2927:
1318:
majority population to abolish the federation and implement a system which resulted in the occupation of the former South
Cameroons territory by French-speaking Cameroon administrators. In 1984, Cameroon heightened tensions by returning to its name at independence, "Republic of Cameroun", which did not include the territory of the former British Southern Cameroons or Ambazonia. For more than fifty years the English-speaking people of the Former British Southern Cameroons made multiple attempts both nationally and internationally to get the Cameroon government to address these issues and possibly return to the previously agreed federation at independence. In 2016, after all these attempts failed, Cameroon engaged in a military crackdown, including cutting the internet in the English-speaking regions. In response, the people of Southern Cameroon declared on October 1, 2017, the restoration of their UN state of Southern Cameroons, which they called the "
447:
1842:
3279:
303:, on June 20, 1816: "In your letter to Fisk, you have fairly stated the alternatives between which we are to choose: 1, licentious commerce and gambling speculations for a few, with eternal war for the many; or, 2, restricted commerce, peace, and steady occupations for all. If any State in the Union will declare that it prefers separation with the first alternative, to a continuance in union without it, I have no hesitation in saying, 'let us separate.' I would rather the States should withdraw, which are for unlimited commerce and war, and confederate with those alone which are for peace and agriculture."
2256:
2752:
1625:
2108:, and it comprised both Sicily and continental Southern Italy. The Kingdom came to an end in 1861, being annexed to the newborn Kingdom of Italy. However, the patriotic feelings shared among the southern Italian population is more ancient, starting in 1130 with the Kingdom of Sicily, which was composed by both the island and south Italy. According to the neo-Bourbonic movements the Italian regions which should secede are
284:, Fourth Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union December 3, 1860: "The fact is that our Union rests upon public opinion, and can never be cemented by the blood of its citizens shed in civil war. If it cannot live in the affections of the people, it must one day perish. Congress possesses many means of preserving it by conciliation, but the sword was not placed in their hand to preserve it by force."
2407:
3008:
1568:
156:, states respond violently to secessionist movements if the potential state poses a greater threat than the would-be secessionist movement. States perceive a future war with a potential new state as likely if the ethnic group driving the secessionist struggle has deep identity division with the central state, and if the regional neighborhood is violent and unstable.
2397:
but achieved only 0.14% (2622 votes) of the general vote. The reality today is that although South
Islanders have a strong identity rooted in their geographic region, secession does not carry any real constituency; the party was not able to field any candidates in the 2008 election, as they had less
2731:
On 7 February 2011, the referendum commission published the final results, with 98.83% voting in favour of independence. While the ballots were suspended in 10 of the 79 counties for exceeding 100% of the voter turnout, the number of votes was still well over the requirement of 60% turnout, and the
1794:
with populous foreign empires. Like the others – the United
Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and formerly Germany and the Ottoman Empire – its populous states abroad have all seceded, in most cases been granted independence. These secessionist
1781:
but had been denied by the
Russian emperor. However, with the country still at war and under great pressure, Lenin allowed Finland to secede. Its peripheral location made it difficult to defend and less strategically important than Russia's other territories, so he conceded sovereignty to the Finns
252:
Some theories of secession emphasize a general right of secession for any reason ("Choice Theory") while others emphasize that secession should be considered only to rectify grave injustices ("Just Cause Theory"). Some theories do both. A list of justifications may be presented supporting the right
2735:
A simultaneous referendum was supposed to be held in Abyei on whether to join
Southern Sudan but it has been postponed because of conflict over demarcation and residency rights. In October 2013, a symbolic referendum was held in which 99.9% of voters in Abyei voted to join Southern Sudan. However,
1317:
or the independent
Republic of Cameroon as a federation of two equal states. While the Northern Cameroons voted to join Nigeria, the Southern Cameroons voted to integrate into the Republic of Cameroon, but they did so without a formal Treaty of Union on record at the UN. In 1972, Cameroon used its
3246:
in the case before the bar) "was as complete, as perpetual, and as indissoluble as the union between the original States. There was no place for reconsideration or revocation, except through revolution or through consent of the States." Current secession movements still exist, the most notable
729:
which wanted to leave could not participate in the withdrawal discussions of the
European Council or of the Council of Ministers. There was much discussion about such self-determination by minorities before the final document underwent the unsuccessful ratification process in 2005. In 2007 the
2228:). Although some Okinawan people have sought independence from Japan since they were annexed by Japan in 1879, and especially after 1972 when the islands were transferred from U.S. rule to Japan, their activism and movement have been consistently supported by single digit of Okinawan people.
1198:. Eventually they were slowly forced back, and made a reunification peace with the Empire. This was not considered a secessionist war, even if it could have resulted in an independent republic if the Empire had been defeated. After the Empire agreed to aid Santa Catarina's economy by taxing
387:
Democratic
Secessionism: the right of secession, as a variant of the right of self-determination, is vested in a "territorial community" which wishes to secede from "their existing political community"; the group wishing to secede then proceeds to delimit "its" territory by the
240:, Buchanan outlined limited rights to secession under certain circumstances, mostly related to oppression by people of other ethnic or racial groups, and especially those previously conquered by other people. In his collection of essays from secession scholars,
1162:
and tried to secede from the
Portuguese and Brazilian Empires. In each attempt, the rebels were crushed, the leaders shot and their territory divided. Nevertheless, they kept revolting until Pernambuco's territory was a little fraction of what it was before.
48:). A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal is the creation of a new state or entity independent of the group or territory from which it seceded. Threats of secession can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals.
181:
Other scholars have linked secession to resource discoveries and extraction. David B. Carter, H. E. Goemans, and Ryan
Griffiths find that border changes among states tend to conform to the borders of previous administrative units.
803:
National secessionist movements advocate for the claim that a population within a state is a nation that has the right to form its own nation-state. Movements that work towards political secession may describe themselves as being
589:
do not recognize the right to self-determination through secession in their constitutions. Many expressly forbid it. However, there are several existing models of self-determination through greater autonomy and through secession.
2779:
189:
and Ryan Griffiths link increased numbers of secessions to an international system that is more favorable for new states. For example, new states can obtain assistance from international organizations such as the
2543:
and Afghan Federations. The name Baloch Liberation Army first became public in the summer of 2000, after the organization claimed credit for a series of bomb attacks in markets and removal of railways lines.
1213:
since the 1990s. Reasons cited for Southern Brazil's secession movement are taxation, due to it being one of the wealthiest regions in the country; political disputes with the northernmost states of Brazil;
716:
is not a sovereign state but an association of sovereign states formed by treaty; as such, leaving it, which is possible by simply denouncing the treaty, is not secession. Nonetheless, the 2003 draft of the
403:
The Secessionism of Threatened Cultures: if a minority culture is threatened within a state that has a majority culture, the minority needs a right to form a state of its own which would protect its culture.
1392:. The union proved contentious, however, resulting in a legislative deadlock between English and French legislators. The difficulties of the union, among other factors, led in 1867 to the formation of the
356:
Escape from "discriminatory redistribution", i.e. tax schemes, regulatory policies, economic programs, and similar policies that distribute resources away to another area, especially in an undemocratic
391:
Communitarian Secessionism: any group with a particular "participation-enhancing" identity, concentrated in a particular territory, which desires to improve its members' political participation has a
5766:
400:
Cultural Secessionism: any group which was previously in a minority has a right to protect and develop its own culture and distinct national identity through seceding into an independent state.
206:
and Enrico Spolaore argue that greater levels of free trade and peace have reduced the benefits of being part of a larger state, thus motivating nations within larger states to seek secession.
1746:
that it wishes to withdraw, upon which withdrawal negotiations begin; if no other agreement is reached, the treaty ceases to apply to the withdrawing state two years after such notification.
2069:(Sicilia Nazione), which still believes in the idea that Sicily, due to its deeply personal and ancient history, should be a sovereign country. Moreover, a common ideology shared by all the
5236:
1659:
refused to recognize this incorporation. Therefore, the resulting civil war and eventual 1999 East Timorese vote for complete separation are better described as an independence movement.
5057:: "The Somali Republic shall have the following boundaries. (a) North; Gulf of Aden. (b) North West; Djibouti. (c) West; Ethiopia. (d) South south-west; Kenya. (e) East; Indian Ocean."
384:: individual liberty to form political associations and private property rights together justify right to secede and to create a "viable political order" with like-minded individuals.
2697:. The Cape Party contested their first elections on 22 April 2009. They finished the Western Cape provincial elections in 2019 with 9,331 votes, or 0.45% of votes, gaining no seats
431:"Threat of anarchy" because smaller and smaller entities may choose to secede until there is chaos, although this is not the true meaning of the political and philosophical concept
164:
According to political scientist Bridget L. Coggins, the academic literature contains four potential explanations for the drastic increase in secessions during the 20th century:
2926:
5180:
4283:, Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1987. One of several popular books they wrote about canton-based constitutional alternatives that include an explicit right to secession.
709:
in 1998 ruled that only both a clear majority of the province and a constitutional amendment confirmed by all participants in the Canadian federation could allow secession.
2499:. Because the union depended on the two countries sharing a king, it was dissolved. After negotiations, Sweden agreed to mutual independence on October 26 and on April 14.
531:
National secession (seceding entirely from the national state) versus local secession (seceding from one entity of the national state into another entity of the same state)
1260:. The South Region in 2016 voted in an unofficial referendum called "Plebisul" in which 95% of voters supported secession and the creation of an independent South Region.
5463:
5144:
5759:
2938:
1520:
does not view East Turkistan as a part of China but rather an occupied country, so it does not view independence from China as "secession" but rather "decolonization".
2455:
555:(although an entity secedes, the rest of the state retains its structure) versus dissolution (all political entities dissolve their ties and create several new states)
3110:
in which voters were asked "Should Scotland be an independent country?" took place in September 2014. It saw "no" win, as 55.3% of voters voted against independence.
171:
Institutional empowerment, where the growing inability of empires and ethnic federations to maintain colonies and member states increases the likelihood of success.
3370:
2700:
The idea gained popularity in the early half of the 2020s, with polling suggesting that 58% of Western Cape Voters want a referendum on independence in July 2021.
1714:
6498:
4819:"'The dictatorship of the democracy'? The Council of People's Commissars as Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary coalition government, December 1917-March 1918"
3247:
example of which is the Hawaiian sovereignty movement which formed after the illegal annexation of the Kingdom(Republic) of Hawaii by the United States under the
1742:
The treaty introduced an exit clause for members who wish to withdraw from the Union. This formalised the procedure by stating that a member state may notify the
1305:
was granted independence from France as the Republic of Cameroon and was admitted into the United Nations. The more advanced democratic and self-ruling people of
3353:
1735:
outlined the ability of a state to voluntarily withdraw from the EU. The European Constitution did propose such a provision and, after the failure to ratify the
5752:
2736:
this resolution was non-binding. As of February 2024, an official referendum still has not taken place. Abyei currently holds "special administrative status".
4525:
2801:
2153:
467:
Secession theorists have described a number of ways in which a political entity (city, county, canton, state) can secede from the larger or original state:
6432:
6362:
3375:
2398:
than 500 paying members, a requirement by the New Zealand Electoral commission. The party is treated more as a "joke" party than any real political force.
602:
2085:, which polls show is Sicily's most popular party, has also publicly expressed the intention to start working for a possible secession from Italy if the
763:, but under current understanding of international law they have a mere "remedial" right to secession in extreme cases of abuse of their rights, because
2763:
1934:. They are supported by Pakistan, which has allegedly funded many terrorist, separatist outfits with the goal of destabilizing India, according to the
244:, professor David Gordon challenges Buchanan, making a case that the moral status of the seceding state is unrelated to the issue of secession itself.
2039:
2755:
1482:
has long sought sovereignty from mainland China. It maintains its own currency and military, despite no longer being recognized internationally. The
666:
contained an express state right to secede from the union under a number of procedural conditions. It was eliminated in the 1974 constitution of the
655:
564:
Minority secession (a minority of the population or territory secedes) versus majority secession (a majority of the population or territory secedes)
2844:
1047:
5440:
6184:
2716:
to 15 January 2011, on whether the region should remain a part of Sudan or become independent. The referendum was one of the consequences of the
2066:
896:
as a potential colonial capital) in the 1870s. Other secession (or territorial separation) movements arose and these advocated the secession of
6402:
3579:
2670:
whites in Natal advocated either secession or a loose federation. There were also calls for secession, with Natal and the eastern part of the
6324:
6202:
5127:
5050:
1736:
1143:, Bahia, and Maranhão, where the people were unhappy with the Empire (these provinces were Portuguese bastions in the Independence War). The
718:
538:
secession (seceding entity is completely surrounded by the original state) versus peripheral secession (along a border of the original state)
306:
Economic enfranchisement of an economically oppressed class that is regionally concentrated within the scope of a larger national territory.
1766:
935:
742:
632:
4593:
2693:
In 2008, a political movement calling for the return to independence of the Cape resurged in the shape of the political organisation, the
6225:
2930:
2709:
1136:'s independence, reasserted the rule of both nations over their land and some important points like free navigation in the Silver River.
859:
416:"Protecting legitimate expectations" of those who now occupy territory claimed by secessionists, even in cases where that land was stolen
125:
5736:
377:
Political scientist Aleksander Pavkovic describes five justifications for a general right of secession within liberal political theory:
4791:
735:
3799:
Carter, David B.; Goemans, H. E. (2011). "The Making of the Territorial Order: New Borders and the Emergence of Interstate Conflict".
2065:
of the late 1940s; it was active for around 60 years. Today, the MIS no longer exists, though many other parties have emerged. One is
1125:
6027:
2553:
6521:
6450:
3303:
2775:
1035:
667:
5162:
1297:. The conflict, known as the "Anglophone Crisis", is deeply rooted in the October 1, 1961 incomplete decolonization of the former
654:
into joining. However, the Party eliminated the right to secession in later years, and had anti-secession clause written into the
446:
6347:
6275:
6151:
3390:
3349:
3002:
2378:
as early as 1865. The desire for South Island independence was one of the main factors in moving the capital of New Zealand from
2161:
2058:
788:
1471:
seceded. The Federal Republic was formally dissolved in 1840, all but one of the states having seceded amidst general disorder.
561:
where secession is sought in order to annex the territory to another state because of common ethnicity or prior historical links
6337:
5471:
4072:"The Small State in International Relations" from Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland's External Affairs (Routledge, 2019)
3385:
2821:
2725:
2675:
86:
4624:
2535:
militant secessionist organization. The stated goals of the organization include the establishment of an independent state of
5647:
5510:
4988:
4955:
4912:
4565:
4087:
3965:
3564:
3107:
2639:
2157:
1908:
1692:
1668:
690:
185:
Several scholars argue that changes in the international system have made it easier for small states to survive and prosper.
4769:
4346:
2965:
and the forces of the Donetsk People's Republic when the Ukrainian Government attempted to reassert control over the oblast.
6516:
6258:
3898:
3851:
3504:
3352:
from Serbia on February 17, 2008, and was recognized by around 100 countries, with the rest considering it remaining under
3177:
2798:
2187:
1796:
1513:
784:
4509:
2081:
organizations, which have a very deep influence over Sicily's public and private institutions. The Sicilian branch of the
1841:
1556:
957:
claimed to have seceded from Australia in 1970, although its status was not recognised by Australia or any other country.
412:
Allen Buchanan, who supports secession under limited circumstances, lists arguments that might be used against secession:
6582:
6177:
3705:
Coggins, Bridget (2011). "Friends in High Places: International Politics and the Emergence of States from Secessionism".
3662:
2326:
2264:
1915:
1648:
1629:
1464:
998:
853:
798:
454:
5597:
Roeder, Philip G. 2018. National secession: persuasion and violence in independence campaigns. Cornell University Press.
4724:
6114:
5605:
4748:
4679:
3314:
also declared independence, after which the federation broke up, causing the separation of the remaining two countries
3233:
3032:
2840:
2022:
1850:
1708:
1517:
1349:
1020:
726:
722:
693:
have express or implied rights to secession. Switzerland allows for the secession from current and the creation of new
610:
513:
2980:
April, and controlled the City Council, prosecutor's office, and police station since 27 April. The Government of the
6478:
6458:
6420:
4756:
4732:
4687:
4330:
4245:
4168:
4044:
3689:
3636:
3608:
3452:
2394:
1990:
929:
749:
has the right to secede from the Principality by a vote of a majority of the citizens residing in that municipality.
624:
1489:
passed in 2005, formalized the long-standing policy of the People's Republic of China to use military means against
228:
of the rights and moral justification for secession began to develop as recently as the 1980s. American philosopher
6370:
6352:
6292:
6282:
3499:
3155:
2998:
2868:
2808:
soon followed. Despite the Soviet central government's refusal to recognize the independence of the republics, the
2790:
2414:
of the late 1960s. Pictures of the famine caused by Nigerian blockade garnered sympathy for the Biafrans worldwide.
2070:
1548:
1331:
982:
943:
620:
177:
Negotiated consent, where home states and the international community increasingly consent to secessionist demands.
168:
Ethnonational mobilization, where ethnic minorities have been increasingly mobilized to pursue states of their own.
4533:
2592:. Having established its own local government in Somalia in 1991, the region's self-declared independence remains
1753:
in a non-binding referendum, and finally left the European Union on January 31, 2020. This is informally known as
6493:
2809:
2512:
2472:
2260:
2096:
In Southern Italy, several movements have expressed a will to secede from Italy. This newborn ideology is called
1939:
1532:
79:
5012:
631:
only upon vote of a majority of the country as a whole; the previous two-thirds majority vote for secession via
363:
Preservation of "liberal purity" (or "conservative purity") by allowing less (or more) liberal regions to secede
6488:
6392:
6170:
4424:
4206:
3380:
3211:
2892:
2062:
2010:
1978:
1800:
1728:
1656:
1460:
1215:
1147:, in Bahia, was an Islamic slave revolt. These three rebellions were bloodily crushed by the Empire of Brazil.
794:
323:
Recognition of the will of the majority to secede, in keeping with consent as an important democratic principle
278:
145:
There is no consensus on the definition of political secession despite many political theories on the subject.
5260:
2305:
1579:
1132:
between both, as they were both weakened, lacking manpower and politically fragile. The peace treaty accepted
6587:
6468:
6440:
6297:
6265:
6253:
4469:
4463:
3574:
3221:
3217:
2958:
2805:
2794:
2717:
2663:
2367:
2104:
was under the control of the House of Bourbon. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was created in 1816 after the
1890:
1777:. Unsuccessful attempts at greater autonomy or peaceful secession had already been made during the preceding
1509:
1319:
1117:
897:
682:
71:
56:
5744:
4484:"In Pursuit of Sovereignty and Self-determination: Peoples, States and Secession in the International Order"
880:
However, settlers agitated to divide the colonies throughout the later part of the century; particularly in
6248:
3287:
2969:
2946:
2774:
seceded after the non-Socialist Senate proposed that Parliament declare Finland's independence, which was
2682:. In 1993, prior to South Africa's first elections under universal suffrage and the end of apartheid, some
2338:
2215:
1815:
1676:
1490:
1388:). The intent was to provide each group with its own colony. In 1841, the two Canadas were merged into the
1069:
344:
Preservation of culture, language, etc. from assimilation or destruction by a larger or more powerful group
174:
Relative strength, where increasingly powerful secessionist movements are more likely to achieve statehood.
1158:
of all Brazilian regions. Over a series of five revolts (1645–1654, 1710, 1817, 1824, 1848), the province
646:
followed the Soviet Union in including the right of secession in its 1931 constitution in order to entice
570:
The threat of secession is sometimes used as a strategy to gain greater autonomy within the original state
6380:
6007:
5185:
3549:
3484:
3188:
2528:
2435:
2101:
1417:
698:
486:
191:
45:
5380:
3251:
passed by Congress in 1898. Many international organizations consider Hawaii under American occupation.
869:(NSW) was progressively divided up by the British government as new settlements were formed and spread.
479:(political entities with substantial reserved powers which have agreed to join) versus secession from a
425:"Minimization of strategic bargaining" by making it difficult to secede, such as by imposing an exit tax
6567:
4428:
2915:
2287:
2244:
2089:
would not collaborate in shifting the nation's administrative organization from a unitary country to a
1935:
1774:
1597:
1423:
Other occasional secessionist movements have included anti-Confederation movements in the 19th century
1345:
1191:
1087:
954:
775:, respectively, generally leaving rights to secession to the internal legislation of sovereign states.
647:
606:
335:
when larger group presents lethal threat to minority or the government cannot adequately defend an area
273:, Donald W. Livingston and various authors in David Gordon's "Secession, State and Liberty", includes:
60:
31:
5237:"Cape Independence: Lobby group says recent survey 'places intense pressure' on DA to hold referendum"
1811:. As to France's contiguous state, these have few present representatives at the national level, see:
6463:
5858:
4699:
Paul D. Elliot, The East Timor Dispute, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 27, No.
4603:
3554:
2843:
from various component kingdoms with varying languages, cultures and legislations. Spain has several
2516:
2393:, with a pro-South agenda, fielded only five candidates (4.20% of electoral seats) candidates in the
2375:
2357:
1870:
1373:
1361:
901:
866:
5093:
3852:"Between Dissolution and Blood: How Administrative Lines and Categories Shape Secessionist Outcomes"
6415:
6387:
3569:
3099:
2476:
2431:
1922:
who advocate for a Muslim state, in opposition to the Indian establishment. They are mostly in the
1808:
1428:
731:
643:
17:
5047:
2968:
The Lugansk Parliamentary Republic was proclaimed on 27 April 2014. before being succeeded by the
6526:
5776:
5534:
5035:
4598:
3559:
3539:
3267:
3075:
2419:
2038:); Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front, Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz (See
2026:
1528:
1381:
1210:
1140:
947:
939:
706:
678:
130:
4716:
3679:
3278:
3065:
independence of Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom without joining the Republic of Ireland
1202:'s products (like dry meat), the rebels reunited with the Empire and joined its military ranks.
989:
in March 1938. The secession only took place once Nazi Germany had been defeated by the Allies.
437:"Distributive justice" arguments posit that that wealthier areas cannot secede from poorer ones
6410:
6238:
6063:
5808:
5803:
5721:
5211:
5149:
3514:
3422:
3339:
3307:
3225:
2904:
2896:
2593:
1804:
1444:
1393:
1219:
1179:
1043:
1039:
1016:
756:
694:
686:
314:
5592:
Negotiating Nationalism: Nation-Building, Federalism, and Secession in the Multinational State
2313:
2309:
6503:
5793:
4257:
Anthony H. Birch, "Another Liberal Theory of Secession". Political Studies 32, 1984, 596–602.
3957:
3544:
3489:
3327:
3176:
party, known as Londependence, was established in June 2019. Their calls increased after the
3079:
2856:
2619:
2480:
2390:
2203:
2149:
1904:
1896:
1791:
1413:
1341:
1294:
1250:
1187:
1171:
1151:
94:
5067:
2984:
announced its support for a referendum, and granted the governorship to independence leader
1380:(a new colony intended to accommodate the many new English-speaking settlers, including the
6577:
6483:
6342:
6332:
6302:
6078:
5853:
4378:
3457:
3103:
3087:
2836:
2662:(now Eswatini) later became independent states in the 1960s. Following the election of the
2536:
2183:
1919:
1874:
1825:
1594:
1456:
1432:
1206:
1175:
1094:
1074:
874:
821:
552:
419:"Self defense" if losing part of the state would make it difficult to defend the rest of it
225:
4881:
1264:
8:
6572:
6314:
6287:
6093:
6073:
5987:
5949:
5924:
5726:
5684:
5502:
4508:, 1st Global Conference on Federalism and the Union of European Democracies, March 2004.
4483:
4374:
3534:
3524:
3259:
3248:
3173:
3091:
3060:
3056:
3048:
3024:
2721:
2559:
2345:
2302:
2263:
after independence, noting losses to the US (red, white and orange) and the secession of
2086:
1986:
1830:
1820:
1397:
1231:
1155:
542:
535:
296:
292:
5698:
Secession And International Law: Conflict Avoidance – regional Appraisals
360:
Enhanced efficiency when the state or empire becomes too large to administer efficiently
232:
offered the first systematic account of the subject in the 1990s and contributed to the
6562:
6473:
6375:
6270:
6243:
6233:
5897:
5363:
4961:
4571:
4141:
4093:
3992:
3926:
3879:
3832:
3824:
3730:
3519:
3229:
3125:
3102:
are most widely publicised. However, all independence movements/parties are opposed by
3064:
3039:, gained independence in 1922. The United Kingdom has a number of secession movements:
2848:
2586:
2532:
2496:
2488:
2468:
2443:
2427:
2411:
2298:
2237:
2145:
2105:
2082:
2046:
1962:
1900:
1732:
1484:
1436:
1401:
1389:
1298:
1246:
1223:
1183:
1159:
1083:
1063:
881:
870:
817:
760:
752:
619:
held secession could occur "through revolution, or through consent of the States". The
580:
381:
338:
114:
64:
2198:
has expressed a will to turn the region into a sovereign country. Also, the island of
434:"Preventing wrongful taking" such as the state's previous investment in infrastructure
6307:
6215:
5954:
5848:
5818:
5661:
5653:
5643:
5542:
Secession: The Morality Of Political Divorce From Fort Sumter To Lithuania And Quebec
5506:
5367:
5355:
4994:
4984:
4981:
Postcolonial conflict and the question of genocide: the Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967–1970
4965:
4951:
4918:
4908:
4838:
4752:
4728:
4683:
4561:
4392:
Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce From Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec
4326:
4202:
4185:
Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce From Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec
4164:
4133:
4097:
4083:
4067:
4040:
4012:
3961:
3945:
3930:
3918:
3883:
3871:
3816:
3781:
3734:
3722:
3685:
3632:
3604:
3494:
3462:
3437:
3181:
3052:
2852:
2783:
2627:
2605:
2272:
2141:
2018:
1290:
1276:
1242:
1113:
1109:
893:
805:
636:
525:
348:
238:
Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce From Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec
134:
5531:
Justice, Legitimacy, and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations for International Law
4575:
4555:
4241:
3836:
3242:
that unilateral secession was not permitted, saying that the union between a state (
2337:
formally established from the formal creation of a federal state in 1581 by several
329:
Dissolution of such a union when goals for which it was constituted are not achieved
6136:
6121:
5972:
5833:
5828:
5635:
5498:
5418:
5347:
4943:
4830:
4628:
4145:
4125:
4075:
4004:
3953:
3910:
3863:
3808:
3771:
3761:
3714:
3417:
3192:
3151:
3044:
3036:
2941:, several groups of people declared the independence of several Ukrainian regions:
2933:
organized by pro-Russian separatists. A line to enter a polling place, 11 May 2014.
2667:
2635:
2563:
2334:
2280:
2279:), after animosity between the Mexican government and the American settlers of the
2276:
2255:
2034:
1743:
1720:
1644:
1601:
1544:
1306:
1254:
1195:
1105:
1027:
934:
Secession movements have surfaced several times in Western Australia (WA), where a
889:
829:
671:
318:
288:
270:
104:
5335:
3766:
3749:
6109:
6032:
6022:
5934:
5917:
5838:
5813:
5627:
5617:
5351:
5336:"Abyei Arbitration (Government of Sudan/Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army)"
5310:
5284:
5054:
4650:
4513:
4448:
4420:
3472:
3311:
3266:
merged in 1990; tensions led to a 1994 southern secession which was crushed in a
3095:
2985:
2631:
2221:
1994:
1931:
1609:
1424:
1416:). The federal framework did not eliminate all tensions, however, leading to the
1302:
1238:
917:
837:
772:
768:
598:
586:
366:
Provision of superior constitutional systems which allow flexibility of secession
213:
203:
450:
5929:
5907:
5881:
5715:
5701:
5639:
5631:
5545:
4505:
3658:
3654:
3407:
3238:
3129:
3083:
3028:
2981:
2962:
2954:
2911:
2460:
2430:
that ended with the state returning to Nigeria. In 1999, at the beginning of a
2330:
2225:
2179:
2097:
2078:
1923:
1778:
1770:
1765:
Finland successfully and peacefully seceded from the newly-formed and unstable
1750:
1652:
1552:
1501:
1440:
1337:
1237:. Additionally, there is an ethnic divide as the South Region is predominately
1234:
1167:
1129:
841:
713:
615:
501:
422:"Protecting majority rule" and the principle that minorities must abide by them
281:
229:
209:
199:
121:
5111:
4922:
4034:
3914:
3867:
3812:
3718:
3168:
has supporters of an independent or semi-autonomous city-state since the 2016
1144:
6556:
6002:
5902:
5868:
5798:
5774:
5740:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 584–585.
5731:
5665:
5613:
5359:
5168:
4998:
4856:
4842:
4818:
4137:
4129:
4016:
3922:
3875:
3820:
3785:
3726:
3684:. Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
3323:
3220:
during the first half of the 19th century, and secession was declared by the
3169:
3147:
3016:
2900:
2687:
2671:
2520:
2090:
2043:
2006:
1958:
1866:
1846:
1435:
of 1885, and various small separatist movements in Alberta particularly (see
1409:
1369:
1209:
has been the centre of a secessionist movement led by an organization called
913:
746:
594:
521:
480:
476:
300:
254:
186:
159:
153:
4834:
4223:
4079:
2495:
had failed to fulfil his constitutional duties. He was therefore removed as
2374:, was amongst the first people to make this call, which was voted on by the
942:
passed with a two-thirds majority. The referendum had to be ratified by the
771:
is a territorial and diplomatic claim and not one of self-determination and
428:"Soft paternalism" because secession will be bad for secessionists or others
353:
Rectification of past injustices, especially past conquest by a larger power
44:. The process begins once a group proclaims an act of secession (such as a
6141:
6037:
6017:
6012:
5977:
5261:"Referendum in Southern Sudan. UNMIS - United Nations Mission in the Sudan"
4937:
4712:
4292:
4116:
Lake, David A.; O’mahony, Angela (2004). "The Incredible Shrinking State".
3432:
2832:
2643:
2618:, four self-governing colonies in the south of Africa were merged into the
2589:
2508:
2464:
2371:
2363:
2341:
1377:
1365:
978:
813:
764:
517:
332:
266:
75:
4947:
4403:
Steven Yates, "When Is Political Divorce Justified" in David Gordon, 1998.
2751:
1186:
favoured the conservatives, the liberals took the Capital and declared an
6531:
6068:
5992:
5311:"Thousands in contested Abyei vote to join South Sudan, risking tensions"
3509:
3447:
3442:
3263:
3196:
3159:
3118:
2876:
2690:
again considered secession as did some politicians in the Cape Province.
2683:
2623:
2439:
2191:
2074:
2029:
1927:
1684:
1576:
1405:
1257:
885:
833:
558:
497:
483:(a state governed as a single unit with few powers reserved to sub-units)
393:
370:
258:
6162:
5164:
Launching Democracy in South Africa: The First Open Election, April 1994
3828:
3776:
3094:. Later pro-independence parties have had lesser electoral success. The
2614:
In 1910, following the British Empire's defeat of the Afrikaners in the
2531:(also Baloch Liberation Army or Boluchistan Liberation Army) (BLA) is a
2170:
has been seeking the independence of the region known to separatists as
541:
Secession by contiguous units versus secession by non-contiguous units (
6541:
6146:
6088:
6053:
5944:
5939:
5876:
5843:
5785:
5553:
Contextualizing Secession: Normative Studies in Comparative Perspective
5393:
4008:
3467:
3412:
3319:
2907:
2797:
the right to secede from the Union. In 1990, after free elections, the
2767:
2694:
2651:
2574:
2524:
2383:
2290:
seceded from Mexico on January 17, 1840. It rejoined Mexico on November
2224:(a branch of modern Okinawan) people had their own state historically (
2117:
1982:
1974:
1639:(also known as East Timor) has been described as having "seceded" from
1636:
1531:
has placed on the national security agenda in 2017 which is called the
1310:
1267:, which seeks to become a country independent from the rest of Brazil.
1121:
1051:
1012:
1004:
905:
825:
809:
548:
472:
195:
90:
5462:
Smout, Alistair; MacLellan, Kylie; Holton, Kate (September 19, 2014).
3346:. Montenegro peacefully separated from its union with Serbia in 2006.
326:
Increased ease for states to join with others in an experimental union
6131:
5577:
4557:
National Secession: Persuasion and Violence in Independence Campaigns
4421:
The Constitutional Right of Secession in Political Theory and History
3681:
Secession and Security: Explaining State Strategy against Separatists
3529:
2880:
2739:
The predetermined date for the creation of an independent state was 9
2659:
2609:
2515:, negotiations to form a new government floundered, resulting in the
2241:
2175:
2167:
2152:. The major movements and parties which believe in this ideology are
1862:
1691:
independence from Ethiopia. Following the United Nations observation
1640:
1524:
1468:
1282:
1227:
1199:
986:
970:
946:, which declined to act, on the grounds that it would contravene the
628:
567:
Secession of better-off regions versus secession of worse-off regions
457:
262:
233:
4882:"Opinion Polls among Residents of the Okinawa Prefecture (Japanese)"
844:
movements instead of, or in addition to, being secession movements.
347:
Furtherance of diversity by allowing diverse cultures to keep their
6126:
5997:
5823:
4905:
The American Occupation of Japan and Okinawa: Literature and Memory
3993:"Membership Has Its Privileges: The Changing Benefits of Statehood"
3427:
3402:
3331:
3299:
3143:
3128:
within the European Union. It is also represented at all levels of
3071:
3055:
have long called for the secession of Northern Ireland to join the
2972:. The Lugansk forces have successfully occupied vital buildings in
2679:
2647:
2615:
2484:
2379:
2199:
2195:
2129:
2113:
1946:
1795:
movements generally took place at similar stages by continent. See
1688:
1497:
1286:
1079:
1008:
966:
909:
505:
5681:
Autonomy, Self Governance and Conflict Resolution (Kindle Edition)
5657:
2895:
cantons formed a separate alliance because of moves to change the
1985:
is rarely considered secessionist as its goal is to overthrow the
1624:
674:"). Burma still allows "local autonomy under central leadership".
6058:
5467:
5394:"Federalization supporters in Luhansk proclaim people's republic"
3335:
3295:
3283:
3012:
2973:
2771:
2655:
2578:
2312:
approved in 1840 a declaration of independence, establishing the
2171:
2133:
1970:
1966:
1954:
1858:
1696:
1680:
1385:
1357:
1314:
1133:
974:
597:
has dictated whether a minority can secede. In the United States
310:
5725:
2061:(Movimento Indipendentista Siciliano, MIS) has its roots in the
1372:
and institutions and is now part of the provinces of Quebec and
1253:
and other European groups. In contrast, the rest of Brazil is a
236:
classification of the literature on secession. In his 1991 book
51:
Notable examples of secession, and secession attempts, include:
6210:
5982:
5912:
4651:"Brazil's Lula charged as 'top boss' of Petrobras graft scheme"
3343:
3315:
3172:
in which Londoners voted overwhelmingly to remain in the EU. A
3165:
3133:
2872:
2423:
2406:
2125:
2121:
2109:
1878:
1754:
1613:
1590:
1586:
1479:
1353:
862:
702:
490:
461:
110:
41:
5441:"Luhansk regional council backs referendum on region's status"
5013:"Balochistan Liberation Army | Mapping Militant Organizations"
4721:
Out of the ashes: destruction and reconstruction of East Timor
3007:
1139:
Three rather disorganized secessionist rebellions happened in
3243:
3114:
2828:
2137:
1950:
1505:
663:
659:
651:
509:
100:
5198:
2040:
Politics of Khūzestān Province: Arab politics and separatism
1567:
1336:
Throughout Canada's history, there has been tension between
1289:. Less than a month beforehand, tensions had escalated into
1263:
There is also a push for secession movement in the state of
5419:"Ukraine crisis: Pro-Russia activists take Luhansk offices"
5131:
3154:
and separation from England, giving the county significant
2758:
in Eurasia in the decades following the end of the Cold War
2554:
Provinces of Papua New Guinea § The Bougainville issue
2540:
2032:
and independence movement for free separated Balochistan, (
2014:
1672:
1086:
occurred, which resulted in the Belgian secession from the
4770:"Article 50 TEU: Withdrawal of a Member State from the EU"
4506:
Sixth Scholarly Panel: Cultural Identity in the New Europe
4375:
Secession, Majority Rule and Equal Rights: a Few Questions
2456:
Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905
160:
Explanations for the 20th century increase in secessionism
5585:
Statehood and Secession: Lessons from Spain and Catalonia
1739:, that provision was then included in the Lisbon Treaty.
1493:
in the event peaceful means become otherwise impossible.
1034:, "Peace Force") is the name of the military wing of the
253:
to secede, as described by Allen Buchanan, Robert McGee,
5583:
López Martín, Ana Gemma and Perea Unceta, José Antonio,
4163:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 133.
3371:
List of historical autonomist and secessionist movements
3158:, whilst remaining within the United Kingdom as a fifth
1938:, though the country denies any direct involvement. The
1749:
On June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the
1715:
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
5048:
The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic
3944:
Thorhallsson, Baldur; Steinsson, Sverrir (2017-05-24),
3330:
and seceding entities and among other ethnic groups in
3216:
Discussions and threats of secession often surfaced in
3184:, gaining a representative, bucking the national trend.
2362:
Secession movements have surfaced several times in the
738:, establishing a mechanism for withdrawal from the EU.
593:
In liberal constitutional democracies the principle of
5094:"The Signs Say Somaliland, but the World Says Somalia"
4325:. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 17–49.
3603:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 3.
2434:, other secessionist movements emerged, including the
1313:, they were directed to either join the federation of
601:
acknowledged that secession might be possible through
493:
although this is decolonisation rather than secession.
4449:
Creating New States: Theory and Practice of Secession
4369:
4367:
4242:
How can We Construct a Political Theory of Secession?
3943:
3629:
Creating New States: Theory and Practice of Secession
981:
on April 27, 1945. This took place after seven years
5461:
5383:, Switzerland Federal Department of Foreign Affairs.
4979:
Moses, A. Dirk; Heerten, Lasse, eds. (6 July 2017).
4161:
On the Way to Statehood: Secession and Globalisation
3376:
List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
2585:
consider it to be the successor state of the former
2283:. It was later annexed by the United States in 1845.
723:
voluntary withdrawal of member states from the union
27:
Formal withdrawal of a group from a political entity
5493:Hiro, Dilip (2019-03-01), "Saudi-Iranian Détente",
5285:"South Sudan referendum: 99% vote for independence"
4884:. Asahi Shinbun Digital. Asahi Shinbun. 12 May 2017
4443:
4441:
3132:and has often been the second largest party in the
2042:), and Balochistan People's Party (BPP) supporting
5551:Coppieters, Bruno; Richard Sakwa, Richard (eds.),
4364:
4347:"Full text of "The writings of Thomas Jefferson;""
2764:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
2329:, commonly referred to historiographically as the
1309:were instead limited to two choices. Through a UN
369:Minimizing the size of political entities and the
5171:, Lawrence Schlemmer, Yale University Press, 1996
4459:
4457:
3631:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing. p. 6.
1527:has a secessionist movement in the city that the
113:leaving Nigeria (and returning, after losing the
6554:
5464:"Scotland stays in UK, but Britain faces change"
5112:"UN in Action: Reforming Somaliland's Judiciary"
4625:"400 Banga Sena activists held at Bangla border"
4438:
3899:"The Historical Origins of Territorial Disputes"
3750:"Regional resources and democratic secessionism"
3747:
2949:was declared to be independent from Ukraine on 7
2732:majority vote for secession is not in question.
5716:Secession (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
247:
5602:Secessionism: Identity, Interest, and Strategy
4454:
4281:After Apartheid: The Solution for South Africa
3991:Fazal, Tanisha M.; Griffiths, Ryan D. (2014).
3990:
3896:
3580:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
2596:by any country or international organization.
2577:is an autonomous region, which is part of the
1773:, who had sought refuge in Finland during the
1057:
407:
6178:
5760:
5497:, Oxford University Press, pp. 141–162,
5036:No Winner Seen in Somalia's Battle With Chaos
4481:
4158:
3897:Abramson, Scott F.; Carter, David B. (2016).
3798:
3626:
3598:
3191:is a party formed in 2020 that seeks to make
2778:. On December 18, 1917, it was recognized by
2182:. Some organizations separately work for the
1737:Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
1011:organisation, which supports the making of a
4978:
4676:Perspectives on contemporary ethnic conflict
4587:
4585:
4560:. Cornell University Press. pp. 23–25.
4177:
4115:
4068:"The small state in international relations"
4065:
3748:Gehring, Kai; Schneider, Stephan A. (2020).
2953:April 2014, comprising the territory of the
2871:, operated a de facto independent state for
2827:Present-day Spain (known officially as "the
1942:reached at its peak influence in the 1990s.
1767:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1301:(UNGA Resolution 1608). On January 1, 1960,
4627:. Indiainfo.com. 2003-02-18. Archived from
4482:Pavkovic, Aleksandar; Radan, Peter (2003).
4159:Pavkovic, Aleksandar; Radan, Peter (2008).
3650:
3648:
3627:Pavkovic, Aleksandar; Radan, Peter (2007).
3601:The Ashgate Research Companion to Secession
3599:Pavkovic, Aleksandar; Radan, Peter (2013).
1916:Indian Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir
1508:are the focus of secessionist calls by the
214:proclamations on self-determination in 1918
40:is the formal withdrawal of a group from a
6185:
6171:
5767:
5753:
4745:Self-determination and national minorities
4591:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4320:
2776:voted by the Parliament on 6 December 1917
2471:in the 16th century, entered into a loose
2245:was expelled from the Malaysian federation
1930:sometimes patrols, having bases along the
1869:in 1830, leaving the similarly tumultuous
1525:Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong
736:Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union
219:
6192:
5612:Sorens, Jason (2008). "Secessionism". In
5560:Secession: International Law Perspectives
5411:
5386:
5145:Secession Talked by Some Anti-Republicans
4767:
4648:
4617:
4582:
4451:, p. 222, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007.
4244:, paper presented October 5, 2006 to the
3849:
3775:
3765:
3350:Kosovo unilaterally declared independence
3086:. It has representation at all levels of
2422:seceded from Nigeria and established the
2023:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI)
1857:After a decade of tumultuous federalism,
1608:and in 1983 declared independence as the
1589:, in an attempt to annex the island with
216:created a surge in secessionist demands.
5674:Separatism: Democracy and Disintegration
5433:
5308:
4649:Spagnuolo, Sergio (September 15, 2016).
4526:"The Reform of the Constitution in 2003"
4475:
3950:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
3645:
3304:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
3277:
3006:
2925:
2750:
2562:has made several efforts to secede from
2405:
2254:
1840:
1623:
1566:
1420:in the latter half of the 20th century.
1068:On August 25, 1830, during the reign of
1036:Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti
745:held in 2003, every municipality in the
668:Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
460:with the Declaration of Independence of
445:
5720:
4936:Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (2020-08-07).
4902:
4594:"Dhaka seeks proof, Delhi readies maps"
4406:
4311:, Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1980.
4032:
3704:
3391:List of U.S. county secession proposals
3003:Potential breakup of the United Kingdom
2762:On November 15, 1917, the day in which
2726:Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement
2710:referendum took place in Southern Sudan
2316:. The Republic rejoined Mexico in 1843.
2059:Movement for the Independence of Sicily
1845:Map showing the shrinking territory of
1604:, who in the following year formed the
1174:was undergoing a (at that time common)
987:annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany
789:List of historical separatist movements
14:
6555:
5611:
4768:Poptcheva, Eva-Maria (February 2016).
4553:
4221:
4196:
3958:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.484
3386:List of U.S. state secession proposals
3180:in which most Londoners voted for the
3082:and direct Scottish membership in the
2822:Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain
1023:. The group is led by Kalidas Baidya.
778:
725:, although the representatives of the
574:
6166:
5748:
5091:
4816:
4028:
4026:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3565:South Carolina Exposition and Protest
1693:1993 Eritrean independence referendum
1124:declared independence and joined the
441:
5492:
5204:
4935:
4903:Molasky, Michael S. (8 March 2001).
4033:Alesina, Alberto (7 November 2003).
3677:
3673:
3671:
3622:
3620:
3505:East Turkestan Independence Movement
3195:an independent state under the name
2799:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
2449:
2005:Active secession movements include:
1797:decolonization of the Ottoman Empire
1649:East Timor was occupied by Indonesia
1514:East Turkestan Independence Movement
858:During the 19th century, the single
785:Lists of active separatist movements
5694:, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
5562:, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
5309:Gridneff, Ilya (October 31, 2013).
5234:
5085:
4939:A History of the Republic of Biafra
4197:Gordon, David (February 28, 2002).
3663:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2547:
2327:United Provinces of the Netherlands
1727:December 2009, no provision in the
1610:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
1465:Federal Republic of Central America
1352:(including parts of what are today
1160:ousted the Dutch West India Company
1038:- the United People's Party of the
854:Proposals for new Australian States
755:have a range of different forms of
140:
24:
6499:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
5624:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
5522:
5503:10.1093/oso/9780190944650.003.0009
4447:Aleksandar Pavković, Peter Radan,
4323:The Secession Tradition in America
4222:Gordon, David (December 5, 2012).
4023:
3979:
2442:formed as a Political wing of the
2194:with Austria. Lega Nord governing
1709:Withdrawal from the European Union
1669:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
1667:Following the May 1991 victory of
1637:Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
1518:East Turkistan Government in Exile
1450:
658:before and after the founding the
25:
6599:
5709:
5676:, Rowman & Littlefield, 1998.
4789:
4246:International Studies Association
3903:American Political Science Review
3668:
3617:
3453:Nullification (U.S. Constitution)
3063:. A minority have supported the
2992:
2910:. This effort was crushed in the
2847:, the most notable ones being in
2833:central state in the French model
2275:seceded from Mexico in 1836 (see
2174:, which includes lands along the
2071:Sicilian independentist movements
1991:Communist Party of India (Maoist)
1936:Indian Research and Analysis Wing
1702:
1628:September 1999 demonstration for
1606:Turkish Federated State of Cyprus
1414:British colonies in North America
1042:aims are to create an indigenous
930:Secessionism in Western Australia
888:) in the 1860s and 1890s, and in
5594:, Oxford University Press, 2006.
5569:, Routledge & K. Paul, 1957.
5470:– Special Report. Archived from
4751:, Oxford University Press, 2000
4268:Cities and the Wealth of Nations
3205:
2999:Separatism in the United Kingdom
2869:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
2791:Constitution of the Soviet Union
1997:to be made up swathes of India.
1945:Other secessionist movements in
1836:
1600:to protect the interests of the
1549:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1332:Secessionist movements of Canada
1120:, the Platinean nationalists in
999:United People's Democratic Front
131:Finland leaving the Soviet Union
6522:Historical separatist movements
5775:Autonomous types of first-tier
5606:McGill-Queen's University Press
5555:, Oxford University Press, 2003
5486:
5455:
5381:A Brief Survey of Swiss History
5374:
5328:
5302:
5277:
5253:
5228:
5192:
5181:Party Wants the Cape to Secede"
5174:
5156:
5138:
5121:
5104:
5060:
5041:
5029:
5005:
4972:
4929:
4896:
4874:
4849:
4810:
4783:
4761:
4737:
4706:
4693:
4668:
4642:
4547:
4518:
4498:
4397:
4384:
4339:
4314:
4302:
4299:, Routledge & K. Paul, 1957
4286:
4279:Frances Kendall and Leon Louw,
4273:
4260:
4251:
4234:
4215:
4190:
4152:
4109:
4059:
3937:
3033:proclaimed independence in 1916
2939:Russian intervention in Ukraine
2746:
2599:
2261:Territorial evolution of Mexico
1769:in 1917. The latter was led by
1547:declared independence from the
1533:Hong Kong independence movement
1455:After the 1823 collapse of the
1285:declared its independence from
1021:People's Republic of Bangladesh
865:in eastern mainland Australia,
662:. The 1947 Constitution of the
5128:SOUTH AFRICA: Cry of Secession
4942:. Cambridge University Press.
4425:Journal of Libertarian Studies
4118:Journal of Conflict Resolution
3890:
3843:
3792:
3741:
3698:
3592:
3381:List of unrecognized countries
3328:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
3212:Secession in the United States
2886:
2756:Changes in national boundaries
2703:
2581:. Those who call the area the
2351:
2320:
2063:Sicilian Independence Movement
2011:Assyrian independence movement
1851:Panama separated from Colombia
1849:from 1824 to 1890 (red line).
1782:rather than try to defend it.
1657:International Court of Justice
1461:Captaincy-General of Guatemala
1230:; and the impeachment of then-
741:As a result of the successful
625:Western Australia could secede
93:during the 1990s, causing its
13:
1:
5495:Cold War in the Islamic World
4470:Cornell University Law School
4199:Secession, State, and Liberty
4074:, Routledge, pp. 13–23,
4066:Thorhallsson, Baldur (2018),
3767:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104073
3678:Butt, Ahsan I. (2017-11-15).
3585:
3575:Tibetan Independence Movement
3354:United Nations administration
3273:
3222:Confederate States of America
1891:Separatist movements of India
1671:forces against the communist
1619:
1510:Tibetan independence movement
1443:generally (see, for example,
1320:Federal Republic of Ambazonia
1226:with state-owned oil company
1172:Province of Rio Grande do Sul
992:
965:After being liberated by the
873:(Vic) was formed in 1851 and
747:Principality of Liechtenstein
496:Recursive secession, such as
487:Colonial wars of independence
242:Secession, State, and Liberty
57:Confederate States of America
5690:Wellman, Christopher Heath,
5352:10.1017/cbo9780511675812.004
5092:Lacey, Marc (June 5, 2006).
5038:New York Times, June 2, 2009
3997:International Studies Review
3946:"Small State Foreign Policy"
3478:
3288:Croatian War of Independence
2862:
2674:breaking away following the
2622:. The four regions were the
2216:Ryukyu independence movement
1816:Alsace independence movement
1677:Eritrean War of Independence
1293:between separatists and the
1190:, fighting their way to the
847:
248:Justifications for secession
7:
6517:Active separatist movements
4321:Livingston, Donald (1998).
3952:, Oxford University Press,
3850:Griffiths, Ryan D. (2015).
3754:Journal of Public Economics
3485:Balochistan Liberation Army
3359:
3234:United States Supreme Court
3189:Northern Independence Party
3150:call for the creation of a
2937:In 2014 after the start of
2891:In 1847, seven disaffected
2722:Khartoum central government
2640:High Commission Territories
2638:. Three other territories,
2579:Federal Republic of Somalia
2529:Balochistan Liberation Army
2502:
2436:Indigenous People of Biafra
2418:Between 1967 and 1970, the
2231:
2102:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1932:nearby international border
1662:
1630:independence from Indonesia
1418:Quebec sovereignty movement
1270:
1058:Belgium and the Netherlands
719:European Union Constitution
408:Arguments against secession
192:International Monetary Fund
148:According to the 2017 book
103:leaving Mexico, during the
46:declaration of independence
10:
6604:
6583:Changes in political power
5640:10.4135/9781412965811.n277
5443:. kyivpost.com. 5 May 2014
4817:Douds, Lara (2017-01-13).
4554:Roeder, Philip G. (2018).
4435:4 (Fall 2003), pp. 39–100.
4429:Ludwig von Mises Institute
4201:. Transaction Publishers.
3856:International Organization
3801:International Organization
3707:International Organization
3209:
3108:referendum on independence
2996:
2921:
2916:Swiss Federal Constitution
2819:
2678:in 1960 on establishing a
2603:
2569:
2551:
2453:
2401:
2355:
2288:Republic of the Rio Grande
2213:
2188:secession or reunification
1979:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
1911:to secede from the Union.
1895:Pakistan seceded from the
1888:
1760:
1712:
1706:
1593:. Almost immediately, the
1346:Constitutional Act of 1791
1329:
1299:British Southern Cameroons
1274:
1192:Province of Santa Catarina
1182:"cold" war. After Emperor
1092:
1088:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1072:, the nationalistic opera
1061:
996:
960:
955:Principality of Hutt River
927:
912:district also in NSW, and
851:
799:Secessionist organizations
792:
782:
697:. In the case of proposed
660:People's Republic of China
607:United States Constitution
578:
373:through right to secession
32:Secession (disambiguation)
29:
6512:
6449:
6431:
6401:
6361:
6323:
6224:
6201:
6102:
6046:
5965:
5890:
5867:
5859:List of federal countries
5784:
5558:Kohen, Marcelo G. (ed.),
5421:. BBC News. 29 April 2014
5340:International Law Reports
4592:Seema Guha (2004-01-07).
4472:Supreme Court collection.
3915:10.1017/S0003055416000381
3868:10.1017/S0020818315000077
3813:10.1017/S0020818311000051
3719:10.1017/S0020818311000105
3555:Scottish Secession Church
3396:
2970:Lugansk People's Republic
2947:Donetsk People's Republic
2931:Donetsk status referendum
2782:. It was followed by the
2666:government in 1948, some
2517:Bangladesh Liberation War
2376:Parliament of New Zealand
2358:South Island Independence
2250:
1993:'s commanders idealise a
1920:paramilitary nationalists
1871:United States of Colombia
1785:
1733:law of the European Union
1562:
1463:was organized into a new
1374:Newfoundland and Labrador
1362:Newfoundland and Labrador
1342:French-speaking Canadians
1325:
1241:, populated primarily by
1099:
1031:
743:constitutional referendum
629:Commonwealth of Australia
133:in 1917, setting off the
5567:The Breakdown of Nations
4983:. Taylor & Francis.
4857:"UNPO: West Balochistan"
4682:, Lexington Books, 2006
4512:January 5, 2009, at the
4468:, 74 U.S. 700 (1868) at
4394:, Chapter 3, pp. 87–123.
4297:The Breakdown of Nations
4187:, West View Press, 1991.
4130:10.1177/0022002704267766
3570:Texas Secession Movement
3364:
3254:
3232:. However, in 1869, the
3100:Scottish Socialist Party
2879:in eastern and northern
2815:
2209:
2052:
1884:
1647:was terminated in 1975,
1538:
1474:
1429:Anti-Confederation Party
1104:In 1825, soon after the
793:See also the categories
732:Treaty on European Union
679:constitutions of Austria
6527:Independence referendum
5737:Encyclopædia Britannica
5722:Fleming, Walter Lynwood
5535:Oxford University Press
4835:10.1111/1468-2281.12170
4224:"Is Secession a Right?"
4080:10.4324/9780429463167-2
3560:Second Vermont Republic
3540:New York City secession
3090:and forms the devolved
3076:Scottish National Party
2959:military confrontations
2718:2005 Naivasha Agreement
2513:1970 national elections
2483:, on June 7, 1905, the
2184:independence of Venetia
2000:
1723:entered into force on 1
1602:ethnic Turkish minority
1598:invaded northern Cyprus
1529:Chinese Communist Party
1412:(later joined by other
1382:United Empire Loyalists
1211:The South is My Country
1015:/separate homeland for
985:, which began with the
948:Australian Constitution
940:Federation of Australia
938:for secession from the
916:in the eastern part of
707:Supreme Court of Canada
644:Chinese Communist Party
220:Philosophy of secession
152:by political scientist
150:Secession and Security,
6338:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5809:Corporative federalism
5804:Cooperative federalism
5201:, Monday, May 11, 1953
5150:Saskatoon Star-Phoenix
5135:, Monday, May 11, 1953
3515:European Free Alliance
3340:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3308:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3291:
3020:
2934:
2905:centralized government
2897:cantons of Switzerland
2845:secessionist movements
2831:") was assembled as a
2810:Soviet Union dissolved
2759:
2583:Republic of Somaliland
2415:
2368:Premier of New Zealand
2281:Coahuila y Tejas State
2268:
1926:since 1989, where the
1854:
1790:France was one of the
1645:Portuguese sovereignty
1632:
1572:
1445:Western Canada Concept
1394:Canadian Confederation
1364:) was divided in two:
1207:South Region of Brazil
1108:managed to defeat the
1040:Chittagong Hill Tracts
759:and have the right of
757:indigenous sovereignty
500:decolonising from the
464:
315:freedom of association
261:, Frances Kendall and
5794:Asymmetric federalism
5692:A Theory of Secession
5626:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
5574:Theories of Secession
4948:10.1017/9781108887748
4727:, ANU E Press, 2003,
4488:Macquarie Law Journal
4373:Aleksandar Pavkovic,
3545:Orania, Northern Cape
3490:Black Liberation Army
3281:
3178:2019 General Election
3080:Scottish independence
3059:. This is opposed by
3010:
2929:
2802:declared independence
2754:
2620:Union of South Africa
2481:constitutional crisis
2479:in 1814. Following a
2432:new democratic regime
2409:
2395:1999 General Election
2391:NZ South Island Party
2258:
2202:is home to a notable
1905:Constitution of India
1897:British-Indian Empire
1844:
1792:European Great Powers
1627:
1612:, recognized only by
1570:
1555:troops crushed it in
1295:Cameroon Armed Forces
1218:revolving around the
1205:In modern times, the
1093:Further information:
795:Separatism by country
691:Saint Kitts and Nevis
449:
78:in 1991, causing its
6588:Partition (politics)
5854:Symmetric federalism
5685:Taylor & Francis
5216:www.elections.org.za
5189:, December 24, 1993.
5068:"The World Factbook"
4743:Thomas D. Musgrave,
4717:Dionísio Babo Soares
4576:10.7591/j.ctt21h4x5m
4504:Xenophon Contiades,
4379:Macquarie University
3078:(SNP) campaigns for
2766:was declared by the
2204:nationalist movement
2073:is to fight against
1899:in what is known as
1875:Republic of Colombia
1826:Corsican nationalism
1683:(formerly known as "
1557:Operation Grand Slam
1457:First Mexican Empire
1433:North-West Rebellion
1222:'s involvement in a
1188:independent Republic
1154:was one of the most
1095:Partition of Belgium
1075:La muette de Portici
900:in northern central
648:ethnic nationalities
226:political philosophy
30:For other uses, see
6474:Indian subcontinent
6388:Denmark (Greenland)
6094:Territorial dispute
6074:Military occupation
5988:Dependent territory
5950:Supranational union
5925:Multinational state
5704:Publications, 2006.
5634:. pp. 455–56.
5265:peacekeeping.un.org
5212:"Results Dashboard"
4823:Historical Research
4796:businessinsider.com
4606:on February 3, 2013
4036:The Size of Nations
3550:Secession of Quebec
3535:League of the South
3525:Hartford Convention
3326:ensued between the
3249:Newlands Resolution
3174:London independence
3136:(Welsh Parliament).
3092:Scottish government
3057:Republic of Ireland
3027:withdrew from the
3025:Republic of Ireland
2780:Council of People's
2539:free of Pakistani,
2487:declared that King
2314:Republic of Yucatán
2310:Congress of Yucatán
2294:6 of the same year.
2154:Unione Mediterranea
1987:government of India
1983:eastern rural India
1877:), which also lost
1831:Occitan nationalism
1821:Breton independence
1496:Western regions of
1491:Taiwan independence
1026:The Shanti Bahini (
779:Secession movements
769:sovereign statehood
575:Rights to secession
293:William H. Crawford
6489:Republic of Venice
6459:All-Russian Empire
6152:Tribal sovereignty
5898:Composite monarchy
5199:Cape Party Website
5098:The New York Times
5053:2009-03-25 at the
4798:. Business Insider
4792:"Business Insider"
4381:Law Journal, 2003.
4009:10.1111/misr.12099
3520:Free State Project
3294:On June 25, 1991,
3292:
3286:tank in Karlovac,
3230:American Civil War
3126:Welsh independence
3021:
2957:. There have been
2935:
2760:
2587:British Somaliland
2533:Baloch nationalist
2523:seceded, becoming
2485:Norwegian Storting
2463:, having left the
2444:Republic of Biafra
2424:Republic of Biafra
2416:
2412:Nigerian Civil War
2410:A girl during the
2386:in the same year.
2366:of New Zealand. A
2269:
2186:or Veneto and the
2106:Congress of Vienna
2087:central government
2083:Five Star Movement
2077:and all the other
2027:Khūzestān Province
2017:movement in 1876,
1995:Communist republic
1963:Khalistan movement
1940:Kashmir insurgency
1855:
1775:Russian Revolution
1675:regime during the
1633:
1573:
1485:Anti-Secession Law
1437:Alberta separatism
1402:Province of Canada
1390:Province of Canada
1384:, and now part of
1350:Province of Quebec
1194:and declaring the
1184:Pedro II of Brazil
1082:. Soon after, the
1064:Belgian Revolution
1007:) is a separatist
944:British Parliament
882:central Queensland
818:self-determination
761:self-determination
753:Indigenous peoples
639:was insufficient.
623:in 1933 held that
621:British Parliament
581:Self-determination
516:seceding from the
465:
442:Types of secession
382:Anarcho-Capitalism
339:Self-determination
115:Nigerian Civil War
65:American Civil War
63:, setting off the
59:seceding from the
6568:International law
6550:
6549:
6421:Western Australia
6160:
6159:
5955:Continental union
5849:Fiscal federalism
5819:Ethnic federalism
5727:"Secession"
5649:978-1-4129-6580-4
5587:, Routledge, 2021
5540:Buchanan, Allen,
5529:Buchanan, Allen,
5512:978-0-19-094465-0
5346:: 348–699. 2011.
5235:Charles, Marvin.
5153:, 11 October 1960
4990:978-1-351-85866-3
4957:978-1-108-88774-8
4914:978-0-203-98168-9
4674:Santosh C. Saha,
4567:978-1-5017-2598-2
4089:978-0-429-46316-7
3967:978-0-19-022863-7
3495:Cape Independence
3463:Schism (religion)
3438:Intersectionality
3302:seceded from the
3218:American politics
3088:Scottish politics
3049:Irish republicans
2784:Finnish Civil War
2628:Orange Free State
2606:Cape Independence
2450:Norway and Sweden
2426:, which led to a
2301:was abandoned by
2019:Iranian Kurdistan
1924:Valley of Kashmir
1695:, Eritrea gained
1281:In October 2017,
1277:Anglophone Crisis
1128:, which led to a
1114:Portuguese Empire
1078:was performed in
924:Western Australia
699:Quebec separation
670:(officially the "
637:Western Australia
455:US Vice President
291:, in a letter to
287:Former President
135:Finnish Civil War
16:(Redirected from
6595:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6164:
6163:
6137:Stateless nation
6122:Decentralization
5973:Associated state
5834:Federal republic
5829:Federal monarchy
5769:
5762:
5755:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5729:
5672:Spencer, Metta,
5669:
5572:Lehning, Percy,
5516:
5515:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5474:on March 6, 2016
5459:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5390:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5178:
5172:
5160:
5154:
5142:
5136:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5064:
5058:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5017:web.stanford.edu
5009:
5003:
5002:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4774:
4765:
4759:
4741:
4735:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4602:. Archived from
4589:
4580:
4579:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4532:. Archived from
4522:
4516:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4479:
4473:
4461:
4452:
4445:
4436:
4434:
4431:, Volume 17, no.
4419:Andrei Kreptul,
4417:
4404:
4401:
4395:
4390:Allen Buchanan,
4388:
4382:
4371:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4290:
4284:
4277:
4271:
4270:, Vintage, 1985.
4264:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4240:Allen Buchanan,
4238:
4232:
4231:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4194:
4188:
4183:Allen Buchanan,
4181:
4175:
4174:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4030:
4021:
4020:
3988:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3779:
3769:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3675:
3666:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3596:
3418:Decentralization
3193:Northern England
3152:Cornish Assembly
3146:, supporters of
3122:(Party of Wales)
3045:Northern Ireland
3037:Irish Free State
2979:
2952:
2829:Kingdom of Spain
2742:
2715:
2668:English-speaking
2564:Papua New Guinea
2548:Papua New Guinea
2492:
2335:federal republic
2293:
2277:Texas Revolution
2236:When racial and
2140:'s provinces of
2035:Arab nationalist
1744:European Council
1726:
1721:Treaty of Lisbon
1545:State of Katanga
1400:that united the
1368:(which retained
1338:English-speaking
1307:British Cameroon
1196:Juliana Republic
1126:United Provinces
1118:Independence War
1106:Empire of Brazil
1033:
1003:The Banga Sena (
890:North Queensland
830:decentralization
721:allowed for the
677:As of 1996, the
672:Union of Myanmar
587:sovereign states
453:(left) and then-
397:right to secede.
319:private property
299:under President
297:Secretary of War
289:Thomas Jefferson
271:Kirkpatrick Sale
141:Secession theory
105:Texas Revolution
72:Soviet republics
42:political entity
21:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6508:
6445:
6427:
6397:
6357:
6319:
6220:
6197:
6191:
6161:
6156:
6115:Autonomous area
6098:
6042:
6033:Tributary state
6023:Satellite state
5961:
5935:Political union
5918:Colonial empire
5886:
5863:
5839:Federated state
5814:Dual federalism
5780:
5773:
5712:
5707:
5650:
5600:Sorens, Jason,
5590:Norman, Wayne,
5565:Kohr, Leopold,
5525:
5523:Further reading
5520:
5519:
5513:
5491:
5487:
5477:
5475:
5460:
5456:
5446:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5424:
5422:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5402:
5400:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5379:
5375:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5319:
5317:
5307:
5303:
5294:
5292:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5269:
5267:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5245:
5243:
5233:
5229:
5220:
5218:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5197:
5193:
5179:
5175:
5161:
5157:
5143:
5139:
5126:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5090:
5086:
5076:
5074:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5055:Wayback Machine
5046:
5042:
5034:
5030:
5021:
5019:
5011:
5010:
5006:
4991:
4977:
4973:
4958:
4934:
4930:
4915:
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4897:
4887:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4865:
4863:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4788:
4784:
4772:
4766:
4762:
4742:
4738:
4711:
4707:
4703:1 (Jan., 1978).
4700:
4698:
4694:
4673:
4669:
4659:
4657:
4647:
4643:
4634:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4609:
4607:
4590:
4583:
4568:
4552:
4548:
4539:
4537:
4530:fuerstenhaus.li
4524:
4523:
4519:
4514:Wayback Machine
4503:
4499:
4480:
4476:
4462:
4455:
4446:
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4432:
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4398:
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4385:
4372:
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4355:
4353:
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4340:
4333:
4319:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4291:
4287:
4278:
4274:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4239:
4235:
4228:Mises Institute
4220:
4216:
4209:
4195:
4191:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4157:
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4114:
4110:
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3793:
3746:
3742:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3676:
3669:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3481:
3473:Urban secession
3399:
3367:
3362:
3312:North Macedonia
3276:
3257:
3214:
3208:
3156:self-government
3096:Scottish Greens
3005:
2997:Main articles:
2995:
2986:Valeriy Bolotov
2977:
2950:
2924:
2889:
2865:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2793:guaranteed all
2749:
2740:
2713:
2706:
2612:
2604:Main articles:
2602:
2572:
2556:
2550:
2505:
2490:
2458:
2452:
2404:
2360:
2354:
2339:Dutch provinces
2323:
2291:
2265:Central America
2253:
2238:partisan strife
2234:
2218:
2212:
2055:
2003:
1907:does not allow
1893:
1887:
1839:
1788:
1763:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1665:
1651:. However, the
1622:
1575:In 1974, Greek
1571:Northern Cyprus
1565:
1541:
1477:
1453:
1451:Central America
1425:Atlantic Canada
1334:
1328:
1303:French Cameroon
1279:
1273:
1224:kickback scheme
1102:
1097:
1066:
1060:
1001:
995:
983:under Nazi rule
963:
936:1933 referendum
932:
918:South Australia
902:New South Wales
877:(Qld) in 1859.
867:New South Wales
856:
850:
838:self-governance
801:
791:
783:Main articles:
781:
773:self-government
599:Abraham Lincoln
583:
577:
471:Secession from
444:
410:
250:
222:
204:Alberto Alesina
162:
143:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6601:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6479:Ottoman Empire
6476:
6471:
6469:Czechoslovakia
6466:
6461:
6455:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6437:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6418:
6407:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6367:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6353:United Kingdom
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6329:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6230:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6190:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6167:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5930:Personal union
5927:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5910:
5908:Dynastic union
5905:
5900:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5882:Regional state
5879:
5873:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5790:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:administration
5772:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5732:Chisholm, Hugh
5718:
5711:
5710:External links
5708:
5706:
5705:
5702:United Nations
5695:
5688:
5679:Weller, Marc,
5677:
5670:
5648:
5632:Cato Institute
5614:Hamowy, Ronald
5609:
5598:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5546:Westview Press
5538:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5511:
5485:
5454:
5432:
5410:
5385:
5373:
5327:
5301:
5276:
5252:
5227:
5203:
5191:
5173:
5155:
5137:
5120:
5103:
5084:
5059:
5040:
5028:
5004:
4989:
4971:
4956:
4928:
4913:
4895:
4873:
4848:
4829:(247): 32–56.
4809:
4782:
4760:
4736:
4705:
4692:
4667:
4641:
4616:
4581:
4566:
4546:
4517:
4497:
4474:
4465:Texas v. White
4453:
4437:
4405:
4396:
4383:
4363:
4338:
4331:
4313:
4301:
4285:
4272:
4259:
4250:
4233:
4214:
4207:
4189:
4176:
4169:
4151:
4124:(5): 699–722.
4108:
4088:
4058:
4045:
4022:
3978:
3966:
3936:
3909:(4): 675–698.
3889:
3862:(3): 731–751.
3842:
3807:(2): 275–309.
3791:
3740:
3713:(3): 433–467.
3697:
3690:
3667:
3655:Allen Buchanan
3644:
3637:
3616:
3609:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
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3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
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3487:
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3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3408:Bioregionalism
3405:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3275:
3272:
3256:
3253:
3239:Texas v. White
3210:Main article:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3185:
3163:
3137:
3130:Welsh politics
3111:
3084:European Union
3068:
3031:after Ireland
3029:United Kingdom
3015:depicting the
2994:
2993:United Kingdom
2991:
2990:
2989:
2982:Luhansk Oblast
2966:
2963:Ukrainian Army
2955:Donetsk Oblast
2923:
2920:
2912:Sonderbund War
2888:
2885:
2864:
2861:
2853:Basque Country
2841:19th centuries
2820:Main article:
2817:
2814:
2748:
2745:
2705:
2702:
2601:
2598:
2571:
2568:
2558:The island of
2552:Main article:
2549:
2546:
2504:
2501:
2497:King of Norway
2473:personal union
2469:Denmark–Norway
2454:Main article:
2451:
2448:
2420:Eastern Region
2403:
2400:
2353:
2350:
2331:Dutch Republic
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2299:federal system
2295:
2284:
2252:
2249:
2233:
2230:
2226:Ryukyu Kingdom
2214:Main article:
2211:
2208:
2180:northern Italy
2100:, because the
2098:neo-Bourbonism
2054:
2051:
2002:
1999:
1977:. The violent
1961:(known as the
1889:Main article:
1886:
1883:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1787:
1784:
1779:Russian Empire
1762:
1759:
1751:European Union
1707:Main article:
1704:
1703:European Union
1701:
1699:independence.
1664:
1661:
1653:United Nations
1621:
1618:
1564:
1561:
1553:United Nations
1540:
1537:
1502:East Turkistan
1476:
1473:
1452:
1449:
1441:Western Canada
1398:federal system
1330:Main article:
1327:
1324:
1275:Main article:
1272:
1269:
1235:Dilma Rousseff
1220:Workers' Party
1168:Ragamuffin War
1101:
1098:
1084:Belgian Revolt
1062:Main article:
1059:
1056:
1048:Chacomas state
1017:Bengali Hindus
997:Main article:
994:
991:
962:
959:
928:Main article:
926:
925:
852:Main article:
849:
846:
842:decolonization
780:
777:
714:European Union
664:Union of Burma
616:Texas v. White
576:
573:
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
556:
546:
539:
532:
529:
524:seceding from
508:seceding from
502:British Empire
494:
491:imperial state
484:
443:
440:
439:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
409:
406:
405:
404:
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398:
389:
385:
375:
374:
367:
364:
361:
358:
354:
351:
345:
342:
336:
330:
327:
324:
321:
307:
304:
285:
282:James Buchanan
277:United States
249:
246:
230:Allen Buchanan
221:
218:
210:Woodrow Wilson
200:United Nations
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
161:
158:
142:
139:
138:
137:
128:
126:United Kingdom
122:Irish Republic
118:
108:
98:
83:
68:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6600:
6589:
6586:
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6579:
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6442:
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6438:
6436:
6434:
6433:South America
6430:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6393:United States
6391:
6389:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6363:North America
6360:
6354:
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6349:
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6344:
6341:
6339:
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6330:
6328:
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6309:
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6299:
6296:
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6291:
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6284:
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6277:
6274:
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6269:
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6257:
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6250:
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6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6195:
6188:
6183:
6181:
6176:
6174:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
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6060:
6057:
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6051:
6049:
6045:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6003:Indirect rule
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
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5979:
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5974:
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5928:
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5915:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5903:Dual monarchy
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5869:Unitary state
5866:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
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5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5799:Confederation
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5778:
5770:
5765:
5763:
5758:
5756:
5751:
5750:
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5739:
5738:
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5728:
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5703:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
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5678:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
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5645:
5641:
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5615:
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5607:
5603:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5575:
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5568:
5564:
5561:
5557:
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5547:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5514:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5478:September 19,
5473:
5469:
5465:
5458:
5442:
5436:
5420:
5414:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5382:
5377:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5200:
5195:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5170:
5169:R. W. Johnson
5166:
5165:
5159:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5113:
5107:
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5044:
5037:
5032:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4986:
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4959:
4953:
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4906:
4899:
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4852:
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4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4797:
4793:
4790:Payne, Adam.
4786:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4758:
4757:0-19-829898-6
4754:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4733:0-9751229-1-6
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4696:
4689:
4688:0-7391-1085-3
4685:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4631:on 2008-09-04
4630:
4626:
4620:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4599:The Telegraph
4595:
4588:
4586:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4550:
4536:on 2017-01-02
4535:
4531:
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4393:
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4370:
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4352:
4348:
4342:
4334:
4332:1-56000-362-6
4328:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4305:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4282:
4276:
4269:
4266:Jane Jacobs,
4263:
4254:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4210:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4180:
4172:
4170:9780754673798
4166:
4162:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4099:
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4091:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4048:
4046:9780262012041
4042:
4039:. MIT Press.
4038:
4037:
4029:
4027:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4003:(1): 79–106.
4002:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3969:
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3751:
3744:
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3720:
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3708:
3701:
3693:
3691:9781501713941
3687:
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3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3640:
3638:9780754671633
3634:
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3610:9780754677024
3606:
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3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3342:, and later,
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3289:
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3280:
3271:
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3261:
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3250:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
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3213:
3206:United States
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3170:EU Referendum
3167:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3148:Mebyon Kernow
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
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3077:
3073:
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3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3017:Easter Rising
3014:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2987:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2919:
2918:was created.
2917:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2901:confederation
2898:
2894:
2884:
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2878:
2874:
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2769:
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2737:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2688:KwaZulu-Natal
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:Cape Province
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
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2576:
2567:
2565:
2561:
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2538:
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2522:
2521:East Pakistan
2518:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
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2328:
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2248:
2246:
2243:
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2205:
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2169:
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2127:
2123:
2119:
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2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2091:federal state
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:Nation Sicily
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:Iranian Azeri
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1909:Indian states
1906:
1903:. Today, the
1902:
1901:the Partition
1898:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:Gran Colombia
1865:seceded from
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1847:Gran Colombia
1843:
1837:Gran Colombia
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1783:
1780:
1776:
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1592:
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1569:
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1543:In 1960, the
1536:
1534:
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1507:
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1499:
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1459:, the former
1458:
1448:
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1430:
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1419:
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1410:New Brunswick
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1379:
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1371:
1367:
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1261:
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1255:multicultural
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1203:
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1173:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
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1135:
1131:
1130:stagnated war
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:Cortes-Gerais
1107:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1055:
1053:
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1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:শান্তি বাহিনী
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1000:
990:
988:
984:
980:
977:seceded from
976:
972:
968:
958:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
931:
923:
922:
921:
919:
915:
914:Mount Gambier
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
884:(centered in
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
861:
855:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
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807:
800:
796:
790:
786:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
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724:
720:
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710:
708:
704:
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696:
692:
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684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:
612:
611:Supreme Court
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:majority rule
591:
588:
582:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
550:
547:
544:
540:
537:
533:
530:
527:
523:
522:South Ossetia
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:
488:
485:
482:
481:unitary state
478:
477:confederation
474:
470:
469:
468:
463:
459:
456:
452:
448:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
414:
413:
402:
399:
396:
395:
390:
386:
383:
380:
379:
378:
372:
368:
365:
362:
359:
355:
352:
350:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
320:
316:
312:
309:The right to
308:
305:
302:
301:James Madison
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:
280:
276:
275:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:Anthony Birch
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
217:
215:
211:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
187:Tanisha Fazal
183:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
165:
157:
155:
151:
146:
136:
132:
129:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:
52:
49:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
6536:
6494:Soviet Union
6216:South Africa
6193:
6142:Subsidiarity
6083:
6038:Vassal state
6018:Puppet state
6013:Protectorate
5978:Client state
5735:
5697:
5691:
5680:
5673:
5623:
5618:
5601:
5591:
5584:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5541:
5530:
5494:
5488:
5476:. Retrieved
5472:the original
5457:
5445:. Retrieved
5435:
5423:. Retrieved
5413:
5401:. Retrieved
5397:
5388:
5376:
5343:
5339:
5330:
5320:February 14,
5318:. Retrieved
5314:
5304:
5293:. Retrieved
5291:. 2011-01-30
5288:
5279:
5268:. Retrieved
5264:
5255:
5244:. Retrieved
5240:
5230:
5219:. Retrieved
5215:
5206:
5194:
5186:Business Day
5184:
5176:
5163:
5158:
5148:
5140:
5130:
5123:
5106:
5097:
5087:
5075:. Retrieved
5071:
5062:
5043:
5031:
5020:. Retrieved
5016:
5007:
4980:
4974:
4938:
4931:
4904:
4898:
4886:. Retrieved
4876:
4864:. Retrieved
4860:
4851:
4826:
4822:
4812:
4802:December 20,
4800:. Retrieved
4795:
4785:
4776:
4763:
4744:
4739:
4720:
4713:James J. Fox
4708:
4695:
4675:
4670:
4660:February 14,
4658:. Retrieved
4654:
4644:
4633:. Retrieved
4629:the original
4619:
4608:. Retrieved
4604:the original
4597:
4556:
4549:
4538:. Retrieved
4534:the original
4529:
4520:
4500:
4491:
4487:
4477:
4464:
4399:
4391:
4386:
4354:. Retrieved
4350:
4341:
4322:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4296:
4293:Leopold Kohr
4288:
4280:
4275:
4267:
4262:
4253:
4236:
4227:
4217:
4198:
4192:
4184:
4179:
4160:
4154:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4101:, retrieved
4071:
4061:
4050:. Retrieved
4035:
4000:
3996:
3971:, retrieved
3949:
3939:
3906:
3902:
3892:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3777:10419/185534
3757:
3753:
3743:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3680:
3628:
3600:
3594:
3433:Independence
3348:
3293:
3282:A destroyed
3258:
3237:
3215:
3182:Labour Party
3121:
3053:nationalists
3035:and, as the
3022:
2961:between the
2936:
2890:
2883:until 2009.
2866:
2835:between the
2825:
2788:
2761:
2747:Soviet Union
2738:
2734:
2730:
2720:between the
2707:
2699:
2692:
2644:Bechuanaland
2613:
2600:South Africa
2594:unrecognized
2590:protectorate
2582:
2573:
2560:Bougainville
2557:
2509:Awami League
2506:
2465:Kalmar Union
2459:
2417:
2388:
2372:Julius Vogel
2364:South Island
2361:
2324:
2235:
2219:
2166:
2095:
2056:
2033:
2013:, Bakhtiary
2004:
1981:operates in
1944:
1913:
1894:
1856:
1789:
1764:
1748:
1741:
1718:
1666:
1634:
1605:
1595:Turkish Army
1581:
1577:irredentists
1574:
1542:
1522:
1495:
1483:
1478:
1454:
1422:
1378:Upper Canada
1366:Lower Canada
1344:. Under the
1335:
1291:open warfare
1280:
1262:
1216:2016 scandal
1204:
1180:conservative
1165:
1149:
1138:
1103:
1073:
1067:
1025:
1002:
979:Nazi Germany
964:
952:
933:
879:
857:
814:independence
802:
765:independence
751:
740:
727:member-state
711:
676:
656:Constitution
641:
614:
592:
584:
518:Soviet Union
466:
451:Hashim Thaçi
411:
392:
376:
333:Self-defense
267:Leopold Kohr
251:
241:
237:
223:
208:
184:
180:
163:
149:
147:
144:
124:leaving the
76:Soviet Union
74:leaving the
50:
37:
36:
6578:Sovereignty
6532:Irredentism
6298:Philippines
6069:Irredentism
6047:Development
6028:Trusteeship
5993:Direct rule
5966:Subordinacy
5777:subdivision
5398:TASS: World
4351:archive.org
4309:Human Scale
3659:"Secession"
3510:Essex Junto
3448:Micronation
3443:Irredentism
3423:Dissolution
3264:South Yemen
3260:North Yemen
3228:during the
3197:Northumbria
3160:home nation
3124:stands for
3119:Plaid Cymru
3011:A mural in
2887:Switzerland
2877:Tamil Eelam
2743:July 2011.
2704:South Sudan
2686:leaders in
2664:Nationalist
2624:Cape Colony
2537:Balochistan
2440:Nnamdi Kanu
2352:New Zealand
2321:Netherlands
2220:The ethnic
2192:South Tyrol
2075:Cosa Nostra
2030:Balochistan
1928:Indian Army
1918:hosts some
1719:Before the
1685:Medri Bahri
1582:coup d'état
1580:launched a
1467:. In 1838,
1406:Nova Scotia
1258:melting pot
1145:Malê Revolt
1046:orientated
898:New England
886:Rockhampton
834:sovereignty
559:Irredentism
534:Central or
394:prima facie
371:human scale
259:Jane Jacobs
95:dissolution
85:the former
80:dissolution
70:the former
6573:Separatism
6557:Categories
6542:Separatism
6504:Yugoslavia
6464:Bangladesh
6451:Historical
6196:by country
6194:Secessions
6147:Suzerainty
6089:Separatism
6064:Detachment
6054:Annexation
5945:Superstate
5940:Real union
5877:Devolution
5844:Federation
5786:Federalism
5658:2008009151
5619:Sessionism
5425:18 January
5295:2024-02-14
5270:2024-02-14
5246:2021-08-31
5221:2019-05-11
5022:2024-02-14
4923:1048580450
4888:22 January
4635:2008-06-30
4610:2008-06-30
4540:2017-01-02
4208:0765809435
4103:2020-05-02
4052:2020-05-02
3973:2020-05-02
3760:: 104073.
3586:References
3468:Separatism
3413:City state
3322:. Several
3320:Montenegro
3274:Yugoslavia
2914:and a new
2908:federation
2903:to a more
2804:and other
2768:Bolsheviks
2728:(SPLA/M).
2695:Cape Party
2676:referendum
2652:Basutoland
2575:Somaliland
2525:Bangladesh
2507:After the
2384:Wellington
2356:See also:
2306:Santa Anna
2297:After the
2118:Basilicata
2047:Separatism
1975:Tamil Nadu
1713:See also:
1687:") gained
1620:East Timor
1370:French law
1311:plebiscite
1251:Portuguese
1152:Pernambuco
1122:Cisplatina
1052:Bangladesh
1050:within SE
1013:Bangabhumi
1005:Bangabhumi
993:Bangladesh
906:Deniliquin
875:Queensland
826:devolution
810:separatist
633:referendum
579:See also:
549:Separation
473:federation
341:of peoples
198:, and the
196:World Bank
154:Ahsan Butt
91:Yugoslavia
6563:Secession
6537:Secession
6411:Australia
6283:Indonesia
6271:Khalistan
6239:Hong Kong
6132:Home rule
6084:Secession
6079:Partition
5666:750831024
5578:Routledge
5403:12 August
5368:232254340
5360:0309-0671
5077:12 August
4999:993762001
4966:225266768
4866:12 August
4843:0950-3471
4777:europa.eu
4356:12 August
4138:0022-0027
4098:240133027
4017:1521-9488
3931:152201006
3923:0003-0554
3884:154530138
3876:0020-8183
3821:0020-8183
3786:0047-2727
3735:145424331
3727:1531-5088
3530:Kurdistan
3479:Movements
3458:Partition
3268:civil war
3236:ruled in
3139:England:
3104:unionists
3061:Unionists
2881:Sri Lanka
2863:Sri Lanka
2849:Catalonia
2812:in 1991.
2806:republics
2660:Swaziland
2636:Transvaal
2616:Boer Wars
2610:Volkstaat
2519:by which
2303:President
2247:in 1965.
2242:Singapore
2240:erupted,
2176:Po Valley
2168:Lega Nord
2150:Frosinone
1881:in 1903.
1873:(now the
1863:Venezuela
1641:Indonesia
1469:Nicaragua
1283:Ambazonia
1265:São Paulo
1232:President
1228:Petrobras
1200:Argentina
1141:Grão-Pará
1070:William I
971:U.S. Army
848:Australia
822:partition
734:included
627:from the
553:partition
458:Joe Biden
388:majority.
279:President
263:Leon Louw
234:normative
87:republics
38:Secession
6416:Tasmania
6293:Pakistan
6259:Xinjiang
6127:Hegemony
6110:Autonomy
6103:See also
5998:Dominion
5824:Federacy
5724:(1911).
5289:BBC News
5051:Archived
4861:unpo.org
4510:Archived
3837:54863822
3829:23016813
3500:Cascadia
3428:Homeland
3403:Autonomy
3360:See also
3332:Slovenia
3300:Slovenia
3144:Cornwall
3098:and the
3072:Scotland
2893:Catholic
2724:and the
2680:republic
2648:Botswana
2511:won the
2503:Pakistan
2438:led by
2380:Auckland
2333:, was a
2267:(purple)
2232:Malaysia
2222:Ryukyuan
2200:Sardinia
2196:Lombardy
2162:Briganti
2130:Campania
2114:Calabria
1947:Nagaland
1853:in 1903.
1801:Americas
1729:treaties
1689:de facto
1663:Ethiopia
1655:and the
1643:. After
1498:Xinjiang
1287:Cameroon
1271:Cameroon
1247:Italians
1239:European
1156:nativist
1112:and the
1080:Brussels
1044:Buddhist
969:and the
967:Red Army
910:Riverina
871:Victoria
806:autonomy
683:Ethiopia
603:amending
543:exclaves
506:Pakistan
489:from an
349:identity
89:leaving
18:Seceding
6484:Prussia
6403:Oceania
6376:Alberta
6333:Belgium
6308:Siberia
6059:Cession
6008:Mandate
5734:(ed.).
5687:, 2007.
5616:(ed.).
5608:, 2012.
5580:, 1998.
5548:, 1991.
5537:, 2007.
5468:Reuters
5315:Reuters
5072:cia.gov
4749:p. xiii
4655:Reuters
4146:8619491
3665:, 2007.
3336:Croatia
3296:Croatia
3284:T-34-85
3224:in the
3019:of 1916
3013:Belfast
2976:since 8
2974:Lugansk
2922:Ukraine
2899:from a
2875:called
2857:Galicia
2772:Finland
2656:Lesotho
2570:Somalia
2541:Iranian
2402:Nigeria
2342:seceded
2172:Padania
2134:Abruzzo
1971:Tripura
1967:Mizoram
1955:Manipur
1859:Ecuador
1761:Finland
1697:de jure
1681:Eritrea
1431:), the
1386:Ontario
1358:Ontario
1315:Nigeria
1243:Germans
1176:liberal
1166:In the
1134:Uruguay
1028:Bengali
1019:in the
975:Austria
961:Austria
908:in the
860:British
695:cantons
536:enclave
526:Georgia
520:, then
514:Georgia
504:, then
357:fashion
311:liberty
6441:Brazil
6381:Quebec
6371:Canada
6343:Russia
6325:Europe
6315:Turkey
6303:Russia
6276:Sikkim
6249:Taiwan
6203:Africa
5983:Colony
5913:Empire
5891:Unions
5664:
5656:
5646:
5509:
5366:
5358:
5241:News24
4997:
4987:
4964:
4954:
4921:
4911:
4841:
4755:
4731:
4725:p. 175
4701:
4686:
4574:
4564:
4433:
4329:
4205:
4167:
4144:
4136:
4096:
4086:
4043:
4015:
3964:
3929:
3921:
3882:
3874:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3784:
3733:
3725:
3688:
3635:
3607:
3397:Topics
3344:Kosovo
3316:Serbia
3290:, 1992
3166:London
3134:Senedd
3074:, the
2978:
2951:
2873:Tamils
2851:, the
2741:
2714:
2712:from 9
2658:) and
2527:. The
2491:
2477:Norway
2461:Sweden
2370:, Sir
2308:, the
2292:
2251:Mexico
2146:Latina
2136:, and
2126:Molise
2122:Apulia
2110:Sicily
2044:Baloch
1989:. The
1959:Punjab
1879:Panama
1809:Africa
1786:France
1755:Brexit
1725:
1614:Turkey
1591:Greece
1587:Cyprus
1563:Cyprus
1516:. The
1504:) and
1480:Taiwan
1439:) and
1376:) and
1354:Quebec
1348:, the
1326:Canada
1170:, the
1116:in an
1100:Brazil
892:(with
863:colony
705:, the
703:Canada
689:, and
687:France
609:. The
462:Kosovo
117:); and
111:Biafra
6348:Spain
6266:India
6254:Tibet
6244:Macau
6234:China
5730:. In
5447:6 May
5364:S2CID
5115:(PDF)
4962:S2CID
4773:(PDF)
4680:p. 63
4572:JSTOR
4142:S2CID
4094:S2CID
3927:S2CID
3880:S2CID
3833:S2CID
3825:JSTOR
3731:S2CID
3365:Lists
3255:Yemen
3244:Texas
3226:South
3115:Wales
2816:Spain
2654:(now
2646:(now
2632:Natal
2489:Oscar
2475:with
2467:with
2346:Spain
2344:from
2273:Texas
2210:Japan
2142:Rieti
2138:Latio
2079:Mafia
2053:Italy
1951:Assam
1885:India
1771:Lenin
1539:Congo
1506:Tibet
1475:China
1427:(see
1009:Hindu
894:Bowen
701:from
652:Tibet
585:Most
512:, or
510:India
498:India
101:Texas
61:Union
6288:Iraq
6226:Asia
6211:Mali
5662:OCLC
5654:LCCN
5644:ISBN
5628:SAGE
5507:ISBN
5480:2014
5449:2014
5427:2015
5405:2015
5356:ISSN
5322:2024
5132:TIME
5079:2015
4995:OCLC
4985:ISBN
4952:ISBN
4919:OCLC
4909:ISBN
4890:2021
4868:2015
4839:ISSN
4804:2019
4753:ISBN
4729:ISBN
4684:ISBN
4662:2024
4562:ISBN
4494:: 1.
4358:2015
4327:ISBN
4203:ISBN
4165:ISBN
4134:ISSN
4084:ISBN
4041:ISBN
4013:ISSN
3962:ISBN
3919:ISSN
3872:ISSN
3817:ISSN
3782:ISSN
3723:ISSN
3686:ISBN
3633:ISBN
3605:ISBN
3324:wars
3318:and
3310:and
3298:and
3262:and
3187:The
3106:. A
3051:and
3023:The
3001:and
2945:The
2867:The
2855:and
2839:and
2837:18th
2795:SSRs
2789:The
2684:Zulu
2634:and
2608:and
2389:The
2325:The
2286:The
2259:The
2160:and
2148:and
2057:The
2015:lurs
2001:Iran
1969:and
1914:The
1861:and
1807:and
1805:Asia
1673:Derg
1635:The
1523:The
1512:and
1408:and
1396:, a
1360:and
1340:and
1150:The
953:The
797:and
787:and
767:and
712:The
650:and
642:The
605:the
317:and
224:The
120:the
55:the
5636:doi
5499:doi
5348:doi
5344:144
4944:doi
4831:doi
4126:doi
4076:doi
4005:doi
3954:doi
3911:doi
3907:110
3864:doi
3809:doi
3772:hdl
3762:doi
3758:181
3715:doi
3142:In
3113:In
3070:In
3043:In
2650:),
2642:of
2428:war
2382:to
2190:of
2178:in
2158:Mo!
1965:),
1731:or
1585:in
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1322:".
1178:vs
840:or
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