1485:
1185:
1350:
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that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and
Egyptian communities And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. In addition, even from the founding of Alexandria, small numbers of Egyptians were admitted to the privileged classes in the city to fulfill numerous civic roles. Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become "Hellenized," to adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Given that the Alexandrian mathematicians mentioned here were active several hundred years after the founding of the city, it would seem at least equally possible that they were ethnically Egyptian as that they remained ethnically Greek. In any case, it is unreasonable to portray them with purely European features when no physical descriptions exist.
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mummies was also compared with that of earlier
Egyptian populations, and was found to be "much more closely akin" to that of ancient Egyptians than to Greeks or other European populations. Victor J. Katz notes that "research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities".
925:. Its capital was Alexandria. Ptolemy added legitimacy to his rule in Egypt by acquiring Alexander's body. He intercepted the embalmed corpse on its way to burial, brought it to Egypt, and placed it in a golden coffin in Alexandria. It would remain one of the famous sights of the town for many years, until probably destroyed in riots in the 3rd century AD.
2382:
were ethnically Greek, that their ancestors had come from Greece at some point in the past but had remained effectively isolated from the
Egyptians? It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates
2365:
But what we really want to know is to what extent the
Alexandrian mathematicians of the period from the first to the fifth centuries C.E. were Greek. Certainly, all of them wrote in Greek and were part of the Greek intellectual community of Alexandria. And most modern studies conclude that the Greek
1399:
As the
Islamic conquest of North Africa severed Axum's link with the Greek world in the 7th century, Greek culture and knowledge waned; Muslim presence in the Red Sea also caused Axum to suffer economically and it declined in power. Axum's final three centuries are considered a dark age, in which
1270:
According to Walker, early
Ptolemaic Greek colonists married local women and adopted Egyptian religious beliefs, and by Roman times, their descendants were viewed as Egyptians by the Roman rulers, despite their own self-perception of being Greek. The dental morphology of the Roman-period Faiyum
1882:
engaged in a series of invasions that culminated in the capture of the Nubian capital of Meroë in the middle of the 4th century AD, signaling the end of independent Nubian Pagan kingdoms. The
Axumites then converted the Nubians to Christianity, establishing the authority of the
1731:
Vice versa, ancient Nubia also had an influence on Greek culture from those early times onwards, as it was well known by scholars throughout the
Hellenic world, where several of the classical writers mentioned it. It evidently inspired curiosity about the exotic lands South of
862:
branch of the Nile river, 45 mi (72 km) from the open sea. It was the first and, for much of its early history, the only permanent Greek colony in Egypt; acting as a symbiotic nexus for the interchange of Greek and
Egyptian art and culture.
1400:
Ethiopian Greek culture disappeared; the
Axumite Empire finally collapsed around 960 AD. Despite its position as one of the foremost empires of late antiquity, Axum fell into obscurity as Ethiopia remained isolated throughout the Middle Ages.
1644:, second, Peloponnesians and Cretans, and third, Aegean islanders. Under the Cyrenean constitution, the king only had the authority to grant land to citizens, and held the role of chief priest, in charge of religious duties.
948:
The initial objective of Ptolemy's reign was to establish firm and broad boundaries to his newly acquired kingdom. That led to almost continuous warfare against other leading members of Alexander's circle. At times he held
1091:
Alexandrian Jews, from Palestine's communities of Jewish Christians. The earliest evidence of Christianity in Egypt is a letter written in the first half of the 3rd century and mentioning the gymnasiarch and the
1585:. Cyrene became one of the greatest intellectual and artistic centers of the Greek world, famous for its medical school, learned academies and architecture, which included some of the finest examples of the
1304:
itself is Greek and means "of burned face". It is first attested in the Homeric epics but it is unlikely to have referred to any particular nation, but rather, to people of African descent in general.
1440:
Later Abyssinian Greeks were attested in the 1700s, largely descending from Greek craftsmen and sailors residing in Abyssinia, who facilitated commerce between Abyssinia and Europe. The explorer
1914:
managed to remain autonomous due to their uncentralized nomadic nature. These tribal peoples would sporadically inflict attacks and raids on Axumite communities. The Beja nomads eventually
1794:'s Nubian campaign for Meroë in the 270s BC. Ptolemy's interest in Nubia was to secure a source of war elephants from Meroë, and to gain access to Meroitic gold mines. At the same time,
2646:
Travels Between the Years 1765-1773 ... Into Abyssinia ... Comprehending an Interesting Narrative of the Author's Adventures in Abyssinia ... Being the Substance of the Original Work.
2014:
Nubian Greek titles and government styles in Nubian Kingdoms were based on Byzantine models; even with Islamic encroachments and influence into Nubian territory, the Nubian Greeks saw
1064:(elite military officials) who were settled by the Ptolemaic kings on reclaimed lands. Native Egyptians also came to settle in Faiyum from all over the country, notably the
921:, whose descendants would give Egypt her final royal dynasty – a glittering one. The dynasty was composed solely by ethnic Greeks and produced dynasts such as the famous
2496:
Derat, Marie-Laure (2020). "Before the Solomonids: Crisis, Renaissance and the Emergence of the Zagwe Dynasty (Seventh–Thirteenth Centuries)". In Kelly, Samantha (ed.).
1566:) – of which the chief was the eponymous Cyrene. The term "Pentapolis" continued to be used as a synonym for Cyrenaica. In the south, the Pentapolis faded into the
1155:
non-Chalcedonians. The Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria remained in communion with the other patriarchs by accepting the council's decision, and were referred to as
1829:
1484:
1456:. The Smyrniot refugees included twelve silversmiths, whom the emperor put to work producing a variety of items for both his court and the churches of Gondar.
969:
was secure. Ptolemy and his descendants showed respect to Egypt's most cherished traditions – those of religion – and turned them to their own advantage.
1767:
conquered Egypt and soon dispatched reconnaissance expeditions into Nubia, possibly to find the sources of the Nile. Scholars assume that the potential
1716:
Valley and its considerable impact on ancient Nubia have long been recognized by scholars. The first recorded contact took place in 593 BC: graffiti at
1629:
The most influential of the Libyan Greeks were the Cyreneans. The Cyreneans invited Greek colonists from all over the Greek world to settle in Cyrene.
1843:
and to Meroitic ports. The Nubian upper class traded with Greek merchants and adopted certain Hellenic styles of life. However, following the death of
1349:
3079:
Nubian Archaeology in the XXIst Century Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference for Nubian Studies, Neuchatel, 1st-6th September 2014
1825:
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819:. Siculus reports that all the Greek cities were destroyed during the cataclysm, but the Egyptian cities including Heliopolis and Sais survived.
1523:, which they had abandoned because of a severe famine. Their commander, Aristoteles, took the Libyan name Battos. His descendants, known as the
2277:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, p. 126: "genuine Egyptians can easily be recognized among the linen-weavers by their speech."
1798:(Arkamani II), a king of one of the nine Nubian kingdoms, studied Greek language and customs at the Alexandrian court in the Ptolemaic Empire.
2818:
The Doctrine of the Deluge; Vindicating the Scriptural Account from the Doubts ... Recently Cast Upon it by Geological Speculations Volume 1
1949:
civilization, expressed in Nubian Greek art and Nubian Greek literature. The earliest attestations of Nubian Greek literature come from the
1783:
to Meroë. Greek language and culture were introduced to the Kushitic ruling classes, which may have triggered the creation of an alphabetic
1636:, it became a constitutional monarchy with a senate. Demonax divided the Cyreneans into three groups to elect senators: first, the original
1593:, a school of thinkers who expounded a doctrine of moral cheerfulness that defined happiness as the sum of human pleasures, were founded by
2041:
1692:
1136:
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Fritsch, Emmanuel; Kidane, Habtemichael (2020). "The Medieval Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Its Liturgy". In Kelly, Samantha (ed.).
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around the third century BC, Greek culture permeated the regions of ancient Ethiopia. Greeks established colonies in Ethiopia, with
3186:
1817:
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2920:
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reflect the complex synthesis of the predominant Egyptian culture and that of the elite Egyptian Greek minority in Faiyum.
1080:, to undertake the labor involved in the land reclamation process, as attested by personal names, local cults and recovered
1671:
905:
conquered Egypt at an early stage of his conquests. He respected the pharaonic religions and customs and he was proclaimed
2629:"Mining a Mother Lode: Early European Travel Literature and the History of Precious Metalworking in Highland Ethiopia",
981:
415:
312:
3181:
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specifically made known that he favored the Abyssinian Greeks, because of their virility and integrity of character.
965:. He called himself king of Egypt from 306 BC. By the time he abdicated in 285 BC, in favour of one of his sons, the
2338:
Irish JD (2006). "Who were the ancient Egyptians? Dental affinities among Neolithic through postdynastic peoples.".
788:
in the 5th century BC and claimed that the Greeks were one of the first groups of foreigners that ever lived there.
730:
1748:) and the source of the Nile. Though he is assumed to have been personally familiar with the river only as far as
540:
505:
3027:
The foreign relations of the Napatan-Meroitic kingdom in the Sudan from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD
2742:
144:
1266:
Glory to the Father, to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, both now and always, and unto the ages of ages. Amen.
1659:
as "Ammon", embodying Zeus in his style and Amun in his nature, attributing the horns of a ram to his image.
550:
957:. When these conflicts were over, he was firmly in control of Egypt and had strong claims (disputed by the
252:
204:
1228:
in the 2nd century AD, ethnic Egyptians could be distinguished from Egyptian Greeks only by their speech.
535:
2018:
as their spiritual home. Nubian Greek culture disappeared after the Muslim conquest of Nubia around 1450
1052:, but also in a few other cities, where Greek settlers lived alongside some seven to ten million native
1162:
1132:
804:
1935:
1648:
878:
676:
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was the biggest library in the world until it was destroyed. The last Pharaoh was a Greek princess,
2097:
977:
973:
545:
2329:
Dentition helps archaeologists to assess biological and ethnic population traits and relationships
2226:
2210:
1835:
Relations between Kush and Ptolemaic Egypt thereafter remained tense, but stable. By the time of
1791:
985:
886:
2038:
1884:
1704:, on display at the National Museum of Sudan. The Greek letters read "Drink and you shall live"
1534:; the more important western portion was known as the Pentapolis, as it comprised five cities:
1419:
1377:
1365:
1232:
1214:
1196:
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870:, the closest to the sea, became an important port for Greek trade. It had a famous temple of
2705:
1324:
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128:
80:
1930:
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1209:
It is estimated that as much as 30 percent of the population of Faiyum was Greek during the
1151:
in 451. Some 30,000 Greeks of Chalcedonian persuasion were ranged against some five million
410:
2724:
Ring, Trudy, Robert M. Salkin and Sharon La Boda (1996). "Cyrene (Gebel Akhdar, Libya)" in
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1836:
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The region produced barley, wheat, olive oil, wine, figs, apples, wool, sheep, cattle and
8:
2850:(4th ed.). Lanham / Toronto / Plymouth (UK): The Scarecrow Press. pp. 191–192.
2833:
Isaaci Newtoni Opera Quæ Exstant Omnia Commentariis Illustrabat Samuel Horsley · Volume 5
2803:
A Critical History of the Language and Literature of Antient Greece: bk. IV. Attic period
1764:
1667:
1602:
1464:
1422:
1098:(thereby indicating the author and recipient were of the upper class) uses the Christian
902:
465:
228:
154:
1384:) (c. 100 AD–c. 960 AD), which maintained Ethiopian Greek culture and used Greek as its
2888:
1717:
1712:
civilizations started at least two and a half millennia ago. The Greek presence in the
1633:
1492:
1414:
1255:ⲇⲟⲝⲁ ⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓ ⲕⲉ ⲩⲓⲱ: ⲕⲉ ⲁ̀ⲅⲓⲱ ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁⲧⲓ: ⲕⲉ ⲛⲩⲛ ⲕⲉ ⲁ̀ⲓ̀ ⲕⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲧⲟⲩⲥ ⲉⲱⲛⲁⲥ ⲧⲱⲛ ⲉ̀ⲱ̀ⲛⲱⲛ ⲁ̀ⲙⲏⲛ
1144:
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Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa
1224:
Egyptians or people of mixed Egyptian-Greek origins, and by the time of Roman emperor
3114:. Macquarie University. Ancient History Documentary Research Centre. pp. 10, 11.
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Guardians of the Tradition: Historians and Historical Writing in Ethiopia and Eritrea
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2949:. Lanham / Oxford: Scarecrow Press. pp. xl, xxxix, 173–175, 191–192, 208, 323.
1220:
By the Roman period, much of the "Greek" population of Faiyum was made up of either
1032:
After its conquest by the Roman forces in 30 BC, Egypt became a province of the new
2880:
1946:
1808:, sketched "with fair accuracy" the course of the Nile as far south as what is now
1320:
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The eastern portion of the province, with no major population centers, was called
1261:Δόξα Πατρὶ κὲ Υἱῷ κὲ Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι, κὲ νῦν κὲ ἀῒ κὲ ἰς τοὺς ἐῶνας τῶν ἐώνων. Ἀμήν.
2045:
1969:
1942:
1813:
1772:
1744:(circa 484 – circa 425 BC) made references to Nubia as a land of "burned faces" (
1687:
1586:
1524:
1515:
beginning in the 7th century BC. The first and most important colony was that of
1393:
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depicted religious life in the courts of the Nubian Kingdoms; they were made in
1231:
Egyptian Greek is the variety of Greek spoken in Egypt from antiquity until the
881:
played an important role in some of the Egyptian wars. One such army was led by
3061:
Ethnicity, Politics, and Society in Northeast Africa Conflict and Social Change
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and integrated into the Nubian Greek society that had already been present in
1581:, a herb that grew only in Cyrenaica and was regarded as a medicinal cure and
3175:
2805:. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. University of California. p. 403.
2726:
International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 4: Middle East and Africa
2681:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Volume 4: Middle East and Africa
2008:
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UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa
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2206:
2162:(Metropolitan Museum of Art Publications). New York: Routledge, 2000, p. 27
2120:
Adams, Winthrope L in Bugh, Glenn Richard. ed. "The Hellenistic Kingdoms".
1995:
This is the great King Moses Georgios, the King of Nobatia, Alodia, Makuria
1851:
to conquer the kingdom, Greek influences withered in Nubia. The account of
1848:
1816:
listed a number of Greeks who had travelled to Meroë and sometimes beyond:
1801:
1663:
1606:
1555:
1527:, persisted in spite of severe conflict with Greeks in neighboring cities.
1508:
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Brown, Richard (May 1984). "Greeks in Assyria: Some Overlooked Evidence".
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writing. Hellenic influences are also evident from changes in art styles.
2175:", in Caraher, William R.; Davis, Thomas W.; Pettegrew, David K. (eds.),
1950:
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A History of Ethiopia: Volume I (Routledge Revivals) Nubia and Abyssinia
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The Greeks in Ethiopia: Economic, Political and Social Life, c,1740-1936
2420:
The Greeks in Ethiopia: Economic, Political and Social Life, c,1740-1936
1990:Οὗτός ἐστιν ἀδαύελ Βασιλεύ Μώσες Γεωργίου, Βασιλεύ Νουβδῆς, Ἀρουά, Μακρό
1984:ⲟⲩⲧⲟⲥ ⲉⲥⲧⲓⲛ ⲁⲇⲁⲩⲉⲗ ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲉⲩ ⲙⲱⲥⲉⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲩ, ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲉⲩ ⲛⲟⲩⲃⲇⲏⲥ, ⲁⲣⲟⲩⲁ, ⲙⲁⲕⲣⲟ
2892:
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1973:
1805:
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The Cyrenean government was originally an absolute monarchy, but under
1594:
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1426:
1065:
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910:
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661:
317:
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1976:; Nubian Greek's syntax also evolved to establish a fixed word order.
874:. The city later sank into the sea, only to be rediscovered recently.
2710:
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world and the centre of international commerce, art and science. The
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Greeks have been present in Egypt since at least the 7th century BC.
644:
440:
420:
405:
2884:
1519:, established in about 631 BC by colonists from the Greek island of
1246:
The following is an example of Egyptian Greek language, used in the
2915:(2 ed.). London: Frank Cass & Co. pp. 163, 347, 361.
1903:
1809:
1795:
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1361:
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19:"Coptic Greeks" redirects here. For the ethnoreligious group, see
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Kramer, Robert; Lobban, Richard; Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2013).
1968:
Nubian Greek was unique in that it adopted many words from both
1887:
in the area, and founded new Nubian Christian kingdoms, such as
1360:
After the Romans annexed the Ptolemaic Empire, the Axumite king
1285:
1962:
1892:
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1780:
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in the 7th century. Egyptian Greek adopted many loanwords from
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954:
950:
942:
793:
763:
186:
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of Egypt in 641. Under Greco-Roman rule, Egypt hosted several
835:(664–610 BC) established a garrison of foreign mercenaries at
3124:
2545:
2135:
Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Egyptian Pharaohs.
2004:
1872:
1749:
1733:
1709:
1174:
1152:
1109:
1023:
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Nubian contact with the Greek world remained sporadic until
1459:
Abyssinian Greeks held many of the highest positions in the
766:. Greek communities have existed in Africa since antiquity.
2462:
2460:
2295:
1737:
1713:
1656:
1652:
1622:
1463:; the principal Abyssinian Greek community stayed with the
1389:
1316:
913:. After his death, in 323 BC, his empire was divided among
897:
816:
2212:
A history of the later Roman empire from Arcadius to Irene
1804:(circa 276–194 BC), the Greek geographer and librarian at
1763:
A new era of Greek-Nubian relations began in 332 BC, when
3090:
3088:
2845:
2539:
1597:
of Cyrene. Other notable natives of Cyrene were the poet
2457:
1855:, the geographer and historian of Greek descent, in his
1335:, which became major trading hubs for Ethiopian Greeks.
1060:'s earliest Greek inhabitants were soldier-veterans and
2815:
2564:, Rochester: University of Rochester Press, pp. 15–16,
1979:
The following is an example of Nubian Greek language:
1859:
is one of the last references to Nubia from that time.
3094:
3085:
3013:. University of California Press. pp. 41, 42, 43.
3139:
3030:(Masters). Durham: Durham University. pp. 87–88.
2809:
1965:
form for trade among the different peoples in Nubia.
1538:(near the modern village of Shahat) with its port of
2703:
Details of the founding are contained in Book IV of
2124:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006, p. 39
858:
was founded in Ancient Egypt. It was located on the
2947:
Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia
2720:
2718:
2248:
2246:
2160:
Ancient Faces : Mummy Portraits in Roman Egypt
1953:; the Nubian Greek language resembles Egyptian and
1392:, many obelisks, statues, and architecture made in
996:, who took her own life in 30 BC, a year after the
928:
3133:
3118:
3099:. American University in Cairo Press. p. 352.
2993:
2981:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2728:. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago and London.
2177:The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Archaeology
1839:(170-163 BC), Greek ships regularly sailed on the
1674:(incarnation). Parammon was also the secretary of
1327:annexed several northern Ethiopian cities such as
1213:period, with the rest being native Egyptians; the
3041:Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn; Brody, Lisa (2014).
2289:Papyrology and the History of Early Islamic Egypt
2039:Α΄ Η διαχρονική πορεία του ελληνισμού στην Αφρική
1647:Libyan Greek religion was directly influenced by
1087:Christianity probably arrived in Egypt among the
3173:
3109:
3040:
2782:
2715:
2243:
2122:The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World
1847:VII in 30 BC and an unsuccessful attempt by the
1832:, who apparently lived at Meroe for five years.
1708:Intercultural exchange between the Hellenic and
1570:tribal areas, including the pharaonic oracle of
3097:Christianity and Monasticism in Aswan and Nubia
2983:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2974:
2769:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2470:. Cambridge University Press. 1910. p. 89.
2304:Varieties of Post-classical and Byzantine Greek
1999:A plethora of frescoes created between 800–1200
1862:
1812:, based on the accounts of various travellers.
1433:, 6th century, Kingdom of Aksum, influenced by
3054:
3052:
2796:
2794:
2739:The Library of Congress Country Studies: Libya
2550:. University of California Press. p. 234.
2366:community coexisted So should we assume that
2137:Austin: University of Texas Press. 2003, p. 23
1444:reported that a number of Greek refugees from
1161:("the King's men", meaning those loyal to the
972:Alexandria became the centre of the Greek and
2987:
2760:
2662:. University of California. 1970. p. 54.
2520:
1941:Nubian Greek culture followed the pattern of
1651:. The Cyreneans assimilated the Egyptian god
1479:
1292:coinage that reads "AΦIΛAC BACIΛEYC" – "King
724:
3072:
3070:
3058:
2998:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 52, 53, 54.
2830:
2800:
2747:
2523:A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea
2498:A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea
2480:
2302:Lennart Sundelin; Petra Sijpesteijn (2020).
2287:Lennart Sundelin; Petra Sijpesteijn (2004).
2056:The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus,
1756:, apparently from reports by Psamtik II and
1752:, he did identify a "city of Ethiopians" at
1133:Church in Egypt (Patriarchate of Alexandria)
1003:
822:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3063:. University Press of America. p. 119.
3049:
3008:
2824:
2791:
2765:. University of Chicago Press. p. 250.
2643:
2586:, Ph.D. dissertation, Syracuse University,
2474:
2422:, Ph.D. dissertation, Syracuse University,
1239:; there was a great deal of intracommunity
3142:The Christian Epigraphy of Egypt and Nubia
3103:
3076:
3043:xv Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World
3002:
2944:
2652:
2637:
2603:
2468:The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A-Androphagi
2439:
2280:
2227:"A History of the Eastern Orthodox Church"
2173:Archaeology of Early Christianity in Egypt
1961:throughout the Nubian Kingdoms, and had a
1771:threat contributed to the decision by the
1736:and particularly about the sources of the
731:
717:
3067:
2581:
2417:
2353:A History of Mathematics: An Introduction
2275:Egypt after the Pharaohs, 332 BC – AD 642
877:From the time of Psammetichus I onwards,
3148:
3125:Geoff Emberling; Bruce Williams (2020).
2394:
2345:
1929:
1866:
1691:
1616:
1491:
1483:
1413:
1348:
1284:
1022:Mummy portrait of a woman named Eirene (
1017:
932:
898:Rule of Alexander the Great (332–323 BC)
3129:. Oxford University Press. p. 801.
3023:
2671:
2669:
2489:
1740:river. Hence, the pioneering historian
1612:
1338:
3174:
2913:A Biographical Dictionary of the Sudan
2683:Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago,
2679:(1996) "Cyrene (Gebel Akhdar, Libya)"
2546:Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990).
2395:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert,
1728:in his invasion of what is now Sudan.
2970:
2968:
2966:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2870:
2495:
2171:Brooks Hedstrom, Darlene L. (2019), "
2068:
2066:
909:of Egypt. He established the city of
3144:. Taylor & Francis. p. 464.
3127:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia
2910:
2666:
2648:J. & J. Cundee. pp. 46, 47.
2627:Raymond Silverman and Neal Sobania,
2205:
1696:Polychromatic, gilded glass vase of
1403:
1048:settlements, mostly concentrated in
892:
866:At about the same time, the city of
3045:. Infobase Publishing. pp. xv.
2401:(Online ed.), Tufts University
2196:. Oxford University Press. pp. 480.
2158:Bagnall, R.S. in Susan Walker, ed.
1720:reveal that large numbers of Greek
1323:culture. In the second century BC,
1274:
1143:of Alexandria following the fourth
1137:Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria
13:
3081:. Peeters Publishers. p. 586.
2963:
2929:
2899:
2848:Historical Dictionary of the Sudan
2839:
2608:, Leiden: E.J. Brill, p. 43,
2604:Dombrowski, Franz Amadeus (1985),
2444:, Leiden: E.J. Brill, p. 43,
2440:Dombrowski, Franz Amadeus (1985),
2194:The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt
2063:
982:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
14:
3198:
3095:Gawdat Gabra; Hany Takla (2013).
2179:, Oxford University Press, p. 665
854:from 1100 to 750 BC, the city of
2816:Leveson Vernon Harcourt (1839).
2737:"Cyrenaica and the Greeks" from
2231:Greek Orthodox Church of St Anna
1925:
1681:
1474:
1467:in the capital, Gondar. Emperor
1396:style still mark the landscape.
1195:
1183:
1168:
929:The Ptolemaic Empire (323–30 BC)
769:
143:
26:For black people in Greece, see
3187:African people of Greek descent
3034:
3017:
3011:Hellenistic History and Culture
2864:
2731:
2697:
2621:
2597:
2575:
2554:
2514:
2433:
2411:
2388:
2332:
2323:
2310:
2267:
2258:
2219:
2199:
2182:
3140:Jacques van der Vliet (2018).
2763:Greek and Egyptian Mythologies
2525:. Leiden: Brill. p. 169.
2192:". In Riggs, Christina (ed.).
2165:
2152:
2140:
2127:
2114:
2090:
2050:
2032:
1127:'in the Lord', drawn from the
1:
2911:Hill, Richard Leslie (1967).
2582:Natsoulas, Theodoros (1975),
2500:. Leiden: Brill. p. 34.
2418:Natsoulas, Theodoros (1975),
2025:
885:. Another such personage was
850:In 7th century BC, after the
301:Constantinople and Asia Minor
2945:Lobban Jr., Richard (2004).
2606:Ethiopia's access to the sea
2442:Ethiopia's access to the sea
2003:AD in Nubian cities such as
1863:Axumite subjugation of Nubia
1678:, one of the sons of Ammon.
1452:during the reign of Emperor
7:
2994:E. A. Wallis Budge (2014).
2215:. Vol. 2. p. 249.
1488:Libyan Greeks of Cyrenaica.
1319:becoming major capitals of
1190:An Egyptian Greek centurion
953:and even parts of mainland
762:people in the continent of
541:Greek Byzantine Catholicism
10:
3203:
2787:. OUP Oxford. p. 290.
2711:Herodotus of Halicarnassus
2560:De Lorenzi, James (2015),
2355:, p. 184. Addison Wesley,
2306:. De Gruyter. p. 447.
2098:"Mumienporträt der Eirene"
1685:
1480:Libyan Greeks of Cyrenaica
1407:
1381:
1369:
1342:
1278:
1172:
1110:
1024:
1007:
984:while during the reign of
773:
25:
18:
3110:G. H. R. Horsley (1989).
2783:Robin Waterfield (2008).
2744:. Accessed 27 March 2011.
1936:Moses Georgios of Makuria
1871:A Nubian Greek fresco in
1779:to move the capital from
1700:manufacture excavated in
1649:Ancient Egyptian religion
1550:or Berenice (near modern
1542:(Marsa Susa), Arsinoe or
1496:A Libyan Greek fresco in
1233:Islamic conquest of Egypt
1004:Roman and Byzantine Egypt
823:First historical colonies
755:
313:Constantinopolitan Greeks
91:
86:
70:
65:
53:
48:
41:
3182:Greek diaspora in Africa
3162:The Rise of Christianity
2485:. NYU Press. p. 26.
2273:qtd. in Alan K. Bowman,
2188:Choat, Malcolm (2012). "
978:Lighthouse of Alexandria
3024:Haycock, Bryan (1965).
2835:. Nichols. p. 154.
2660:Abba Salama Volumes 1-2
2398:A Greek-English Lexicon
2351:Victor J. Katz (1998).
2133:Stanwick, Paul Edmund.
2102:bawue.museum-digital.de
1902:Tribal nomads like the
1666:, and a son, Parammon (
1601:and the mathematicians
1202:An Egyptian Greek woman
986:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
887:Phanes of Halicarnassus
536:Greek Roman Catholicism
2761:Yves Bonnefoy (1992).
1997:
1992:
1987:
1938:
1875:
1705:
1670:), considered Ammon's
1626:
1621:The Libyan Greek god,
1501:
1489:
1437:
1357:
1297:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1215:Faiyum mummy portraits
1141:Coptic Orthodox Church
1029:
1010:Egypt (Roman province)
945:
879:Greek mercenary armies
573:Languages and dialects
16:Ethnic group in Africa
3059:Mohammad Ali (1996).
2831:Isaac Newton (1785).
2801:William Mure (1859).
2481:George Hatke (2013).
2291:. Brill. p. 165.
1993:
1988:
1981:
1933:
1922:for three centuries.
1870:
1830:Simonides the Younger
1695:
1686:Further information:
1620:
1495:
1487:
1417:
1408:Further information:
1352:
1343:Further information:
1325:Ptolemy III Euergetes
1288:
1279:Further information:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1173:Further information:
1021:
1014:Christianity in Egypt
1008:Further information:
990:Library of Alexandria
936:
917:. Egypt was given to
774:Further information:
530:Greek Orthodox Church
87:Related ethnic groups
3160:W.H.C Frend (1984).
3009:Peter Green (1993).
2644:James Bruce (1812).
2078:www.historyworld.net
1613:Libyan Greek culture
1498:Ptolemais, Cyrenaica
1448:had also arrived in
1339:Axumites of Ethiopia
1149:Council of Chalcedon
1040:territory until the
803:, built the city of
546:Greek Evangelicalism
61: Local languages
3077:M Honegger (2018).
2975:Gargarin, Michael;
2873:The Classical World
2633:, 31 (2004), p. 348
2340:Am J Phys Anthropol
1765:Alexander the Great
1423:Evangelist portrait
903:Alexander the Great
756:Έλληνες της Αφρικής
43:Έλληνες της Αφρικής
38:
2264:Bagnall, pp. 28–29
2074:"HISTORY OF EGYPT"
2044:2012-05-24 at the
1939:
1876:
1706:
1662:Ammon had a wife,
1627:
1502:
1490:
1465:Abyssinian Emperor
1438:
1372:) established the
1358:
1298:
1145:ecumenical council
1030:
946:
625:Constantinopolitan
205:Russia and Ukraine
174:Native communities
36:
3112:Linguistic essays
2956:978-0-8108-4784-2
2922:978-0-7146-1037-5
2857:978-0-8108-6180-0
2631:History in Africa
2570:978-1-58046-519-9
2532:978-90-04-41958-2
2507:978-90-04-41958-2
1957:; it served as a
1587:Hellenistic style
1461:Abyssinian Empire
1410:Abyssinian Empire
1404:Abyssinian Greeks
1388:. In the city of
1307:Beginning in the
1237:Egyptian language
1163:Byzantine emperor
1126:
1117:
967:Ptolemaic dynasty
893:Hellenistic times
741:
740:
693:History of Greece
667:Karamanli Turkish
411:Megleno-Romanians
122:
121:
3194:
3166:
3165:
3157:
3146:
3145:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3074:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2972:
2961:
2960:
2942:
2927:
2926:
2908:
2897:
2896:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2745:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2713:
2701:
2695:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2635:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2579:
2573:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2392:
2386:
2349:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2203:
2197:
2186:
2180:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2070:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2036:
2021:
2002:
1383:
1371:
1331:and the port of
1313:Ptolemais Theron
1281:Ethiopian Greeks
1275:Ancient Ethiopia
1199:
1187:
1129:Pauline epistles
1125:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1036:and remained an
1027:
1026:
998:battle of Actium
959:Seleucid dynasty
883:Mentor of Rhodes
831:(ii. 154), King
790:Diodorus Siculus
757:
748:Greeks in Africa
733:
726:
719:
672:Megleno-Romanian
360:Ethiopian Greeks
270:Groups by region
147:
124:
123:
101:Ethiopian Greeks
39:
35:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3158:
3149:
3138:
3134:
3123:
3119:
3108:
3104:
3093:
3086:
3075:
3068:
3057:
3050:
3039:
3035:
3022:
3018:
3007:
3003:
2992:
2988:
2977:Fantham, Elaine
2973:
2964:
2957:
2943:
2930:
2923:
2909:
2900:
2885:10.2307/4349596
2869:
2865:
2858:
2844:
2840:
2829:
2825:
2814:
2810:
2799:
2792:
2781:
2770:
2759:
2748:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2716:
2702:
2698:
2674:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2642:
2638:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2602:
2598:
2580:
2576:
2559:
2555:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2494:
2490:
2479:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2438:
2434:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2402:
2393:
2389:
2350:
2346:
2342:129 (4): 529-43
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2316:Walker, Susan,
2315:
2311:
2300:
2296:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2204:
2200:
2187:
2183:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2055:
2051:
2046:Wayback Machine
2037:
2033:
2028:
2019:
2000:
1970:Coptic Egyptian
1955:Byzantine Greek
1947:Byzantine Greek
1928:
1865:
1828:, Basilis, and
1690:
1688:Sudanese Greeks
1684:
1615:
1525:Battiad dynasty
1482:
1477:
1412:
1406:
1347:
1341:
1321:Ethiopian Greek
1309:Hellenistic age
1283:
1277:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1177:
1171:
1135:split into the
1123:
1042:Muslim conquest
1016:
1006:
980:was one of the
931:
919:Ptolemy I Soter
900:
895:
852:Greek Dark Ages
825:
811:; likewise the
778:
776:Egyptian Greeks
772:
737:
695:
687:
686:
651:Other languages
574:
566:
565:
524:
516:
515:
436:
426:
425:
365:Sudanese Greeks
271:
263:
262:
171:
109:Sudanese Greeks
93:Egyptian Greeks
44:
34:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3200:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3168:
3167:
3164:. p. 847.
3147:
3132:
3117:
3102:
3084:
3066:
3048:
3033:
3016:
3001:
2986:
2962:
2955:
2928:
2921:
2898:
2879:(5): 300–303.
2863:
2856:
2838:
2823:
2820:. p. 426.
2808:
2790:
2768:
2746:
2730:
2714:
2696:
2665:
2651:
2636:
2620:
2614:
2596:
2574:
2553:
2538:
2531:
2513:
2506:
2488:
2473:
2456:
2450:
2432:
2410:
2387:
2344:
2331:
2322:
2309:
2294:
2279:
2266:
2257:
2242:
2218:
2198:
2181:
2164:
2151:
2139:
2126:
2113:
2089:
2062:
2049:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2016:Constantinople
1943:Egyptian Greek
1927:
1924:
1880:Axumite Empire
1864:
1861:
1683:
1680:
1642:ethnic Libyans
1640:colonists and
1614:
1611:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1431:Garima Gospels
1405:
1402:
1394:Egyptian Greek
1374:Axumite Empire
1356:, King of Axum
1354:Saint Elesbaan
1345:Axumite Empire
1340:
1337:
1276:
1273:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1167:
1106:Biblical Greek
1005:
1002:
939:Egyptian Greek
930:
927:
899:
896:
894:
891:
833:Psammetichus I
824:
821:
771:
768:
744:African Greeks
739:
738:
736:
735:
728:
721:
713:
710:
709:
689:
688:
685:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
437:
432:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
391:
390:
385:
380:
368:
367:
362:
357:
343:
342:
341:
340:
335:
325:
320:
315:
310:
298:
297:
292:
287:
282:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
255:
253:United Kingdom
250:
245:
244:
243:
233:
232:
231:
217:Greek diaspora
213:
212:
207:
202:
197:
191:
190:
183:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
163:
162:
157:
149:
148:
140:
139:
133:
132:
120:
119:
117:Roman Africans
89:
88:
84:
83:
71:Christianity:
68:
67:
63:
62:
51:
50:
46:
45:
42:
37:African Greeks
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3199:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3163:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3143:
3136:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3091:
3089:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2958:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2827:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2785:The histories
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2700:
2694:
2693:1-884964-03-6
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2661:
2655:
2647:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2624:
2617:
2615:90-04-07680-8
2611:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2549:
2542:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2451:90-04-07680-8
2447:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2400:
2399:
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2207:Bury, John B.
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1475:Ancient Libya
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827:According to
820:
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434:Greek culture
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371:Other regions
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2303:
2297:
2288:
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2234:. Retrieved
2230:
2221:
2211:
2201:
2193:
2190:Christianity
2184:
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2167:
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2129:
2121:
2116:
2105:. Retrieved
2101:
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2077:
2052:
2034:
2013:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1967:
1958:
1940:
1901:
1877:
1856:
1837:Ptolemy VIII
1834:
1802:Eratosthenes
1800:
1789:
1762:
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1668:Thoth-Hermes
1661:
1646:
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1607:Eratosthenes
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1101:nomina sacra
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308:Cappadocians
300:
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215:
214:
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173:
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33:Ethnic group
28:Black Greeks
1951:5th century
1920:Lower Nubia
1822:Aristocreon
1758:Cambyses II
1722:mercenaries
1599:Callimachus
1583:aphrodisiac
1548:Euesperides
1469:Theodore II
1442:James Bruce
1429:, from the
1420:illuminated
1074:Oxyrhynchus
1070:Upper Egypt
974:Hellenistic
807:before the
758:), are the
590:Cappadocian
416:Slavophones
285:Sarakatsani
280:Macedonians
160:Greek names
3176:Categories
2405:2009-01-02
2372:Diophantus
2236:2023-11-29
2107:2023-11-29
2083:2018-03-17
2026:References
1916:Hellenized
1857:Geographia
1806:Alexandria
1792:Ptolemy II
1746:Ethiopians
1726:Psamtik II
1718:Abu Simbel
1672:hypostasis
1595:Aristippus
1427:Saint Mark
1243:in Egypt.
1222:Hellenized
1116:romanized:
1089:Hellenized
1066:Nile Delta
1050:Alexandria
911:Alexandria
868:Heracleion
805:Heliopolis
662:Arvanitika
506:Television
481:Literature
401:Aromanians
318:Phanariots
295:Tsakonians
170:By country
2706:Histories
2252:Bagnall,
2058:Book V,57
1963:creolized
1845:Cleopatra
1796:Ergamenes
1769:Ptolemaic
1742:Herodotus
1603:Theodorus
1591:Cyrenaics
1546:(Tocra),
1544:Taucheira
1540:Apollonia
1532:Marmarica
1509:colonized
1505:Cyrenaica
1300:The name
1226:Caracalla
1211:Ptolemaic
1119:en kyrίōi
1054:Egyptians
963:Palestine
941:man with
923:Cleopatra
856:Naucratis
839:, mostly
829:Herodotus
813:Athenians
809:cataclysm
782:Herodotus
702:Byzantine
657:Aromanian
645:Greeklish
635:Tsakonian
610:Himariote
585:Calabrian
561:Hellenism
466:Education
421:Souliotes
406:Arvanites
355:Egyptiots
229:Melbourne
224:Australia
155:Etymology
49:Languages
2979:(2010).
2741:. 2001.
2209:(1889).
2042:Archived
1810:Khartoum
1785:Meroitic
1777:Nastasen
1773:Kushitic
1702:Sedeinga
1698:Meroitic
1579:silphium
1572:Ammonium
1552:Benghazi
1454:Iyasu II
1382:Ἀξωμίτης
1370:Ζωσκάλης
1362:Zoskales
1302:Ethiopia
1158:melkites
1139:and the
1111:ἐν κυρίῳ
1104:and the
1062:cleruchs
872:Heracles
847:Greeks.
801:Heliadae
784:visited
620:Mariupol
523:Religion
496:Religion
491:Politics
476:Language
378:Cypriots
333:Caucasus
129:a series
127:Part of
66:Religion
2893:4349596
2592:8152015
2428:8152015
2380:Hypatia
2368:Ptolemy
2320:, p. 24
2318:op cit.
2254:op cit.
2148:op cit.
2146:Adams,
2011:style.
1897:Makuria
1889:Nobatia
1841:Red Sea
1664:Ammonia
1634:Demonax
1568:Saharan
1294:Aphilas
1290:Axumite
1078:Memphis
907:Pharaoh
860:Canopic
841:Carians
837:Daphnae
794:Rhodian
706:Ottoman
698:Ancient
640:Yevanic
605:Cypriot
551:Judaism
511:Theatre
451:Cuisine
290:Maniots
248:Germany
241:Toronto
195:Albania
2953:
2919:
2891:
2854:
2691:
2685:p. 194
2677:et al.
2612:
2590:
2568:
2529:
2504:
2448:
2426:
2376:Pappus
2359:
2020:
2001:
1974:Nubian
1910:, and
1895:, and
1893:Alodia
1853:Strabo
1849:Romans
1818:Dalion
1781:Napata
1710:Nubian
1676:Osiris
1638:Theran
1589:. The
1558:) and
1536:Cyrene
1517:Cyrene
1513:Greeks
1450:Gondar
1446:Smyrna
1333:Adulis
1329:Tigray
1153:Coptic
1147:, the
1131:. The
1082:papyri
1058:Faiyum
1025:Εἰρήνη
988:, the
955:Greece
951:Cyprus
943:Anubis
845:Ionian
815:built
764:Africa
677:Slavic
630:Pontic
615:Maniot
595:Cretan
446:Cinema
347:Africa
338:Crimea
328:Pontic
236:Canada
210:Turkey
187:Cyprus
180:Greece
137:Greeks
113:·
111:
105:·
103:
97:·
95:
77:·
75:
73:Coptic
59:·
57:
2889:JSTOR
2709:, by
2005:Faras
1934:King
1873:Faras
1814:Pliny
1775:king
1754:Meroë
1750:Aswan
1734:Egypt
1655:with
1623:Ammon
1560:Barce
1556:Bayda
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1175:Copts
1095:boulē
1046:Greek
961:) to
797:Actis
760:Greek
752:Greek
746:, or
600:Griko
578:Greek
556:Islam
501:Sport
486:Music
461:Dress
456:Dance
388:Urums
383:Griko
200:Italy
115:
107:
99:
81:Greek
79:
55:Greek
21:Copts
2951:ISBN
2917:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2689:ISBN
2610:ISBN
2588:OCLC
2566:ISBN
2527:ISBN
2502:ISBN
2446:ISBN
2424:OCLC
2378:and
2370:and
2357:ISBN
2022:AD.
1972:and
1945:and
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1878:The
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1315:and
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