Human capital flight

1812:(POEA) run by the government that serves as both a source of overseas recruitment agreements and as a marketer of Philippine labour overseas, private nursing schools have acted as migration funnels, expanding enrolment, asserting control over the licensure process, and entering into business agreements with other overseas recruitment agencies. However, retaining qualified instructors and staff has been reported to be as problematic as retaining actual nurses, contributing to low exam pass rates (only 12 of 175 reporting schools had pass rates of 90% or higher in 2005, with an average pass rate of 42% across the country in 2006). Private schools have also begun to control licensure exam review centres, providing extra preparation for international qualification exams at extra cost and with no guarantee of success. It is estimated that between 1999 and 2006, US$ 700 million was spent on nursing education and licensure review courses by individuals who never took the licensing exams or completed the programming. 2152:. Many of them are looking for better employment opportunities elsewhere due to the political turmoil that has been going on in the past decades. In many cases, the flight of educated people from Colombia does not occur, due to a lack of economic resources from the people and no governmental support in any extracurricular endeavors (sports or liberal arts). Even though, Colombia has recently implemented programs to benefit people that have higher scores in the ICFES (a national exam mandated for every high-schooler in the country before graduation), such as the ICETEX (Instituto Colombiano de Crédito Educativo y Estudios Técnicos en el Exterior) scholarships; many people who score highly on these mandate exams end up migrating to other countries for higher education. Some may argue, including those who have scored highly in the ICFES, that they are taking the place of someone less fortunate who deserves, wants and will use an ICETEX scholarship. 1761:. As part of reconstruction efforts for the newly independent state, education of nurses was encouraged to combat the low ratio of 1 nurse per 12,000 Filipinos and to help raise national health care standards. However Roxas, having spent his last three years as the secretary of finance and chairman of the National Economic Council and a number of other Filipino companies, was particularly concerned with the country's financial (rather than health) problems. The lack of government funding for rural community clinics and hospitals, as well as low wages, continued to perpetuate low retention rates for nurses in rural areas and slow economic recovery. When the United States relaxed their Immigration Act laws in 1965, labour export emerged as a possible solution for the Philippines. 298:

the country of origin. Migration leads to lower levels of terrorism. Return migration from countries with liberal gender norms has been associated with the transfer of liberal gender norms to the home country. A 2009 study finds that foreigners educated in democracies foster democracy in their home countries. Studies find that leaders who were educated in the West are significantly more likely to improve their country's prospects of implementing democracy. A 2016 study found that Chinese immigrants exposed to Western media censored in China became more critical of their home government's performance on the issues covered in the media and less trusting in official discourse. A 2014 study found that remittances decreased corruption in democratic states.

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to the Immigration Act. The clause encouraged migration of skilled labour into sectors experiencing a shortage, particularly nursing, as well relaxing restrictions on race and origin. This was seen as an opportunity for mass labour exportation by the Philippine government, and was followed by a boom in public and private nursing educational programs. Seeking access through the Exchange Visitors Program (EVP) sponsored by the US government, workers were encouraged to go abroad to learn more skills and earn higher pay, sending remittance payments back home. As nursing was a highly feminized profession, labour migrants through the beginning of the 1980s were predominantly female and young (25–30 years of age).

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programs. Studies comparing wages of Philippine nurses at home and abroad from 2005 to 2010, showed at-home nurses receiving US$ 170 per month, or $ 2,040 per annum, compared to US$ 3,000–4,000 per month in the US, or $ 36,000–48,000 per annum. Philippine physician salaries for those working at home are not much more competitive; they earn on average US$ 300–800 per month, or US$ 3,600–9,600 per annum. Although it is important to note along with such discrepancies that the costs of living are also higher in the US, and that remittance payment transfers back home are not free, there is still evidently a large economic pull to studying as a nurse and migrating overseas.

1524:"first in brain drain among 61 developing and less developed countries (LDCs)". In the early 1990s, more than 150,000 Iranians emigrated, and an estimated 25% of Iranians with post-secondary education were residing in developed countries of the OECD. In 2009, the IMF reported that 150,000–180,000 Iranians emigrate annually, with up to 62% of Iran's academic elite having emigrated, and that the yearly exodus is equivalent to an annual capital loss of $ 50 billion. Better possibilities for job markets is thought to be the motivation for absolute majority of the human capital flight while a small few stated their reasons as in search of more social or political freedom. 960: 386:. On 7 January 1492, the King ordered the expulsion of all the Jews from Spain—from the kingdoms of Castile and León (Kingdoms of Galicia, Leon, Old Castile, New Castile or Toledo), Navarra and Aragon (Aragon, Principality of Catalonia, Kingdoms of Valencia, Mallorca and the Rousillon and the two Sicilies). Before that, the Queen had also expelled them from the four Kingdoms of Andalusia (Seville, Cordova, Jaén and Granada). Their departure contributed to economic decline in some regions of Spain. Thus, the conservative aristocracy consolidated its power over these newly acquired territories while contributing to their decline. 241:

data on historical migrations to the United States, one study finds "that a doubling of the number of residents with ancestry from a given foreign country relative to the mean increases by 4.2 percentage points the probability that at least one local firm invests in that country, and increases by 31% the number of employees at domestic recipients of FDI from that country. The size of these effects increases with the ethnic diversity of the local population, the geographic distance to the origin country, and the ethno-linguistic fractionalization of the origin country." Emigrants have been found to significantly boost

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later left is unclear. According to public opinion polls, the main motives for leaving Israel have not been the political and security situation, but include desire for higher living standards, pursuit of work opportunities and/or professional advancement, and higher education. Many Israelis with degrees in scientific or engineering fields have emigrated abroad, largely due to lack of job opportunities. From Israel's establishment in May 1948 to December 2006, about 400,000 doctors and academics left Israel. In 2009, Israel's Council for Higher Education informed the

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well over double Haiti's $ 670 per capita GDP. A study on remittances to Mexico found that remittances lead to a substantial increase in the availability of public services in Mexico, surpassing government spending in some localities. A 2017 study found that remittances can significantly alleviate poverty after natural disasters. Research shows that more educated and higher earning emigrants remit more. Some research shows that the remittance effect is not strong enough to make the remaining natives in countries with high emigration flows better off. A 2016

2175:, where another 1,700 doctors work, it is stated that as many as 500 doctors may have fled the missions in the years preceding 2007 into countries nearby. This number increased dramatically, with 1,289 visas being given to Cuban medical professionals in the United States alone in 2014, with the majority of Cuban medical personnel fleeing from Venezuela due to poor social conditions and not receiving adequate payment; the Cuban government allegedly receives the majority of payments while some doctors are left with about $ 100 per month in earnings. 27: 1413:. Ghana currently has about 3,600 doctors—one for every 6,700 inhabitants. This compares with one doctor per 430 people in the United States. Many of the country's trained doctors and nurses leave to work in countries such as Britain, the United States, Jamaica and Canada. It is estimated that up to 68% of the country's trained medical staff left between 1993 and 2000, and according to Ghana's official statistics institute, in the period 1999 to 2004, 448 doctors, or 54% of those trained in the period, left to work abroad. 1927:

media, in 2009, 65,000 Chinese secured immigration or permanent resident status in the United States, 25,000 in Canada and 15,000 in Australia. The largest group of emigrants consists of professionals and experts with a middle-class background, raising concerns about a "brain drain" of the people who contribute most to the development of China. According to a 2007 study, seven out of every ten students who enroll in an overseas university never return to live in their homeland.

2201:. In 2009, it was estimated that more than 1 million Venezuelans emigrated since Hugo Chávez became president. It has been calculated that from 1998 to 2013, over 1.5 million Venezuelans, between 4% and 6% of the Venezuela's total population, left the country following the Bolivarian Revolution. Academics and business leaders have stated that emigration from Venezuela increased significantly during the last years of Chávez's presidency and especially during the presidency of 1592: 1207: 10688: 1774:

aggressively furthered their educational programs under Ferdinand Marcos, president at the time. Although complete statistical data are difficult to collect, studies done in the 1970s show 13,500 nurses (or 85% of all Filipino nurses) had left the country to pursue work elsewhere. Additionally, the number of existing public and private nursing school programs multiplied from a reported 17 nursing schools in 1950, to 140 nursing schools in 1970.

1194:, and decreasing unemployment (which fell from 14.2% in May 2006 to 8% in March 2008), the flight of Polish workers slowed. In 2008 and early 2009 people who came back outnumbered those leaving the country. The exodus is likely to continue, however. According to IMF, the emigration of high skilled labour has adversely affected growth in Eastern Europe and slowed down convergence in per capita income between high and low income EU countries. 9899: 1249:. In 1991, people started emigrating to Italy and Greece, and then began going farther, to the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. In the last ten years, educated people and professionals have been leaving the country and going to other countries where they feel they can have improved possibilities for better and secure lives. This is a concern for Albania as well, as it is losing its skilled workers and professionals. 10699: 207:

one year in New Zealand) relative to the unsuccessful lottery entrants. A 2017 study of Mexican immigrant households in the United States found that by virtue of moving to the United States, the households increase their incomes more than fivefold immediately. The study also found that the "average gains accruing to migrants surpass those of even the most successful current programs of economic development."

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finds that emigration has mixed effects on innovation in the sending country, boosting the number of important innovations but reducing the number of average inventions. A 2019 paper found that emigration from Fiji led to a net increase in skill stocks in Fiji, as citizens increased their education attainment. A 2019 analysis found that emigration of youths from Italy led to a reduction in innovation.

189:(UCLouvain) economist Frederic Docquier, human capital flight has an adverse effect on most developing countries, even if it can be beneficial for some developing countries. Whether a country experiences a "brain gain" or "brain drain" depends on factors such as composition of migration, level of development, and demographic aspects including its population size, language and geographic location. 162:. Another source indicates that this term was first used in the United Kingdom to describe the influx of Indian scientists and engineers. Although the term originally referred to technology workers leaving a nation, the meaning has broadened into "the departure of educated or professional people from one country, economic sector, or field for another, usually for better pay or living conditions". 1401:

growth was expected to outpace that of Asia. This, together with increased development, introduction of technologies such as faster internet access and mobile phones, a better-educated population, and the environment for business driven by new tech start-up companies, has resulted in many expatriates from Africa returning to their home countries, and more Africans staying at home to work.

1363:"In our world in which the generation of new knowledge and its application to change the human condition is the engine which moves human society further away from barbarism, do we not have need to recall Africa's hundreds of thousands of intellectuals back from their places of emigration in Western Europe and North America, to rejoin those who remain still within our shores! 1546:'s Education Committee that 25% of Israel's academics were living overseas, and that Israel had the highest human capital flight rate in the world. However, an OECD estimate put the highly educated Israeli emigrant rate at 5.3 per 1,000 highly educated Israelis, meaning that Israel actually retains more of its highly educated population than many other developed countries. 1570:. About one million Arab experts and specialists were living in developed countries, and the rate of return was extremely low. The reasons for this included attraction to opportunities in technical and scientific fields in the West and an absence of job opportunities in the Arab world, as well as wars and political turmoil that have plagued many Arab nations. 1044:

leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons, testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material. He stated, "the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase." The direct cost of labour force losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion, with East German party leader

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academics, researchers, technical professionals and business managers, began returning in record numbers. The country launched additional programs to open new opportunities in scientific fields to encourage Israeli scientists and researchers living abroad to return home. These initiatives have since succeeded in luring many Israeli scientists back home.

181:, it has not been shown that restrictions on high-skill emigration reduce shortages in the countries of origin. According to development economist Justin Sandefur, "there is no study out there... showing any empirical evidence that migration restrictions have contributed to development." Hein de Haas, Professor of Sociology at the 1110:

listen on foreign stock exchanges. This trend contributes to a brain drain and the relocation of innovative firms outside the EU. Promising companies and talent to relocate overseas. This undermines the local business environment and hampers Europe's capacity to retain industry leaders and foster new technological advancements.

1278:. In later decades, into the 2000s, many Turkish professionals emigrated, and students studying overseas chose to remain abroad, mainly due to better economic opportunities. This human capital flight was given national media attention, and in 2000, the government formed a task force to investigate the "brain drain" problem. 704:

were fired for political reasons. As over 60% of fired scientists emigrated, Grüttner argues that Germany lost even more than the sheer number of dismissed scientists would suggest as top scientists were disproportionately represented among the emigrees. When taking into consideration both those who won

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sent home may be seen as more economically valuable than pursuit of local work. Around the turn of the 20th century, the average monthly wage of Filipino nurses who remained in their home country was between 550–1,000 pesos per month (roughly US$ 70–140 at that time). In comparison, the average nurse

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The EU lags significantly behind the US and China in venture capital investments, with the EU capturing only 5% of global venture capital compared to 52% in the US and 40% in China. A high percentage of EU scale-ups involve foreign lead investors, and many end up being acquired by foreign entities or

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Research also suggests that emigration, remittances and return migration can have a positive effect on political institutions and democratization in the country of origin. Research shows that exposure to emigrants boosts turnout. Research also shows that remittances can lower the risk of civil war in

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increased the wages of remaining young workers in the country of origin by 6%, while it had no effect on the wages of old workers. The wages of Lithuanian men increased as a result of post-EU enlargement emigration. Return migration is associated with greater household firm revenues. A study from the

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increase living standards in the country of origin. Remittances are a large share of GDP in many developing countries, and have been shown to increase the wellbeing of receiving families. In the case of Haiti, the 670,000 adult Haitians living in the OECD sent home about $ 1,700 per migrant per year,

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in February 2022, there was a major exodus of skilled workers and potential draftees. Most international companies operating in Russia departed, taking their skilled experts with them. Studies report that this would have a demographic effect especially in Russia lasting much longer than the conflict

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in developing countries." Some research suggests that emigration causes an increase in the wages of those who remain in the country of origin. A 2014 survey of the existing literature on emigration finds that a 10 percent emigrant supply shock would increase wages in the sending country by 2–5.5%. A

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Some research suggests that migration (both low- and high-skilled) is beneficial both to the receiving and exporting countries, while other research suggests detrimental effect on the country of origin. According to one study, welfare increases in both types of countries: "welfare impact of observed

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Research shows that there are significant economic benefits of human capital flight for the migrants themselves and for the receiving country. The consequences for the country of origin are less straightforward, with research suggesting they can be positive, negative or mixed. Research also suggests

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New Zealand enjoys immigration of qualified foreigners, potentially leaving a net gain of skills. Nevertheless, one reason for New Zealand's attempt to target immigration at 1% of its population per year is because of its high rate of emigration, which leaves its migration balance either neutral or

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Since the 1960s and 1970s, the Philippines has been the largest supplier of nurses to the United States, in addition to export labour supplied to the UK and Saudi Arabia. In 1965, with a recovering post-WWII economy and facing labour shortages, the United States introduced a new occupational clause

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In 2023, it was reported that over 4,000 Indonesians acquired Singaporean citizenship between 2019 and 2022. Most of these are young people, students in the ages 25 - 35 and degree holders. The main reasons given were better job prospects, scholarships, better healthcare, higher salaries and a good

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A greater number of Indians were induced to enroll in computer science programs in order to move to the United States; however, a large number of these Indians never moved to the United States (due to caps in the H-1B program) or returned to India after the completion of their visas. One 2011 study

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found that Swedish emigration to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th century strengthened the labour movement and increased left-wing politics and voting trends. The authors argue that the ability to emigrate strengthened the bargaining position of labour, as well as provided exit

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Studies show that the elimination of barriers to migration would have profound effects on world GDP, with estimates of gains ranging between 67 and 147.3%. Research also finds that migration leads to greater trade in goods and services between the sending and receiving countries. Using 130 years of

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titled "Venezuelan Community Abroad. A New Method of Exile" states that the Venezuelan refugee crisis was caused by the "deterioration of both the economy and the social fabric, rampant crime, uncertainty and lack of hope for a change in leadership in the near future". The study states that of the

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In 2012, human capital flight was showing signs of reversing, with many young students choosing to stay and more individuals from abroad returning. In particular, many young professionals are becoming entrepreneurs and starting their own businesses rather than going abroad to work for companies in

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later claiming that West Germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation, including reparations as well as labour force losses. In addition, the drain of East Germany's young population potentially cost it over 22.5 billion marks in lost educational investment. In August 1961, East Germany erected a

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stated that the "German universities suffered a loss of 20.5% of their teaching staff" after the Nazi seizure of power. He estimates that about 70% of fired scientists lost their position because of Jewish or "non-Aryan" ancestry, 10% lost their position because they were married to a Jew, and 20%

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anti-poverty program, for instance, helps poor people make in a year what is the equivalent of working one day in the developed world. Research on a migration lottery that allowed Tongans to move to New Zealand found that the lottery winners saw a 263% increase in income from migrating (after only

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It was estimated in December 2012 that 170,000 New Zealanders had left for Australia since the Key government came to power in late 2008. However, this net migration was reversed soon after, with a net migration gain of 1,933 people achieved in 2016. Economist Paul Bloxham described New Zealand's

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With rapid GDP growth and a higher degree of openness towards the rest of the world, there has been an upsurge in Chinese emigration to Western countries—particularly the United States, Canada and Australia. As of 2013, 4% of the world's migrants came from China. According to the official Chinese

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The rapid but small-scale departure of highly skilled workers from Southeastern Europe has caused concern about those nations developing deeper integration in the European Union. This has given rise to programs to curb the outflow by encouraging skilled technicians and scientists to remain in the

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later stated, "We were scared, really scared. We were afraid the thaw might unleash a flood, which we wouldn't be able to control and which could drown us. How could it drown us? It could have overflowed the banks of the Soviet riverbed and formed a tidal wave which would have washed away all the

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Mid-19th century Eastern European migration was significantly shaped by religious factors. The Jewish minority experienced strong discrimination in the Russian Empire during this period, which reached its maximum in the pogrom waves of the 1880s. During the 1880s, the mass exodus of more than two

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Research finds that emigration and low migration barriers has net positive effects on human capital formation and innovation in the sending countries. This means that there is a "brain gain" instead of a "brain drain" to emigration. One study finds that sending countries benefit indirectly in the

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The evidence suggests that, in the 1990s, Canada did lose some of its homegrown talent to the US. Nevertheless, Canada hedged against these losses by attracting more highly skilled workers from abroad. This allowed the country to realize a net brain gain as more professionals entered Canada than

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In addition, the majority of Israelis who emigrate eventually return after extended periods abroad. In 2007, the Israeli government began a program to encourage Israelis living abroad to return; since then, the number of returning Israelis has doubled, and in 2010, Israeli expatriates, including

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has experienced varying levels of emigration throughout its history, with the majority of Israeli expatriates moving to the United States. Currently, some 330,000 native-born Israelis (including 230,000 Israeli Jews) are estimated to be living abroad, while the number of immigrants to Israel who

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African human capital flight has begun to reverse itself due to rapid growth and development in many African nations, and the emergence of an African middle class. Between 2001 and 2010, six of the world's ten fastest-growing economies were in Africa, and between 2011 and 2015, Africa's economic

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I dream of the day when these, the African mathematicians and computer specialists in Washington and New York, the African physicists, engineers, doctors, business managers and economists, will return from London and Manchester and Paris and Brussels to add to the African pool of brain power, to

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They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are

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A 2021 study found that migration opportunities for Filipino nurses led to a net increase in human capital in the Philippines, thus contradicting the "brain drain" thesis. A 2017 paper found that the emigration opportunities to the United States for high-skilled Indians provided by the H-1B visa

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During the 2008 election campaign, the National Party campaigned on the ruling Labour Party's inability to keep New Zealanders at home, with a series of billboards announcing "Wave goodbye to higher taxes, not your loved ones". However, four years after the National Party won that election, the

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In the mid-2000s, Canada's resilient economy, strong domestic market, high standard of living, and considerable wage growth across a number of sectors, effectively ended the brain drain debate. Canada's economic success even prompted some top US talent to migrate north. Anecdotal evidence also

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and the resulting uncertainty that prevailed in the country for the thirty-year period prior to the end of the conflict in 2009. Most of these sought refuge in countries such as the United States, Australia, Canada and Great Britain. In recent years, many expatriates have indicated interest in

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However, scholars have noted that economic disparities in the Philippines have not been eased in the past decades. Although remittance payments account for a large portion of Filipino GDP (US$ 290.5 million in 1978, increased to US$ 10.7 billion in 2005), and are therefore regarded as a large

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A major cause of human capital flight in countries like Moldova and Ukraine is lack of economic opportunities and corruption. The higher economic class in the country, filled with local and Russian oligarchs, has control over the whole economic system. Young, educated people have few economic

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Discrepancies in wages between Philippine nurses working at home and those working abroad, as noted above, provide clear economic incentives for nurses to leave the country; however, physicians have also been lured into these promises of wealth through the creation of "Second Course" nursing

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Pursuing economic gains through labour migration over infrastructural financing and improvement, the Philippines still faced slow economic growth during the 1970s and 1980s. With continuously rising demand for nurses in the international service sector and overseas, the Philippine government

185:, describes the brain drain as a "myth", whilst political philosopher Adam James Tebble argues that more open borders aid both the economic and institutional development of poorer migrant sending countries, contrary to proponents of "brain-drain" critiques of migration. However, according to 1043:

director of Relations with Communist and Workers' Parties of Socialist Countries, decided on 28 August 1958 to write an urgent letter to the Central Committee about the 50% increase in the number of East German intelligentsia among the refugees. Andropov reported that, while the East German

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economic boost to the state, Filipino unemployment has continued to rise (8.4% in 1990, increased to 12.7% in 2003). Here scholars have begun to look at the culture of nurse migration endorsed by the Philippine state as a contributing factor to the country's economic and health problems.

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By 1976, the council had placed over 16,000 men and women. Between 1960 and 1979 over 17,000 engineers and scientists emigrated to the United States. However, the exodus of technically trained Canadians dropped from 27% of graduating classes in 1927 to under 10% in 1951 and 5% in 1967.

334:, carrying with them precious scrolls of literature, philosophy and, to a lesser degree, science. After the peace treaty between the Persian and the Byzantine empires in 532 guaranteed their personal security, some members of this group found sanctuary in the Pagan stronghold of 280:. Greater emigration of skilled workers consequently leads to greater economic growth and welfare improvements in the long-run. According to economist Michael Clemens, it has not been shown that restrictions on high-skill emigration reduce shortages in the countries of origin. 2134:

Regarding foreign scholars earning their degrees in the United States and returning to their home country, Danielle Guichard-Ashbrook of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has been quoted as stating "We educate them, but then we don't make it easy for them to stay".

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The process didn't stop, since the region that used to be the Western Block quickly recovered from the economic crisis caused by the World War and stabilized as reconstruction was completed so the bulk of businesses and capital flocked there, creating a systematic barrier.

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remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers. The Berlin sector border was essentially a "loophole" through which Eastern Bloc citizens could still emigrate. The 3.5 million East Germans, called

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In addition, 413 of the 35,536 recipients of the state and tax funded Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) did not return to Indonesia between 2013 and 2022. They were required to return and work in Indonesia for several years after they concluded their studies.

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returning to Sri Lanka, but have been deterred by slow economic growth and political instability. Both the government and private organizations are making efforts to encourage professionals to return to Sri Lanka and to retain resident intellectuals and professionals.

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has seen massive emigration since the 1980s, and most Indian scholars seek to settle abroad for better opportunities. Major push factors include a lack of research facilities, low ease of doing business, and fewer opportunities due to a lack of skills and innovation.

1182:, for example, has lost about 100,000 citizens since 2003, many of them young and well-educated, to emigration to Ireland in particular. (Ireland itself previously experienced high rates of human capital flight to the United States, Great Britain and Canada before the 97:

The flight of talented, creative and highly qualified employees from large corporations that occurs when employees perceive the direction and leadership of the company to be regressive, unstable or stagnant, and thus unable to satisfy their personal and professional

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region of the United States have experienced a "brain drain" of young college students migrating to urban areas in and outside of Appalachia for employment, political reasons and opportunities offered in urban areas that rural communities are currently unable to.

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The country as a whole does not experience large-scale human capital flight as compared with other countries, with an emigration rate of only 0.7 per 1,000 educated people, but it is often the destination of skilled workers migrating from elsewhere in the world.

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has reported that there are a million talented Malaysians working overseas. Recently human capital flight has increased in pace: 305,000 Malaysians migrated overseas between March 2008 and August 2009, compared to 140,000 in 2007. Non-Bumiputeras, particularly

823:"The Martians" were a group of prominent Hungarian scientists of Jewish descent (mostly, but not exclusively, physicists and mathematicians) who escaped to the United States during and after World War II due to Nazism or Communism. They included, among others, 1884:

for various reasons. They seek opportunity in its various manifestations—higher living standards, employment, better income, education, an alluring western lifestyle, stability and security. This number is expected to rise as a result of a devastating

1082:. While in some countries the trend may be slowing, certain South European countries such as Italy continue to experience extremely high rates of human capital flight. The European Union has noted a net loss of highly skilled workers and introduced a 1476:

and perceptions of a higher quality of life in South Africa relative to the countries to which they had first emigrated. It is estimated that around 37% of those who returned are professionals such as lawyers, doctors, engineers and accountants.

1190:. In the first year of its EU membership, 100,000 Poles registered to work in England, joining an estimated 750,000 residents of Polish descent. However, with the rapid growth of salaries in Poland, its booming economy, the strong value of the 950:

In the last months of and post World War II, both the American and Soviet governments forcibly recruited and transported thousands of former Nazi scientists to the US and USSR respectively to continue their scientific work in those countries.

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of domestic graduates, whereas emigration from an area with a surplus of trained people leads to better opportunities for those remaining. But emigration may cause problems for the home country if the trained people are in short supply there.

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enquire into and find solutions to Africa's problems and challenges, to open the African door to the world of knowledge, to elevate Africa's place within the universe of research the information of new knowledge, education and information."

2235:". Reasons for leaving cited by the former Venezuelan citizens studied included lack of freedom, high levels of insecurity and lack of opportunity in the country. Some Venezuelan parents have encouraged their children to leave the country. 509:

million Russian Jews began. Already before, a migration stream of Jewish people started which was characterized by highly skilled individuals. This pronounced selectivity was not caused by economic incentives, but by political persecution.

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IMF concluded that emigration of high skilled labour from Eastern Europe has adversely affected economic and productivity growth in Eastern Europe and slowed down convergence in per capita income between high and low income EU countries.

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industries, due to the perception of higher wages and lower income taxes in the US. Some also suggest that engineers and scientists were also attracted by the greater diversity of jobs and a perceived lack of research funding in Canada.

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has experienced the largest human capital flight in Western Europe. The country has lost 19.5% of its qualified population and is struggling to absorb sufficient skilled immigrants to compensate for losses to Australia, Canada,

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living in the missions. With the fall of the Jesuits, and the mismanagement of their former enterprises by the crown and the new entrepreneurs that had taken over, Paraguay gained an unrivalled position as the main producer of

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Given that the term "brain drain", as frequently used, implies that skilled emigration is bad for the country of origin, some scholars recommend against using the term in favor of more neutral and scientific alternative terms.

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political parties have gained support in many European countries by calling for stronger laws restricting immigration. Immigrants are perceived both as a burden on the state and the cause of social problems such as increased

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The Philippines has a migration culture of nursing. A 2021 study found that migration opportunities for Filipino nurses led to a net increase in human capital in the Philippines, thus contradicting the "brain drain" thesis.

1502:, under whose rule four million Iraqis are believed to have left the country. In particular, the exodus was fed by the violence that plagued Iraq, which by 2006 had seen 89 university professors and senior lecturers killed. 6903: 1698:. Major pull factors have included better career opportunities abroad and compensation, while major push factors included corruption, social inequality, educational opportunities, racial inequality such as the government's 232:

of the early 1990s found that citizens of former Yugoslavia who were allowed temporary stays in Germany brought back skills, knowledge and technologies to their home countries when they returned home in 1995 (after the

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Countries in Africa have lost a tremendous amount of their educated and skilled populations as a result of emigration to more developed countries, which has harmed the ability of such nations to climb out of poverty.

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factors) that attract talent. At the individual level, family influences (relatives living overseas, for example), as well as personal preferences, career ambitions and other motivating factors, can be considered.

202:, "permitting people to move from low-productivity places to high-productivity places appears to be by far the most efficient generalized policy tool, at the margin, for poverty reduction". A successful two-year 1847:

More recent news suggests that a so-called brain gain may be occurring. A 2016 study found that 70% of overseas professionals were interested in returning to Vietnam, with many thousands already having done so.

350:, the last head of the Athenian school. The students of an academy-in-exile may have survived into the ninth century, long enough to facilitate the medieval revival of the Neoplatonist commentary tradition in 1322:

According to Johannes Wachs, "The exodus of skilled human capital, sometimes called brain drain, out of Russia may have a significant effect on the course of the war and the Russian economy in the long run."

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Many citizens of the countries most stricken by the economic crisis in Europe have emigrated to countries such as Australia, Brazil, Germany, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Chile, Ecuador, Angola and Argentina.

1318:

LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities.

1035:, who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20% of the entire East German population. The emigrants tended to be young and well educated, leading to the brain drain feared by officials in East Germany. 8333:

Fely Marilyn Lorenzo, Jaime Galvez-Tan, Kriselle Icamina, Lara Javier, "Nurse Migration from a source country perspective: Philippine country case study," Health Services Research 42(3 part.2) 2007: 1411

1722:, Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom. This is reported to have caused Malaysia's economic growth rate to fall to an average of 4.6% per annum in the 2000s compared to 7.2% in the 1990s. 254:

study of emigration from Poland shows that it led to a slight increase in wages for high- and medium-skilled workers for remaining Poles. A 2013 study finds that emigration from Eastern Europe after the

248:

A 2016 study reviewing the literature on migration and economic growth shows that "migrants contribute to the integration of their country into the world market, which can be particularly important for

9785: 4256: 8235: 2035:

In the 1920s, over 20% of university graduating classes in engineering and science were emigrating to the United States. When governments displayed no interest, concerned industrialists formed the

1578:, after which many Arab countries began viewing science as the driving force for development, and as a result stepped up their science programs. Another reason may be the ongoing global recession. 374:

were expelled from the country in 1492. As they dominated Spain's financial service industry, their expulsion was instrumental in causing future economic problems, for example the need for foreign

7260: 1409:

The trend for young doctors and nurses to seek higher salaries and better working conditions, mainly in higher-income countries of the West, is having serious effects on the health care sector in

8829: 198:

levels of migration is substantial, at about 5% to 10% for the main receiving countries and about 10% in countries with large incoming remittances". According to economists Michael Clemens and

1446:. This is believed to be potentially damaging for the regional economy, and is arguably detrimental to the wellbeing of the region's impoverished majority, which is desperately reliant on the 688:

The resulting wave of high-skilled immigration greatly bolstered up the scientific development of the United Kingdom and United States of America. As a result of Nazi intellectual purges, the

1461:

For the medical sector, the loss of return from investment for all doctors emigrating from South Africa is $ 1.41 billion. The benefit to destination countries is huge: $ 2.7 billion for the

485:, the son of Huguenot settlers in Ireland, became an influential British soldier and politician. Gustav and Peter Carl Fabergé, the descendants of Huguenot refugees, founded the world-famous 276:

long-run on the emigration of skilled workers because those skilled workers are able to innovate more in developed countries, which the sending countries are able to benefit on as a positive

2003:

strong economy, with a housing and construction boom at the time. Australia's weaker economy and reduced investment in mining industries during this time were also mentioned as key factors.

855:. Several were from Budapest, and were instrumental in American scientific progress (e.g., developing the atomic bomb). Many more left because of communism: Hungarian Nobel-prize winners: 8858: 7040: 2095:

led to a special report on domestic worker migration, with a focus on the movement of young, single, college-educated migrants. The data show a trend of such people moving away from the

2480: 6832: 1662:

decided to flee to other countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan, Australia, the Netherlands, and the United States which severely contributes to brain drain within the country.

1670:, leading many workers to leave their country to find a better career overseas. As of 2018, there are at least 60 Indonesians graduated from local or overseas universities working at 177:

The positive effects of human capital flight are sometimes referred to as "brain gain" whereas the negative effects are sometimes referred to as "brain drain". According to economist

8916: 4970:

Atoyan, Ruben; Christiansen, Lone Engbo; Dizioli, Allan; Ebeke, Christian; Ilahi, Nadeem; Ilyina, Anna; Mehrez, Gil; Qu, Haonan; Raei, Faezeh; Rhee, Alaina; Zakharova, Daria (2016).

659:. The school had already been shut down in Weimar because of its political stance, but moved to Dessau prior to the closing. Following this abandonment, two of the three pioneers of 8206: 9655: 442:(South Africa), where they were instrumental in establishing a wine industry. At least 10,000 went to Ireland, where they were assimilated into the Protestant minority during the 6955: 2247:

endure a constant and substantial emigration of qualified workers. Approximately 30% of the labour forces of many islands have left, and more than 80% of college graduates from

712: 6157:

The exodus of Huguenots who left France to settle in England, Holland, Switzerland, and German principalities before sailing to British North America, created a brain drain ...

8181: 1472:

a net 359,000 highly skilled South Africans returned to South Africa from foreign work assignments over a five-year period from 2008 to 2013. This was catalysed by the global

545:. The plantation system of the Jesuits did prevail, however, and mate continued chiefly to be harvested from wild stand through the 18th century and most of the 19th century. 245:(FDI) back to their country of origin. According to one review study, the overall evidence shows that emigration helps developing countries integrate into the global economy. 8887: 1844:'s remarks at the Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative on conditions that cause brain drain as "slyly" describing Vietnam, with corruption, pollution and poor education. 1458:

communities abroad. The problem is further highlighted by South Africa's request in 2001 of Canada to stop recruiting its doctors and other highly skilled medical personnel.

8110: 7128: 6256:

Folch, Christine. Stimulating Consumption: Yerba Mate Myths, Markets, and Meanings from Conquest to Present. Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History, 2010.

1394: 4346:

Hamilton, B.; Whalley, J. (1 February 1984). "Efficiency and distributional implications of global restrictions on labour mobility: calculations and policy implications".

2213:

more than 1.5 million Venezuelans who had left the country following the Bolivarian Revolution, more than 90% of those who left were college graduates, with 40% holding a

2164:

officials claimed that 31,000 Cuban doctors were deployed in 61 countries. A large number practice in South America. In 2007, it was reported that 20,000 were employed in

1782:

Studies show stark wage discrepancies between the Philippines and developed countries such as the US and the UK. This has led Philippine government officials to note that

536:, which had been dominated by Jesuits, began to decline. Excessive exploitation of indigenous labour in the plantations led to decay in the industry and the scattering of 9122: 6990: 993:

barriers and retaining walls of our society." After Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe at the end of World War II, the majority of those living in the countries of the

9224:

Vazzana, Rudi-Polloshka, Caryn, Jeta (May 7, 2019). "Appalachia Has Got Talent, But Why Does It Flow Away? A Study on the Determinants of Brain Drain From Rural USA".

228:

can also be a boost to the economy of developing states, as the migrants bring back newly acquired skills, savings and assets. A study of Yugoslav refugees during the

2032:

should be offered free land to remain in Canada. The issue of attracting and keeping the right immigrants has sometimes been central to Canada's immigration history.

637: 9840: 9635: 6994: 3496: 8707: 8355:

Ball, Rochelle E. (June–July 2004). "Divergent development, racialized rights: globalized labour markets and the trade of nurses — The case of the Philippines".

2046:

In Canada today, the idea of a brain drain to the United States is occasionally a domestic political issue. At times, brain drain is used as a justification for

1754: 3598: 9516: 6714: 4040:

Mergo, Teferi (1 August 2016). "The Effects of International Migration on Migrant-Source Households: Evidence from Ethiopian Diversity-Visa Lottery Migrants".

57:

of individuals who have received advanced training at home. The net benefits of human capital flight for the receiving country are sometimes referred to as a "

9071: 1897:

According to the Pakistan Economic Survey for 2023-24, over 13.53 million Pakistanis have officially emigrated to over 50 countries for work by April 2024.

5567:

Pérez-Armendáriz, Clarisa; Crow, David (1 January 2010). "Do Migrants Remit Democracy? International Migration, Political Beliefs, and Behavior in Mexico".

3219: 693: 8650: 8625: 8243: 5741:

Ferrant, Gaëlle; Tuccio, Michele (1 August 2015). "South–South Migration and Discrimination Against Women in Social Institutions: A Two-way Relationship".

4067:

Adida, Claire L.; Girod, Desha M. (1 January 2011). "Do Migrants Improve Their Hometowns? Remittances and Access to Public Services in Mexico, 1995-2000".

2024:

observed the trend of human capital flight to the United States as early as the 1860s, when it was already clear that a majority of immigrants arriving at

9602: 9169: 7603: 6926: 302: 7465: 6986: 620:

Besides Jews, Nazi persecution extended to liberals and socialists in Germany, further contributing to emigration. Refugees in New York City founded the

6856: 872: 500:

and technical occupations in the country. The loss of this technical expertise was a blow from which the kingdom did not fully recover for many years.

8837: 165:

Brain drain is a phenomenon where, relative to the remaining population, a substantial number of more educated (numerate, literate) persons emigrate.

9301: 8959: 8075: 6245:

Ross W. Jamieson. The Essence of Commodification: Caffeine dependencies in the early modern world. Journal of Social History, Winter 2001. Excerpt:

5703:

Tuccio, Michele; Wahba, Jackline (4 September 2015). "Can I Have Permission to Leave the House? Return Migration and the Transfer of Gender Norms".

3990: 1253:

opportunities unless they have connections to individuals from the higher class. This encourages them to emigrate and seek opportunities elsewhere.

9259: 8135: 2494: 5209: 1174:

countries have expressed concerns about extensive migration of skilled labourers to Ireland and the United Kingdom following the creation of the

679:

in architecture and design, helping to transform design education at American universities and influencing later architects. A 2014 study in the

8866: 1602: 8997: 8600: 3623: 1134:

alone saw 155,290 people leave the country (though mostly to destinations within Europe). This is the highest rate of worker emigration since

7695: 6360: 2676:

Shrestha, Slesh A. (1 April 2016). "No Man Left Behind: Effects of Emigration Prospects on Educational and Labour Outcomes of Non-migrants".

1809: 6943: 5072: 8924: 8214: 6596: 6185:

The exodus of Huguenots from France caused an early kind of 'brain drain' whereby France lost many of its most skilled workers and artisans

8382:

Masselink, Leah E.; Daniel Lee, Shoou-Yih (2010). "Nurses Inc.: Expansion and commercialization of nursing education in the Philippines".

2039:

in 1927 to combat the brain drain. As a practical means of doing so, the council operated a placement service that was free to graduates.

7529:

Collier, Paul; Hoeffler, Anke; Pattillo, Catherine (2004). "Africa's Exodus: Capital Flight and the Brain Drain as Portfolio Decisions".

7058: 900: 7568: 7306: 6963: 6647: 5722:

Lodigiani, Elisabetta; Salomone, Sara (23 June 2015). "Migration-Induced Transfers of Norms. The Case of Female Political Empowerment".

3440: 2380: 1274:, including many doctors and engineers. This emigration wave is believed to have been triggered by political instability, including the 10739: 9326: 7882: 3005:"Zimbabwe's Medical Brain Drain: Impact Assessment on Health Service Delivery and Examination of Policy Responses: A Literature Review" 6880: 9043:"Canada's 'Brain Drain' a trickle not a flood: New StatsCan report on immigration/emigration shows we gain as much brain as we drain" 4642: 1286:

There is a considerable number of people leaving the United Kingdom for other countries, especially Australia and the United States.

435: 9575: 8185: 8054:"Middle East brain drain shows signs of reversing | Arab News — Saudi Arabia News, Middle East News, Opinion, Economy and more" 1397:, a policy framework for all countries for the ethical international recruitment of doctors, nurses and other health professionals. 8895: 7324: 1944:

Most Pacific island nations that were formerly under UK mandate have had migration outflows to Australia and New Zealand since the

868: 8736: 6668: 6396: 5266: 1450:

infrastructure because of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The skills drain in South Africa tends to reflect racial contours exacerbated by

715:

established successful careers in publishing, medicine, science, psychoanalysis and other occupations. Notable scientists include

9872: 6738: 5280:

Batista, Catia; Vicente, Pedro C. (1 January 2011). "Do Migrants Improve Governance at Home? Evidence from a Voting Experiment".

4953: 3816:

Khanna, Gaurav; Morales, Nicolas (30 April 2017). "The IT Boom and Other Unintended Consequences of Chasing the American Dream".

1948:

from the 1960s to the 1990s. There has only been a limited outflow from these islands to Canada and the UK since decolonisation.

640:, academics were expelled or fled, ending up in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Following the great purge, the 3300: 9892: 9200: 7125: 4228: 2028:

were en route to destinations in the United States. Alexander C. Buchanan, government agent at Quebec, argued that prospective

469:

fled to England, settling in Essex and established a dynasty that founded the British silk industry. Noted Swiss mathematician

255: 130:

countries usually offer rich opportunities, political stability and freedom, a developed economy and better living conditions (

9672: 4282:"Efficiency Gains from the Elimination of Global Restrictions on Labour Mobility: An Analysis using a Multiregional CGE Model" 4110:

Mbaye, Linguère Mously; Drabo, Alassane (1 December 2017). "Natural Disasters and Poverty Reduction: Do Remittances Matter?".

9042: 7086: 5092:

Laurentsyeva, Nadzeya; Giesing, Yvonne; Fackler, Thomas (2018). "Knowledge Remittances: Does Emigration Foster Innovation?".

4257:"Migration and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: The Effect of Returning Refugees on Export Performance in the Former Yugoslavia" 2367:

The migration of highly skilled workers can pay dividends for immigrants and their employers, but it produces losers as well.

708:

either before or after emigration, a total of 24 Nobel laureates fled either Germany or Austria because of Nazi persecution.

9105: 7210: 3741: 3513: 10235: 8764: 7638: 3599:"Migration and Development: Who Bears the Burden of Proof? Justin Sandefur replies to Paul Collier | From Poverty to Power" 1345: 9524: 7836: 6409: 4553:; Özden, Çaglar; Spatareanu, Mariana; Neagu, Cristina (1 January 2011). "Migrant networks and foreign direct investment". 1066:

Human capital flight in Europe fits into two distinct trends. The first is an outflow of highly qualified scientists from

912: 10240: 7242: 4795: 3862:

Clemens, Michael A.; Pritchett, Lant (February 2016). "The New Economic Case for Migration Restrictions: An Assessment".

1087: 518: 9382: 7192: 7173: 5143: 10581: 10481: 8032: 3493: 676: 9459: 1966:

Most Pacific islands under some kind of US administration have had outflows to the US and, to a lesser extent, Canada.

573:(finally decided to emigrate permanently with his wife and daughter to London, England, in 1938, two months after the 10334: 10225: 10086: 9767: 9747: 9729: 9711: 9433: 8011: 7486: 6178: 6150: 6125: 4772: 2075:), resulting in some—though not all—highly skilled professionals being forced into lower paying service sector jobs. 1735: 1632: 1422: 529:

at high prices, but new owners did not have the same expertise as the Jesuits, contributing to a production decline.

8945: 5813:

Gift, Thomas; Krcmaric, Daniel (31 July 2015). "Who Democratizes? Western-educated Leaders and Regime Transitions".

1090:—which "seeks to draw an additional 20 million workers from Asia, Africa and the Americas in the next two decades". 9079: 7675:

Mills, EJ; et al. "The financial cost of doctors emigrating from sub-Saharan Africa: human capital analysis".

1868:

Studies have found that, since 2014, 23,000 millionaires and, since 2019, nearly 7,000 millionaires (2% of India's

971: 492:

The exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain, as Huguenots accounted for a disproportionate number of

122:

countries, lack of opportunities, political instability or oppression, economic depression, health risks and more (

7349: 1494:, especially during the early years, the lack of basic services and security fed an outflow of professionals from 10327: 9408: 6983: 6786: 6688:

Stankovic, Mirjana et al., 2013, "Science and Innovation Policy in Southeast Europe: Brain Drain as Brain Gain",

2481:"Global migration revisited : short-term pains, long-term gains, and the potential of south-south migration" 2209: 1473: 9612: 6267: 9547: 9274: 7612: 6930: 1996: 1511: 219: 5856:

Mercier, Marion (1 September 2016). "The return of the prodigy son: Do return migrants make better leaders?".

4390: 3946:

Gove, Michael (18 April 2017). "Migration as Development: Household Survey Evidence on Migrants' Wage Gains".

1275: 65:". In occupations with a surplus of graduates, immigration of foreign-trained professionals can aggravate the 10262: 9819: 8804: 8096: 7396: 7008: 2290: 1433: 1379: 651:, perhaps the most important arts and design school of the 20th century, was forced to close down during the 9358: 4015: 2417: 1093:

Although the EU recognizes a need for extensive immigration to mitigate the effects of an aging population,

9963: 8783: 7531: 5979:

Lu, Yao; Tao, Ran (4 March 2015). "Female Migration, Cultural Context, and Son Preference in Rural China".

5210:"Human Capital Investment under Exit Options: Evidence from a Natural Quasi-Experiment - Working Paper 152" 3887:"How Important is Selection? Experimental VS. Non-Experimental Measures of the Income Gains from Migration" 2355: 2148:

In recent years, many people from younger generations (people born from 1994 onwards) have migrated out of

1218: 641: 20: 6626: 5610:

Regan, Patrick M.; Frank, Richard W. (1 November 2014). "Migrant remittances and the onset of civil war".

3783: 3648:

de Haas, Hein (1 November 2005). "International migration, remittances and development: myths and facts".

2267:

with higher education live abroad. However, it is noted that these nationals pay valuable remittances. In

10381: 9953: 9928: 9865: 9802: 8974: 8561: 5119: 2092: 1886: 1667: 1655: 1517: 1302: 959: 8687: 8586: 8053: 4598:

Tong, Sarah Y. (1 November 2005). "Ethnic Networks in FDI and the Impact of Institutional Development".

3140:"Aid, Remittances, Medical Brain Drain and Child Mortality: Evidence Using Inter and Intra-Country Data" 675:

stayed in France). They introduced the European Modern movement to the American public and fostered the

10406: 10255: 8743: 5901:

Tai, Qiuqing (2 January 2016). "Western Media Exposure and Chinese Immigrants' Political Perceptions".

3567: 3494:"Brain Drain, Numeracy and Skill Premia during the Era of Mass Migration: Testing the Roy-Borjas Model" 2108: 2050:

cuts. During the 1990s, some alleged a brain drain from Canada to the United States, especially in the

1451: 1083: 6199:"La vid y el vino en América del Sur: el desplazamiento de los polos vitivinícolas (siglos XVI al XX)" 4147:"Remittances and the Brain Drain Revisited: The Microdata Show That More Educated Migrants Remit More" 3045: 1382:

to recruit professional expatriate Africans to take employment back in Africa after working overseas.

625: 10101: 10064: 6095: 4417: 3249:"The Effect of Labor Migration on the Diffusion of Democracy: Evidence from a Former Soviet Republic" 2184: 2036: 1945: 1869: 1614: 1390: 1242: 768: 242: 7743: 7545: 6833:"Europe's Venture Capital Scene Is Narrowing The Gap With The US Despite Global Investment Slowdown" 6808:"The scale-up gap: Financial market constraints holding back innovative firms in the European Union" 5870: 5782: 4567: 3662: 856: 438:, welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged and under-populated country. Many went to the Dutch 10734: 10729: 10322: 10000: 9943: 9902: 8994: 824: 681: 450: 6371: 6118:

The Future of Post-Human Migration: A Preface to a New Theory of Sameness, Otherness, and Identity

4855: 4490: 3543: 10626: 10178: 10022: 9970: 9607: 8666: 7818: 6319: 5654: 2285: 2223: 1731: 1386: 997:

aspired to independence and wanted the Soviets to leave. By the early 1950s, the approach of the

453:

fled France and settled in the Netherlands, where he became an influential writer and historian.

326:

in 529 AD, according to the historian Agathias, its remaining members sought protection from the

182: 9484: 6604: 6056: 3370: 10691: 10566: 10208: 10198: 10081: 10017: 9948: 9933: 9858: 8266:"The Potent Lever of Toil: Nursing Development and Exportation in the Postcolonial Philippines" 8160: 7540: 7172:

Pidd, Helen; McDonald, Henry; Smith, Helena; Phillips, Tom; Rourke, Alison (21 December 2011).

6231:

Ernesto Daumas. 1930. El problema de la yerba mate. Buenos Aires, Compañia Impresora Argentina.

5865: 5777: 4685: 4562: 4485: 4476:

Foley, C. Fritz; Kerr, William R. (2013). "Ethnic Innovation and U.S. Multinational Activity".

4146: 3657: 2116: 2112: 1758: 884: 443: 403: 7066: 6035: 5727: 5708: 5097: 5016:"Exit, Voice, and Political Change: Evidence from Swedish Mass Migration to the United States" 5015: 3871: 3821: 2071:

left. Sometimes, the qualifications of these migrants are given no recognition in Canada (see

1940:

The post-WWII migration trends in the Pacific Islands have essentially followed this pattern:

1610: 698: 465:, the descendant of Huguenot settlers in England, founded the modern paper industry. Augustin 118:, the social environment is often considered to be a key reason for this population shift. In 10506: 10344: 10076: 10005: 9253: 7575: 7154: 6397:"The 110-year-old Ford Model T and the Hungarians who made it a success | CEAutoClassic" 6302:"Persecution and Escape: Professional Networks and High-Skilled Emigration from Nazi Germany" 4300: 3092: 2972:"Exploring the Impact of Medical Brain Drain on Child Health in 188 Countries over 2000–2015" 2787:"The Long-Run Effects of Labor Migration on Human Capital Formation in Communities of Origin" 2194: 1699: 945: 533: 343: 7985: 7959: 7933: 7907: 7508: 3886: 3842: 3702: 2508: 2115:

United States. The largest net influx of young, single, college-educated persons was to the

104:

The flight of highly trained individuals and college graduates from their area of residence.

10724: 10631: 10536: 10349: 10317: 10307: 10292: 10193: 10188: 9333: 7769: 6787:"Spotlight on Immigration: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Immigrants and Their Children" 5412:

Docquier, Frédéric; Lodigiani, Elisabetta; Rapoport, Hillel; Schiff, Maurice (1 May 2016).

3392:"Brain drain from developing countries: how can brain drain be converted into wisdom gain?" 2628:"Medical Worker Migration and Origin-Country Human Capital: Evidence from U.S. Visa Policy" 1909: 1663: 1135: 880: 458: 4760: 820:

During the 1930s and 1940s Hungarian was the third-most-often-used language in Hollywood.

8: 10168: 10158: 10153: 10136: 10027: 10010: 9923: 8601:"A brain drain in reverse: Vietnam's economy thrives as top talents return | ASEAN Today" 6203: 5944:

Tyburski, Michael D. (1 July 2014). "Curse or Cure? Migrant Remittances and Corruption".

5538:"Do return migrants transfer political norms to their origin country? Evidence from Mali" 2584:"Do migration networks worsen trade deficit? Evidence from the United States and Germany" 2228: 1991:

exodus to Australia had intensified, surpassing 53,000 per annum in 2012. Prime Minister

1659: 1469: 1455: 1356: 1075: 1017: 937: 756: 660: 621: 592: 395: 10411: 7424: 5169:"Brain drain or brain bank? The impact of skilled emigration on poor-country innovation" 4703: 4196:"Does Emigration Delay Political Change? Evidence from Italy during the Great Recession" 3477: 2526: 1963:

Most Pacific islands administered by France (like Tahiti) have had an outflow to France.

1241:

Serbia is one of the top countries that has experienced human capital flight due to the

110:

The movement of traditionally skilled workers from one sector of an industry to another.

10476: 10302: 10250: 10213: 9958: 9832: 9824: 9241: 8290: 8265: 7415: 6442: 6339: 6004: 5926: 5883: 5838: 5685: 5635: 5592: 5436: 5375: 5315: 5248: 5191: 5054: 4935: 4897: 4836: 4741: 4623: 4580: 4503: 4458: 4328: 4176: 4092: 3971: 3925: 3905: 3826: 3761: 3722: 3683: 3416: 3391: 3281: 3167: 3120: 3073: 2861: 2831: 2809: 2764: 2701: 2655: 2603: 2564: 2458: 2320: 2214: 2021: 1836: 1702: 1175: 624:. The most prolific research center in maths and physics before the war was the German 285: 7605:

Skilled Labour Migration from Developing Countries: Study on South and Southern Africa

5456:"Clientelism Versus Social Learning: The Electoral Effects of International Migration" 5144:"Stop blaming the H-1B visa for India's brain drain—it actually achieved the opposite" 4281: 4145:

Bollard, Albert; McKenzie, David; Morten, Melanie; Rapoport, Hillel (1 January 2011).

2231:

Venezuelans have fled the country's high crime rates, soaring inflation and expanding

1389:, especially from lower-income countries to some higher-income countries, in 2010 the 616:(first fled to Paris from 1933, and eventually emigrated to the United States in 1940) 410:(estimates range from 200,000 to 1 million) fled to surrounding Protestant countries: 26: 10664: 10531: 10416: 10297: 10203: 10069: 9975: 9836: 9763: 9757: 9743: 9725: 9707: 9327:"World migration report 2008. Managing labor mobility in the evolving global economy" 9302:"Why Israel's brain stopped draining - Remembrance and Independence 2013 Israel News" 9245: 8674: 8434: 8430: 8399: 8295: 7861: 7718: 7657: 7652: 7429: 7265: 7100: 6760: 6697: 6434: 6343: 6174: 6146: 6121: 6023:

The Philosophy of the Commentators, 200–600 AD: Psychology (with Ethics and Religion)

6008: 5996: 5961: 5930: 5918: 5842: 5830: 5795: 5723: 5704: 5677: 5639: 5627: 5596: 5584: 5537: 5518: 5477: 5413: 5367: 5307: 5252: 5093: 5046: 4991: 4939: 4927: 4828: 4768: 4733: 4627: 4615: 4611: 4450: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4320: 4127: 4096: 4084: 3975: 3963: 3917: 3867: 3830: 3817: 3765: 3726: 3687: 3675: 3421: 3351: 3171: 3159: 3112: 3065: 3026: 2952: 2900: 2756: 2744: 2726:"Brain Drain and Human Capital Formation in Developing Countries: Winners and Losers" 2725: 2705: 2693: 2659: 2647: 2607: 2556: 2488: 2450: 2347: 1715: 1711: 1186:

economic programs.) A similar phenomenon occurred in Poland after its entry into the

1094: 989: 888: 804: 728: 664: 462: 439: 383: 367: 9207: 8395: 6217: 6198: 5887: 5689: 5440: 5379: 5195: 5058: 4584: 4332: 4180: 3929: 3248: 3124: 3077: 2768: 2202: 931: 644:

in Princeton took on the role of leading research institution in maths and physics.

537: 10571: 10551: 10466: 10391: 10220: 10091: 9990: 9814: 9806: 9793: 9233: 8426: 8391: 8364: 8285: 8277: 7647: 7550: 7419: 7411: 6331: 6282: 6246: 6212: 5988: 5953: 5910: 5875: 5822: 5787: 5754: 5750: 5669: 5619: 5576: 5549: 5508: 5467: 5428: 5394: 5357: 5349: 5319: 5297: 5289: 5240: 5183: 5038: 5030: 4983: 4917: 4909: 4878: 4870: 4840: 4818: 4810: 4745: 4723: 4715: 4667: 4657: 4607: 4572: 4530: 4507: 4495: 4462: 4440: 4432: 4355: 4312: 4236: 4207: 4166: 4158: 4119: 4076: 4053: 4049: 3955: 3909: 3901: 3791: 3753: 3714: 3667: 3575: 3411: 3403: 3341: 3308: 3285: 3273: 3263: 3198: 3151: 3104: 3057: 3016: 2983: 2942: 2934: 2923:"HIV Pandemic, Medical Brain Drain, and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa" 2892: 2865: 2851: 2843: 2813: 2801: 2748: 2740: 2685: 2639: 2595: 2568: 2546: 2538: 2462: 2440: 2432: 908: 828: 736: 732: 655:

regime because of their liberal and socialist leanings, which the Nazis considered

597: 327: 323: 234: 225: 9046: 9018: 8417:

Joyce, Richard E.; Hunt, Chester (1982). "Philippine Nurses and the Brain Drain".

7569:"Health Personnel in Southern Africa: Confronting maldistribution and brain drain" 7397:"Digital traces of brain drain: Developers during the Russian invasion of Ukraine" 6927:"Facts and Figures 2006 - Immigration Overview: Permanent and Temporary Residents" 5879: 5432: 5102: 4874: 4576: 3757: 3247:

Barsbai, Toman; Rapoport, Hillel; Steinmayr, Andreas; Trebesch, Christoph (2017).

2847: 1442:

has been experiencing human capital flight in the past 20 years, since the end of

860: 816:

Soviet occupation and communist occupation around 1948 and then revolution of 1956

777: 10703: 10654: 10586: 10561: 10526: 10441: 10312: 10230: 10148: 10057: 9985: 9938: 9109: 9102: 9001: 8012:"Israeli expats returning home in record numbers | JPost | Israel News" 7370: 7217: 7158: 7132: 5914: 3500: 3476:"Brain drain - Definition and More", Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2010, web: 3155: 2232: 1045: 941: 633: 564: 493: 478: 399: 250: 178: 115: 79: 66: 31: 7307:"She had a dream job. Now, she's part of a massive brain drain hammering Russia" 5239:(Technical report). Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research. 4761:"Emigration and wages in source countries: a survey of the empirical literature" 3521: 3467:. First published 2009, by Routledge, 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016, pp185 1654:, the brain drain phenomenon in Indonesia was estimated to reach 5%. After the 844: 800: 61:" whereas the net costs for the sending country are sometimes referred to as a " 10556: 10421: 10396: 10267: 10113: 10052: 9907: 9103:

The Calgary-Edmonton Corridor "US-style wealth, Canadian-style quality of life"

8368: 8136:"Ratusan Alumni LPDP Enggak Balik ke Indonesia, Dianggap Berhutang pada Negara" 7840: 7630: 7598: 5167:

Agrawal, Ajay; Kapur, Devesh; McHale, John; Oettl, Alexander (1 January 2011).

5073:"Skilled Emigration and Skill Creation: A quasi-experiment - Working Paper 152" 4971: 4550: 3998:

Migration and Development Brief –Migration and Remittances Unit, the World Bank

3407: 3139: 3021: 3004: 2479:

Andreas, Willenbockel, Dirk; Sia, Go, Delfin; Amer, Ahmed, S. (11 April 2016).

2416:

di Giovanni, Julian; Levchenko, Andrei A.; Ortega, Francesc (1 February 2015).

2315: 2104: 1983:

with a tertiary education were living outside of New Zealand, predominantly in

1563: 1559: 1499: 1462: 1307: 1187: 1171: 1167: 1152: 1071: 1070:

mostly to the United States. The second is a migration of skilled workers from

1067: 1049:

barbed-wire barrier that would eventually be expanded by construction into the

1031: 896: 848: 789: 740: 720: 668: 656: 470: 199: 9828: 7146: 6335: 6300:

Becker, Sascha; Lindenthal, Volker; Mukand, Sharun; Waldinger, Fabian (2021).

5992: 5957: 5553: 5187: 4987: 4913: 4436: 4416:

Bratti, Massimiliano; Benedictis, Luca De; Santoni, Gianluca (18 April 2014).

3959: 3671: 3369:

Docquier, Frédéric; Lodigiani, Elisabetta; Rapoport, Hillel; Schiff, Maurice.

3346: 3329: 3203: 3186: 2190: 482: 10718: 10669: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10591: 10501: 10471: 10431: 10339: 10106: 9980: 9881: 9237: 8281: 7883:"BBC فارسی - ايران - وزارت علوم:۲۵۰ هزار متخصص ايرانى در آمريكای شمالی هستند" 7599: 6438: 6000: 5965: 5922: 5834: 5826: 5799: 5681: 5631: 5623: 5588: 5580: 5522: 5481: 5371: 5333:

Escribà-Folch, Abel; Meseguer, Covadonga; Wright, Joseph (1 September 2015).

5311: 5050: 4995: 4931: 4832: 4737: 4719: 4619: 4454: 4367: 4324: 4131: 4088: 4080: 3967: 3921: 3718: 3679: 3355: 3163: 3116: 3069: 3030: 2956: 2904: 2760: 2697: 2651: 2560: 2542: 2454: 2310: 2072: 2063: 1826: 1246: 1036: 840: 836: 781: 748: 744: 724: 613: 570: 557: 522: 379: 229: 152: 144: 35: 6320:"The Expulsion of Academic Teaching Staff from German Universities, 1933–45" 6286: 5233:

Anelli, Massimo; Basso, Gaetano; Ippedico, Giuseppe; Peri, Giovanni (2019).

4212: 4195: 4123: 3061: 2881:"Africa's Exodus: Capital Flight and the Brain Drain as Portfolio Decisions" 1395:

Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel

904: 876: 852: 10649: 10576: 10546: 10491: 10401: 10173: 8403: 8299: 7934:"Educational body: Israeli academia's future bleak - Israel News, Ynetnews" 7661: 7433: 6857:"Funding A Rival: When the United States and Europe Invest in Chinese Tech" 6690:

International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development

4499: 4375: 3425: 2100: 2080: 1841: 1750: 1718:, were over-represented in these statistics. Popular destinations included 1439: 1191: 1183: 1139: 1010: 1006: 998: 994: 981: 975: 672: 580: 553: 474: 156: 39: 8438: 8111:"'Losing talent': flight of young Indonesians to Singapore alarms Jakarta" 7960:"Government launches program to fight brain drain - Israel News, Ynetnews" 5513: 5496: 5293: 4662: 4162: 2938: 1118:

In 2006, over 250,000 Europeans emigrated to the United States (164,285),

556:

sentiments and laws in Europe through the 1930s and 1940s, culminating in

10659: 10541: 10496: 10486: 10436: 10426: 10376: 10183: 9145: 9006:

Annual Report of the Minister of the Province of Canada for the Year 1865

7554: 5791: 3268: 2896: 2805: 2643: 2300: 2059: 2025: 1980: 1746: 1575: 1567: 1447: 1352: 1148: 1127: 1103: 1050: 1025: 1021: 963: 832: 762: 752: 705: 689: 608: 419: 415: 363: 277: 54: 9722:

Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953–1961

9324: 8493:

Lorenzo et al. "Nurse Migration from a Source Country Perspective," 1407

7371:"Why are people leaving Russia, who are they, and where are they going?" 6446: 6422: 5768:

Spilimbergo, Antonio (1 March 2009). "Democracy and Foreign Education".

5168: 5042: 4728: 4445: 4316: 4241: 3580: 3313: 2988: 2971: 2786: 2551: 1206: 864: 42:, is an example of human capital flight as a result of political change. 10601: 10596: 10461: 10386: 10245: 10163: 10143: 8960:"New Zealand's rock star economy takes centre stage as currency climbs" 7793: 6807: 5472: 5455: 5362: 5353: 5302: 4922: 4882: 4823: 4814: 4671: 4521:

Burchardi, Konrad B.; Chaney, Thomas; Hassan, Tarek A. (January 2016).

4171: 3796: 3277: 3108: 2856: 2752: 2689: 2627: 2599: 2445: 2436: 2305: 2168:

in exchange for nearly 100,000 barrels (16,000 m) of oil per day.

2123: 2047: 1783: 1002: 985: 916: 808: 799:

Then after Trianon 1920 when Hungary lost two-thirds of its territory:

716: 603: 586: 542: 466: 454: 301:

A 2015 study finds that the emigration of women in rural China reduces

210: 82:

and on the quality of political institutions in the country of origin.

75: 50: 9275:"Development and Progress of the Appalachian Higher Education Network" 6571:

Modern Germany: Society, Economy and Politics in the Twentieth Century

5267:"Migration, Political Institutions, and Social Networks in Mozambique" 3913: 2947: 2922: 1975:

During the 1990s, 30,000 New Zealanders were emigrating each year. An

1562:

were experiencing human capital flight, according to reports from the

548: 486: 10272: 10096: 9995: 9576:"El 90% de los venezolanos que se van tienen formación universitaria" 5393:

Tuccio, Michele; Wahba, Jackline; Hamdouch, Bachir (1 January 2016).

4704:"Migration and globalization: what's in it for developing countries?" 4686:"Migration and Globalization: What's in it for Developing Countries?" 3843:"The Gain from the Drain – Skill-biased Migration and Global Welfare" 2880: 2832:"Testing the 'brain gain' hypothesis: Micro evidence from Cape Verde" 2830:

Batista, Catia; Lacuesta, Aitor; Vicente, Pedro C. (1 January 2012).

2583: 2527:"Migration and globalization: what's in it for developing countries?" 2509:"The Gain from the Drain - Skill-biased Migration and Global Welfare" 2244: 2218: 2198: 2165: 2096: 2055: 2029: 1984: 1905: 1753:. The Philippines' infrastructure and economy had been devastated by 1719: 1651: 1443: 1179: 1119: 988:

of its citizens to other countries almost impossible. Soviet Premier

685:

found that German Jewish Émigrés in the US boosted innovation there.

574: 407: 347: 331: 319: 186: 148: 8587:"Why Vietnamese Talent and Brains Are Choosing to Emigrate Business" 8161:"Malaysian Diaspora Reach One Million in 2010 - World Bank Official" 7466:"Reverse brain drain: 'African Lion' economies vs West's fast track" 7101:"Brain Drain. Threat to Successful Transition in South East Europe?" 6746: 6701: 5234: 4794:

Dustmann, Christian; Frattini, Tommaso; Rosso, Anna (1 April 2015).

2724:

Beine, Michel; Docquier, Fréderic; Rapoport, Hillel (1 April 2008).

2079:

suggests that stringent US security measures put in place after the

1348:, Ethiopia lost 75% of its skilled workforce between 1980 and 1991. 692:

replaced Germany as the world's scientific leader. German historian

457:, another noted writer, settled in London and became a tutor to the 9810: 9434:"Cuban Doctors Flee Venezuela With The Help Of U.S. Parole Program" 6301: 5673: 5244: 5034: 4898:"Does emigration benefit the stayers? Evidence from EU enlargement" 4535: 4522: 3220:"Migrants, Remittances, and Politics: Loyalty and Voice after Exit" 3138:

Chauvet, Lisa; Gubert, Flore; Mesplé-Somps, Sandrine (2013-06-01).

2381:"Australia's Skilled Migration Program: Scarce Skills Not Required" 2295: 2248: 2149: 2051: 1992: 1908:

has lost a significant portion of its intellectuals, mainly due to

1695: 1491: 1341: 1143: 9201:

Migration of the Young, Single, and College Educated: 1995 to 2000

8626:"How the Great Indian Brain Drain is taking a toll on the economy" 7281: 7211:"'Brain drain' from Turkey: Survey evidence of student non-return" 4301:"Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk?" 9656:"Study finds small developing lands hit hardest by 'brain drain'" 9359:"America's immigrant student brain drain problem - Jan. 31, 2013" 7056: 5395:"International Migration: Driver of Political and Social Change?" 4389:

Aner, Emilie; Graneli, Anna; Lodefolk, Magnus (14 October 2015).

3301:"The effect of emigration on home-country political institutions" 2268: 2264: 2256: 2172: 1831: 1706: 1650:

While there is no empirical data about human capital flight from

1543: 1333: 1156: 1131: 932:

German scientist recruitment by the US and USSR post World War II

920: 785: 648: 526: 497: 431: 427: 411: 351: 313: 203: 9850: 9072:"Special Canada Day Report: How Canada stole the American Dream" 8562:"Obama, Perhaps Slyly, Calls Attention to Vietnam's Brain Drain" 7447: 7174:"Europeans migrate south as continent drifts deeper into crisis" 7034:"Eurostat February 2008 - Euro area unemployment stable at 7.1%" 4954:"The effects of return migration on Egyptian household revenues" 3746:

Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy

3488: 3486: 3246: 267:

options for political dissidents who might have been oppressed.

10698: 9704:

Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement

9548:"Economic crisis, political strife drive Venezuela brain-drain" 6299: 5411: 3885:

McKenzie, David; Stillman, Steven; Gibson, John (1 June 2010).

3514:"CSAE Conference 2015 Plenary 3: Migration and Labour Mobility" 2260: 1675: 1671: 1538: 1533: 1385:

In response to growing debate over the human capital flight of

1290: 1271: 1123: 713:

Jews escaping from German-occupied Europe to the United Kingdom

629: 423: 375: 339: 335: 159: 9546:

Symmes Cobb, Julia; Garcia Rawlins, Carlos (15 October 2014).

9170:"Canada’s $ 200-million lure pulls in 19 big-name researchers" 9123:"Home | The National Post Home Page | National Post" 8667:

https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_24/12_population.pdf

7611:. International Migration Papers. Vol. 52. Archived from 4969: 1987:. In 2007, around 24,000 New Zealanders settled in Australia. 1757:, contributing to serious national health problems and uneven 1270:

In the 1960s, many skilled and educated people emigrated from

583:(1938; though he was not Jewish himself, his wife, Laura, was) 532:

Also, after the suppression, the production and importance of

4229:"Who benefits from return migration to developing countries?" 4144: 3483: 2252: 1957: 1953: 1881: 1861: 1410: 1375: 1337: 1256: 1099: 632:

crackdown on "Jewish physics", as represented by the work of

389: 292: 9130: 8995:

Moving Here, Staying Here: The Canadian Immigrant Experience

8481:

Joyce and Hunt "Philippine Nurses and the Brain Drain," 1229

8469:

Joyce and Hunt "Philippine Nurses and the Brain Drain," 1232

8460:

Joyce and Hunt "Philippine Nurses and the Brain Drain," 1223

7986:"Plan to fight brain drain approved - Israel News, Ynetnews" 6648:"Eastern European immigration statistics released by the UK" 4765:

International Handbook on Migration and Economic Development

4549: 3624:"Myths of Migration: Much of What We Think We Know Is Wrong" 560:, caused an exodus of intelligentsia. Notable examples are: 370:

pursued the goal of a religiously homogenous kingdom. Thus,

8765:"China fears brain drain as its overseas students stay put" 7631:"South Africa appeals to Canada to stop recruiting its MDs" 6266:

Moser, Petra; Voena, Alessandra; Waldinger, Fabian (2014).

5497:"Skilled migration and the transfer of institutional norms" 5332: 3368: 2161: 1976: 1949: 1601:

deal primarily with the Philippines and do not represent a

1521: 1495: 1040: 652: 371: 357: 237:), leading to greater productivity and export performance. 215: 9019:"Tax Surprise: Most Canadians pay less tax than Americans" 7193:"Young Europeans flock to Argentina for job opportunities" 5091: 4641:

Kugler, Maurice; Levintal, Oren; Rapoport, Hillel (2017).

2415: 9545: 8033:"Brain drain costs Arab world dearly | The National" 7696:"Expertise flows back into SA as brain drain is reversed" 7171: 7113: 6427:

Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies (HJEAS)

3137: 2272: 2263:

have emigrated, mostly to the United States. Over 80% of

1678:, with half of them holding middle management positions. 16:

Emigration of highly skilled or well-educated individuals

7908:"Israel's brain drain worsening - Israel News, Ynetnews" 7282:"Russlands Braindrain: Ein Land verliert sein Potenzial" 7147:"How corruption is driving Eastern Europe's brain drain" 2083:

have helped to temper the brain drain debate in Canada.

1694:

There have been high rates of human capital flight from

954: 503: 9636:"Latin America Shouldn't Bet Everything On Remittances" 9634:

Viveros, Alejandra; Jackson, Stevan (31 October 2006).

9223: 8830:"National unveils first billboard of election campaign" 8207:"Malaysia's brain drain getting worse, says World Bank" 7528: 6361:"Continental Britons: Jewish refugees from Nazi Europe" 6143:

French Immigrants and Pioneers in the Making of America

5232: 5166: 4415: 3046:"Documenting the Brain Drain of "La Crème de la Crème"" 1787:

working in the US was receiving US$ 800–400 per month.

1764: 1344:

are believed to be the most affected. According to the

1079: 8236:"Social injustice main cause of country's brain drain" 7487:"Physicians per 1,000 people (most recent) by country" 7126:

Stemming brain drain with the Grid in Southeast Europe

7057:

Alexi Mostrous and Christine Seib (16 February 2008).

6421:

Balogh, Máté Gergely (2011). Sebestyen, Victor (ed.).

4972:"Emigration and Its Economic Impact on Eastern Europe" 4796:"The Effect of Emigration from Poland on Polish Wages" 4640: 3884: 3742:"More open borders and deep structural transformation" 2829: 2780: 2778: 1830:, 70% of Vietnamese students abroad did not return to 1574:

Western countries. This was partially a result of the

763:

Hungarian scientists in the early and mid 20th century

284:

program surprisingly contributed to the growth of the

9601:

Gonzalez, Angel; Minaya, Ezequiel (17 October 2011).

9206:(Report). United States Census Bureau. Archived from 9037: 9035: 8451:

Ball, "Divergent development, racialized rights," 121

6355: 6353: 6307:. IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. pp. 1, 27. 4856:"Emigration and wages: The EU enlargement experiment" 4793: 4520: 3439:

Cervantes, Mario; Guellec, Dominique (January 2002).

2723: 489:

company in Russia, maker of the famous Faberge eggs.

218:

paper suggests that emigration from Italy due to the

126:

factors) contribute to human capital flight, whereas

9479: 9477: 9163: 5653:

Bove, Vincenzo; Böhmelt, Tobias (11 February 2016).

5566: 5259: 1666:

laid off some two thirds of its workforce after the

567:(emigrated permanently to the United States in 1933) 342:. One of the last leading figures of this group was 9786:"Can Brain Drain Justify Immigration Restrictions?" 9517:"Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros" 8381: 6669:"Eastern European immigration slows down in the UK" 6265: 5392: 4391:"Cross-border movement of persons stimulates trade" 4388: 3330:"International Migration and Home Country Politics" 3044:Docquier, Frédéric; Rapoport, Hillel (2009-12-01). 2775: 549:

Antisemitism in pre-World War II Europe (1933–1943)

78:and return migration can have a positive effect on 9570: 9568: 9377: 9375: 9032: 8511:Barbara L. Brush, "Global Nurse Migration Today", 6350: 2671: 2669: 2625: 1960:also have had large outflows to the United States. 19:"Brain drain" redirects here. For other uses, see 9820:20.500.11820/4f452eb9-cc7a-43c7-9d65-8095a8624816 9474: 9325:International Organization for Migration (2008). 9065: 9063: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8184:. Asia Sentinel. 18 February 2010. Archived from 7261:"EU citizens explain why they are leaving the UK" 7243:"Immigration to the UK: the key facts visualised" 6956:"German brain drain at highest level since 1940s" 5721: 3593: 3591: 3544:"Why It's Time to Drop the 'Brain Drain' Refrain" 2921:Bhargava, Alok; Docquier, Frédéric (2008-01-01). 2784: 1880:Every year, 250,000 youths are reported to leave 90:There are several types of human capital flight: 10716: 9045:. Straightgoods.com. 7 June 2000. Archived from 6989:21 September 2007 at the Portuguese Web Archive 6482: 6480: 5536:Chauvet, Lisa; Mercier, Marion (1 August 2014). 3861: 3438: 3334:Studies in Comparative International Development 3043: 2920: 2825: 2823: 2719: 2717: 2715: 1138:, and was equal to the rate in the aftermath of 449:Many Huguenots and their descendants prospered. 402:and declared Protestantism to be illegal in the 9565: 9372: 8708:"China's Brain Drain Dilemma: Elite Emigration" 8341: 8339: 8311: 8309: 7741: 7602:; Jean-Baptiste Meyer; Cecil Mlatsheni (2002). 7325:"The Putin Exodus: The New Russian Brain Drain" 6904:"Permanent additions to Australia's population" 6553: 6551: 6549: 4701: 4345: 3327: 3091:Li, Xiaoyang; McHale, John; Zhou, Xuan (2017). 2666: 1979:report released in 2005 revealed that 24.2% of 1794: 1293:poses significant risk of causing brain drain. 9633: 9600: 9453: 9451: 9060: 8973:Glass, Hayden; Choy, Wai Kin (December 2001). 8730: 8728: 8694: 8489: 8487: 8477: 8475: 6509: 6507: 6120:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 243. 5535: 5495:Beine, Michel; Sekkat, Khalid (19 June 2013). 5279: 5273: 5120:"High-Skilled Migration and Global Innovation" 5013: 3982: 3588: 3390:Dodani, Sunita; LaPorte, Ronald E (Nov 2005). 3093:"Does Brain Drain Lead to Institutional Gain?" 2626:Abarcar, Paolo; Theoharides, Caroline (2021). 2478: 796:First and biggest wave was around World War I. 314:Flight of the Neoplatonic academy philosophers 9866: 9514: 9187:The Promise and Peril of International Trade, 9021:. Canadiansocialresearch.net. 6 November 1999 7837:"Iran Faced With Growing Brain Drain: Report" 7628: 6715:"Europe Tries to Attract Migrants It Prefers" 6477: 5740: 5014:Karadja, Mounir; Prawitz, Erik (2018-11-14). 3815: 3389: 3242: 3240: 3050:Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 2820: 2712: 2348:"Brain Drain and the Politics of Immigration" 1810:Philippine Overseas Employment Administration 1599:The examples and perspective in this section 1162: 521:in Spanish America in 1767 caused the Jesuit 481:, was born into a Huguenot family in London. 473:was born in Geneva to Huguenot refugees. Sir 9510: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9258:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8651:Who pays the price for Nepal's brain drain? 8336: 8306: 7693: 6546: 6536: 6534: 6241: 6239: 6237: 5812: 5236:Youth Drain, Entrepreneurship and Innovation 4643:"Migration and Cross-Border Financial Flows" 3894:Journal of the European Economic Association 3256:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3090: 2969: 2794:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2785:Dinkelman, Taryn; Mariotti, Martine (2016). 2493:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2425:Journal of the European Economic Association 2388:The Australian Population Research Institute 2138: 2122:Many predominantly rural communities in the 1740: 9448: 9409:"Cuban doctors defect from Venezuela posts" 9069: 8725: 8484: 8472: 8076:"Promise for science after the Arab Spring" 7463: 6504: 5767: 5702: 5652: 5494: 3988: 3784:"The brain drain from developing countries" 3465:Globalization of Education: an introduction 3441:"The brain drain: Old myths, new realities" 3185:Ivlevs, Artjoms; King, Roswitha M. (2017). 3009:European Journal of Sustainable Development 1289:Business industries expressed worries that 1020:in 1952, the border between the sectors of 512: 270: 9873: 9859: 9539: 9098: 9096: 8977:. New Zealand Treasury Working Paper 01/22 8917:"National driving Kiwis overseas - Labour" 8805:"NZ top source of immigrants to Australia" 7931: 7592: 6576: 6573:, p. 227. Cambridge University Press, 1987 6015: 5609: 4193: 4109: 4066: 3568:"Smart policy toward high-skill emigrants" 3561: 3559: 3237: 3184: 2193:as president and his establishment of the 1617:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1434:Economy of South Africa § Brain drain 1257:Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain 1238:region to work on international projects. 390:Huguenot exodus from France (17th century) 293:Democracy, human rights and liberal values 9818: 9755: 9515:Maria Delgado, Antonio (28 August 2014). 9499: 9458:Olivares, Francisco (13 September 2014). 9112:- TD Economics Special Report, April 2003 8972: 8546: 8544: 8416: 8289: 8073: 7932:Zelikovich, Yaheli Moran (20 June 1995). 7651: 7629:Ehman, Amy Jo; Sullivan, Patrick (2001). 7544: 7423: 7059:"Tide turns as Poles end great migration" 6743:European Commission - European Commission 6531: 6519: 6492: 6486: 6234: 6216: 5869: 5781: 5512: 5471: 5401:. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). 5361: 5301: 5065: 4921: 4822: 4727: 4661: 4566: 4534: 4489: 4475: 4444: 4240: 4211: 4170: 3795: 3703:"More open borders for those left behind" 3661: 3579: 3415: 3385: 3383: 3345: 3312: 3298: 3267: 3202: 3020: 2987: 2946: 2855: 2550: 2474: 2472: 2444: 2418:"A Global View of Cross-Border Migration" 1633:Learn how and when to remove this message 1454:policies, and has thus resulted in large 143:The term "brain drain" was coined by the 9719: 9603:"Venezuelan Diaspora Booms Under Chávez" 9594: 9457: 9356: 9198: 8946:"Return to Oz: Is the brain drain back?" 8525: 8523: 8521: 8345:Brush, "The Potent Lever of Toil," 1575. 8324:Brush, "The Potent Lever of Toil," 1574. 8315:Brush, "The Potent Lever of Toil," 1573. 8097:"IPTN : Icon Hilangnya Otak Negara" 7767: 7687: 6953: 6712: 6557: 6513: 6465: 6453: 6423:"The Disintegration of the Eastern Bloc" 6317: 6268:"German Jewish Émigrés and US Invention" 6190: 5943: 4418:"On the pro-trade effects of immigrants" 4194:Anelli, Massimo; Peri, Giovanni (2017). 3781: 3002: 2675: 2581: 2345: 2271:, the money sent back amounts to 18% of 1872:at the time) have emigrated from India. 1005:was emulated by most of the rest of the 958: 895:After the revolution of 1956 many left: 773:Different waves of emigration occurred. 358:Spanish expulsion of Jews (15th century) 25: 9783: 9737: 9143: 9093: 8781: 8737:Emigration Trends and Policies in China 8550:Brush, "The Potent Lever of Toil", 1579 7489:. World Development Indicators Database 7144: 7009:"Doctors go west in Polish brain drain" 6624: 6582: 6370:. 2002. pp. 16, 19. Archived from 6225: 6196: 6168: 5855: 4298: 3647: 3621: 3565: 3556: 3511: 3217: 2878: 2378: 2346:Baptiste, Nathalie (25 February 2014). 1016:Even after the official closing of the 735:. Intellectuals include art historians 10717: 9740:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire 9406: 9299: 8559: 8541: 7905: 7716: 7240: 6881:"U.S. Legal Permanent Residents: 2006" 6420: 6250: 6140: 5453: 4895: 4853: 4758: 4279: 3941: 3939: 3739: 3700: 3380: 2632:The Review of Economics and Statistics 2525:Hillel, Rapoport (20 September 2016). 2524: 2469: 1306:will take place, and much longer than 1197: 308: 9854: 9701: 8762: 8734: 8518: 8263: 7983: 7719:"Brain drain puts new strain on Iraq" 7506: 7394: 7006: 6784: 6540: 6525: 6498: 6471: 6459: 6173:. Taylor & Francic. p. 332. 6115: 6096:"Franschhoek - Cape Town wine region" 6073: 5981:Population Research and Policy Review 5978: 5612:Conflict Management and Peace Science 5138: 5136: 5113: 5111: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4965: 4963: 4896:Elsner, Benjamin (10 November 2012). 4854:Elsner, Benjamin (1 September 2013). 4803:The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 4702:Hillel Rapoport (20 September 2016). 4523:"Migrants, Ancestors, and Investment" 4397:. Centre for Economic Policy Research 4226: 4039: 3857: 3855: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3777: 3775: 2916: 2914: 2621: 2619: 2617: 1803: 955:Eastern Europe under the Eastern Bloc 504:19th century Eastern Europe migration 10236:New international division of labour 9485:"Hugo Chavez is Scaring Away Talent" 9421:– via San Francisco Chronicle. 9383:"Cuban Doctors Awaiting US Response" 9272: 8784:"Quarter of NZ's brightest are gone" 8354: 8264:Brush, Barbara L. (September 2010). 8009: 7957: 7768:Harrison, Frances (8 January 2007). 7639:Canadian Medical Association Journal 7190: 6594: 6293: 5655:"Does Immigration Induce Terrorism?" 4597: 4299:Clemens, Michael A (1 August 2011). 4280:Iregui, Ana Maria (1 January 2003). 3945: 3187:"Does emigration reduce corruption?" 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 1765:Labour export from the 1960s onwards 1585: 1351:Then South African Deputy President 1346:United Nations Development Programme 1201: 1053:, effectively closing the loophole. 628:, that became a focal point for the 9431: 8888:"Key stands by brain drain promise" 8705: 8538:Masselink et al.,"Nurses Inc.", 169 8529:Masselink et al.,"Nurses Inc.", 170 8502:Masselink et al.,"Nurses Inc.", 168 8357:Women's Studies International Forum 7279: 6171:The Collected Works of Ann Yearsley 6036:"The Expulsion from Spain, 1492 CE" 6025:, page 11. Cornell University Press 5900: 4759:Mishra, Prachi (26 December 2014). 4227:Wahba, Jackline (1 February 2015). 3936: 3541: 3227:The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 2970:Quamruzzaman, Amm (December 2020). 915:(chemical engineer) and parents of 600:(Hungarian, Roman Catholic convert) 519:suppression of the Society of Jesus 222:reduced political change in Italy. 192: 138: 13: 9357:Pagliery, Jose (31 January 2013). 9199:Franklin, Rachel (November 2003). 9144:Calamai, Peter (12 January 2008). 8894:. 23 November 2011. Archived from 8836:. 1 September 2008. Archived from 8010:Ziri, Danielle (15 October 2012). 7862:"Huge cost of Iranian brain drain" 7770:"Huge cost of Iranian brain drain" 7089:. The Telegraph. 21 February 2009. 6597:"How To Plug Europe's Brain Drain" 6368:The Association of Jewish Refugees 5133: 5117: 5108: 5002: 4960: 4863:Journal of International Economics 3906:10.1111/j.1542-4774.2010.tb00544.x 3852: 3804: 3772: 3470: 3328:Meseguer, C.; Burgess, K. (2014). 3144:The Journal of Development Studies 2911: 2614: 1935: 780:, engineer and creator of T-Ford; 671:, left Germany for America (while 14: 10751: 10740:Employment of foreign-born people 9880: 9777: 9673:"Brain drain or export earnings?" 9432:Lee, Brianna (17 November 2014). 9407:Forero, Juan (25 February 2007). 9281:. Appalachian Regional Commission 9146:"Brain Drain? That's so nineties" 8923:. 6 December 2012. Archived from 8270:American Journal of Public Health 7823:Finance and Development - F&D 7742:Jonathan Steele (24 March 2006). 7717:Hawley, Caroline (28 July 2005). 7674: 7507:Price, Stuart (1 November 2004). 6830: 6713:Bilefsky, Dan (24 October 2007). 6410:Csaba Horváth (chemical engineer) 5335:"Remittances and Democratization" 5127:SIEPR Discussion Paper No. 16-016 4708:International Journal of Manpower 3782:Docquier, Frédéric (1 May 2014). 2531:International Journal of Manpower 2518: 2402: 2197:, millions people emigrated from 1736:Philippine labor migration policy 1581: 1438:Along with many African nations, 1423:Human capital flight from Nigeria 1281: 1113: 10697: 10687: 10686: 9897: 9665: 9649: 9627: 9425: 9400: 9350: 9318: 9293: 9266: 9217: 9192: 9179: 9137: 9115: 9011: 8988: 8975:"Brain Drain or Brain Exchange?" 8966: 8952: 8938: 8909: 8880: 8865:. 21 August 2012. Archived from 8851: 8822: 8797: 8782:Collins, Simon (12 March 2005). 8775: 8756: 8659: 8644: 8618: 8593: 8579: 8560:Harris, Gardiner (25 May 2016). 8553: 8532: 8505: 8496: 8463: 8454: 8445: 8410: 8375: 8348: 8327: 8318: 8257: 8228: 8199: 8174: 8153: 8128: 8103: 8089: 8067: 8046: 8025: 8003: 7977: 7951: 7925: 7899: 7875: 7854: 7829: 7811: 7786: 7761: 7735: 7710: 7694:Hedley, Nick (14 January 2014). 7668: 7622: 7561: 7522: 7500: 7479: 7457: 7440: 7416:10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00389-3 7388: 7363: 7342: 7317: 7299: 7273: 7253: 7234: 7203: 7184: 7165: 7138: 7119: 7092: 7080: 7050: 7026: 7000: 6977: 6947: 6937: 6919: 6896: 6873: 6849: 6824: 6800: 6785:Hiatt, Keith D. (2 March 2007). 6778: 6753: 6731: 6706: 6682: 6661: 6640: 6627:"Europe fears brain drain to UK" 6618: 6588: 6563: 6414: 6403: 6389: 6311: 6259: 6162: 6134: 6109: 6088: 6049: 6028: 5858:Journal of Development Economics 5542:Journal of Comparative Economics 5421:Journal of Development Economics 4612:10.1111/j.1467-9361.2005.00294.x 4555:Journal of Development Economics 4348:Journal of Development Economics 4305:Journal of Economic Perspectives 2836:Journal of Development Economics 2745:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02135.x 2086: 2010: 1590: 1205: 1078:into Western Europe, within the 972:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 813:World War II and the Third Reich 434:—whose Calvinist great elector, 9898: 9720:Harrison, Hope Millard (2003), 9460:"Best and brightest for export" 8763:Watts, Jonathan (2 June 2007). 8396:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.043 8242:. 28 April 2011. Archived from 8213:. 28 April 2011. Archived from 8035:. Thenational.ae. 28 April 2010 7798:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 7464:Mike Pflanz (21 October 2012). 6324:Journal of Contemporary History 6218:10.4067/S0718-23762004000200005 5972: 5937: 5894: 5849: 5806: 5761: 5734: 5715: 5696: 5646: 5603: 5560: 5529: 5488: 5460:International Studies Quarterly 5447: 5405: 5386: 5342:International Studies Quarterly 5326: 5226: 5202: 5160: 5085: 4946: 4902:Journal of Population Economics 4889: 4847: 4787: 4752: 4695: 4678: 4634: 4600:Review of Development Economics 4591: 4543: 4514: 4469: 4409: 4382: 4339: 4292: 4273: 4249: 4220: 4187: 4138: 4103: 4060: 4033: 4008: 3878: 3835: 3733: 3694: 3641: 3622:de Haas, Hein (21 March 2017). 3615: 3535: 3505: 3457: 3432: 3362: 3321: 3292: 3211: 3178: 3131: 3084: 3037: 3003:Chibango, Conrad (2013-06-01). 2996: 2963: 2872: 2210:Central University of Venezuela 1916: 1427: 984:had issued restrictions making 636:. In what was later called the 147:to describe the emigration of " 9784:Oberman, Kieran (April 2013). 9762:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 9724:, Princeton University Press, 9694: 9436:. International Business Times 9300:Dattel, Lior (15 April 2013). 9226:Economic Development Quarterly 8513:Journal of Nursing Scholarship 7241:Rogers, Simon (28 June 2010). 7191:Goni, Uki (22 December 2011). 7116:, Volume V, Number 1, May 2004 6954:Paterson, Tony (1 June 2007). 5815:Journal of Conflict Resolution 5755:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.03.002 5454:Pfutze, Tobias (1 June 2014). 5282:The World Bank Economic Review 4650:The World Bank Economic Review 4054:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.04.001 3299:Lodigiani, Elisabetta (2016). 2927:The World Bank Economic Review 2575: 2501: 2372: 2339: 2208:An analysis of a study by the 1970: 1930: 1777: 1725: 1512:Human capital flight from Iran 1480: 1102:rates and the introduction of 1086:policy—much like the American 1: 8735:Xiang, Biao (February 2016). 8419:Social Science & Medicine 8384:Social Science & Medicine 7839:. Payvand.com. Archived from 7794:"Iran Report: April 12, 2004" 6650:. Workpermit.com. 21 May 2008 6625:Stenman, Jim (28 June 2006). 6595:Jeff, Chu (11 January 2004). 6141:Le Hir, Marie-Pierre (2020). 5880:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.04.005 5569:Comparative Political Studies 5433:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.12.001 5214:Center For Global Development 4875:10.1016/j.jinteco.2013.06.002 4577:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.01.012 4069:Comparative Political Studies 3989:Ratha, Dilip; Silwal (2012). 3864:IZA Discussion Paper No. 9730 3758:10.1080/13698230.2019.1565566 3492:Yvonne Stolz and Joerg Baten 2848:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.01.005 2379:Birrell, Bob (8 March 2016). 2327: 2291:Economic results of migration 1851: 1553: 1465:alone, without compensation. 1380:Commonwealth Business Council 589:(1943; his mother was Jewish) 9756:Thackeray, Frank W. (2004), 9523:(in Spanish). Archived from 9070:Duncan Hood (25 June 2008). 8706:Lam, Willy (5 August 2010). 8431:10.1016/0277-9536(82)90147-2 8056:. Arabnews.com. 26 July 2012 7984:Sofer, Roni (20 June 1995). 7958:Chai, Shahar (4 June 2013). 7906:Zinger, Zvi (20 June 1995). 7532:Journal of African Economies 7007:Smith, David (15 May 2005). 6789:. California Digital Library 6671:. Workpermit.com. 5 May 2008 6057:"The Kingdoms of Spain 1492" 5915:10.1080/10584609.2014.978921 5023:Journal of Political Economy 4783:– via elgaronline.com. 4527:NBER Working Paper No. 21847 4360:10.1016/0304-3878(84)90043-9 3156:10.1080/00220388.2012.742508 2885:Journal of African Economies 2356:Institute for Policy Studies 2332: 2238: 2178: 1946:decolonisation of the region 1900: 1795:Migration culture of nursing 1745:In 1946, colonialism in the 1645: 1468:More recently, in a case of 1056: 642:Institute for Advanced Study 534:yerba mate-producing regions 477:, the first Governor of the 364:Catholic reconquest of Spain 264:Journal of Political Economy 21:Brain drain (disambiguation) 7: 9954:Environmental globalization 9929:Anti-globalization movement 9803:University of Chicago Press 9759:Events that changed Germany 9638:(Press release). World Bank 8859:"Brain drain hits new high" 7509:"Reversing the brain drain" 7114:Southeast European Politics 6038:. Jewish History Sourcebook 2278: 2143: 2020:Colonial administrators in 1887:earthquake on 25 April 2015 1749:ended with the election of 1689: 1668:1997 Asian financial crisis 1656:May 1998 riots of Indonesia 1613:, discuss the issue on the 1518:International Monetary Fund 1474:financial crisis of 2007–08 10: 10756: 10102:Offshore financial centres 8744:Migration Policy Institute 8714:. The Jamestown Foundation 8369:10.1016/j.wsif.2004.06.003 7280:red, ORF at (2023-07-09). 6318:Grüttner, Michael (2022). 5414:"Emigration and democracy" 5176:Journal of Urban Economics 4286:Wider Working Paper Series 4151:World Bank Economic Review 4016:"Global Remittances Guide" 3991:"Remittance flows in 2011" 3948:Social Indicators Research 3408:10.1177/014107680509801107 3371:"Emigration and democracy" 3022:10.14207/ejsd.2013.v2n2p43 2879:Collier, P. (2004-12-01). 2189:Following the election of 2182: 2171:However, in Venezuela and 1999:for the continuing drain. 1997:2007–2008 financial crisis 1870:High-net-worth individuals 1819: 1729: 1531: 1509: 1452:Black Economic Empowerment 1431: 1420: 1416: 1163:Central and Eastern Europe 1104:major cultural differences 969: 935: 784:, engineer and creator of 766: 220:2007–2008 financial crisis 172: 18: 10682: 10640: 10515: 10450: 10367: 10358: 10285: 10122: 10043: 10036: 9916: 9888: 9738:Pearson, Raymond (1998), 9706:, Yale University Press, 7819:"Finance and Development" 6336:10.1177/00220094211063074 6145:. McFarland. p. 64. 6021:Richard Sorabji, (2005), 5993:10.1007/s11113-015-9357-x 5958:10.1017/S0022381614000279 5554:10.1016/j.jce.2014.01.001 5188:10.1016/j.jue.2010.06.003 4988:10.5089/9781475576368.006 4914:10.1007/s00148-012-0452-6 4437:10.1007/s10290-014-0191-8 4425:Review of World Economics 3960:10.1007/s11205-017-1630-4 3672:10.1080/01436590500336757 3566:Clemens, Michael (2015). 3512:Clemens, Michael (2015). 3347:10.1007/s12116-014-9149-z 3218:Burgess, Katrina (2012). 3204:10.1007/s11127-017-0442-z 2185:Venezuelan refugee crisis 2139:Central and South America 2037:Technical Service Council 2015: 1741:Post-colonial Philippines 1527: 1391:World Health Organization 1374:is a joint initiative by 1326: 1296: 1265: 1061: 911:(Nobel prize/chemistry), 769:The Martians (scientists) 243:Foreign direct investment 9944:Democratic globalization 9487:. Newsweek. 30 June 2009 9238:10.1177/0891242419844320 8282:10.2105/ajph.2009.181222 8163:. Bernama. 28 April 2011 8115:South China Morning Post 7395:Wachs, Johannes (2023). 7065:. London. Archived from 6962:. London. Archived from 6812:European Investment Bank 6275:American Economic Review 6082:, 11th ed, Frank Puaux, 5827:10.1177/0022002715590878 5770:American Economic Review 5624:10.1177/0738894213520369 5581:10.1177/0010414009331733 5501:IZA Journal of Migration 4720:10.1108/IJM-08-2015-0116 4081:10.1177/0010414010381073 3719:10.1177/1468796819866351 2543:10.1108/IJM-08-2015-0116 1921: 1875: 1856: 1404: 1387:healthcare professionals 682:American Economic Review 513:Expulsion of the Jesuits 451:Henri Basnage de Beauval 271:Education and innovation 85: 10226:Investor-state disputes 10179:Illicit financial flows 10023:Political globalization 9971:Global financial system 9608:The Wall Street Journal 7744:"The Iraqi brain drain" 7677:British Medical Journal 7539:(Suppl. 2): ii15–ii54. 7331:(in German). 2019-03-21 7131:1 February 2009 at the 6287:10.1257/aer.104.10.3222 6197:Lacoste, Pablo (2004). 6169:Andrews, Kerry (2020). 6080:Encyclopædia Britannica 5946:The Journal of Politics 5903:Political Communication 5821:(3): 0022002715590878. 5662:The Journal of Politics 4112:CESifo Economic Studies 3062:10.1515/jbnst-2009-0603 2352:Foreign Policy In Focus 2286:Convergence (economics) 2224:The Wall Street Journal 2155: 2091:The 2000 United States 1732:Filipino migrant worker 1505: 1485: 1313:According to BBC News: 1310:will remain president. 626:University of Göttingen 183:University of Amsterdam 34:, who emigrated to the 10567:Christopher Chase-Dunn 10335:Primitive accumulation 10018:Military globalization 9949:Economic globalization 9934:Cultural globalization 7145:Dempsey, Judy (2016). 6995:Portuguese Web Archive 6569:Volker Rolf Berghahn, 5118:Xu, Rui (March 2016). 4976:Staff Discussion Notes 4500:10.1287/mnsc.1120.1684 3740:Tebble, A. J. (2019). 3701:Tebble, A. J. (2020). 3376:. Bar-Ilan University. 2891:(suppl_2): ii15–ii54. 2117:San Francisco Bay Area 1759:distribution of wealth 1705:policies. As of 2011, 1369: 1320: 967: 899:(engineer) creator of 885:Mihaly Csikszentmihaly 807:(engineer/physicist), 792:(Nobel prize/physics) 404:Edict of Fontainebleau 151:and technologists" to 43: 30:Theoretical physicist 7161:– via ProQuest. 6933:on December 11, 2007. 6116:Baofu, Peter (2013). 6061:www.themaparchive.com 5514:10.1186/2193-9039-2-9 5399:IZA Discussion Papers 4213:10.1093/epolic/eix006 4124:10.1093/cesifo/ifx016 3650:Third World Quarterly 2582:Tomohara, A. (2020). 2195:Bolivarian Revolution 1730:Further information: 1361: 1315: 962: 946:Operation Osoaviakhim 638:"great purge" of 1933 362:After the end of the 187:University of Louvain 29: 10632:Immanuel Wallerstein 10293:Capital accumulation 10159:Endangered languages 9702:Dowty, Alan (1989), 9213:on November 8, 2021. 9176:| National, May 2010 9108:23 July 2004 at the 7329:www.oei.fu-berlin.de 7087:UK Poles return home 6761:"Europe's Far Right" 6749:on October 28, 2007. 6696:(3): 262-282 (2013) 5792:10.1257/aer.99.1.528 3269:10.1257/app.20150517 2806:10.1257/app.20150405 2733:The Economic Journal 2678:The Economic Journal 2644:10.1162/rest_a_01131 1664:Indonesian Aerospace 1611:improve this section 881:Alexandre Lamfalussy 776:Before World War I: 459:British royal family 262:A 2019 study in the 47:Human capital flight 10704:Business portal 10263:Transnational crime 10169:Forced displacement 10154:Economic inequality 10028:Trade globalization 9924:Alter-globalization 9387:The Washington Post 9273:Schwartz, Jeffrey. 9082:on 25 February 2011 8811:. 25 September 2007 8655:The Himalayan Times 7151:The Washington Post 5294:10.1093/wber/lhr009 4663:10.1093/wber/lhx007 4317:10.1257/jep.25.3.83 4242:10.15185/izawol.123 4163:10.1093/wber/lhr013 4020:migrationpolicy.org 3581:10.15185/izawol.203 3314:10.15185/izawol.307 2989:10.3390/soc10040073 2939:10.1093/wber/lhn005 2390:. Monash University 2221:or post doctorate. 2103:region towards the 2007:slightly positive. 1808:In addition to the 1660:Chinese Indonesians 1470:reverse brain drain 1456:White South African 1357:African Renaissance 1245:and its successive 1198:Southeastern Europe 1076:Southeastern Europe 1032:Republikflüchtlinge 1018:Inner German border 938:Operation Paperclip 825:Theodore von Kármán 757:Ludwig Wittgenstein 751:, and philosophers 677:International Style 661:modern architecture 622:University in Exile 593:Theodore von Karman 406:. After this, many 309:Historical examples 256:2004 EU enlargement 10477:Andre Gunder Frank 10251:Race to the bottom 10241:North–South divide 9959:Global citizenship 9660:The New York Times 9174:The Globe And Mail 9000:2007-09-30 at the 8948:. 29 October 2017. 8809:New Zealand Herald 8605:www.aseantoday.com 8566:The New York Times 8182:"Malaysia's Brain" 7800:. 11 November 2008 7555:10.1093/jae/ejh042 7511:. All Business.com 7350:"The Putin Exodus" 6997:(28 October 2005). 6984:Jornal de Notícias 6399:. 24 October 2018. 5473:10.1111/isqu.12072 5354:10.1111/isqu.12180 4815:10.1111/sjoe.12102 4551:Javorcik, Beata S. 4478:Management Science 4233:IZA World of Labor 3797:10.15185/izawol.31 3788:IZA World of Labor 3572:IZA World of Labor 3542:Clemens, Michael. 3499:2022-04-10 at the 3305:IZA World of Labor 3109:10.1111/twec.12407 2897:10.1093/jae/ejh042 2690:10.1111/ecoj.12306 2600:10.1111/twec.13042 2437:10.1111/jeea.12110 2321:Knowledge transfer 2227:stated that many " 1837:The New York Times 1804:Education industry 1703:affirmative action 1682:public transport. 1355:said in his 1998 " 1276:1960 military coup 1243:fall of Yugoslavia 1217:. You can help by 1176:Schengen Agreement 968: 440:colony at the Cape 44: 10712: 10711: 10678: 10677: 10537:K. Anthony Appiah 10532:Daniele Archibugi 10281: 10280: 10070:COVID-19 pandemic 9976:Global governance 9846:on March 8, 2021. 9662:, 25 October 2005 9658:, Dugger, Celia, 9527:on 28 August 2014 9389:. 2 February 2007 9004:- "Immigration," 8682:Missing or empty 8240:Malaysian Insider 8211:Malaysian Insider 7618:on 18 April 2003. 7269:. 24 August 2017. 7266:Independent.co.uk 7223:on 6 October 2013 7046:on April 8, 2008. 6966:on April 14, 2008 6281:(10): 3222–3255. 5743:World Development 4042:World Development 3097:The World Economy 2245:Caribbean Islands 2217:and 12% having a 1716:Malaysian Chinese 1712:Malaysian Indians 1643: 1642: 1635: 1498:that began under 1235: 1234: 1095:national populist 990:Nikita Khrushchev 857:György von Békésy 729:Ernst Boris Chain 665:Mies van der Rohe 523:vineyards in Peru 463:Henry Fourdrinier 436:Frederick William 368:Catholic Monarchs 286:Indian IT sector. 74:that emigration, 10747: 10702: 10701: 10690: 10689: 10643: 10552:Jean Baudrillard 10520: 10467:Giovanni Arrighi 10455: 10412:Branko Milanović 10392:Jagdish Bhagwati 10370: 10365: 10364: 10256:pollution havens 10221:Invasive species 10125: 10046: 10041: 10040: 9991:Global workforce 9901: 9900: 9875: 9868: 9861: 9852: 9851: 9847: 9845: 9839:. 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Archived from 9067: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9054: 9049:on 10 March 2011 9039: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9026: 9015: 9009: 8992: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8982: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8962:. 12 April 2015. 8956: 8950: 8949: 8942: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8932: 8913: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8903: 8884: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8855: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8791: 8786:. Nzherald.co.nz 8779: 8773: 8772: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8750: 8741: 8732: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8719: 8703: 8692: 8691: 8685: 8680: 8678: 8670: 8663: 8657: 8648: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8632:. 5 January 2022 8622: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8583: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8557: 8551: 8548: 8539: 8536: 8530: 8527: 8516: 8509: 8503: 8500: 8494: 8491: 8482: 8479: 8470: 8467: 8461: 8458: 8452: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8352: 8346: 8343: 8334: 8331: 8325: 8322: 8316: 8313: 8304: 8303: 8293: 8276:(9): 1572–1581. 8261: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8251: 8232: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8178: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8168: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8147: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8071: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8061: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7815: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7805: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7765: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7655: 7635: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7610: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7581:on 30 April 2011 7580: 7574:. Archived from 7573: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7548: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7494: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7427: 7404:EPJ Data Science 7401: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7357:Atlantic Council 7354: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7303: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7222: 7216:. Archived from 7215: 7207: 7201: 7200: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7142: 7136: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7107: 7105: 7098:Horvat, Vedran: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7039:. Archived from 7038: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7004: 6998: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6951: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6929:. Archived from 6923: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6831:Smith, Craig S. 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6745:. Archived from 6735: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6710: 6704: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6607:on April 5, 2004 6603:. Archived from 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6544: 6538: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6418: 6412: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6377:on 14 April 2012 6376: 6365: 6357: 6348: 6347: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6272: 6263: 6257: 6254: 6248: 6243: 6232: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098:. Cape-town.info 6092: 6086: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6032: 6026: 6019: 6013: 6012: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5873: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5785: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5659: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5516: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5475: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5418: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5365: 5339: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5305: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5173: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5140: 5131: 5130: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5103:Available online 5101: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5029:(4): 1864–1925. 5020: 5011: 5000: 4999: 4967: 4958: 4957: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4925: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4860: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4826: 4800: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4731: 4714:(7): 1209–1226. 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4665: 4647: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4570: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4493: 4484:(7): 1529–1544. 4473: 4467: 4466: 4448: 4422: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4174: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3995: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3954:(3): 1033–1060. 3943: 3934: 3933: 3891: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3859: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3839: 3833: 3825: 3813: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3665: 3656:(8): 1269–1284. 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3595: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3563: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3520:. Archived from 3509: 3503: 3490: 3481: 3474: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3419: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3349: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3271: 3253: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3224: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3197:(3–4): 389–408. 3182: 3176: 3175: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3103:(7): 1454–1472. 3088: 3082: 3081: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3024: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2950: 2918: 2909: 2908: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2859: 2827: 2818: 2817: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2772: 2739:(528): 631–652. 2730: 2721: 2710: 2709: 2684:(600): 495–521. 2673: 2664: 2663: 2623: 2612: 2611: 2594:(6): 1720–1739. 2579: 2573: 2572: 2554: 2537:(7): 1209–1226. 2522: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2492: 2484: 2476: 2467: 2466: 2448: 2422: 2413: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2385: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2343: 2233:statist controls 1638: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1230: 1227: 1209: 1202: 1172:Eastern European 966:in November 1975 873:Viktor Szebehely 871:and others like 829:John von Neumann 737:Nikolaus Pevsner 733:Hans Adolf Krebs 702: 694:Michael Grüttner 598:John von Neumann 382:and others from 324:Platonic Academy 226:Return migration 193:Economic effects 139:Origins and uses 40:Nazi persecution 10755: 10754: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10746: 10745: 10744: 10735:Human migration 10730:Foreign workers 10715: 10714: 10713: 10708: 10696: 10674: 10655:Thomas Friedman 10641: 10636: 10587:Anthony Giddens 10562:Manuel Castells 10527:Arjun Appadurai 10518: 10516: 10511: 10453: 10451: 10446: 10442:Joseph Stiglitz 10382:Richard Baldwin 10368: 10360: 10354: 10313:Fiscal localism 10277: 10231:McDonaldization 10149:Development aid 10123: 10118: 10087:Multilingualism 10082:Labor arbitrage 10058:Climate justice 10044: 10032: 9986:Global politics 9939:Deglobalization 9912: 9884: 9879: 9843: 9788: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9750: 9732: 9714: 9697: 9692: 9691: 9682: 9680: 9671: 9670: 9666: 9654: 9650: 9641: 9639: 9632: 9628: 9618: 9616: 9599: 9595: 9585: 9583: 9574: 9573: 9566: 9556: 9554: 9544: 9540: 9530: 9528: 9521:El Nuevo Herald 9513: 9500: 9490: 9488: 9483: 9482: 9475: 9465: 9463: 9456: 9449: 9439: 9437: 9430: 9426: 9417: 9415: 9413:Washington Post 9405: 9401: 9392: 9390: 9381: 9380: 9373: 9364: 9362: 9361:. Money.cnn.com 9355: 9351: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9329: 9323: 9319: 9310: 9308: 9298: 9294: 9284: 9282: 9271: 9267: 9251: 9250: 9222: 9218: 9210: 9203: 9197: 9193: 9184: 9180: 9168: 9164: 9155: 9153: 9142: 9138: 9121: 9120: 9116: 9110:Wayback Machine 9101: 9094: 9085: 9083: 9068: 9061: 9052: 9050: 9041: 9040: 9033: 9024: 9022: 9017: 9016: 9012: 9002:Wayback Machine 8993: 8989: 8980: 8978: 8971: 8967: 8958: 8957: 8953: 8944: 8943: 8939: 8930: 8928: 8915: 8914: 8910: 8901: 8899: 8886: 8885: 8881: 8872: 8870: 8857: 8856: 8852: 8843: 8841: 8828: 8827: 8823: 8814: 8812: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8789: 8787: 8780: 8776: 8761: 8757: 8748: 8746: 8739: 8733: 8726: 8717: 8715: 8704: 8695: 8683: 8681: 8672: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8660: 8649: 8645: 8635: 8633: 8624: 8623: 8619: 8610: 8608: 8599: 8598: 8594: 8585: 8584: 8580: 8570: 8568: 8558: 8554: 8549: 8542: 8537: 8533: 8528: 8519: 8510: 8506: 8501: 8497: 8492: 8485: 8480: 8473: 8468: 8464: 8459: 8455: 8450: 8446: 8425:(12): 1223–33. 8415: 8411: 8380: 8376: 8353: 8349: 8344: 8337: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8314: 8307: 8262: 8258: 8249: 8247: 8234: 8233: 8229: 8220: 8218: 8205: 8204: 8200: 8191: 8189: 8180: 8179: 8175: 8166: 8164: 8159: 8158: 8154: 8145: 8143: 8142:(in Indonesian) 8134: 8133: 8129: 8120: 8118: 8109: 8108: 8104: 8095: 8094: 8090: 8081: 8079: 8074:Bothina Osama. 8072: 8068: 8059: 8057: 8052: 8051: 8047: 8038: 8036: 8031: 8030: 8026: 8017: 8015: 8008: 8004: 7995: 7993: 7982: 7978: 7969: 7967: 7956: 7952: 7943: 7941: 7930: 7926: 7917: 7915: 7904: 7900: 7891: 7889: 7881: 7880: 7876: 7867: 7865: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7846: 7844: 7835: 7834: 7830: 7817: 7816: 7812: 7803: 7801: 7792: 7791: 7787: 7778: 7776: 7766: 7762: 7753: 7751: 7740: 7736: 7727: 7725: 7715: 7711: 7701: 7699: 7692: 7688: 7673: 7669: 7633: 7627: 7623: 7615: 7608: 7597: 7593: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7546:10.1.1.203.2508 7527: 7523: 7514: 7512: 7505: 7501: 7492: 7490: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7471: 7469: 7468:. CSMonitor.com 7462: 7458: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7399: 7393: 7389: 7380: 7378: 7369: 7368: 7364: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7343: 7334: 7332: 7323: 7322: 7318: 7305: 7304: 7300: 7291: 7289: 7278: 7274: 7259: 7258: 7254: 7239: 7235: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7189: 7185: 7170: 7166: 7143: 7139: 7133:Wayback Machine 7124: 7120: 7109: 7103: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7085: 7081: 7072: 7070: 7069:on May 13, 2008 7055: 7051: 7043: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7027: 7018: 7016: 7005: 7001: 6982: 6978: 6969: 6967: 6960:The Independent 6952: 6948: 6942: 6938: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6865: 6863: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6841: 6839: 6829: 6825: 6816: 6814: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6792: 6790: 6783: 6779: 6770: 6768: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6723: 6721: 6711: 6707: 6687: 6683: 6674: 6672: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6653: 6651: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6632: 6630: 6623: 6619: 6610: 6608: 6593: 6589: 6581: 6577: 6568: 6564: 6556: 6547: 6539: 6532: 6524: 6520: 6512: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6485: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6404: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6351: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6298: 6294: 6270: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6244: 6235: 6230: 6226: 6195: 6191: 6181: 6167: 6163: 6153: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6114: 6110: 6101: 6099: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6078: 6074: 6065: 6063: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6041: 6039: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6020: 6016: 5977: 5973: 5942: 5938: 5899: 5895: 5871:10.1.1.646.5019 5854: 5850: 5811: 5807: 5783:10.1.1.372.3312 5766: 5762: 5739: 5735: 5720: 5716: 5701: 5697: 5657: 5651: 5647: 5608: 5604: 5565: 5561: 5534: 5530: 5493: 5489: 5452: 5448: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5391: 5387: 5337: 5331: 5327: 5278: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5231: 5227: 5218: 5216: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5152: 5150: 5142: 5141: 5134: 5122: 5116: 5109: 5090: 5086: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5018: 5012: 5003: 4968: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4894: 4890: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4798: 4792: 4788: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4757: 4753: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4596: 4592: 4568:10.1.1.319.9420 4548: 4544: 4519: 4515: 4474: 4470: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4387: 4383: 4344: 4340: 4297: 4293: 4278: 4274: 4265: 4263: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4225: 4221: 4206:(91): 551–596. 4200:Economic Policy 4192: 4188: 4143: 4139: 4108: 4104: 4065: 4061: 4038: 4034: 4025: 4023: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3993: 3987: 3983: 3944: 3937: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3860: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3814: 3805: 3780: 3773: 3738: 3734: 3699: 3695: 3663:10.1.1.371.1384 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3620: 3616: 3607: 3605: 3597: 3596: 3589: 3564: 3557: 3548: 3546: 3540: 3536: 3527: 3525: 3518:Starts at 19:35 3510: 3506: 3501:Wayback Machine 3491: 3484: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3458: 3449: 3447: 3437: 3433: 3402:(11): 487–491. 3388: 3381: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3326: 3322: 3297: 3293: 3251: 3245: 3238: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3183: 3179: 3136: 3132: 3089: 3085: 3042: 3038: 3001: 2997: 2968: 2964: 2919: 2912: 2877: 2873: 2828: 2821: 2789: 2783: 2776: 2728: 2722: 2713: 2674: 2667: 2624: 2615: 2580: 2576: 2523: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2486: 2485: 2477: 2470: 2420: 2414: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2360: 2358: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2281: 2241: 2215:master's degree 2187: 2181: 2158: 2146: 2141: 2089: 2018: 2013: 1973: 1938: 1936:Pacific Islands 1933: 1924: 1919: 1903: 1878: 1859: 1854: 1822: 1806: 1797: 1780: 1767: 1743: 1738: 1728: 1692: 1648: 1639: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1608: 1595: 1591: 1584: 1556: 1536: 1530: 1514: 1508: 1488: 1483: 1436: 1430: 1425: 1419: 1407: 1329: 1303:invaded Ukraine 1299: 1284: 1268: 1259: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1215:needs expansion 1200: 1165: 1116: 1064: 1059: 1046:Walter Ulbricht 1001:to restricting 978: 970:Main articles: 957: 948: 942:Operation Lusty 936:Main articles: 934: 771: 765: 743:, sociologists 696: 634:Albert Einstein 565:Albert Einstein 551: 515: 506: 494:entrepreneurial 479:Bank of England 400:Edict of Nantes 392: 360: 316: 311: 295: 273: 251:economic growth 195: 179:Michael Clemens 175: 141: 116:human migration 95:Organizational: 88: 80:democratization 67:underemployment 32:Albert Einstein 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10753: 10743: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10706: 10694: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10646: 10644: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10557:Zygmunt Bauman 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10523: 10521: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10458: 10456: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10422:Thomas Piketty 10419: 10417:Kevin O'Rourke 10414: 10409: 10407:Michael Hudson 10404: 10399: 10397:Robert Brenner 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10373: 10371: 10362: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10331: 10330: 10325: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10289: 10287: 10283: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10275: 10270: 10268:Westernization 10265: 10260: 10259: 10258: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10217: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10128: 10126: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10111: 10110: 10109: 10107:Tax inversions 10104: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10077:Digital divide 10074: 10073: 10072: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10053:Climate change 10049: 10047: 10038: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10014: 10013: 10008: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9967: 9966: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9920: 9918: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9895: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9878: 9877: 9870: 9863: 9855: 9849: 9848: 9829:10.1086/669567 9811:10.1086/669567 9779: 9778:External links 9776: 9774: 9773: 9768: 9753: 9748: 9735: 9730: 9717: 9712: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9690: 9689: 9679:. 23 July 2007 9664: 9648: 9626: 9593: 9564: 9538: 9498: 9473: 9462:. El Universal 9447: 9424: 9399: 9371: 9349: 9317: 9292: 9265: 9232:(3): 220–233. 9216: 9191: 9178: 9162: 9136: 9133:on 2010-09-12. 9114: 9092: 9059: 9031: 9010: 9008:, pages 10–15. 8987: 8965: 8951: 8937: 8908: 8879: 8850: 8821: 8796: 8774: 8755: 8724: 8693: 8658: 8643: 8617: 8592: 8589:. Nov 2, 2016. 8578: 8552: 8540: 8531: 8517: 8515:40(1) 2008: 22 8504: 8495: 8483: 8471: 8462: 8453: 8444: 8409: 8374: 8347: 8335: 8326: 8317: 8305: 8256: 8227: 8198: 8173: 8152: 8127: 8102: 8099:. Oct 5, 2019. 8088: 8066: 8045: 8024: 8002: 7992:. Ynetnews.com 7976: 7966:. Ynetnews.com 7950: 7940:. Ynetnews.com 7924: 7914:. Ynetnews.com 7898: 7874: 7853: 7828: 7810: 7785: 7760: 7734: 7709: 7698:. Business Day 7686: 7667: 7646:(3): 387–388. 7621: 7591: 7560: 7521: 7499: 7478: 7456: 7450:.africarecruit 7439: 7387: 7362: 7341: 7316: 7298: 7272: 7252: 7233: 7202: 7183: 7164: 7137: 7118: 7110:(58.6 KB) 7091: 7079: 7049: 7025: 6999: 6976: 6946: 6936: 6918: 6895: 6872: 6848: 6823: 6799: 6777: 6752: 6730: 6719:New York Times 6705: 6681: 6660: 6639: 6617: 6587: 6575: 6562: 6545: 6530: 6518: 6503: 6491: 6487:Thackeray 2004 6476: 6464: 6452: 6433:(2): 439–442. 6413: 6402: 6388: 6349: 6330:(3): 513–533. 6310: 6292: 6258: 6249: 6233: 6224: 6207:(in Spanish). 6189: 6179: 6161: 6151: 6133: 6126: 6108: 6087: 6072: 6048: 6027: 6014: 5987:(5): 665–686. 5971: 5952:(3): 814–824. 5936: 5893: 5848: 5805: 5776:(1): 528–543. 5760: 5733: 5714: 5695: 5674:10.1086/684679 5668:(2): 572–588. 5645: 5618:(5): 502–520. 5602: 5575:(1): 119–148. 5559: 5548:(3): 630–651. 5528: 5487: 5466:(2): 295–307. 5446: 5404: 5385: 5348:(3): 571–586. 5325: 5272: 5258: 5245:10.3386/w26055 5225: 5201: 5159: 5132: 5107: 5084: 5064: 5035:10.1086/701682 5001: 4959: 4945: 4908:(2): 531–553. 4888: 4869:(1): 154–163. 4846: 4809:(2): 522–564. 4786: 4773: 4751: 4694: 4677: 4633: 4606:(4): 563–580. 4590: 4561:(2): 231–241. 4542: 4536:10.3386/w21847 4513: 4468: 4431:(3): 557–594. 4408: 4381: 4354:(1–2): 61–75. 4338: 4291: 4272: 4248: 4219: 4186: 4157:(1): 132–156. 4137: 4118:(4): 481–499. 4102: 4059: 4032: 4022:. 31 July 2013 4007: 3981: 3935: 3900:(4): 913–945. 3877: 3851: 3834: 3803: 3771: 3752:(4): 510–531. 3732: 3713:(2): 353–379. 3693: 3640: 3614: 3603:oxfamblogs.org 3587: 3555: 3534: 3504: 3482: 3469: 3456: 3431: 3379: 3361: 3320: 3291: 3236: 3210: 3177: 3150:(6): 801–818. 3130: 3083: 3056:(6): 679–705. 3036: 2995: 2962: 2933:(2): 345–366. 2910: 2871: 2819: 2774: 2711: 2665: 2613: 2574: 2517: 2500: 2468: 2431:(1): 168–202. 2401: 2371: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2316:Intelligentsia 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2240: 2237: 2203:Nicolás Maduro 2183:Main article: 2180: 2177: 2157: 2154: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2088: 2085: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 1981:New Zealanders 1972: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1902: 1899: 1877: 1874: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1821: 1818: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1779: 1776: 1766: 1763: 1742: 1739: 1727: 1724: 1691: 1688: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1605:of the subject 1603:worldwide view 1598: 1596: 1589: 1583: 1582:Southeast Asia 1580: 1564:United Nations 1560:Arab countries 1555: 1552: 1532:Main article: 1529: 1526: 1510:Main article: 1507: 1504: 1500:Saddam Hussein 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1463:United Kingdom 1432:Main article: 1429: 1426: 1421:Main article: 1418: 1415: 1406: 1403: 1328: 1325: 1308:Vladimir Putin 1298: 1295: 1283: 1282:United Kingdom 1280: 1267: 1264: 1258: 1255: 1233: 1232: 1212: 1210: 1199: 1196: 1188:European Union 1164: 1161: 1153:United Kingdom 1115: 1114:Western Europe 1112: 1068:Western Europe 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 956: 953: 933: 930: 925: 924: 897:Ferenc Pavlics 849:John G. Kemeny 818: 817: 814: 811: 797: 790:Philipp Lenard 767:Main article: 764: 761: 741:Ernst Gombrich 721:Rudolf Peierls 669:Walter Gropius 618: 617: 611: 606: 601: 595: 590: 584: 578: 568: 550: 547: 514: 511: 505: 502: 471:Gabriel Cramer 391: 388: 359: 356: 315: 312: 310: 307: 303:son preference 294: 291: 272: 269: 235:Dayton accords 200:Lant Pratchett 194: 191: 174: 171: 140: 137: 114:As with other 112: 111: 105: 99: 87: 84: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10752: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10693: 10685: 10684: 10681: 10671: 10670:Vandana Shiva 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10639: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10622:Saskia Sassen 10620: 10618: 10617:George Ritzer 10615: 10613: 10612:Antonio Negri 10610: 10608: 10607:L. H. M. Ling 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10592:Michael Hardt 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10572:Alfred Crosby 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10514: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10502:Susan Strange 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10472:Robert W. Cox 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10449: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10432:Jeffrey Sachs 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10366: 10363: 10357: 10351: 10350:World-systems 10348: 10346: 10345:World history 10343: 10341: 10340:Social change 10338: 10336: 10333: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10319: 10318:Modernization 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10284: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10257: 10254: 10253: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10130: 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9657: 9652: 9637: 9630: 9615:on 2015-10-17 9614: 9610: 9609: 9604: 9597: 9581: 9577: 9571: 9569: 9553: 9549: 9542: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9503: 9486: 9480: 9478: 9461: 9454: 9452: 9435: 9428: 9414: 9410: 9403: 9388: 9384: 9378: 9376: 9360: 9353: 9339:on 2016-04-04 9335: 9328: 9321: 9307: 9303: 9296: 9280: 9276: 9269: 9261: 9255: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9220: 9209: 9202: 9195: 9188: 9185:Jeff Colgan, 9182: 9175: 9171: 9166: 9151: 9147: 9140: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9118: 9111: 9107: 9104: 9099: 9097: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9066: 9064: 9048: 9044: 9038: 9036: 9020: 9014: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8996: 8991: 8976: 8969: 8961: 8955: 8947: 8941: 8927:on 2013-04-04 8926: 8922: 8918: 8912: 8898:on 2014-08-09 8897: 8893: 8889: 8883: 8869:on 2014-08-09 8868: 8864: 8860: 8854: 8840:on 2014-08-09 8839: 8835: 8831: 8825: 8810: 8806: 8800: 8785: 8778: 8770: 8766: 8759: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8729: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8689: 8676: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8652: 8647: 8631: 8627: 8621: 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3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3052:(in German). 3051: 3047: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2915: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2824: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2670: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2588:World Economy 2585: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2510: 2504: 2496: 2490: 2482: 2475: 2473: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2389: 2382: 2375: 2368: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2338: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2311:Human capital 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2099:and northern 2098: 2094: 2087:United States 2084: 2082: 2076: 2074: 2073:credentialism 2068: 2065: 2064:entertainment 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2011:North America 2008: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1928: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1888: 1883: 1873: 1871: 1866: 1863: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1827:Viet Nam News 1824:According to 1817: 1813: 1811: 1801: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1775: 1771: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1637: 1634: 1626: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1604: 1597: 1588: 1587: 1579: 1577: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1558:By 2010, the 1551: 1547: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1520:(IMF) ranked 1519: 1516:In 2006, the 1513: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1424: 1414: 1412: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372:Africarecruit 1368: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1301:After Russia 1294: 1292: 1287: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1229: 1220: 1216: 1213:This section 1211: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136:reunification 1133: 1129: 1126:(37,946) and 1125: 1121: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1054: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1037:Yuri Andropov 1034: 1033: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 987: 983: 980:By 1922, the 977: 973: 965: 961: 952: 947: 943: 939: 929: 922: 918: 914: 913:Csaba Horváth 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 893: 892: 890: 886: 883:(economist), 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 861:Szent-Györgyi 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 841:Edward Teller 838: 837:Eugene Wigner 834: 830: 826: 821: 815: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 795: 794: 793: 791: 787: 783: 782:Eugene Farkas 779: 778:József Galamb 774: 770: 760: 758: 754: 750: 749:Karl Mannheim 746: 745:Norbert Elias 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 725:Francis Simon 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 700: 695: 691: 686: 684: 683: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 645: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 615: 614:Hannah Arendt 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 599: 596: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 572: 571:Sigmund Freud 569: 566: 563: 562: 561: 559: 558:the Holocaust 555: 546: 544: 539: 535: 530: 528: 524: 520: 510: 501: 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 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Saul 10650:Noam Chomsky 10642:Non–academic 10582:Susan George 10577:Nancy Fraser 10547:Walden Bello 10492:David Harvey 10482:Stephen Gill 10402:Jayati Ghosh 10308:Earth system 10174:Human rights 10131: 10114:Water crisis 10011:early modern 9841:the original 9798: 9792: 9758: 9739: 9721: 9703: 9681:. Retrieved 9676: 9667: 9659: 9651: 9640:. Retrieved 9629: 9617:. Retrieved 9613:the original 9606: 9596: 9584:. Retrieved 9579: 9555:. Retrieved 9551: 9541: 9529:. Retrieved 9525:the original 9520: 9491:24 September 9489:. Retrieved 9466:24 September 9464:. Retrieved 9438:. Retrieved 9427: 9416:. Retrieved 9412: 9402: 9391:. Retrieved 9386: 9363:. Retrieved 9352: 9341:. Retrieved 9334:the original 9320: 9309:. Retrieved 9305: 9295: 9283:. Retrieved 9278: 9268: 9254:cite journal 9229: 9225: 9219: 9208:the original 9194: 9186: 9181: 9173: 9165: 9154:. Retrieved 9149: 9139: 9131:the original 9127:nationalpost 9126: 9117: 9084:. Retrieved 9080:the original 9075: 9051:. 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Retrieved 2351: 2341: 2243:Many of the 2242: 2229:white-collar 2222: 2207: 2188: 2170: 2159: 2147: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2109:Southwestern 2101:Great Plains 2090: 2081:9/11 attacks 2077: 2069: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2019: 2005: 2001: 1989: 1974: 1939: 1925: 1917:Eastern Asia 1904: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1879: 1867: 1860: 1846: 1842:Barack Obama 1835: 1825: 1823: 1814: 1807: 1798: 1789: 1781: 1772: 1768: 1755:World War II 1751:Manuel Roxas 1744: 1693: 1684: 1680: 1649: 1629: 1620: 1600: 1572: 1557: 1548: 1537: 1515: 1489: 1467: 1460: 1440:South Africa 1437: 1428:South Africa 1408: 1399: 1393:adopted the 1384: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1350: 1330: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1300: 1288: 1285: 1269: 1260: 1251: 1240: 1236: 1223: 1219:adding to it 1214: 1184:Celtic Tiger 1166: 1140:World War II 1117: 1108: 1092: 1065: 1030: 1015: 1011:East Germany 1009:, including 1007:Eastern Bloc 999:Soviet Union 995:Eastern Bloc 982:Soviet Union 979: 976:Eastern Bloc 949: 926: 845:George Pólya 822: 819: 805:István Szabó 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