856:Current:
2801:Antiquity
2621:By region
1899:cite book
1762:cite book
1503:246007886
1035:Singapore
1009:Singapore
973:Indonesia
959:(now the
876:Singapore
773:. In the
759:Indochina
571:Singapore
473:, led by
430:Singapore
377:Indonesia
263:baptising
2983:Japanese
2973:American
2925:American
2777:European
2727:Americas
2677:Americas
2635:Americas
2274:(1975)
1884:12212199
1858:(1837).
1808:03452414
1590:. UNESCO
1401:. Unesco
1312:See also
1269:Cambodia
1237:Cambodia
1147:Malaysia
1119:Kelantan
1075:Selangor
1005:Malaysia
928:Cold War
814:and the
767:Portugal
410:Mandalay
369:republic
317:Portugal
311:cinnamon
169:and the
109:cinnamon
88:Thailand
3110:Settler
2993:Russian
2988:Ottoman
2978:Chinese
2965:Swedish
2940:Belgian
2917:Spanish
2907:Italian
2887:British
2876:in the
2835:empires
2830:history
2755:General
2742:Oceania
2706:Oceania
2650:Oceania
2557:excerpt
2545:(1969)
2523:excerpt
2521:(2018)
2504:(1965)
2457:excerpt
2447:excerpt
2374:excerpt
2355:(1970)
2340:excerpt
2297:(1922)
1968:2 April
1842:4669778
1594:6 April
1495:2212641
1233:Vietnam
1041:Malacca
949:Myanmar
872:Batavia
864:Malacca
857:c. 1656
736:Monthon
686:Sumatra
630:on the
561:in the
483:Britain
383:of the
379:, as a
357:Malacca
349:Jakarta
142:Malacca
137:British
125:Spanish
2950:Danish
2902:German
2897:French
2757:topics
2732:Africa
2682:Africa
2640:Africa
2612:, and
2467:online
2289:online
2259:online
2201:
2057:
1882:
1872:
1840:
1806:
1796:
1750:
1710:
1628:
1576:p. 452
1501:
1493:
1263:Tonkin
1207:Brunei
1171:Labuan
1151:Brunei
1107:Perlis
1087:Pahang
1029:Penang
890:Impact
868:Penang
810:, the
765:while
755:Borneo
751:Malaya
740:Mueang
682:Sabang
609:pepper
557:; and
541:. The
444:, 1926
303:nutmeg
299:cloves
295:pepper
251:Bantam
247:voyage
221:, 1606
207:, and
157:. The
135:, and
133:French
117:cloves
115:, and
113:nutmeg
105:pepper
82:
80:
75:Borneo
73:, and
71:Malaya
65:
63:
56:
54:
47:
45:
38:
36:
29:
27:
2892:Dutch
2020:(PDF)
1988:(PDF)
1956:(PDF)
1671:(PDF)
1499:S2CID
1491:JSTOR
1339:Macao
1324:Notes
1257:Annam
1131:Johor
1113:Kedah
1069:Perak
971:(now
904:China
747:Burma
702:Hanoi
333:Spain
129:Dutch
2850:wars
2737:Asia
2694:Asia
2645:Asia
2199:ISBN
2178:2018
2153:2018
2055:ISBN
2034:2013
2002:2014
1970:2013
1938:2014
1905:link
1891:2014
1880:OCLC
1870:ISBN
1838:OCLC
1815:2014
1804:OCLC
1794:ISBN
1768:link
1748:ISBN
1721:2018
1708:ISBN
1679:2018
1654:2018
1626:ISBN
1596:2018
1547:2018
1525:2018
1460:2018
1437:2018
1407:2018
1293:Siam
1275:Laos
1241:Laos
1239:and
1149:and
1007:and
902:and
874:and
732:Siam
684:off
353:Java
331:and
309:and
307:mace
267:Moro
193:and
153:and
147:Siam
84:Siam
1740:doi
1700:doi
1483:doi
505:by
173:.
3151::
2803:—
2657:—
2608:,
2161:^
2143:.
2022:.
1990:.
1958:.
1928:.
1924:.
1901:}}
1897:{{
1878:.
1862:.
1832:.
1802:.
1788:.
1764:}}
1760:{{
1746:.
1706:.
1608:^
1598:.
1574:,
1564:,
1497:.
1489:.
1477:.
1428:.
1424:.
1243:):
1235:,
1153:):
1011:):
918:.
870:,
866:,
749:,
704:,
688:,
525:.
481:.
305:,
301:,
297:,
265:a
203:,
131:,
127:,
123:,
111:,
107:,
69:,
2779:)
2775:(
2598:e
2591:t
2584:v
2559:.
2469:.
2207:.
2180:.
2155:.
2063:.
2036:.
2004:.
1972:.
1940:.
1907:)
1893:.
1844:.
1817:.
1770:)
1756:.
1742::
1723:.
1702::
1681:.
1656:.
1634:.
1549:.
1527:.
1505:.
1485::
1479:3
1462:.
1439:.
1409:.
1360:.
1223:)
993:.
951:)
420:.
90:)
86:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
