International response to the Spanish Civil War

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under colonial rule when the Spanish Civil War broke out. Additionally, Arabic names were commonly misspelled and therefore registered multiple times. Roughly half of the Arabs who volunteered in Spain were Algerian, with 493 joining the Republican forces, of which 332 survived. Alongside those there were 211 Moroccans, 11 Syrians, four Palestinians including Palestinian journalist Najati Sidqi, three Egyptians, two Iraqis and one Lebanese man also took up arms for the International Brigades.The motivations behind Arab participation in the Spanish Civil War are varied. However, most likely they saw that a Republican victory in Spain would lead to the decolonisation of the Arab world in the longer term.

1468: 2019: 1868: 832: 103:. The German position was that such a declaration was not needed. A similar approach was made to the Soviet Union. On 6 August, Ciano confirmed Italian support in principle. The Soviet government similarly agreed in principle if Portugal was included and Germany and Italy stopped aid immediately. On 7 August, France unilaterally declared its non-intervention. Draft declarations had been put to German and Italian governments. Such a declaration had already been accepted by the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union and required renouncing all traffic in war 805:) fought for Franco although never as a national unit. For the whole war, Portugal was instrumental in providing the Nationalists with a vital logistical organisation and by reassuring Franco and his allies that no interference would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationalists that crossed the borders of the Iberian countries. The Nationalists even referred to Lisbon as "the port of Castile". In 1938, with Franco's victory increasingly certain, Portugal recognised Franco's regime and soon after the war signed a treaty of friendship and non-aggression pact, the 1489:, who actively participated in combat for the Republicans. Other countries aided the Republicans by selling weapons and providing volunteer military units. Throughout the war, the efforts of the Republican government to resist the Nationalists, and their foreign supporters were hampered by Franco-British "non-intervention", the long supply lines and the intermittent availability of weapons of widely-variable quality. The Franco-British naval embargo allowed Germany and Italy to reinforce their armies in Spain and hampered only Soviet efforts to arm the Republicans. 448: 773: 1727:; were camouflaged at a deserted island; and, with changed flags, they proceeded officially to ports in Mexico. It is known that sales continued from August 1936 to at least November 1938. The exact number of shipments is unknown but remained significant since by November 1937, 34 Greek ships were declared to be non-compliant with the non-intervention agreement, and the Nationalist Navy seized 21 vessels in 1938 alone. Details of sales to the Nationalists are unclear, but they were known to be by far fewer. 1802:) sympathised more or less openly with the Nationalists. However, Mexican aid could mean relatively little in practical terms since the French border was closed, and the German, Italian and Portuguese dictators remained free to supply the Nationalists with a quality and a quantity of weapons that went far beyond the power of Mexico, which could furnish only $ 2,000,000 in aid. Mexico provided only some material assistance, which included rifles, food and a few American-made aircraft, such as the 1311: 198:, as the British wanted, or to fail to do, as the French wanted. That was subsumed by the news that the Italian and German governments had recognised the Nationalists as the true government of Spain. The League of Nations condemned intervention, urged its council's members to support non-intervention and commended mediation. It then closed discussion on Spain and left it to the committee. A mediation plan, however, was soon dropped. 281: 1330:'s followers went to Spain to fight on Franco's side. O'Duffy's Irish Brigade, whose legionnaires considered their primary role in Spain to be fighting against communism and defending Catholicism, quickly became disenchanted with the Nationalist cause, in part due to the brutality of its tactics. As a result, Franco never dispatched a transport ship for 600 additional volunteers whom O'Duffy had recruited. In February 1937, 257:

recognise the Nationalists as belligerents, once significant progress had been made, was finally accepted. The Nationalists accepted on 20 November and the Republicans on 1 December. On 27 June, Maisky agreed to send two commissions to Spain to enumerate foreign volunteer forces and to bring about their withdrawal. The Nationalists, wishing to prevent the fall of the sympathetic British government, led by

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the side of the rebels and defined the religious Spaniards who had been persecuted in Republican areas as "martyrs of the faith". It selectively ignored the many believing Catholic Spaniards who remained loyal to the Republic and even those who were later killed during the persecution and the massacres of Republicans. The devout Catholics who supported the Republic included high-ranking officers of the

561: 5937: 2123:". A legionnaire officer emphasised that the war was one "of Spaniards against Russians!" Francoist propaganda presented the enemy as an invading army or the puppet of foreign powers. The involvement of Moorish troops in a Catholic crusade was explained by the Nationalists as that of defenders of religion in the face of the godless, anticlerical, anti- 414:, hoped that a general outbreak of war in Europe would help his cause by compelling Britain and France to help the Republic at last. Ultimately, however, neither Britain nor France intervened to any significant extent. The British supplied food and medicine to the Republic but actively discouraged Blum and his French government from supplying weapons. 754:. The training provided to Nationalist forces by the Germans would prove at least as valuable as direct actions. Perhaps 56,000 Nationalist soldiers were trained by various German detachments in Spain, which were technically proficient and covered infantry, tanks and anti-tank units; air and anti-aircraft forces; and those trained in naval warfare. 2119:(fatherland) and its Catholic essence, which stated to be under the threat of becoming a "Russian colony", the fault being of traitors and "international agents". "Anti-Spain" was embodied by liberalism, atheism, freemasonry, international Jewry and regional separatism. The communist invader was a dehumanised foreigner, the "wolves of the Russian 2104:

international mob of criminals and thieves. Cartoons in the Republican press often depicted the rebel army as a multinational gang of foreign mercenaries. The presence of Moorish troops was exploited from the outbreak of the conflict, and they were presented as black-faced, barefoot, hungry and eager to steal and kill: "The

758:

German aid to the Nationalists amounted to approximately £43,000,000 ($ 215,000,000) in 1939 prices. That was broken down in expenditure to 15.5% for salaries and expenses, 21.9% for direct delivery of supplies to Spain and 62.6% for the Condor Legion. No detailed list of German supplies furnished to Spain has been found.

418:, the US ambassador to Spain, was one of the few ambassadors who was friendly to the Republic. He later condemned the Non-Intervention Committee by saying that each of its moves had been made to serve the cause of the rebellion: "This committee was the most cynical and lamentably dishonest group that history has known". 2095:

world coalition". The "true" Spain was represented by the lower classes. Outside the "nation in arms" were bourgeois traitors, fascists, clergymen and "false revolutionaries" (dissident communists, radicals, anarchists etc.), who were "serving fascism". With the exception of the anti-Stalinist communists of the

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The International Brigades included 9,000 Frenchmen, of whom 1,000 died; 5,000 Germans and Austrians, of whom 2,000 died; The third-highest number was from Italy with 3,350 men. Then came Poland, with about 3,000 men. Then the United States (2,800 men with 900 killed and 1,500 wounded) and the United

427:

After the withdrawal of Germany and Italy from patrols, the French considered abandoning border controls or perhaps leaving non-intervention. However, the French were reliant on the British, who wished to continue with the patrols. Britain and France thus continued to labour over non-intervention and

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on 15 and 18 June made Germany and Italy once again withdraw from patrols but not from the committee. That prompted the Portuguese government to remove British observers on the Spanish-Portuguese border. The United Kingdom and France offered to replace Germany and Italy, which, however, believed that

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The instrumental use of nationalism by the Republicans came from the communists. The heroic Spanish people were said to be rising against foreign invaders, who were directed by traitors belonging to the upper classes, the clergy and the army, which were now at the service of the "fascist-imperialist

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Forsaken by the Western European powers, the Republicans depended mainly on Soviet military assistance, which played into the hands of the Nationalists, who portrayed the Republic as a "Marxist" and godless state in Francoist propaganda. Its only other official support was from the anti-Catholic and

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Among many influential Catholics in Spain, mainly conservative traditionalists and monarchists, the religious persecution was squarely blamed on the Republic. The ensuing outrage was used after the 1936 coup by the propaganda of the rebel faction and readily extended itself. The Catholic Church took

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initially ruled out US interference publicly with these words: " no expectation that the United States would ever again send troops or warships or floods of munitions and money to Europe". However, he privately supported the Republicans and was concerned that a Nationalist victory would lead to more

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was mined and told British shipping to keep clear of the area, but it was badly discredited when a British vessel ignored the advice, sailed into the city and found that the river was unmined, just as the Republicans had claimed. However, the British government discouraged activity from its ordinary

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The Soviets met the request to ban volunteers on 27 December, followed by Portugal on 5 January and Germany and Italy on 7 January. On 20 January, Italy put a moratorium on volunteers since it believed that supplies to the Nationalists were now sufficient. Non-intervention would have left both sides

114:

On 15 August, the United Kingdom banned exports of war material to Spain. Italy agreed to the pact and signing on 21 August. That there was a surprising reversal of views has been put down to the growing belief that countries could not or indeed would not abide by the agreement anyway. On 24 August,

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The total worth of Greek sales is unknown. One author claims that in 1937 alone, GPCC shipments amounted to $ 10.9 million for the Republicans and $ 2.7 million for the Nationalists and that in late 1937 Bodosakis signed another contract with the Republicans for £2.1 million (around $ 10 million),

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The Republic also made poor choices in buying ammunition. The arms trade has a standard that with every rifle, 1,000 rounds of ammunition are included; with every machine gun, 10,000 rounds are included; and with every artillery piece, 2,400 shells are included to prevent the hardware from becoming

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That culminated in a period during 1937 during which all of the powers were prepared to give up on non-intervention. By the end of July, the committee was in deadlock, and the aims of a successful outcome to the Spanish Civil War was looking unlikely for the Republic. Unrestricted Italian submarine

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soon extended to other left-wing and Republican literature. Republican propaganda made use of pre-existing icons that depicted foreigners in certain ways. The Italians were presented as effeminate, cowardly and presumptuous and the Germans as arrogant. The Foreign Legionnaires were presented as an

583:

The involvement in the war helped to increase Mussolini's popularity. The Italian military aid to Nationalists against the anticlerical and anti-Catholic atrocities committed by the Republicans was exploited by Italian propaganda targeting Catholics. On July 27, 1936, the first squadron of Italian

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since foreign intervention was a state of war in Spain. Hull continued to doubt the extent of German and Italian operations, despite evidence to the contrary. In 1938, as the tide had turned against the Loyalists, Roosevelt attempted to bypass the embargo and ship American aircraft to the Republic

1675:

were identified. Most hardware were obsolete and worn-out second-rate but some modern arms were also delivered; all were 20-30% overpriced. Polish sales amounted to $ 40 million and constituted some 5-7% of the overall Republican military spendings, but in terms of quantity certain categories of

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was an independent protectorate and so the Moroccans were not Spanish citizens. They were feared by the enemy and the local civilian population because they spared no one and "killed everyone", according to an interview with a Moroccan veteran. According to Professor Balfour, "The Moroccan troops

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Initially, the Vatican refrained from declaring too openly its support of the rebel side in the war, but it had long allowed high ecclesiastical figures in Spain to do so and to define the conflict as a "Crusade". Throughout the war, however, Francoist propaganda and influential Spanish Catholics

757:

It has been estimated that there were around 16,000 German citizens who fought in the conflict, mostly as pilots, ground crew, artillery and tank crew and military advisers and instructors. About 10,000 Germans were in Spain at the peak, with perhaps as many as 300 of whom being killed in action.

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The embargo did not apply to nonmilitary supplies, such as oil, gas, or trucks. The US government could thus ship food to Spain as a humanitarian cause, which benefited mostly the Loyalists. The Republicans spent almost $ 1 million a month on tires, cars, and machine tools from American companies

324:

publicly maintained the official policy of non-intervention but privately expressed his preference for a Nationalist victory. Eden also testified that his government "preferred a Rebel victory to a Republican victory"., he even professed an admiration for the self-proclaimed fascist Calvo Sotelo.

300:

The British government proclaimed neutrality, and its foreign policy was to prevent a major war by appeasement of Italy and Germany. British leaders believed that the Spanish Republican government was the puppet of extreme-left socialists and communists. Accordingly, the British Cabinet adopted a

2056:

Historians debate the presence of 1000 Arab volunteers. However, the Catalan historian Andreu Castells, who has conducted extensive research into the topic, found 716 recorded cases. Many of the Arabs who volunteered were registered as French citizens, as many North African countries were still

905:

by recurring to the beatification of 498 "martyrs" of the Civil War. The priests executed by Franco's Army are not counted among them... In this political use of granting religious recognition one can perceive its indignation regarding the compensations to the victims of Francoism. Its selective

256:

and to attack any suspicious submarines. Also, warships that attacked neutral shipping would be attacked. Eden claimed that non-intervention had stopped a European war. The League of Nations reported on the Spanish situation by noting the "failure of non-intervention". On 6 November, the plan to

1838:

fighter aircraft were sent from 7 August to December 1936 to Republican forces. The French also sent pilots and engineers to the Republicans. Also, until 8 September 1936, aircraft could freely pass from France into Spain if they had been bought in other countries. In total, France delivered 70

749:

The Condor Legion spearheaded many Nationalist victories, particularly in the air dominance from 1937 onward; 300 victories were claimed, as opposed to some 900 claimed by Italian forces. Spain provided a proving ground for German tank tactics as well as aircraft tactics, the latter being only

234:

to be used by both the Republicans and the Nationalists to replace naval patrols. A British plan suggested naval patrols to be replaced by observers in ports and ships, with land control measures being resumed. Belligerent rights would not be granted until substantial progress was made on the

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It was then that the Non-Intervention Committee was created to uphold the agreement, but the double dealing of both the Soviet Union and Germany had already become apparent. The ostensible purpose of the committee was to prevent personnel and matériel reaching the warring parties, as with the

1405:, proposed to Franco to develop a Russian Volunteer Unit (which would have encouraged the recruitment of more White Russians), but Franco rejected the proposal because there were few Russians in combat, (approximately just over 100 White Russians). Russian anti-communists also fought in the 222:

and showed approval of humanitarian work. Germany and Italy stated that they would withdraw from the committee and from the patrols without guarantees of no further attacks. Early June saw the return of Germany and Italy to the committee and the patrols. Attacks on the German cruiser

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was arranged by the British for all parties with a Mediterranean coastline, despite appeals by Italy and Germany for the committee to handle piracy and the other issues that the conference was to discuss. It decided for French and British fleets to patrol the areas of sea west of

1731:

but it is not clear whether the ammunition that was contracted was delivered. The arms sold included artillery (such as 30 pieces of 155 mm guns), machine guns (at least 400), cartridges (at least 11 m), bombs (at least 1,500) and explosives (at least 38 tons of TNT).

2038:, 1,500 Canadians, 1,000 Hungarians, and 1,000 Scandinavians (about half of whom were Swedes), 100 Chinese also volunteered, as well as another 800 Swiss, 300 of whom would later be killed. The rest came from a claimed 53 countries About 90 Mexicans participated, and 403:, the socialist leader of the Popular Front, feared that support for the Republic would lead to a civil war and then to a fascist takeover of France. In Britain, part of the reasoning was based on an exaggerated belief of both German and Italian preparedness for war. 47:

in 1936. Although individual sympathy for the plight of the Spanish Republic was widespread in the liberal democracies, pacifism and the fear of a second world war prevented them from selling or giving arms. However, Nationalist pleas were answered within days by

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judged it effective although some 42 ships were estimated to have escaped inspection between April and the end of July. In trying to protect non-intervention in the Anglo-Italian meetings, which he grudgingly did, Eden would end up resigning from his post in the

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Involved were Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Romania, Turkey, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia.

685:

Italian pilots flew 135,265 hours during the war, partook in 5,318 air raids, hit 224 Republican and other ships, engaged in 266 aerial combats reported to have shot down 903 Republican and allied planes and lost around 180 pilots and aircrew killed in action.

858:

labelled the secular Republic as "the enemy of God and the Church" and denounced it by holding it responsible for anticlerical activities, such as shutting down Catholic schools, killing of priests and nuns by exalted mobs and desecrating religious buildings.

210:

Observers were posted to Spanish ports and borders, and both Ribbentrop and Grandi were told to agree to the plan, significant shipments already having taken place. Portugal would not accept observers but agreed to personnel attached to the British embassy in

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had the world's fourth-largest reserve of gold, at about US$ 750 million, despite some assets being frozen by the French and the British governments. The Soviets also sent more than 2,000 personnel and $ 81,000,000 in financial aid, the armory, mainly

1475:

The Franco-British arms embargo allowed the Republican government to receive material aid and purchase arms only from the Soviet Union and Mexico. To pay for the armaments, the Republicans used US$ 500 million in gold reserves. At the start of the war, the

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policy of benevolent neutrality towards the military insurgents, a covert aim being to avoid any direct or indirect help to the Republic. Public opinion was divided, with a clear majority demanding another major war to be avoided. A large part of the

463:

followed American neutrality laws and moved quickly to ban arms sales to both sides. On 5 August 1936, the United States had made it known that it would follow a policy of non-intervention but failed to announce it officially. Five days later, the

906:

criteria regarding the religious persons that were part of its ranks are difficult to fathom. The priests who were victims of the republicans are "martyrs who died forgiving", but those priests who were executed by the Francoists are forgotten.

1507:

The Republic sent its gold reserve to the Soviet Union to pay for arms and supplies. The reserve was worth $ 500,000,000 in 1939 prices. In 1956, the Soviet Union announced that Spain still owed it $ 50,000,000. Other estimates of Soviet and

681:

Also, 91 Italian warships and submarines participated during and after the war, sank about 72,800 tons of shipping and lost 38 sailors killed in action. Italy presented a bill for £80,000,000 ($ 400,000,000) in 1939 prices to the Francoists.

169:

and the United Kingdom to deal with the day-to-day running of non-intervention. Among them, however, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Italy dominated, perhaps worryingly so, Soviet non-military aid was revived but not military aid.

489:

passed a resolution banning the export of arms to Spain. Those against the bill, including American socialists, communists, and even many liberals, suggested that the export of arms to Germany and Italy should be halted as well under the

1580:

Soviet foreign policy considered collective security against German fascism to be a priority, and the Comintern had agreed a similar approach in 1934. It walked a thin line between pleasing France and not being seen to hinder both the

1914:, and many prominent artists and writers entered the Republic's service. As well, it attracted a large number of foreign left-wing working-class men for whom the war offered not only an idealistic adventure but also an escape from 1712:; some German products were later re-exported to Republican Spain. However, GPCC was selling also its own arms, as the company operated a number of factories and partially from Spanish sales, it became the largest Greek company. 468:

enquired whether the government would allow the sale of eight bombers to the Republicans; the response was negative. The United States also confirmed that it would not take part in several mediation attempts, including by the

1380:

for mutual support in exile), although there were also recruits from other organizations or from individual initiative. Many had to cross the border from France to Spain, to end up joining the military units of the Carlist

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did not support any side of the war, but over time, the Polish government increasingly tended to prefer the Nationalists. Sales to the Republicans were motivated exclusively by economic interest. Since Poland was bound by

1386: 5968: 3734:

Westerlund, Lars: Cirkus Collani : de finländska SS-frivilliga 1941–43 : en sedesskildring baserad på de frivilligas egna berättelser, s. 122. Helsinki: Books on Demand, 2017. ISBN 978-951-568-17196-4-1.

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believed that a significant control effort was the best solution to attacks on British shipping. The committee decided that naval patrols did not justify the expense and would be replaced with observers at ports.

193:

On 12 November, plans to post observers to Spanish frontiers and ports to prevent breaches of the agreement were ratified. France and the United Kingdom became divided on whether to recognise Franco's forces as a

916:

Volunteer troops from other countries fought with the Nationalists but are not as well known as the Republican volunteers because only a few fought as national units. Among the latter was the 500-strong French

901:' in order to legitimize the military rebellion, was a belligerent part during the Civil War, even at the cost of alienating part of its members. It continues in a belligerent role in its unusual answer to the 1700:'s dictatorship sympathised with the Nationalists. Greece joined the non-intervention policy in August 1936, but from the onset, the government connived at arms sales to both sides. The official vendor was 161:, and Portugal, whose presence had been a Soviet requirement, was not represented. The second meeting took place on 14 September. It established a subcommittee to be attended by representatives of Belgium, 5932: 189:

replaced Morrison as the British representative. The Conservative member often adjourned meetings to the benefit of the Italians and Germans, and the committee was accused of having an anti-Soviet bias.

580:). The use of the troops supported political goals of the German and Italian fascist leaderships, tested new tactics and provided combat experience so that troops would be prepared for any future war. 84:, which responded to antiwar sentiment. France was also worried that sympathisers of the Nationalists would cause a civil war in France. Non-intervention was part of a policy aimed at preventing a 215:. Zones of patrol were assigned to each of the four nations, and an International Board was set up to administer the scheme. There were assurances by Italy that it would not end non-intervention. 2112:, the centuries-long Spanish struggle against the Moors, was invoked. Only a few appeals during the first months of the war were aimed at convincing the 'Moorish proletarian brother' to desert". 794:

held tense relations with the Republic since it held Portuguese dissidents to his regime. Portugal played a critical role in supplying the Nationalists with ammunition and logistical resources.

5985: 1573:. The Republic was continuously swindled and shortchanged in its purchases, and the conduct was characterised by the historian Gerald Howson characterised as "treacherous and indefensible". 1418:

Over 1,000 volunteers from other nations served in the Nationalist forces, including Filipino Mestizos, Britons, Finns, Norwegians, Swedes, White Russians, Welsh People, Belgians, and Turks.

1500:. The largest number of Soviets in Spain at any time is believed to have been 700, and the total during the war is thought to have been between 2,000 and 3,000. Estimates for the pilots of 129:

Each movement of the Non-Intervention Committee has been made to serve the cause of the rebellion… This Committee was the most cynical and lamentably dishonest group that history has known.

1389:, as well as another offer to integrate 800 experienced officers into Franco's army (since there was no money to pay for Russian trips to Spain). So they ended up being mostly part of the 1151:

Outside of Ireland (see below), fighting for the Nationalist cause seems not to have held much appeal in the English-speaking world, according to historian Hugh Thomas. British journalist

1663:, Polish governmental officials and the military disguised sales as commercial transactions mediated by international brokers and targeting customers in various countries, principally in 871: 2030:. An estimated 3,000 volunteers fought in other Republican forces during the conflict. Additionally, about 10,000 foreigners participated in medical, nursing and engineering capacities. 2179: 882:

although the Nationalist flag was still not officially recognised. By 1938, Vatican City had already officially recognised the Nationalists, one of the first countries to do so.

734:

proving successful in the early stages of the war. Operations gradually expanded to include strike targets, and there was a German contribution to many of the war's battles. The

615:, CTV). Italians also served in the Spanish-Italian Flechas Brigades and Divisions. The airborne component of Aeronautica pilots and ground crew were known as "Aviation Legion" ( 738:, on 26 April 1937, would be the most controversial event of German involvement, with perhaps 200 to 300 civilians killed. German involvement also included Operation Ursula, a 1068:, including veterans already fighting for Franco, made multiple attempts at creating a separate Russian unit; however, all these motions were reviewed and ultimately rejected. 534:, an undersecretary at the Spanish Foreign Ministry, stated that "without American petroleum and American trucks, and American credit, we could never have won the Civil War". 71: 530:

and illegally supplied gasoline on credit to Franco. Despite being fined $ 20,000, the company continued its credit arrangement until the war ended. After the war had ended,

218:

In May, the committee noted two attacks on the patrol's ships by Republican aircraft. It iterated calls for the withdrawal of volunteers from Spain, condemned the bombing of

27:

participating in combat and advisory positions. The governments of Italy, Germany and, to a lesser extent, Portugal contributed money, munitions, manpower and support to the

111:

was also asked to accept but held his hand. On 9 August, French exports were suspended. Portugal accepted the pact on 13 August unless its border was threatened by the war.

4625:

Good basic introduction to the subject in a readable and well-illustrated format. Author made several visits to battlefields and interviewed veterans in the 1980s and 90's.

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also fought in the Nationalist ranks. They were religious Catholics and felt that they were fighting a crusade or a reconquista against atheists, communists and anarchists.

886: 1385:, without greater autonomy. This was due to the fact that there were financial problems in sending their own Russian detachments, of 1000 soldiers, under the flag of the 3872: 1680:, they might have accounted for 50% of all arms delivered. After the Soviet Union, Poland was the second largest arms supplier for the Republic. After the Soviet Union, 1747:

The Mexican government supported fully and publicly the Spanish Republic. Mexico refused to follow the French and British non-intervention proposals. Mexican President

1186:

Anticlericalism and the murder of 4,000 clergy and many more nuns by the Republicans made many Catholic writers and intellectuals cast their lot with Franco, including

1079:), led a group of seven Legionaries who visited Spain in December 1936 to ally their movement to the Nationalists by presenting a ceremonial sword to survivors of the 1409:

and other units of the National Army. At the end of hostilities, Russian volunteers were discharged with titles and awards, as well as receiving Spanish nationality.

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in 1937 in which both the Nationalist and the Republican governments were present, the Holy See allowed the Nationalist pavilion to display its exhibition under the

750:

moderately successful. Ultimately, the air superiority, which allowed certain parts of the Legion to excel, would not be replicated because of the unsuccessful 1940

2140: 623: 115:

Germany signed. The Soviet Union was keen not to be left out, and on 23 August, it agreed to the Non-Intervention Agreement, which was followed by a decree from

1269:(begun 1934) details the anarchist-communist conflict in the years preceding the war; though it is not a Spanish Civil War novel, it is often mistaken for one. 809:. Portugal played an important diplomatic role in supporting Franco, including by insisting to the British government that Franco sought to replicate Salazar's 5522: 424:, who initially was an enthusiastic supporter of non-intervention, later described the workings of the committee as "an elaborate system of official humbug". 5873: 5588: 1402: 35:. Some nations that declared neutrality favored the nationalists indirectly. The governments of the Soviet Union and, to a lesser extent, Mexico, aided the 2249: 2131:

propaganda, which had presented Moors as brutal and savage. The presence of Italian and German troops on the rebels' side was hidden as much as possible.

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involved felt they were fighting a jihad against atheists and communists. Another motivation was money and gaining a foothold in the (Iberian) peninsula".

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they would be too partial. Germany and Italy requested for land controls to be kept and for belligerent rights to be given to the Nationalists to allow

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aid totaled £81,000,000 ($ 405,000,000) at 1939 values. The German military attaché estimated that Soviet and Comintern aid amounted to the following:

185:

spoke out against the Non-Intervention Agreement and claimed that it put the rebel Nationalists on the same footing as the Republican government. The

439:, criticised the way it had been agreed by calling it "a gross betrayal ... two and a half years of hypocritical pretense of non-intervention". 5617: 5403:

Tuma, Ali Al (2011). "The Participation of Moorish Troops in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39): Military Value, Motivations, and Religious Aspects".

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was split since it had a strong anticommunist faction. Both the British and the French governments were committed to avoiding a second world war.

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After the war, several American politicians and statesmen identified the US policy of isolation as disastrous. That narrative changed during the

5043: 4787: 4724: 1887:, which were organised in close conjunction with the Comintern to aid the Spanish Republicans. Perhaps another 3,000 fought as members of the 2264: 2035: 584:

airplanes, sent by Mussolini, arrived in Spain. The maximum number of Italians in Spain fighting for the Nationalists, was 50,000 in 1937.

219: 5543: 3818: 320:, believed that a victory for Franco was in Britain's best interests and so worked to support the Nationalists. British Foreign Secretary 5944: 5725: 3760: 713: 826: 5980: 5769: 2060:

Approximately a third of Irishmen who fought for Republicans died, primarily socialists, trade unionists, and former IRA members. The "

2050: 1297: 410:

was the Soviet Union, and the Nationalists received weapons from Italy mainly and Germany. The last Spanish Republican prime minister,

1708:. The company partially took advantage of the earlier Schacht Plan, a German-Greek credit agreement that enabled Greek purchases from 718:

Despite the German signing of a non-intervention agreement in September 1936, various forms of aid and military support were given by

677:

320,000,000 small arms cartridges, 7,514,537 artillery rounds, 1,414 aircraft motors, 1,672 tons of aircraft bombs and 240,747 rifles.

6103: 5920: 2145:

Foreign press coverage of the Spanish Civil War was extensive, with around 1000 foreign newspaper correspondents working from Spain.

1660: 275: 65: 6075: 5774: 5625: 4482: 1629: 186: 142: 5667: 4925:

Nuñez Seixas, Xose Manoel (15 September 2005). "Nations in arms against the invader". In Ealham, Chris; Richards, Michael (eds.).

1138: 6070: 2154: 660: 28: 432:. On 17 March 1938, Blum reopened the French border to arms traffic, and Soviet arms flowed in to the Republicans in Barcelona. 5956: 5791: 3906: 3725:

Juusela, Jyrki: Suomalaiset Espanjan sisällissodassa, s. 354–361, 371–372. Helsinki: Atena-kustannus, 2003. ISBN 951-79632-4-6.

2320: 701: 555: 392:. The left in France wanted direct aid to the Republicans. The Labour Party would reject non-intervention in October 1937. The 368:. The German chargé d'affaires reported that the British were supplying ammunition to the Republicans. During the fighting for 99:

promised to study it. The British, however, immediately accepted the plan in principle. The next day, it was put to Germany by

36: 5212: 5193: 5096: 5062: 5027: 5008: 4957: 4936: 4883: 4806: 4752: 4689: 4670: 4640: 4599: 4580: 4556: 4535: 1649: 1037: 822: 5841: 1888: 1098:

Several hundreds of Finns volunteered for the war. The volunteers had usually been involved in fascist activism in Finland:

5865: 5829: 326: 2091:

Patriotism was invoked by both sides, which presented the struggle as one of the Spanish people against foreign invaders.

1633: 797:

Direct military involvement involved "semi-official" endorsement by Salazar of a volunteer force of 8,000 to 12,000; the "

491: 5824: 5749: 1990:

used a fake report of his death at the battlefront to promote his movies. In the Philippines, a pro-Republican magazine,

435:

Britain and France officially recognized the Nationalist government on 27 February 1939. The leader of the Labour Party,

92: 1628:. Another NKVD-led operation was the shooting down in December 1936 of the French aircraft in which the delegate of the 1492:

According to an official Soviet source, more than 2,000 Soviet citizens served in Spain, many of them being awarded the

56:. Tens of thousands of individual foreign volunteers travelled to Spain to fight, the majority for the Republican side. 5845: 5233: 4915: 4618: 1999: 1025: 5157:

Stone, Glyn (1997). "Sir Robert Vansittart and Spain, 1931–1941". In Otte, Thomas G.; Pagedas, Constantine A. (eds.).

2348:

Alpert (1998) p.65 notes that rank-and-file members of the Labour Party may have been opposed to helping the Republic.

5764: 5759: 5252: 5138: 5119: 4771: 4708: 4112: 3680: 1319: 1301: 4468: 1715:

Most Greek sales went to the Republic. For the Spaniards the deals were negotiated by Grigori Rosenberg, the son of

1884: 1705: 890: 5850: 1704:, or Greek Powder and Cartridge Company (GPCC), and the key personality behind the deal was the head of the GPCC, 1272:

Even though the Mexican government supported the Republicans, most of the Mexican population, such as the peasant

6023: 5718: 3673:

An Anti-Communist on the Eastern Front: The Memoirs of a Russian Officer in the Spanish Blue Division (1941-1942)

937: 470: 141:

Non-Intervention Agreement. The committee first met in London on 9 September 1936. It was chaired by the British

6065: 5834: 4257: 4232: 5366:

Tierney, D (2004). "Franklin D. Roosevelt and Covert Aid to the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–39".

785: 671:

fighters, 70 Romeo 37 fighters, 28 Romeo 41 fighters and 10 other fighter planes and 68 reconnaissance planes;

6013: 2007: 1875:

Volunteers from many countries fought in Spain, most of them for the Republicans. About 32,000 fought in the

1681: 588: 5572: 5483: 2172: 1288:; it led to the deaths of many people as well as the suppression of popular religious Mexican celebrations. 202:

with the possibility of defeat, which Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union in particular were keen to avoid.

5804: 4180: 1609: 1592:

Another significant Soviet involvement was the activity of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (

1501: 4949:

Dos siglos de bribones y algún malandrín: Crónica de la corrupción en España desde el SXIX a la actualidad

3716:

André Swanström : Suomalaiset SS-miehet ja sotarikokset, Suomen kirkkohistoriallinen seura 11.10.2017

1903:. Around 2,000 Portuguese leftists fought for the Republicans and were spread throughout different units. 119:

banning exports of war matérial to Spain, thereby bringing the Soviets into line with the Western powers.

3873:""Rusos blankos" в Гражданской войне в Испании: судьбы русских эмигрантов в документах испанских архивов" 2362: 1848: 997: 531: 3932: 1654:

Polish arms sales to Republican Spain took place between September 1936 and February 1939. Politically,

341:

favoured the Nationalists during the conflict. As well as permitting Franco to set up a signals base in

6045: 5711: 2018: 1758:

The Mexican government's attitude was an immense moral comfort to the Republic, especially since major

1467: 1373: 1343: 965: 385: 358: 100: 44: 1735:, a Greek aviation company, also sold at least 60 aircraft to the Republican Air Force, consisting of 1103: 5754: 1994:, had writers, including antifascist Spaniards, Filipino-Spaniards and Filipino progressives such as 5289:

Alpert, Michael (1999). "The Clash of Spanish Armies: Contrasting Ways of War in Spain, 1936–1939".

5855: 5814: 5680: 2100: 2053:

from various countries. About 200 volunteers were from Palestine (of both Jewish and Arab origin).

1497: 1334:'s government passed a law prohibiting volunteers from leaving for Spain to fight for either side. 1315: 1250: 1159:

battalion for the Nationalists and was wounded. Thomas Krock, son of the famed American journalist

851: 4969:

Franco's International Brigades: Foreign Volunteers and Fascist Dictators in the Spanish Civil War

3933:"Shinkarenko, de perder la guerra civil en Rusia a ganarla en España - Jot Down Cultural Magazine" 2115:

Nationalist sentiment was used by the Nationalists to present the struggle as one for the Spanish

2108:

were supposedly wild and cowardly, uncivilized and anxious to rape white women; the memory of the

1281: 1056:

fought for the Nationalists. In 1937, Franco turned down separate offers of national legions from

6035: 5961: 5809: 2255: 2191: 1954: 1880: 1867: 1577:

useless by a lack of ammunition. However, many of the purchases fell far short of that standard.

1364:(a political doctrine to which they were very similar), as well as to continue the international 843: 611: 573: 465: 452: 289: 40: 6008: 5915: 5687: 5547: 2068:, an Irish socialist leader who had been executed by the British for participating in the 1916 2027: 1876: 1655: 1621: 1462: 1444: 1406: 922: 790: 727: 656: 652: 591:

participated in the conflict by a body of volunteers from the ranks of the Italian Royal Army (

429: 350: 285: 225: 158: 2034:

Kingdom (2,000 with 500 killed and 1,200 wounded). There were also 1,500 Czechoslovaks, 1,500

5799: 5226:

FDR and the Spanish Civil War: Neutrality and Commitment in the Struggle that Divided America

2073: 1637: 1617: 1377: 1365: 902: 393: 5337:

Sullivan, Brian R. (1995). "Fascist Italy's military involvement in the Spanish Civil War".

6058: 5170: 2203: 1983: 1944: 1934:

was loosely inspired by his experiences and those of other members of POUM at the hands of

1748: 1357: 1123: 831: 617: 381: 357:. The Royal Navy also provided information on Republican shipping to the Nationalists, and 5596: 76:

Non-intervention had been proposed in a joint diplomatic initiative by the governments of

8: 6040: 5681:"Against Fascism – Jews who served in The International Brigade in the Spanish Civil War" 2282: 2159: 1924: 1613: 1585:

and communist ideals. It was also the time of the first significant Soviet trials of the

1199: 1152: 735: 258: 5523:"Jaime Cortesão e os antifascistas portugueses na Espanha republicana e na guerra civil" 1254: 1223: 1215: 637:, Frank L. Kluckhohn, reported on 18 August that "the presence of the Italian destroyer 293: 182: 6053: 6029: 5471: 5420: 5391: 5383: 5354: 5325: 5111: 5037: 4862: 4781: 4718: 2197: 1907: 1783: 1752: 1709: 1083:. In Spain, the Legionaires decided, against the orders that had been given to them in 1029: 981: 847: 629: 515: 503: 474: 447: 389: 248: 231: 1331: 5734: 5463: 5424: 5416: 5395: 5329: 5248: 5229: 5208: 5189: 5134: 5115: 5092: 5058: 5023: 5004: 4953: 4932: 4911: 4879: 4854: 4802: 4767: 4748: 4704: 4685: 4666: 4636: 4614: 4595: 4576: 4552: 4531: 4253: 4228: 4108: 3884: 3676: 2209: 2167: 1995: 1811: 1601: 1353: 1246: 1131: 1065: 1061: 751: 693: 689: 599: 523: 421: 240: 174: 19: 5174: 4701:

Podwójna gra : Rzeczpospolita Polska wobec hiszpańskiej wojny domowej 1936-1939

2042:(fighting mostly within the International Brigades). Future Albanian Prime Minister 1589:. The Soviet press and opposition groups were entirely against non-interventionism. 485:

On 6 January 1937, the first opportunity after the winter break, both houses of the

5412: 5375: 5346: 5315: 4846: 4098: 2276: 2003: 1949: 1915: 1755:, although Mexican society was divided, with support for each faction in the army. 1736: 1716: 1582: 1227: 1219: 1211: 1107: 1080: 697: 674:

1,801 artillery pieces, 1,426 heavy and medium mortars, 6,791 trucks and 157 tanks;

526:

rerouted oil tankers headed for the Republic to the Nationalist-controlled port of

108: 53: 32: 5320: 5303: 2259: 1942:

within the Popular Front. His experiences also inspired the torture scenes in his

1918:

unemployment. Among the more famous foreigners participating for the Republic was

5925: 5086: 5052: 4972: 4947: 4926: 4905: 4894: 4817: 4796: 4742: 4660: 4630: 4546: 4525: 2924: 2922: 2295: 2061: 1974: 1807: 1803: 1697: 1605: 1597: 1436: 1327: 1305: 1203: 1115: 1045: 918: 609:), which were formed into an expeditionary force, the Corps of Volunteer Troops ( 349:, the British allowed the Germans to overfly Gibraltar during the airlift of the 5703: 5504: 4850: 1276:, preferred Franco and the Nationalists. Mexico had suffered from the 1926–1929 772: 4928:

The Splintering of Spain: Cultural History and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

2065: 1979: 1900: 1759: 1586: 1566: 1558: 1398: 1349: 1238: 1195: 1111: 1099: 933: 731: 593: 511: 436: 346: 330: 302: 162: 146: 96: 81: 4994:. Madison, Wisconsin, USA; London, England, UK: University of Wisconsin Press. 4103: 3527: 2919: 2897: 2895: 2805: 2803: 2046:

would also serve as a volunteer for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War.

1830:

bomber aircraft (nicknamed the "Flying Coffin") by Spanish Republican pilots,

1625: 644:

Mussolini sent massive material aid to Italian forces in Spain that included:

411: 6092: 5949: 5467: 5379: 5304:"Fear and Loathing in Spain. Dutch Foreign Fighters in the Spanish Civil War" 5264:

An international affair: non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

5077: 4858: 4568: 3888: 2868: 2223: 2069: 1964: 1959: 1919: 1911: 1896: 1856: 1664: 1562: 1477: 1285: 1242: 1145: 1127: 1119: 1021: 941: 723: 479: 415: 317: 310: 306: 116: 5646: 4680:

Church, Clive H.; Head, Randolph C. (2013). "The shocks of war, 1914–1950".

1447:, which fought for the Nationalists, was made up mostly of Spanish citizens. 1310: 1075:, the Romanian deputy leader of the Legion of the Archangel Michael (or the 2892: 2880: 2800: 2241: 2215: 2043: 1720: 1685: 1677: 1277: 1207: 1191: 1187: 1160: 1088: 926: 879: 835: 806: 743: 719: 605: 460: 321: 178: 49: 5626:"From the Cristeros to General Franco: Does the Church Approve of Revolt?" 4896:

Danza de la Muerte: Greek Arms Dealing in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939

3707:

Syrjö, Veli-Matti. "Haartman, Carl von (1897 - 1980)". Kansallisbiografia.

2127:

and Jewish supporters of the Republic. Nationalists were forced to ignore

1822:

On 21 August 1936, France signed the Non-Intervention Agreement. However,

1230:, initially supported Franco but later grew disenchanted with both sides. 400: 3671:

Kovalevskii, Vladimir (2023). Oleg Beyda and Xosé M. Núñez Seixas (ed.).

2300: 2109: 1987: 1930: 1826:'s government provided some aircraft to the Republicans by covert means. 1775: 1732: 1092: 1049: 989: 969: 486: 195: 181:

convinced Monteiro to have Portugal join the Non-Intervention Committee.

154: 150: 5475: 3675:. Yorkshire – Philadelphia: Pen & Sword Books Ltd. pp. 14, 18. 1504:

from the Soviet Union who took part in the conflict are given at 1,000.

1072: 568:

poster stating, "The claw of the Italian invader intends to enslave us".

407: 399:

France was reliant on British support in general. French Prime Minister

104: 5387: 5358: 1969: 1935: 1369: 1234: 1087:, to join the Spanish Foreign Legion. Within days of joining, Moța and 1076: 1033: 668: 565: 507: 338: 334: 5245:

La guerra que ganó Franco historia militar de la Guerra Civil española

4866: 3847: 2072:. Both Nationalist and Republican Irish Volunteers were led by former 1382: 1134:

who was a famous film director also volunteered for the Nationalists.

514:

sold a total of 12,000 trucks to the Nationalists. The American-owned

373: 5910: 5888: 5878: 5162: 4684:. Cambridge Concise Histories. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2358: 2235: 2229: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1791: 1771: 1696:

Greece maintained formal diplomatic relations with the Republic, but

1509: 1432: 1425: 1397:) among these volunteers that included all the peoples of the former 1394: 1273: 1084: 1053: 1017: 985: 406:

The arms embargo meant that the Republicans' chief foreign source of

365: 342: 85: 24: 5350: 2083:

named Mustafa İbrahim would serve in the 14th International Brigade

1719:, and Máximo José Kahn Mussabaun, the Spanish representative in the 627:). About 6,000 Italians are estimated to have died in the conflict. 522:

refused to sell to Republican ships at the outbreak of the war. The

5973: 5883: 2180:

Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with Francoist Spain

1939: 1835: 1763: 1167: 993: 977: 949: 867: 798: 767: 538: 527: 280: 5618:"'God's Battle': O'Duffy's Irish Brigade in the Spanish Civil War" 1253:

voiced support for the Nationalists. Brasillach collaborated with

1091:, another prominent Legionary, were killed on the Madrid Front at 5159:

Personalities, war and diplomacy: essays in international history

5150:

The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939

5088:

We Saw Spain Die: Foreign Correspondents in the Spanish Civil War

4837:

Gretton, Peter (1975). "The Nyon Conference - The Naval Aspect".

2128: 2124: 2120: 1852: 1787: 1724: 1486: 1361: 1156: 1057: 1005: 1001: 953: 898: 885:

Regarding the position of the Holy See during and after the war,

667:

bombers, 44 assault planes, at least 20 seaplanes, more than 300

634: 519: 384:

was strongly for the Republicans, but was heavily outnumbered by

354: 5589:"Serving in Spain - the International Brigades - Archives - ANU" 1171: 788:

was officially neutral but favoured the Nationalists. Salazar's

4483:"İspanya İç Savaşı'nda savaşan ikinci Türk: Tabii ki devrimci!" 4062: 3652: 2080: 1767: 1701: 1672: 1668: 1570: 1554: 1175: 1163:, was among the few Americans who fought for the Nationalists. 1041: 1009: 961: 945: 863: 739: 722:

in support of the Nationalists, including the formation of the

664: 372:, the Royal Navy supported the Nationalist line that the River 369: 212: 166: 77: 43:. The aid came even after all the European powers had signed a 5453: 4338: 2928: 2901: 2886: 2874: 2809: 1322:

to support the Nationalists and fight against the Republicans.

784:

Upon the outbreak of the civil war, Portuguese Prime Minister

541:, when Franco was viewed as an ally against the Soviet Union. 72:

List of foreign ships wrecked or lost in the Spanish Civil War

4350: 4271: 4269: 2105: 1795: 1779: 1421: 1013: 957: 875: 364:

was used to prevent the Republican navy shelling the port of

313:

elements on the left strongly favoured the Republican cause.

253: 95:

presented the French government's non-intervention plan, and

4425: 1895:) militias. Those fighting with POUM most famously included 5819: 4156: 3517: 3515: 2096: 1892: 1799: 1596:) in the Republican rearguard. Communist figures including 1593: 1482: 1178:

named Fahri Tanman volunteered for the nationalist forces.

973: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4266: 4074: 3907:"Участие русских эмигрантов в гражданской войне в Испании" 3551: 3502: 3500: 1141:, they became a prominent part of the Legion's mythology. 813:, not Mussolini's Fascist Italy or Hitler's Nazi Germany. 641:

here means that an ally has come to help the insurgents".

502:

Some American businesses supported Franco. The automakers

459:

When the Spanish Civil War erupted, US Secretary of State

5571:. Asociación de Aviadores de la República. Archived from 4876:

Arms for Spain, The Untold Story of the Spanish Civil War

4489: 4367: 4365: 3640: 3473: 3422: 3350: 3106: 3104: 2939: 2937: 2815: 2700: 2698: 1871:

American veterans displaying the brigade's banner in 1967

1847:

Other countries selling arms to the Republicans included

1348:

There were several Tsarist Russian soldiers from the old

1122:

in Germany. Some Nationalist volunteers later joined the

621:) and the contingent of submariners as Submarine Legion ( 5454:

H., S. A. (1937). "Spain: The British Compromise Plan".

5247:(1a. en Colección booket ed.). Barcelona: Planeta. 4449: 4305: 4017: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3512: 3439: 3437: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3328: 3326: 3313: 3311: 3002: 3000: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2730: 2728: 2715: 2713: 2661: 2659: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2450: 2086: 1688:, Poland was the fourth-largest arms supplier to Spain. 1612:

led operations that included the murders of the Catalan

1155:

was among the few who did, serving as an officer with a

925:, which was formed mostly from members of the far-right 726:

as a land and air force, with German efforts to fly the

309:

and so tended to prefer a Nationalist victory. However,

5308:

European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire

5074:

The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, revolution and revenge

4144: 3778: 3575: 3497: 3379: 3377: 2973: 2764: 2671: 2596: 2571: 2569: 2482: 2480: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2411: 2409: 2394: 2141:

List of foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War

932:

Another 11,100 volunteers from countries as diverse as

560: 88:

and the escalation of the war into a second world war.

5544:"How Moscow robbed Spain of its gold in the Civil War" 4437: 4362: 4120: 4097:, Yale University Press, pp. i–viii, 2017-12-31, 4050: 4029: 3958: 3946: 3737: 3485: 3461: 3362: 3338: 3296: 3200: 3128: 3101: 2949: 2934: 2695: 2492: 2467: 2465: 1982:

used the opportunity to develop the special skills of

1064:, which had been made by foreign sympathisers. Exiled 870:

used its influence to lobby for the rebels. During an

4326: 4281: 4168: 4132: 4047:

Viñas, A. (1976) "The Gold, the Soviet Union": pp.233

3993: 3761:"İspanya İç Savaşı'nda savaşan tek Türk: Ama faşist!" 3689: 3623: 3434: 3389: 3323: 3308: 3272: 3260: 3248: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3188: 3176: 3164: 3152: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3024: 3012: 2997: 2985: 2961: 2907: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2788: 2776: 2752: 2740: 2725: 2710: 2683: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2537: 2516: 2504: 1891:(CNT) and the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification ( 4548:

A New International History of the Spanish Civil War

4527:

A New International History of the Spanish Civil War

4501: 4469:"The Spanish Civil War's forgotten Arab Republicans" 4377: 4005: 3599: 3563: 3374: 3140: 3116: 3089: 3048: 3036: 2566: 2554: 2477: 2433: 2406: 2051:

between 3,000 and 10,000 of the volunteers were Jews

1148:

fought with the Falange militia in the war in 1937.

866:. By means of its extensive diplomatic network, the 5108:

The Spanish Civil War: Origins, Course and Outcomes

4204: 3790: 3611: 3539: 3284: 2462: 2421: 2206:(Aviation Legion) – Italian expeditionary air force 2026:Probably 32,000 foreigners fought in the communist 1265:travels to Spain to fight for the Falange. Lewis's 1261:, and the protagonist in Drieu La Rochelle's novel 3587: 3060: 107:, direct or indirect. Portuguese Foreign Minister 5733: 5001:Britain, Italy, Germany and the Spanish Civil War 4907:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War: 1931–1939 4293: 3981: 2099:, Nationalist rhetoric that was developed by the 1233:Many artists with right-wing sympathies, such as 910: 897:The Church, which upheld the idea of a 'National 59: 6099:International reactions to the Spanish Civil War 6090: 5603:. No. 123. Communist League, UK. April 1996 3449: 2064:" of the International Brigades was named after 1922:, who went on to write about his experiences in 1318:, an Irish fascist movement that dispatched the 827:1934 murder of priests and religious in Asturias 700:, also served in the Aviation Legion during the 648:one cruiser, four destroyers and two submarines; 5482: 4764:The Spanish Civil War : a military history 4431: 1910:for the left-leaning intelligentsia across the 5668:"Arabs on both sides of the Spanish civil war" 5443:"Morocco tackles painful role in Spain's past" 5273:Condor Legion: The Wehrmacht's Training Ground 5131:Historical dictionary of the Spanish Civil War 5128: 5105: 4356: 4190: 1978:, is also based on his Civil War experiences. 1106:and joined the Spanish Foreign Legion, as did 5719: 4734:Italian Intervention in the Spanish Civil War 4317: 2590:Italian Intervention in the Spanish Civil War 1393:There were also other nationalities (such as 1372:communism. The vast majority belonged to the 284:Plaque honouring the British soldiers of the 122: 5597:"The Soviet Union and the Spanish Civil War" 5586: 4924: 4815: 4798:Portugal: A Twentieth-century Interpretation 4698: 4495: 4250:Raab fliegt: Erinnerungen eines Flugpioniers 4225:Raab fliegt: Erinnerungen eines Flugpioniers 4186: 3970: 3646: 3416: 2265:Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War 2250:Fuerza Aérea de la República Española (FARE) 2022:Polish volunteers fighting for the Republic. 1376:(a military organization of veterans of the 1137:After the extravagant and widely-publicised 269: 264: 165:, France, Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, 3670: 1862: 1352:(who settled in Spain and France after the 714:German involvement in the Spanish Civil War 544: 135:Claude Bowers, American ambassador to Spain 5726: 5712: 5624: 5042:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5020:A Concise History of the Spanish Civil War 4786:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4740: 4723:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4679: 4632:The silent Holocaust: Romania and its Jews 4407: 3904: 3870: 3784: 3521: 2381:gives a figure of 500 million Reichsmarks. 1958:was inspired by his experiences in Spain. 1723:consulate. Shipments set off usually from 1451: 1298:Irish involvement in the Spanish Civil War 5541: 5440: 5319: 5301: 5207:(4th ed.). Random House Publishing. 4794: 4731: 4102: 3964: 3506: 2587: 2134: 2013: 1636:, carried extensive documentation on the 276:Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War 66:Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War 5678: 5513: 5336: 5270: 4816:Gannes, Harry; Repard, Theodore (1936). 4658: 4649: 4455: 3758: 3581: 3536:, pp. 116, 133, 143, 148, 174, 427. 3491: 3479: 3467: 3383: 3042: 2378: 2017: 1866: 1630:International Committee of the Red Cross 1466: 1309: 830: 771: 559: 451:The flag of an unidentified unit of the 446: 279: 5665: 5644: 5595: 5520: 5365: 5261: 5223: 5147: 5084: 5071: 5050: 5017: 4998: 4945: 4903: 4836: 4761: 4628: 4613:. Illustrated by Mike Chappell. Elite. 4611:International Brigades in Spain 1936–39 4608: 4507: 4383: 4344: 4194: 4150: 4011: 3976: 3905:Васильевич, Окороков Александр (2016). 3871:Викторович, Марковчин Владимир (2016). 3743: 3617: 3368: 3356: 3344: 3317: 3302: 3290: 3254: 3206: 3134: 3110: 3054: 2955: 2943: 2704: 2252:– Second Republic and Soviet Air forces 1624:and the independent left-wing activist 1471:Soviet officer in Spain, September 1936 742:undertaking and contributions from the 6091: 5666:Moshiri, Nazanine (1 September 2016). 5615: 5546:. Guardian Media Group. Archived from 5288: 5202: 5183: 5169: 4892: 4873: 4829:История Второй Мировой войны 1939–1945 4826: 4589: 4567: 4544: 4523: 4443: 4419: 4395: 4371: 4332: 4311: 4287: 4275: 4210: 4198: 4162: 4126: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4035: 4023: 3999: 3952: 3926: 3924: 3900: 3898: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3796: 3754: 3752: 3593: 3557: 3533: 3443: 3428: 3404: 3332: 3278: 3266: 3242: 3230: 3218: 3194: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3146: 3122: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3030: 3018: 3006: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2913: 2862: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2719: 2689: 2677: 2665: 2650: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2602: 2575: 2560: 2548: 2531: 2510: 2498: 2486: 2471: 2456: 2444: 2415: 2366: 2336: 2321:pt:Armindo Rodrigues de Sttau Monteiro 1553:Much of the material was purchased in 1314:The St. Patrick's saltire flag of the 556:Italian military intervention in Spain 5707: 5647:"Otros 'mártires' de la Guerra Civil" 5281: 5242: 5156: 5129:Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (2013). 5106:Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (2005). 4989: 4979: 4966: 4946:Ordoñez, Miguel Ángel (12 May 2014). 4174: 4138: 3759:Alpaslan, Kavel (16 September 2017). 3695: 3658: 3634: 3605: 3569: 3545: 2929:Bulletin of International News (1937) 2902:Bulletin of International News (1937) 2887:Bulletin of International News (1937) 2875:Bulletin of International News (1937) 2810:Bulletin of International News (1937) 2427: 2400: 2087:Patriotism invoked to oppose invaders 1650:Polish arms sales to Republican Spain 1546:over 69,000 tons of war material, and 1543:1,000,000,000 machine gun cartridges, 1337: 1139:funerals of Ion Moța and Vasile Marin 776:Emblem of the Portuguese volunteers " 5567: 5502: 5441:Abdennebi, Zakia (15 January 2009). 5402: 4699:Ciechanowski, Jan Stanisław (2014). 4594:(Reissued ed.). Penguin Books. 4299: 4247: 4222: 3987: 3455: 1431:Approximately 75,000 Moroccan Arabs 337:, was an admirer of Franco, and the 5521:Arranja, Álvaro (30 January 2021). 4952:(in Spanish). Editorial Edaf, S.L. 4741:De Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro (2001). 3921: 3895: 3835: 3802: 3749: 2155:International relations (1919–1939) 1401:. In turn, the general and writer, 1291: 173:Meanwhile, the 1936 meeting of the 13: 5302:Kruizinga, Samuël (3 March 2020). 5188:(3rd ed.). Harper & Row. 4662:The Spanish Republic and Civil War 2000:Socialist Party of the Philippines 1889:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo 1855:. Also, $ 2,000,000 came from the 1842: 1412: 14: 6115: 5054:The Triumph of Democracy in Spain 4659:Casanova, Julián (29 July 2010). 4652:Britain and the Spanish Civil War 4545:Alpert, Michael (29 March 1998). 3930: 1435:fought in the Nationalist ranks. 1302:Irish Brigade (Spanish Civil War) 1110:who had been part of the fascist 823:Cooperation of the Spanish Church 377:citizens to support either side. 288:who died while they defended the 5616:Dorney, John (24 October 2018). 5417:10.1179/204243411X13026863176501 5133:. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. 4893:Inglis, Sarah Elizabeth (2014). 4744:Franco and the Spanish Civil War 4703:(Wydanie I ed.). Warszawa. 4682:A Concise History of Switzerland 4524:Alpert, Michael (28 June 1994). 4475: 4461: 4252:(in German). Konkret Literatur. 4241: 4216: 4086: 4041: 3864: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3664: 1706:Prodromos Bodosakis-Athanasiadis 1181: 891:University of the Basque Country 442: 261:, were seen to accept the plan. 239:warfare began on 12 August. The 39:, also called Loyalists, of the 5433: 5368:Journal of Contemporary History 4801:. Manchester University Press. 3931:G, Ricardo Jonás (2023-11-27). 2581: 2372: 2351: 2342: 2328: 2194:– Italian expeditionary forces 1549:over 29,000 tons of ammunition. 1496:and 59 being awarded the title 1456: 1259:Histoire de la Guerre d'Espagne 846:such as the Republican General 471:Organization of American States 205: 5645:Montero, Manuel (6 May 2007). 5456:Bulletin of International News 5051:Preston, Paul (19 June 2004). 4931:. Cambridge University Press. 4899:(MA). Simon Fraser University. 4822:. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. 4665:. Cambridge University Press. 4635:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2313: 2226:– German expeditionary forces 1751:saw the war as similar as the 1214:and those associated with the 911:Nationalist foreign volunteers 60:International non-intervention 18:international response to the 1: 5630:FSSPX.Actualités / FSSPX.News 5503:Wood, Danny (26 April 2007). 5321:10.1080/13507486.2019.1699505 4839:The English Historical Review 4654:. Cambridge University Press. 2388: 2244:– German navy submarine units 2008:Philippine Independent Church 1972:'s autobiographical trilogy, 1118:. Karvonen opted to join the 702:Italian military intervention 316:The ambassador to Spain, Sir 292:at the monument on Hill 705, 157:. Germany was represented by 6104:Soviet Union–Spain relations 5262:Watters, William E. (1971). 4992:The Franco regime, 1936–1975 4762:Esdaile, Charles J. (2019). 4609:Bradley, Ken (26 May 1994). 1962:reported on the war for the 1885:Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion 1739:fighters and R-33 trainers. 1661:non-intervention obligations 1610:Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov 1502:Spanish Republican Air Force 1391:Tercio Doña María de Molina. 872:International Art Exhibition 145:. France was represented by 7: 5560:: review of Gerald Howson, 5339:Journal of Military History 4967:Othen, Christopher (2008). 4827:Гречко, А. А., ed. (1974). 4732:Coverdale, John F. (1976). 2588:Coverdale, John F. (1976). 2363:US House of Representatives 2148: 2049:It has been estimated that 1859:for humanitarian purposes. 1620:, the socialist journalist 1540:4,000,000 artillery shells, 893:, commented on 6 May 2007: 786:António de Oliveira Salazar 761: 696:, along with others in the 651:763 aircraft, including 64 572:The Italians provided the " 10: 6120: 5587:ANU Archives, ed. (n.d.). 4990:Payne, Stanley G. (1987). 4980:Payne, Stanley G. (1970). 3877:Новый исторический вестник 3417:Gannes & Repard (1936) 2210:Regia Aeronautica Italiana 2138: 1810:, which had served in the 1717:well-known Soviet diplomat 1647: 1600:("Comandante Contreras"), 1531:15,000 heavy machine guns, 1460: 1374:Russian All-Military Union 1358:traditionalist monarchical 1344:Russian All-Military Union 1341: 1295: 1284:tried to enforce militant 854:, who opposed the rebels. 820: 816: 765: 711: 707: 553: 386:British Conservative Party 273: 123:Non-Intervention Committee 69: 63: 45:Non-Intervention Agreement 6036:Government during the war 6001: 5901: 5864: 5790: 5783: 5742: 5679:Sugarman, Martin (n.d.). 5228:. Duke University Press. 5224:Tierney, Dominic (2007). 4904:Jackson, Gabriel (1965). 4851:10.1093/ehr/XC.CCCLIV.103 4831:. Vol. 2. Воениздат. 4530:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 4104:10.12987/9780300162141-fm 3911:Журнал Института Наследия 3661:, pp. 177, 164, 139. 2357:It passed by 81-0 in the 2290:Economic aid and dealings 2212:– Royal Italian Air Force 1879:, including the American 1817: 1742: 1691: 1643: 1102:had been involved in the 574:Corps of Volunteer Troops 270:United Kingdom and France 265:National non-intervention 5542:Ascherson, Neal (1998). 5529:(in European Portuguese) 5505:"The legacy of Guernica" 5380:10.1177/0022009404044440 5057:. Taylor & Francis. 4516: 4408:Church & Head (2013) 4323:Werstein (1969). p. 139. 4071:, pp. 636, 640–643. 2306: 2296:Rio Tinto Mining Concern 2216:La Regia Marina Italiana 2101:Communist Party of Spain 1863:International volunteers 1537:30,000 sub-machine guns, 1519:703 pieces of artillery, 1498:Hero of the Soviet Union 1316:National Corporate Party 1251:Pierre Drieu La Rochelle 862:nominally-revolutionary 549: 545:Support for Nationalists 305:population was strongly 153:and the Soviet Union by 5784:Political organizations 5690:/Jewish Military Museum 5275:. Ian Allan publishing. 4874:Howson, Gerald (1998). 4795:Gallagher, Tom (1983). 4629:Butnaru, I. C. (1992). 4590:Beevor, Antony (2001). 4248:Raab, Antonius (1984). 4223:Raab, Antonius (1984). 2256:Polish Brigade in Spain 2198:Regio Esercito Italiano 2192:Corpo Truppe Volontarie 2186:Military forces and aid 2079:A 47 year old man from 1986:. As a casual visitor, 1955:For Whom the Bell Tolls 1452:Support for Republicans 844:Spanish Republican Army 612:Corpo Truppe Volontarie 578:Corpo Truppe Volontarie 499:between 1937 and 1938. 466:Glenn L. Martin Company 453:Abraham Lincoln Brigade 41:Second Spanish Republic 6019:Evacuation of children 5916:International Brigades 5688:Jewish Virtual Library 5271:Westwell, Ian (2004). 5148:Steiner, Zara (2013). 5085:Preston, Paul (2008). 5072:Preston, Paul (2006). 5018:Preston, Paul (1986). 5003:. Edwin Mellen Press. 4999:Podmore, Will (1998). 4982:The Spanish Revolution 4650:Buchanan, Tom (1997). 4551:. Palgrave Macmillan. 4432:Daily Telegraph (2006) 2173:Naftali Botwin Company 2135:Foreign correspondents 2028:International Brigades 2023: 2014:International Brigades 1998:, the chairman of the 1877:International Brigades 1872: 1472: 1463:International Brigades 1445:Spanish Foreign Legion 1443:Despite its name, the 1407:Spanish Foreign Legion 1323: 923:Spanish Foreign Legion 908: 838: 781: 657:Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 653:Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 603:) and the Royal Navy ( 569: 532:José María Doussinague 492:Neutrality Act of 1935 456: 430:British Foreign Office 327:Admiral Lord Chatfield 297: 286:International Brigades 235:volunteer withdrawal. 159:Joachim von Ribbentrop 138: 5514:Web and other sources 5243:Vidal, César (2007). 5205:The Spanish Civil War 5203:Thomas, Hugh (2001). 5186:The Spanish Civil War 5184:Thomas, Hugh (1986). 5176:The Spanish Civil War 4592:The Spanish Civil War 4357:Romero Salvadó (2005) 4227:. Konkret Literatur. 4191:Romero Salvadó (2013) 2074:Irish Republican Army 2021: 1870: 1638:Paracuellos massacres 1616:communist politician 1608:and most prominently 1470: 1378:Imperial Russian Army 1368:in a crusade against 1313: 1282:Plutarco Elías Calles 1144:The Norwegian writer 903:Historical Memory Law 895: 834: 775: 655:bombers, at least 90 624:Sottomarini Legionari 563: 450: 394:Trades Union Congress 283: 126: 101:André François-Poncet 4573:The Battle for Spain 4165:, pp. 246, 273. 3560:, pp. 116, 198. 2218:– Royal Italian Navy 2204:Aviazione Legionaria 2200:– Royal Italian Army 2040:at least 80 Irishmen 1984:battlefield medicine 1968:. The third part of 1945:Nineteen Eighty-Four 1667:; 54 shipments from 1267:The Revenge for Love 1124:Finnish SS Battalion 889:, a lecturer at the 618:Aviazione Legionaria 597:), Royal Air Force ( 478:German influence in 382:British Labour Party 6014:Concentration camps 5903:Foreign involvement 5488:www.telegraph.co.uk 5484:"Michael O'Riordan" 5152:. pp. 181–251. 4496:Nuñez Seixas (2005) 4422:, pp. 942–943. 4398:, pp. 941–942. 4278:, pp. 637–638. 4187:Ciechanowski (2014) 4083:, pp. 109–110. 3647:ANU Archives (n.d.) 3431:, pp. 634–635. 2824:, pp. 439–440. 2459:, pp. 257–258. 2403:, pp. 262–276. 2271:Military operations 1925:Homage to Catalonia 1906:"Spain" became the 1403:Nikolai Shinkarenko 1280:in which President 852:Basque nationalists 801:" (named after the 736:bombing of Guernica 259:Neville Chamberlain 93:Charles de Chambrun 6046:Spanish Revolution 5282:Scholarly journals 5112:Palgrave Macmillan 4766:. Abingdon, Oxon. 3852:www.izput.narod.ru 3659:Othen & (2008) 3359:, pp. 5, 139. 2232:– German air force 2024: 1873: 1784:Dominican Republic 1753:Mexican Revolution 1710:Rheinmetall-Borsig 1473: 1338:Russian volunteers 1324: 1218:. Others, such as 1104:Mäntsälä rebellion 982:Dominican Republic 848:Vicente Rojo Lluch 839: 782: 630:The New York Times 587:The government of 570: 516:Vacuum Oil Company 475:Franklin Roosevelt 457: 390:British Parliament 298: 249:Conference of Nyon 91:On 3 August 1936, 23:included many non- 6086: 6085: 5897: 5896: 5735:Spanish Civil War 5651:Revista de Prensa 5405:War & Society 5214:978-0-375-75515-6 5195:978-0-06-014278-0 5098:978-1-84529-851-7 5064:978-0-203-39296-6 5029:978-0-00-686373-1 5010:978-0-7734-8491-7 4959:978-84-414-3427-1 4938:978-1-139-44552-8 4910:. Princeton U.P. 4885:978-0-7195-5556-5 4808:978-0-7190-0876-4 4754:978-0-415-23925-7 4691:978-0-521-14382-0 4672:978-0-521-73780-7 4642:978-0-313-27985-0 4601:978-0-14-100148-7 4582:978-0-14-303765-1 4575:. Penguin Books. 4558:978-0-312-21043-4 4537:978-0-333-53438-0 4314:, pp. 46–47. 4026:, pp. 54–55. 3785:FSSPX news (2019) 3522:De Meneses (2001) 3482:, pp. 88–89. 2982:, pp. 475–6. 2773:, pp. 342–3. 2680:, pp. 283–4. 2605:, pp. 263–4. 2501:, pp. 45–46. 2361:and 406-1 in the 2168:Palafox Battalion 1996:Pedro Abad Santos 1928:. Orwell's novel 1883:and the Canadian 1881:Lincoln Battalion 1812:Mexican Air Force 1602:Iosif Grigulevich 1387:Kornilov Regiment 1366:Counterrevolution 1356:) who joined the 1247:Robert Brasillach 1132:Carl von Haartman 850:and the Catholic 752:Battle of Britain 694:Vincent Patriarca 690:Italian-Americans 633:correspondent in 600:Regia Aeronautica 524:Texas Oil Company 422:Winston Churchill 333:in charge of the 241:British Admiralty 175:League of Nations 20:Spanish Civil War 6111: 5994: 5941: 5921:Non-intervention 5788: 5787: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5685: 5675: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5621: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5592: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5508: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5479: 5450: 5428: 5399: 5362: 5333: 5323: 5314:(1–2): 134–151. 5298: 5276: 5267: 5258: 5239: 5218: 5199: 5180: 5166: 5153: 5144: 5125: 5102: 5081: 5068: 5047: 5041: 5033: 5014: 4995: 4985: 4976: 4963: 4942: 4921: 4900: 4889: 4870: 4845:(354): 103–112. 4832: 4823: 4812: 4791: 4785: 4777: 4758: 4737: 4728: 4722: 4714: 4695: 4676: 4655: 4646: 4624: 4605: 4586: 4562: 4541: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4264: 4263: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4106: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3974: 3968: 3965:Abdennebi (2009) 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3902: 3893: 3892: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3844: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3823:www.requetes.com 3815: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3756: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3510: 3507:Gallagher (1983) 3504: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3387: 3381: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3321: 3315: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2932: 2931:, pp. 9–10. 2926: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2723: 2717: 2708: 2702: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2535: 2529: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2475: 2469: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2404: 2398: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2317: 2277:Operation Ursula 2004:Gregorio Aglipay 1950:Ernest Hemingway 1940:infighting arose 1916:Great Depression 1583:world revolution 1528:300 armored cars 1354:White Emigration 1292:Irish volunteers 1255:Maurice Bardèche 1228:Georges Bernanos 1224:François Mauriac 1220:Jacques Maritain 1216:Action Française 1212:J. R. R. Tolkien 1108:Kalevi Heikkinen 1081:Siege of Alcazar 698:Italian diaspora 294:Serra de Pàndols 290:Spanish Republic 232:rights of search 187:Earl of Plymouth 183:Álvarez del Vayo 136: 109:Armindo Monteiro 54:Benito Mussolini 33:Francisco Franco 6119: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6082: 5997: 5988: 5935: 5926:Nyon Conference 5893: 5860: 5779: 5775:List of battles 5738: 5732: 5702: 5693: 5691: 5683: 5656: 5654: 5635: 5633: 5632:. 27 March 2019 5606: 5604: 5578: 5576: 5569:"Potez 540/542" 5553: 5551: 5532: 5530: 5516: 5511: 5493: 5491: 5436: 5431: 5351:10.2307/2944499 5284: 5279: 5255: 5236: 5215: 5196: 5179:(1st ed.). 5141: 5122: 5099: 5065: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5011: 4973:Reportage Press 4960: 4939: 4918: 4886: 4819:Spain in Revolt 4809: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4755: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4692: 4673: 4643: 4621: 4602: 4583: 4559: 4538: 4519: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4456:Sugarman (n.d.) 4454: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4197:, p. 312; 4189:, p. 456; 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4093:"Frontmatter", 4092: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3938: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3903: 3896: 3883:(50): 135–144. 3869: 3865: 3856: 3854: 3846: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3825: 3819:"Rusos Blancos" 3817: 3816: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3757: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3582:Casanova (2010) 3580: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3513: 3505: 3498: 3492:Westwell (2004) 3490: 3486: 3480:Westwell (2004) 3478: 3474: 3468:Westwell (2004) 3466: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3390: 3384:Sullivan (1995) 3382: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3043:Buchanan (1997) 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2935: 2927: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2877:, pp. 4–5. 2873: 2869: 2861: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2726: 2718: 2711: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2538: 2530: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2478: 2470: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2379:Westwell (2004) 2377: 2373: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2329: 2324:(in Portuguese) 2323: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2285:– Legion Condor 2283:Operation Rügen 2151: 2143: 2137: 2089: 2062:Connolly Column 2016: 1975:A Moment of War 1865: 1845: 1843:Other countries 1820: 1804:Bellanca CH-300 1749:Lázaro Cárdenas 1745: 1698:Ioannis Metaxas 1694: 1652: 1646: 1606:Mikhail Koltsov 1598:Vittorio Vidali 1534:500,000 rifles, 1465: 1459: 1454: 1437:Spanish Morocco 1415: 1413:Other nationals 1346: 1340: 1332:Éamon de Valera 1308: 1306:Connolly Column 1294: 1204:Giovanni Papini 1184: 1126:like Kaila and 1116:Edvard Karvonen 1046:The Netherlands 921:company of the 913: 829: 819: 803:Viriatos Legion 770: 764: 716: 710: 639:Antonio da Noli 558: 552: 547: 473:. US President 445: 361:Queen Elizabeth 278: 272: 267: 208: 137: 134: 125: 74: 68: 62: 31:forces, led by 12: 11: 5: 6117: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6009:Army of Africa 6005: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5983: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5942: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5796: 5794: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5731: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5708: 5701: 5700: 5676: 5663: 5642: 5622: 5613: 5593: 5584: 5565: 5562:Arms For Spain 5539: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5500: 5480: 5451: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5400: 5374:(3): 299–313. 5363: 5345:(4): 697–727. 5334: 5299: 5291:War in History 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5268: 5259: 5253: 5240: 5235:978-0822340768 5234: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5213: 5200: 5194: 5167: 5154: 5145: 5139: 5126: 5120: 5103: 5097: 5082: 5076:(3 ed.). 5069: 5063: 5048: 5028: 5015: 5009: 4996: 4987: 4977: 4964: 4958: 4943: 4937: 4922: 4917:978-0691007571 4916: 4901: 4890: 4884: 4871: 4834: 4833:In 12 volumes. 4824: 4813: 4807: 4792: 4772: 4759: 4753: 4738: 4729: 4709: 4696: 4690: 4677: 4671: 4656: 4647: 4641: 4626: 4620:978-1855323674 4619: 4606: 4600: 4587: 4581: 4569:Beevor, Antony 4565: 4564: 4563: 4557: 4536: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4508:Preston (2008) 4500: 4488: 4474: 4460: 4458:, p. 122. 4448: 4446:, p. 637. 4436: 4424: 4412: 4410:, p. 210. 4400: 4388: 4384:Arranja (2021) 4376: 4374:, p. 942. 4361: 4349: 4345:Esdaile (2019) 4337: 4325: 4316: 4304: 4292: 4280: 4265: 4258: 4240: 4233: 4215: 4203: 4201:, p. 111. 4195:Ordoñez (2014) 4193:, p. 91; 4179: 4177:, p. 256. 4167: 4155: 4153:, p. 136. 4151:Preston (2006) 4143: 4141:, p. 137. 4131: 4129:, p. 109. 4119: 4113: 4095:Spain Betrayed 4085: 4073: 4061: 4059:, p. 643. 4049: 4040: 4038:, p. 984. 4028: 4016: 4012:Compass (1996) 4004: 3992: 3980: 3977:Moshiri (2016) 3969: 3957: 3955:, p. 985. 3945: 3920: 3894: 3863: 3834: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3748: 3744:Butnaru (1992) 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3698:, p. 102. 3688: 3681: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3637:, p. 217. 3622: 3618:Montero (2007) 3610: 3608:, p. 156. 3598: 3586: 3584:, p. 139. 3574: 3572:, p. 201. 3562: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3511: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3448: 3446:, p. 635. 3433: 3421: 3409: 3407:, p. 634. 3388: 3373: 3371:, p. 150. 3369:Tierney (2007) 3361: 3357:Tierney (2007) 3349: 3347:, p. 145. 3345:Preston (2004) 3337: 3335:, p. 138. 3322: 3318:Tierney (2007) 3307: 3305:, p. 123. 3303:Tierney (2007) 3295: 3291:Tierney (2004) 3283: 3281:, p. 339. 3271: 3269:, p. 338. 3259: 3255:Tierney (2007) 3247: 3245:, p. 334. 3235: 3233:, p. 584. 3223: 3221:, p. 583. 3211: 3209:, p. 408. 3207:Jackson (1965) 3199: 3197:, p. 514. 3187: 3185:, p. 458. 3175: 3173:, p. 338. 3163: 3161:, p. 149. 3151: 3139: 3137:, p. 144. 3135:Preston (2006) 3127: 3115: 3113:, p. 143. 3111:Preston (2006) 3100: 3088: 3086:, p. 279. 3076: 3059: 3055:Podmore (1998) 3047: 3035: 3033:, p. 542. 3023: 3021:, p. 502. 3011: 3009:, p. 477. 2996: 2994:, p. 476. 2984: 2972: 2970:, p. 467. 2960: 2958:, p. 105. 2956:Gretton (1975) 2948: 2946:, p. 104. 2944:Gretton (1975) 2933: 2918: 2916:, p. 463. 2906: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2865:, p. 457. 2850: 2848:, p. 456. 2838: 2836:, p. 441. 2826: 2814: 2799: 2797:, p. 396. 2787: 2785:, p. 394. 2775: 2763: 2761:, p. 340. 2751: 2749:, p. 105. 2739: 2737:, p. 336. 2724: 2722:, p. 332. 2709: 2707:, p. 159. 2705:Preston (2006) 2694: 2692:, p. 284. 2682: 2670: 2668:, p. 283. 2655: 2653:, p. 281. 2643: 2641:, p. 385. 2631: 2629:, p. 278. 2619: 2617:, p. 378. 2607: 2595: 2580: 2565: 2553: 2551:, p. 261. 2536: 2534:, p. 260. 2515: 2513:, p. 259. 2503: 2491: 2489:, p. 258. 2476: 2461: 2449: 2447:, p. 257. 2432: 2430:, p. 134. 2420: 2418:, p. 374. 2405: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2371: 2369:, p. 338) 2350: 2341: 2339:, p. 277) 2327: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2280: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2165: 2157: 2150: 2147: 2139:Main article: 2136: 2133: 2088: 2085: 2066:James Connolly 2015: 2012: 1980:Norman Bethune 1901:ILP Contingent 1899:and the small 1864: 1861: 1849:Czechoslovakia 1844: 1841: 1834:aircraft, and 1819: 1816: 1760:Latin American 1744: 1741: 1693: 1690: 1676:weaponry like 1648:Main article: 1645: 1642: 1614:anti-Stalinist 1587:Old Bolsheviks 1567:United Kingdom 1559:Czechoslovakia 1551: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1494:Soviet honours 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1441: 1429: 1419: 1414: 1411: 1399:Russian Empire 1350:White Movement 1339: 1336: 1326:Around 700 of 1293: 1290: 1239:Gertrude Stein 1196:Hilaire Belloc 1183: 1180: 1112:Lapua Movement 1100:Y. P. I. Kaila 1070: 1069: 1066:White Russians 934:Spanish Guinea 930: 912: 909: 887:Manuel Montero 818: 815: 766:Main article: 763: 760: 732:Mainland Spain 728:Army of Africa 712:Main article: 709: 706: 679: 678: 675: 672: 649: 594:Regio Esercito 554:Main article: 551: 548: 546: 543: 512:General Motors 444: 441: 437:Clement Attlee 351:Army of Africa 347:British colony 345:, which was a 331:First Sea Lord 329:, the British 271: 268: 266: 263: 207: 204: 177:began. There, 163:Czechoslovakia 147:Charles Corbin 143:W. S. Morrison 132: 124: 121: 97:Galeazzo Ciano 82:United Kingdom 64:Main article: 61: 58: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6116: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5950:Condor Legion 5948: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5800:Popular Front 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5722: 5717: 5715: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5689: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5575:on 2011-08-11 5574: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5550:on 2005-12-04 5549: 5545: 5540: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5506: 5501: 5490:. 27 May 2006 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5438: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5411:(2): 91–107. 5410: 5406: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5297:(3): 331–351. 5296: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5254:9788408074915 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5140:9780810857841 5136: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5121:9780230203051 5117: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5091:. Constable. 5090: 5089: 5083: 5079: 5078:HarperCollins 5075: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5031: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4986:. Chapter 12. 4983: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4878:. J. Murray. 4877: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4775: 4773:9780429859298 4769: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4747:. Routledge. 4746: 4745: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4712: 4710:9788311137615 4706: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4484: 4478: 4470: 4464: 4457: 4452: 4445: 4444:Thomas (1961) 4440: 4433: 4428: 4421: 4420:Thomas (2001) 4416: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4396:Thomas (2001) 4392: 4385: 4380: 4373: 4372:Thomas (2001) 4368: 4366: 4359:, p. 88. 4358: 4353: 4347:, Appendix 8. 4346: 4341: 4335:, p. 47. 4334: 4333:Alpert (1994) 4329: 4320: 4313: 4312:Alpert (1994) 4308: 4301: 4296: 4290:, p. 43. 4289: 4288:Alpert (1994) 4284: 4277: 4276:Thomas (1961) 4272: 4270: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4236: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4211:Inglis (2014) 4207: 4200: 4199:Howson (1998) 4196: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4163:Beevor (2006) 4159: 4152: 4147: 4140: 4135: 4128: 4127:Howson (1998) 4123: 4116: 4114:9780300162141 4110: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4081:Howson (1998) 4077: 4070: 4069:Thomas (1961) 4065: 4058: 4057:Thomas (1961) 4053: 4044: 4037: 4036:Thomas (1986) 4032: 4025: 4024:Гречко (1974) 4020: 4013: 4008: 4002:, p. 94. 4001: 4000:Thomas (1986) 3996: 3989: 3984: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3954: 3953:Thomas (1986) 3949: 3934: 3927: 3925: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3899: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3798: 3797:Dorney (2018) 3793: 3786: 3781: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3753: 3746:, p. 56. 3745: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3697: 3692: 3684: 3682:9781399062084 3678: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3619: 3614: 3607: 3602: 3595: 3594:Beevor (2006) 3590: 3583: 3578: 3571: 3566: 3559: 3558:Beevor (2006) 3554: 3548:, p. 79. 3547: 3542: 3535: 3534:Beevor (2006) 3530: 3524:, p. 96. 3523: 3518: 3516: 3509:, p. 86. 3508: 3503: 3501: 3494:, p. 87. 3493: 3488: 3481: 3476: 3470:, p. 88. 3469: 3464: 3457: 3452: 3445: 3444:Thomas (1961) 3440: 3438: 3430: 3429:Thomas (1961) 3425: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3405:Thomas (1961) 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3370: 3365: 3358: 3353: 3346: 3341: 3334: 3333:Beevor (2001) 3329: 3327: 3320:, p. 68. 3319: 3314: 3312: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3280: 3279:Thomas (1961) 3275: 3268: 3267:Thomas (1961) 3263: 3257:, p. 83. 3256: 3251: 3244: 3243:Thomas (1961) 3239: 3232: 3231:Thomas (1961) 3227: 3220: 3219:Thomas (1961) 3215: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3195:Thomas (1961) 3191: 3184: 3183:Thomas (1961) 3179: 3172: 3171:Beevor (2006) 3167: 3160: 3159:Beevor (2006) 3155: 3149:, p. 59. 3148: 3147:Alpert (1998) 3143: 3136: 3131: 3125:, p. 65. 3124: 3123:Alpert (1998) 3119: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3098:, p. 46. 3097: 3096:Alpert (1998) 3092: 3085: 3084:Thomas (1961) 3080: 3073: 3072:Beevor (2001) 3068: 3066: 3064: 3056: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3031:Thomas (1961) 3027: 3020: 3019:Thomas (1961) 3015: 3008: 3007:Thomas (1961) 3003: 3001: 2993: 2992:Thomas (1961) 2988: 2981: 2980:Thomas (1961) 2976: 2969: 2968:Thomas (1961) 2964: 2957: 2952: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2915: 2914:Thomas (1961) 2910: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2864: 2863:Thomas (1961) 2859: 2857: 2855: 2847: 2846:Thomas (1961) 2842: 2835: 2834:Thomas (1961) 2830: 2823: 2822:Thomas (1961) 2818: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2796: 2795:Thomas (1961) 2791: 2784: 2783:Thomas (1961) 2779: 2772: 2771:Thomas (1961) 2767: 2760: 2759:Thomas (1961) 2755: 2748: 2747:Alpert (1998) 2743: 2736: 2735:Thomas (1961) 2731: 2729: 2721: 2720:Thomas (1961) 2716: 2714: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2691: 2690:Thomas (1961) 2686: 2679: 2678:Thomas (1961) 2674: 2667: 2666:Thomas (1961) 2662: 2660: 2652: 2651:Thomas (1961) 2647: 2640: 2639:Beevor (2006) 2635: 2628: 2627:Thomas (1961) 2623: 2616: 2615:Beevor (2006) 2611: 2604: 2603:Thomas (1961) 2599: 2591: 2584: 2578:, p. 51. 2577: 2576:Alpert (1998) 2572: 2570: 2563:, p. 44. 2562: 2561:Alpert (1998) 2557: 2550: 2549:Thomas (1961) 2545: 2543: 2541: 2533: 2532:Thomas (1961) 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2512: 2511:Thomas (1961) 2507: 2500: 2499:Alpert (1998) 2495: 2488: 2487:Thomas (1961) 2483: 2481: 2474:, p. 45. 2473: 2472:Alpert (1998) 2468: 2466: 2458: 2457:Thomas (1961) 2453: 2446: 2445:Thomas (1961) 2441: 2439: 2437: 2429: 2424: 2417: 2416:Beevor (2006) 2412: 2410: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2380: 2375: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2345: 2338: 2331: 2322: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2260:Dąbrowszczacy 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2238:– German army 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2224:Legion Condor 2222: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2084: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2070:Easter Rising 2067: 2063: 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