53:
1997:
3226:, stated: "Inspired by Dr. King, who was advancing the civil rights agenda of equality under the laws of this country, we thought that we could also use the laws to advance our Indianship, to live as tribes in our territories governed by our own laws under the principles of tribal sovereignty that had been with us ever since 1831. We believed that we could fight for a policy of self-determination that was consistent with U.S. law and that we could govern our own affairs, define our own ways and continue to survive in this society". Native Americans were also active supporters of King's movement throughout the 1960s, which included a sizable Native American contingent at the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
21455:
2918:
gains. In addition, they relied on segregation to keep their jobs and economies in their communities thriving. It was feared that if integration became widespread in the South, black-owned businesses and other establishments would lose a large chunk of their customer base to white-owned businesses, and many blacks would lose opportunities for jobs that were presently exclusive to their interests. On the other hand, there were the everyday, average black people who criticized integration as well. For them, they took issue with different parts of the civil rights movement and the potential for blacks to exercise consumerism and economic liberty without hindrance from whites.
2203:
2941:
2020:. Williams had rebuilt the chapter after its membership was terrorized out of public life by the Klan. He did so by encouraging a new, more working-class membership to arm itself thoroughly and defend against attack. When Klan nightriders attacked the home of NAACP member Albert Perry in October 1957, Williams' militia exchanged gunfire with the stunned Klansmen, who quickly retreated. The following day, the city council held an emergency session and passed an ordinance banning KKK motorcades. One year later, Lumbee Indians in North Carolina would have a similarly successful armed stand-off with the Klan (known as the
2544:
2187:. However, Truman's executive order had hardly been enforced. President Eisenhower made it a point to enforce the executive order. By October 30, 1954, there were no segregated combat units in the United States. Not only this, but Eisenhower also desegregated the Veterans Administration and military bases in the South, including federal schools for military dependents. Expanding his work beyond the military, Eisenhower formed two non-discrimination committees, one to broker nondiscrimination agreements with government contractors, and a second to end discrimination within government departments and agencies.
1191:
2563:", saying he had turned his back on black militancy in order to appease the white power structure. But the two men were on good terms at their face-to-face meeting. There is evidence that King was preparing to support Malcolm's plan to formally bring the U.S. government before the United Nations on charges of human rights violations against African Americans. Malcolm now encouraged Black nationalists to get involved in voter registration drives and other forms of community organizing to redefine and expand the movement.
2693:
3105:
2103:
when necessary. This in turn evoked in whites real fear of black vengeance..." This opened up space for
African Americans to use nonviolent demonstrations with less fear of deadly reprisal. Of the many civil rights activists who share this view, the most prominent was Rosa Parks. Parks gave the eulogy at Williams' funeral in 1996, praising him for "his courage and for his commitment to freedom," and concluding that "The sacrifices he made, and what he did, should go down in history and never be forgotten."
21467:
1782:
1153:. When white Democrats regained power, they passed laws that made voter registration more restrictive, essentially forcing black voters off the voting rolls. The number of African-American voters dropped dramatically, and they were no longer able to elect representatives. From 1890 to 1908, Southern states of the former Confederacy created constitutions with provisions that disfranchised tens of thousands of African Americans, and U.S. states such as Alabama disenfranchised poor whites as well.
21503:
19595:
1079:
1259:
846:
20085:
1276:, most during and after World War II. So many people migrated that the demographics of some previously black-majority states changed to a white majority (in combination with other developments). The rapid influx of blacks altered the demographics of Northern and Western cities; happening at a period of expanded European, Hispanic, and Asian immigration, it added to social competition and tensions, with the new migrants and immigrants battling for a place in jobs and housing.
971:
21479:
1351:
1075:, making him the first African American to attend an official dinner there. "The invitation was roundly criticized by southern politicians and newspapers." Washington persuaded the president to appoint more blacks to federal posts in the South and to try to boost African-American leadership in state Republican organizations. However, these actions were resisted by both white Democrats and white Republicans as an unwanted federal intrusion into state politics.
21527:
21491:
2194:. The legislation established the Civil Rights Commission and the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division and banned intimidating, coercing, and other means of interfering with a citizen's right to vote. Eisenhower's work in desegregating the judicial system is also notable. The judges he appointed were liberal when it came to the subject of civil rights / desegregation, and he actively avoided placing segregationists in federal courts.
3241:
1280:
1976:
hundreds of discrete groups, and all manner of strategies and tactics—legal, illegal, institutional, non-institutional, violent, non-violent. Without discounting King's importance, it would be sheer fiction to call him the leader of what was fundamentally an amorphous, fluid, dispersed movement." Decentralized grassroots leadership has been a major focus of movement scholarship in recent decades through the work of historians
21515:
1773:, also known as the Fair Housing Act, which aimed to end discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing. Despite these legislative successes, the movement faced significant challenges, including ongoing racial violence and the persistence of de facto segregation in housing and education. The assassination of King underscored the profound resistance to racial equality that continued to pervade American society.
1762:. The Civil Rights Act outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment and public accommodations, while the Voting Rights Act sought to eliminate barriers to voting for African Americans, particularly in the Southern states. These laws were critical in dismantling the legal framework of segregation and empowering African Americans to participate fully in American civic life.
2381:, "RFK knew much more about this surveillance than he ever admitted." Although Kennedy only gave approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones "on a trial basis, for a month or so." Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of the black leader's life they deemed important; they then used this information to harass King. Kennedy directly ordered surveillance on
1439:. From the 1930s to the 1960s, the National Association of Real Estate Boards (NAREB) issued guidelines that specified that a realtor "should never be instrumental in introducing to a neighborhood a character or property or occupancy, members of any race or nationality, or any individual whose presence will be clearly detrimental to property values in a neighborhood." The result was the development of all-black
2154:… Our immediate task is to remove the last remnants of the barriers which stand between millions of our citizens and their birthright. There is no justifiable reason for discrimination because of ancestry, or religion, or race, or color. We must not tolerate such limitations on the freedom of any of our people and on their enjoyment of basic rights which every citizen in a truly democratic society must possess.
21443:
14861:
13051:
2415:
emotional grounds. Demands for immediate action originated from unexpected directions, especially white
Protestant church groups. The Justice Department, led by Robert Kennedy, moved from a posture of defending Kennedy from the quagmire minefield of racial politics to acting to fulfill his legacy. The violent death and public reaction dramatically moved the conservative Republicans, led by Senator
3351:
1024:, Mississippi and Alabama, until national civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s to provide federal enforcement of constitutional voting rights. For more than sixty years, blacks in the South were essentially excluded from politics, unable to elect anyone to represent their interests in Congress or local government. Since they could not vote, they could not serve on local juries.
2241:
disdain for any white politician who claimed to share their concerns for freedom, particularly ones connected to the historically pro-segregationist
Democratic Party. Still, many were encouraged by the discreet support Kennedy gave to King, and the administration's willingness, after dramatic pressure from civil disobedience, to bring forth racially egalitarian initiatives.
3420:, who had once been endorsed by the NAACP) shifted to openly racist positions. Northern and Western racists opposed the southerners on a regional and cultural basis, but also held segregationist attitudes which became more pronounced as the civil rights movement headed north and west. For instance, prior to the Watts riot, California whites had already mobilized to
2326:, to "tearing into" Vice-president Johnson (for failing to desegregate areas of the administration), to threatening corrupt white Southern judges with disbarment, to desegregating interstate transport, Robert Kennedy came to be consumed by the civil rights movement. He continued to work on these social justice issues in his bid for the presidency in 1968.
1957:, the FBI had been concerned about communism since the early 20th century, and it kept civil rights activists under close surveillance and labeled some of them "Communist" or "subversive", a practice that continued during the civil rights movement. In the early 1960s, the practice of distancing the civil rights movement from "Reds" was challenged by the
1674:, did not attempt to create a network of chapters as the NAACP did. It offered training and leadership assistance for local efforts to fight segregation. The headquarters organization raised funds, mostly from Northern sources, to support such campaigns. It made nonviolence both its central tenet and its primary method of confronting racism.
805:. Its leaders demanded not only legal equality, but also economic self-sufficiency for the community. Support for the Black Power movement came from African Americans who had seen little material improvement since the civil rights movement's peak in the mid-1960s, and still faced discrimination in jobs, housing, education and politics.
2922:
the movement. For the most part, the black individuals who had reservations on various aspects of the movement and ideologies of the activists were not able to make a game-changing dent in their efforts, but the existence of these alternate ideas gave some blacks an outlet to express their concerns about the changing social structure.
1584:, a black surgeon, entrepreneur, and planter organized a successful boycott of gas stations in Mississippi that refused to provide restrooms for blacks. Through the RCNL, Howard led campaigns to expose brutality by the Mississippi state highway patrol and to encourage blacks to make deposits in the black-owned Tri-State Bank of
2037:
to campaign against
Williams at the NAACP national convention and the suspension was upheld. The convention nonetheless passed a resolution which stated: "We do not deny, but reaffirm the right of individual and collective self-defense against unlawful assaults." Martin Luther King Jr. argued for Williams' removal, but
3123:
2990:'s work in Louisiana that summer, that group found the federal government would not respond to requests to enforce the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, or to protect the lives of activists who challenged segregation. The Louisiana campaign survived by relying on a local African-American militia called the
2578:. The latter's brother Charles Evers, who took over as Mississippi NAACP Field Director, told a public NAACP conference on February 15, 1964, that "non-violence won't work in Mississippi...we made up our minds...that if a white man shoots at a Negro in Mississippi, we will shoot back." The repression of sit-ins in
3098:. The goal of this group was to overthrow the white-run government in America and the prison system. In 1970, this group displayed their dedication after a white prison guard was found not guilty of shooting and killing three black prisoners from the prison tower. They retaliated by killing a white prison guard.
1121:" doctrine. Segregation, which began with slavery, continued with Jim Crow laws, with signs used to show blacks where they could legally walk, talk, drink, rest, or eat. For those places that were racially mixed, non-whites had to wait until all white customers were served first. Elected in 1912, President
2891:
only conflicted with each other and were the only ideologies of the civil rights movement, there were other sentiments felt by many blacks. Fearing the events during the movement was occurring too quickly, there were some blacks who felt that leaders should take their activism at an incremental pace.
2426:
With the civil rights movement at full blast, Lyndon
Johnson coupled black entrepreneurship with his war on poverty, setting up special programs in the Small Business Administration, the Office of Economic Opportunity, and other agencies. This time there was money for loans designed to boost minority
2036:
considered it "the biggest civil rights story of 1959". NAACP National chairman Roy
Wilkins immediately suspended Williams from his position, but the Monroe organizer won support from numerous NAACP chapters across the country. Ultimately, Wilkins resorted to bribing influential organizer Daisy Bates
2011:
and their collaborators in local police departments. This violence played a key role in blocking the progress of the civil rights movement in the late 1950s. Some black organizations in the South began practicing armed self-defense. The first to do so openly was the Monroe, North
Carolina, chapter of
1572:
Churches, local grassroots organizations, fraternal societies, and black-owned businesses mobilized volunteers to participate in broad-based actions. This was a more direct and potentially more rapid means of creating change than the traditional approach of mounting court challenges used by the NAACP
1466:
stated, "I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people". By the late 1800s, 38 US states had anti-miscegenation statutes. By 1924, the ban on interracial marriage was still in force in 29 states.
2895:
While
Conservatives, in general, supported integration, some defended incrementally phased out segregation as a backstop against assimilation. Based on her interpretation of a 1966 study made by Donald Matthews and James Prothro detailing the relative percentage of blacks for integration, against it
2299:
stating that great progress had been made on the issue of race relations. Meanwhile, behind the scenes, the administration worked to resolve the crisis with a minimum of violence and prevent the
Freedom Riders from generating a fresh crop of headlines that might divert attention from the President's
2179:
While not a key focus of his administration, President
Eisenhower made several conservative strides toward making America a racially integrated country. The year he was elected, Eisenhower desegregated Washington D.C. after hearing a story about an African American man who was unable to rent a hotel
2149:
during the NAACP convention and was carried nationally on radio. In that speech, Truman laid out his agreement on the need to end discrimination, which would be advanced by the first comprehensive, presidentially proposed civil rights legislation. Truman on "civil rights and human freedom" declared:
2111:
Jewish Americans played an active role supporting the Civil Rights Movement and were actively involved in establishing and supporting a number of the most important civil rights organizations, including the NAACP, the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, the Southern Christian Leadership
2102:
historian Walter Rucker has written that "the emergence of Robert F Williams contributed to the marked decline in anti-black racial violence in the U.S....After centuries of anti-black violence, African Americans across the country began to defend their communities aggressively—employing overt force
1936:
in 1931, where the Communist Party had a considerable amount of influence among African Americans in the 1930s. This influence had largely declined by the late 1950s, although it could command international attention. As earlier civil rights figures such as Robeson, Du Bois and Patterson became more
1810:
women in the civil rights movement were pivotal to its success. They volunteered as activists, advocates, educators, clerics, writers, spiritual guides, caretakers and politicians for the civil rights movement; leading and participating in organizations that contributed to the cause of civil rights.
1306:
in a plethora of aspects of life. Within employment, economic opportunities for blacks were routed to the lowest status and restrictive in potential mobility. Within the housing market, stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx, resulting in a mix of "targeted violence,
2917:
Oftentimes, African-American community leaders would be staunch defenders of segregation. Church ministers, businessmen, and educators were among those who wished to keep segregation and segregationist ideals in order to retain the privileges they gained from patronage from whites, such as monetary
2818:
Many Jews in the Southern states who supported civil rights for African Americans tended to keep a low profile on "the race issue", in order to avoid attracting the attention of the anti-Black and antisemitic Ku Klux Klan. However, Klan groups exploited the issue of African-American integration and
3031:
Some people engaging in the Black Power movement claimed a growing sense of black pride and identity. In gaining more of a sense of a cultural identity, blacks demanded that whites no longer refer to them as "Negroes" but as "Afro-Americans," similar to other ethnic groups, such as Irish Americans
2921:
For Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X and other leading activists and groups during the movement, these opposing viewpoints acted as an obstacle against their ideas. These different views made such leaders' work much harder to accomplish, but they were nonetheless important in the overall scope of
2712:
community supported the civil rights movement. In fact, statistically, Jews were one of the most actively involved non-black groups in the Movement. Many Jewish students worked in concert with African Americans for CORE, SCLC, and SNCC as full-time organizers and summer volunteers during the Civil
2444:
in August 1963 expressed support for the U.S. civil rights movement, stating that the "fascist atrocities" committed against black people in the U.S. demonstrated the link between reactionary domestic U.S. policies and its policies of aggression abroad. In 1968, a mass rally in China condemned the
2350:
in Durban, I was told the church to which most of the white population belongs teaches apartheid as a moral necessity. A questioner declared that few churches allow black Africans to pray with the white because the Bible says that is the way it should be, because God created Negroes to serve. "But
1975:
has stated that, "in King's case, it would be inaccurate to say that he was the leader of the modern civil rights movement...but more importantly, there was no singular civil rights movement. The movement was, in fact, a coalition of thousands of local efforts nationwide, spanning several decades,
1843:
and was a prominent figure in the civil rights movement. Female students involved with the SNCC helped to organize sit-ins and the Freedom Rides. At the same time many elderly black women in towns across the Southern US cared for the organization's volunteers at their homes, providing the students
1136:
violations were most intense in the South, social discrimination affected African Americans in other regions as well. At the national level, the Southern bloc controlled important committees in Congress, defeated passage of federal laws against lynching, and exercised considerable power beyond the
3191:
to him. When King was assassinated in 1968, Stokely Carmichael said that whites had murdered the one person who would prevent rampant rioting and that blacks would burn every major city to the ground. Riots broke out in more than 100 cities across the country. Some cities did not recover from the
2985:
developed concerns that white activists from the North and West were taking over the movement. The participation by numerous white students was not reducing the amount of violence that SNCC suffered, but seemed to exacerbate it. Additionally, there was profound disillusionment at Lyndon Johnson's
2376:
program. This program ordered FBI agents to "expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize" the activities of Communist front groups, a category in which the paranoid Hoover included most civil rights organizations. Kennedy personally authorized some of the programs. According to
2313:
On May 21, when a white mob attacked and burned the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, where King was holding out with protesters, Robert Kennedy telephoned King to ask him to stay in the building until the U.S. Marshals and National Guard could secure the area. King proceeded to berate
966:
of 1876, which resulted in the end of Reconstruction and the withdrawal of federal troops, whites in the South regained political control of the region's state legislatures. They continued to intimidate and violently attack blacks before and during elections to suppress their voting, but the last
1271:
in Virginia, said that "...the lines along most of the avenues of wage-earning are more rigidly drawn in the North than in the South. There seems to be an apparent effort throughout the North, especially in the cities to debar the colored worker from all the avenues of higher remunerative labor,
3318:
wrote that Communists who were critical of the United States accused it of practicing hypocrisy when it portrayed itself as the "leader of the free world," while so many of its citizens were being subjected to severe racial discrimination and violence; she argued that this was a major factor in
2076:
of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). The incident (along with his campaigns for peace with Cuba) resulted in him being targeted by the FBI and prosecuted for kidnapping; he was cleared of all charges in 1976. Meanwhile, armed self-defense continued discreetly in the Southern
2240:
where the Kennedy brothers came from, and had they been from another part of the country, "they might have been more immediately sensitive to the complexities and depth of black feelings." A well of historical skepticism toward liberal politics had left African Americans with a sense of uneasy
2647:"if your present racist agitation against our people there in Alabama causes physical harm to Reverend King or any other black Americans...you and your KKK friends will be met with maximum physical retaliation from those of us who are not handcuffed by the disarming philosophy of nonviolence."
6258:"Oral History Interview with Ella Baker, September 4, 1974. Interview G-0007. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007): Electronic Edition. Ella Baker Describes Her Role in the Formation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee"
2414:
Under Kennedy, major civil rights legislation had been stalled in Congress. His assassination changed everything. On one hand, President Lyndon Johnson was a much more skillful negotiator than Kennedy, but he had behind him a powerful national momentum demanding immediate action on moral and
2779:
Upper-Middle-Class backgrounds were often very supportive of African American civil rights activities while the Jews in poorer urban communities that became increasingly minority were often less supportive largely in part due to more negative and violent interactions between the two groups.
2317:
With a very small majority in Congress, the president's ability to press ahead with legislation relied considerably on a balancing game with the Senators and Congressmen of the South. Without the support of Vice-president Johnson, a former Senator who had years of experience in Congress and
2778:
movements on the rise, "Black Anti-Semitism" increased leading to strained relations between Blacks and Jews in Northern communities. In New York City, most notably, there was a major socio-economic class difference in the perception of African Americans by Jews. Jews from better educated
2321:
By late 1962, frustration at the slow pace of political change was balanced by the movement's strong support for legislative initiatives, including administrative representation across all U.S. Government departments and greater access to the ballot box. From squaring off against Governor
2558:
On March 26, 1964, as the Civil Rights Act was facing stiff opposition in Congress, Malcolm had a public meeting with Martin Luther King Jr. at the Capitol. Malcolm had tried to begin a dialog with King as early as 1957, but King had rebuffed him. Malcolm had responded by calling King an
3336:. Many only reacted to the movement once forced to by their changing environment, and when they did their response was usually whatever they felt would disturb their daily life the least. Most of their personal reactions, whether eventually in support or resistance were not in extreme.
1961:
which adopted a policy of accepting assistance and participation from anyone who supported the SNCC's political program and was willing to "put their body on the line, regardless of political affiliation." At times the SNCC's policy of political openness put it at odds with the NAACP.
2758:
The faculty created it to renew the university's commitment to social justice. Recognizing Brandeis as a university with a commitment to academic excellence, these faculty members created a chance for disadvantaged students to participate in an empowering educational experience.
3331:
have been estimated to have neither supported nor resisted the civil rights movement. Many did not enjoy the idea of expanding civil rights but were uncomfortable with the language and often violent tactics used by those who resisted the civil rights movement as part of the
3078:
in the ghettos. While they conducted armed confrontation with police, they also set up free breakfast and healthcare programs for children. Between 1968 and 1971, the BPP was one of the most important black organizations in the country and had support from the NAACP, SCLC,
3028:, SNCC and CORE fully embraced the slogan of "black power" to describe these trends towards militancy and self-reliance. In Mississippi, Stokely Carmichael declared, "I'm not going to beg the white man for anything that I deserve, I'm going to take it. We need power."
1996:
2027:
After the acquittal of several white men charged with sexually assaulting black women in Monroe, Williams announced to United Press International reporters that he would "meet violence with violence" as a policy. Williams' declaration was quoted on the front page of
1944:
In order to secure a place in the political mainstream and gain the broadest base of support, the new generation of civil rights activists believed that it had to openly distance itself from anything and anyone associated with the Communist party. According to
1272:
which makes it more difficult to improve his economic condition even than in the South." From 1910 to 1970, blacks sought better lives by migrating north and west out of the South. A total of nearly seven million blacks left the South in what was known as the
2900:
Black defenders of segregation look, at first blush, very much like black nationalists, especially in their preference for all-black institutions; but black defenders of segregation differ from nationalists in two key ways. First, while both groups criticize
2651:
The following month, the Selma chapter of SNCC invited Malcolm to speak to a mass meeting there. On the day of Malcolm's appearance, President Johnson made his first public statement in support of the Selma campaign. Paul Ryan Haygood, a co-director of the
788:
African Americans re-entered politics in the South, and young people across the country began to take action. From 1964 through 1970, a wave of riots and protests in black communities dampened support from the white middle class, but increased support from
1245:
The integration of Southern public libraries followed demonstrations and protests that used techniques seen in other elements of the larger civil rights movement. This included sit-ins, beatings, and white resistance. For example, in 1963 in the city of
2364:
Robert Kennedy's relationship with the movement was not always positive. As attorney general, he was called to account by activists—who booed him at a June 1963 speech—for the Justice Department's own poor record of hiring blacks. He also presided over
2774:(ADL) actively promoted civil rights. While Jews were very active in the civil rights movement in the South, in the North, many had experienced a more strained relationship with African Americans. It has been argued that with Black militancy and the
2619:
spoke to Harlemites about the Jim Crow violence that she'd suffered in Mississippi, she linked it directly to the Northern police brutality against blacks that Malcolm protested against; When Malcolm asserted that African Americans should emulate the
2531:
that "Malcolm is being very practical...The federal government has moved into conflict situations only when matters approach the level of insurrection. Self-defense may force Washington to intervene sooner." Earlier, in May 1963, writer and activist
2540:, I hate to say it...Malcolm articulates for Negroes, their suffering...he corroborates their reality..." On the local level, Malcolm and the NOI had been allied with the Harlem chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) since at least 1962.
1266:
The situation for blacks outside the South was somewhat better (in most states they could vote and have their children educated, though they still faced discrimination in housing and jobs). In 1900 Reverend Matthew Anderson, speaking at the annual
10613: – Profiles and primary documents on the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the national civil rights movement organization led by young people. A project of the SNCC Legacy Project, Duke's Center for Documentary Studies, and
1970:
While most popular representations of the movement are centered on the leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King Jr., some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to one person, organization, or strategy. Sociologist
14203:
1831:. Women were members of the NAACP because they believed it could help them contribute to the cause of civil rights. Some of those involved with the Black Panthers were nationally recognized as leaders, and still others did editorial work on the
1302:. Urban problems such as crime and disease were blamed on the large influx of Southern blacks to cities in the north and west, based on stereotypes of rural southern African-Americans. Overall, blacks in Northern and Western cities experienced
929:
groups arose that violently opposed African-American legal equality and suffrage, intimidating and suppressing black voters, and assassinating Republican officeholders. However, if the states failed to implement the acts, the laws allowed the
2427:
business ownership. Richard Nixon greatly expanded the program, setting up the Office of Minority Business Enterprise (OMBE) in the expectation that black entrepreneurs would help defuse racial tensions and possibly support his reelection.
2115:
Despite representing less than 2% of the US population, Jews made up roughly half of all civil rights lawyers in the South during the 1960s and half of the white northern volunteers involved in the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer project.
6290:
2351:
suppose God is black", I replied. "What if we go to Heaven and we, all our lives, have treated the Negro as an inferior, and God is there, and we look up and He is not white? What then is our response?" There was no answer. Only silence.
1483:
and dragged them out of bed for living together as an interracial couple, on the basis that "any white person intermarry with a colored person"— or vice versa—each party "shall be guilty of a felony" and face prison terms of five years.
3001:(LCFO), in the heart of the Alabama Black Belt, also Klan territory. It permitted its black leaders to openly promote the use of armed self-defense. Meanwhile, the Deacons for Defense and Justice expanded into Mississippi and assisted
1250:, two black ministers were brutally beaten for attempting to integrate the public library. Though there was resistance and violence, the integration of libraries was generally quicker than the integration of other public institutions.
2509:, formally broke with that organization, and made a public offer to collaborate with any civil rights organization that accepted the right to self-defense and the philosophy of Black nationalism (which Malcolm said no longer required
2095:
throughout the eastern United States via Radio Progresso beginning in 1962. In this period, Williams advocated guerilla warfare against racist institutions and saw the large ghetto riots of the era as a manifestation of his strategy.
2600:, "Malcolm X had a far-reaching effect on the civil rights movement. In the South, there had been a long tradition of self-reliance. Malcolm X's ideas now touched that tradition". Self-reliance was becoming paramount in light of the
2158:
In February 1948, Truman delivered a formal message to Congress requesting adoption of his 10-point program to secure civil rights, including anti-lynching, voter rights, and elimination of segregation. "No political act since the
2056:
in 1962. Williams did not call for full militarization in this period, but "flexibility in the freedom struggle." Williams was well-versed in legal tactics and publicity, which he had used successfully in the internationally known
1928:, a group that offered legal representation to communists, trade unionists, and African Americans who were involved in cases that involved issues of political or racial persecution. The ILD was known for leading the defense of the
3121:
2586:
at police on March 24, 1964. Malcolm X gave numerous speeches in this period warning that such militant activity would escalate further if African Americans' rights were not fully recognized. In his landmark April 1964 speech
2337:
to the nation, which marked the changing tide, an address that was to become a landmark for the ensuing change in political policy as to civil rights. In 1966, Robert Kennedy visited South Africa and voiced his objections to
5961:
3122:
7644:
3044:. The afro, sometimes nicknamed the "'fro," remained a popular black hairstyle until the late 1970s. Other variations of traditional African styles have become popular, often featuring braids, extensions, and dreadlocks.
2591:", Malcolm presented an ultimatum to white America: "There's new strategy coming in. It'll be Molotov cocktails this month, hand grenades next month, and something else next month. It'll be ballots, or it'll be bullets."
1205:
African Americans and other ethnic minorities rejected this regime. They resisted it in numerous ways and sought better opportunities through lawsuits, new organizations, political redress, and labor organizing (see the
1059:" was a one-party system under the white Democrats. Excepting the previously noted historic Unionist strongholds the Democratic Party nomination was tantamount to election for state and local office. In 1901, President
6531:
1730:
From 1954 to 1968, the civil rights movement in the United States made significant strides in challenging racial segregation and discrimination. The movement was catalyzed by the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in
1385:" neighborhoods "white". Ninety percent of the housing projects built in the years following World War II were racially restricted by such covenants. Cities known for their widespread use of racial covenants include
10266:
3385:
in the following years, speaking about the need for economic justice and thoroughgoing changes in American society. He believed that change was needed beyond the civil rights which had been gained by the movement.
13364:
7673:
Winner, Lauren F. "Doubtless Sincere: New Characters in the Civil Rights Cast." In The Role of Ideas in the Civil Rights South, edited by Ted Ownby. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2002, pp. 158–159.
7936:
2913:. They called for all-black institutions, but not autonomous all-black institutions; indeed, some defenders of segregation asserted that black people needed white paternalism and oversight in order to thrive.
1751:(1961) that challenged segregation in interstate bus travel. These nonviolent protests highlighted the systemic racial injustices faced by African Americans and garnered national and international attention.
3427:
Even so, the backlash which occurred at the time was not able to roll back the major civil rights victories which had been achieved or swing the country into reaction. Social historians Matthew Lassiter and
2463:
repeated cited the example that King advocated nonviolence, but was violently killed, as an example of its view that violent struggle was necessary for the oppressed masses of the world to free themselves.
2275:. In this case, in all cases, I say to you today that if the orders of the court are circumvented, the Department of Justice will act. We will not stand by or be aloof—we will move. I happen to believe that
1147:. By law, public facilities and government services such as education were divided into separate "white" and "colored" domains. Characteristically, those for colored were underfunded and of inferior quality.
1111:" system. The United States Supreme Court made up almost entirely of Northerners, upheld the constitutionality of those state laws that required racial segregation in public facilities in its 1896 decision
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18967:
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8341:
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However, King's attempts to broaden the scope of the civil rights movement were halting and largely unsuccessful. In 1965 King made several attempts to take the Movement north in order to address
2190:
The first major piece of civil rights legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was also passed under the Eisenhower administration. President Eisenhower proposed, championed, and signed the
9340:
Winner, Lauren F. "Doubtless Sincere: New Characters in the Civil Rights Cast." In The Role of Ideas in the Civil Rights South, edited by Ted Ownby. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2002
1319:". The Great Migration resulted in many African Americans becoming urbanized, and they began to realign from the Republican to the Democratic Party, especially because of opportunities under the
6069:
3412:
on the movement's shift towards Black Power in the mid-1960s; today most scholars believe the backlash was a phenomenon that was already developing in the mid-1950s, and it was embodied in the "
816:
for combatting racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. However, some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to any particular person, organization, or strategy.
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15104:
2112:
Conference (SCLC), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). These organizations played pivotal roles in the civil rights movement, advocating for racial equality and justice.
18715:
2525:, and leader of the Cambridge rebellion, an honored guest at The March on Washington, immediately embraced Malcolm's offer. Mrs. Richardson, "the nation's most prominent woman leader," told
4829:
15824:
9451:
Chandra, Siddharth and Angela Williams-Foster. "The 'Revolution of Rising Expectations,' Relative Deprivation, and the Urban Social Disorders of the 1960s: Evidence from State-Level Data."
2656:, credits Malcolm with a role in gaining support by the federal government. Haygood noted that "shortly after Malcolm's visit to Selma, a federal judge, responding to a suit brought by the
8179:
Soon Americans who criticized the Soviet Union for its human rights violations were answered with the famous tu quoque argument: 'A u vas negrov linchuyut' (and you are lynching Negroes).
1906:
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of 1896. Following the unanimous Supreme Court ruling, many states began to gradually integrate their schools, but some areas of the South resisted by closing public schools altogether.
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2180:
room, buy a meal, access drinking water, and attend a movie. Shortly after this act, Eisenhower utilized Hollywood personalities to pressure movie theatres into desegregating as well.
18979:
653:, most of whom had recently been enslaved. For a short period of time, African-American men voted and held political office, but as time went on Blacks were increasingly deprived of
2445:
assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Mao stated that racial discrimination in the U.S. resulted from its colonial system and that the struggle of Black people in the U.S. was an
7652:
2994:, who used arms to repel white supremacist violence and police repression. CORE's collaboration with the Deacons was effective in disrupting Jim Crow in numerous Louisiana areas.
1294:
was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the U.S. as a result of white race riots against blacks that took place in more than three dozen cities, such as the
2314:
Kennedy for "allowing the situation to continue". King later publicly thanked Kennedy for deploying the force to break up an attack that might otherwise have ended King's life.
52:
20559:
6434:
The Black Power Movement, Part 2: The Papers of Robert F. Williams" A Guide to the Microfilm Editions of the Black Studies Research Sources (University Publications of America)
2295:
in Vienna. The White House was concerned with its image among the populations of newly independent nations in Africa and Asia, and Robert Kennedy responded with an address for
2048:
Williams—along with his wife, Mabel Williams—continued to play a leadership role in the Monroe movement, and to some degree, in the national movement. The Williamses published
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2068:
Williams led the Monroe movement in another armed stand-off with white supremacists during an August 1961 Freedom Ride; he had been invited to participate in the campaign by
9437:
1553:
The strategy of public education, legislative lobbying, and litigation that had typified the civil rights movement during the first half of the 20th century broadened after
6527:
Walter Rucker, "Crusader in Exile: Robert F. Williams and the International Struggle for Black Freedom in America" The Black Scholar 36, No. 2–3 (Summer–Fall 2006): 19–33.
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Civil rights activists became increasingly combative in the 1963 to 1964 period, seeking to defy such events as the thwarting of the Albany campaign, police repression and
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restored and protected voting rights by authorizing federal oversight of registration and elections in areas with historic under-representation of minority voters. The
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he wrote: "Our nation was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrine that the original American, the Indian, was an inferior race." John Echohawk, a member of the
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998:
by creating barriers to voter registration; voting rolls were dramatically reduced as blacks and poor whites were forced out of electoral politics. After the landmark
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in the South. Over the following century, various efforts were made by African Americans to secure their legal and civil rights, such as the civil rights movements of
1491:
and frustrated by the lack of immediate practical effect, private citizens increasingly rejected gradualist, legalistic approaches as the primary tool to bring about
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for voting rights in 1965, Malcolm made it known that he'd heard reports of increased threats of lynching around Selma. In late January he sent an open telegram to
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2244:
Many of the initiatives resulted from Robert Kennedy's passion. The younger Kennedy gained a rapid education in the realities of racism through events such as the
862:
12789:
8021:
2823:. As an example of this hatred, in one year alone, from November 1957 to October 1958, temples and other Jewish communal gatherings were bombed and desecrated in
1427:
While many whites defended their space with violence, intimidation, or legal tactics toward black people, many other whites migrated to more racially homogeneous
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16596:
15476:
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Others had reservations on how focused blacks were on the movement and felt that such attention was better spent on reforming issues within the black community.
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882:
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9947:
Catsam, Derek (January 2008). "The Civil Rights Movement and the Presidency in the Hot Years of the Cold War: A Historical and Historiographical Assessment".
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2909:, while segregationists preferred to stick with the status quo. Second, absent from black defenders of segregation's political vocabulary was the demand for
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of the Montgomery Women's Political Council put the bus boycott protest in motion. Late that night, she, John Cannon (chairman of the Business Department at
890:
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893:(1870) that gave black males the right to vote (only males could vote in the U.S. at the time). From 1865 to 1877, the United States underwent a turbulent
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during the late 19th century and had its modern roots in the 1940s. After years of direct actions and grassroots protests, the movement made its largest
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17516:
17350:
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12729:
9968:
Cha-Jua, Sundiata Keita; Lang, Clarence (Spring 2007). "The 'Long Movement' as Vampire: Temporal and Spatial Fallacies in Recent Black Freedom Studies".
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of freedmen in the South after the end of slavery. Many whites resisted the social changes, leading to the formation of insurgent movements such as the
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2754:, the only nonsectarian Jewish-sponsored college university in the world, created the Transitional Year Program (TYP) in 1968, in part response to the
1848:, to help achieve freedom for themselves and their race. Several who participated in these organizations lost their jobs because of their involvement.
724:
struck down the underpinnings of laws that had allowed racial segregation and discrimination to be legal in the United States as unconstitutional. The
8363:
1844:
food, a bed, healing aid and motherly love. Other women involved also formed church groups, bridge clubs, and professional organizations, such as the
1569:, marches or walks, and similar tactics that relied on mass mobilization, nonviolent resistance, standing in line, and, at times, civil disobedience.
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maintained political control of the South. With whites controlling all the seats representing the total population of the South, they had a powerful
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and most moved into the middle-class while Blacks were left behind in the ghetto. Urban Jews engaged in the same sort of conflicts with Blacks—over
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13100:
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3458:
The 1954 to 1968 civil rights movement contributed strong cultural threads to American and international theater, song, film, television, and art.
967:
African Americans were elected to Congress from the South before disenfranchisement of blacks by states throughout the region, as described below.
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was right. But my belief does not matter. It is now the law. Some of you may believe the decision was wrong. That does not matter. It is the law.
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2224:
For the first two years of the Kennedy administration, civil rights activists had mixed opinions of both the president and his younger brother,
1868:'s input was discouraged in spite of her being the oldest and most experienced person on the staff. There are many other accounts and examples.
925:. Some states were reluctant to enforce the federal measures of the act. In addition, by the early 1870s, other white supremacist and insurgent
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to achieve the passage of several significant pieces of federal legislation that authorized oversight and enforcement of civil rights laws. The
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19574:
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King was becoming more estranged from the Johnson administration. In 1965 he broke with it by calling for peace negotiations and a halt to the
17:
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1615:) and others mimeographed and distributed thousands of leaflets calling for a boycott. The eventual success of the boycott made its spokesman
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19554:
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1949:, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference added the word "Christian" to its name in order to deter charges that it was associated with
1735:(1954), which declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. This ruling set the stage for further activism, including the
1705:. They taught literacy to enable blacks to pass voting tests. The program was an enormous success and tripled the number of black voters on
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20752:
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14947:
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Clayton, Dewey M. "Black Lives Matter and the civil rights movement: A comparative analysis of two social movements in the United States."
7852:
7748:
7417:
4305:
3063:, in 1966, gained the most attention for Black Power nationally. The group began following the revolutionary pan-Africanism of late-period
1718:
1335:. After both World Wars, black veterans of the military pressed for full civil rights and often led activist movements. In 1948, President
850:
755:
278:
10076:
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4830:"Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21 – findUSlaw"
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There was an international context for the actions of the U.S. federal government during these years. The Soviet media frequently covered
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all willing to use arms to defend their lives from nightrides. Taking refuge from the FBI in Cuba, the Willamses broadcast the radio show
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2411:." However, the increasing opposition to the Vietnam War, coupled with the cost of the war, undercut support for his domestic programs.
30:
This article is about the 1954–1968 movement in the United States. For earlier movements in the United States and others elsewhere, see
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and Birmingham were broadcast around the world. They came at an especially embarrassing time, as President Kennedy was about to have a
1634:, the leaders of the Montgomery Improvement Association, joined with other church leaders who had led similar boycott efforts, such as
591:
299:
20153:
10137:
Lang, Clarence. "Locating the civil rights movement: An essay on the Deep South, Midwest, and border South in Black Freedom Studies."
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in 1968 marked a turning point in the civil rights movement. His death sparked riots in over 100 cities and led to the passage of the
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20123:
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11119:
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During the Freedom Summer campaign of 1964, numerous tensions within the civil rights movement came to the forefront. Many blacks in
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instead. SNCC moved in an increasingly militant direction and worked with Malcolm X on two Harlem MFDP fundraisers in December 1964.
1958:
1877:
1840:
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administration during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Substantially under pressure from African-American supporters who began the
1290:
Reflecting social tensions after World War I, as veterans struggled to return to the workforce and labor unions were organizing, the
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in congress, so instead issued Executive Orders 9980 and 9981 ending discrimination in federal employment and in the armed forces.
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marginalized the SCLC's campaign by promising to "study" the city's problems. In 1966, white demonstrators in notoriously racist
3153:
Numerous popular cultural expressions associated with black power appeared at this time. Released in August 1968, the number one
2755:
2733:
2213:
1766:
1094:
751:
595:
587:
561:
442:
370:
272:
103:
9610:
Kryn, Randall L. "James L. Bevel, The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement", 1984 paper with 1988 addendum, printed in
9319:
Wendt, Simon The Spirit and the Shotgun: Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights (University of Florida Press, 2007).
3067:, using a "by-any-means necessary" approach to stopping racial inequality. They sought to rid African-American neighborhoods of
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Said premises shall not be rented, leased, or conveyed to, or occupied by, any person other than of the white or Caucasian race.
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Fannie Lou Hamer, Speech Delivered with Malcolm X at the Williams Institutional CME Church, Harlem, New York, December 20, 1964
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and middle-class, not working-class whites: "among the white electorate, one half of blue-collar voters…cast their ballot for
3259:
and disenfranchisement present in Northern Ireland many Irish activists took inspiration from American civil rights activists.
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influenced some components of the Black liberation movement, including the Black Panther Party and black self-defense advocate
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gave in to demands by Southern members of his cabinet and ordered segregation of workplaces throughout the federal government.
118:
31:
6867:
5514:"Racial Restrictive Covenants: Enforcing Neighborhood Segregation in Seattle – Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project"
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denial of voting status for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party at the Democratic National Convention. Meanwhile, during
2608:(MFDP) and instead to seat the regular state delegation, which had been elected in violation of the party's own rules, and by
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8334:"Gillman on Klarman, 'From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality' | H-Law | H-Net"
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797:, which lasted from 1965 to 1975, challenged Black leaders of the movement for its cooperative attitude and its adherence to
674:
670:
9387:
Bader, Michael D.M., and Siri Warkentien. "The fragmented evolution of racial integration since the civil rights movement."
6122:
2786:, Jewish-Black hostility was a two-way street extending to earlier decades. In the post-World War II era, Jews were granted
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20958:
20163:
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state-sanctioned racial discrimination and oppression that emerged from the post-Reconstruction South became known as the "
829:
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4626:
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to get involved. Many Republican governors were afraid of sending black militia troops to fight the Klan for fear of war.
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21577:
21572:
21371:
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Blessed Are The Peacemakers: Martin Luther King Jr., Eight White Religious Leaders, and the "Letter from Birmingham Jail"
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took place in Los Angeles. Many black youths were committed to the use of violence to protest inequality and oppression.
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riots in Atlanta which later became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement, with Martin Luther King Jr.
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1016:– although almost entirely in urban areas and a few rural localities where most blacks worked outside plantations. The
808:
Many popular representations of the civil rights movement are centered on the charismatic leadership and philosophy of
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662:
10497:
5988:
Urban, Dennis J. (2002). "The Women of SNCC: Struggle, Sexism, and the Emergence of Feminist Consciousness, 1960–66".
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2007:
The Jim Crow system employed "terror as a means of social control," with the most organized manifestations being the
638:
452:
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5278:
5107:
Klarman, Michael J.; 'The White Primary Rulings: A Case Study in the Consequences of Supreme Court Decisionmaking';
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wrote: "In the most remote villages of Russia today Americans are frequently asked what they are going to do to the
2713:
Rights era. Jews made up roughly half of the white northern and western volunteers involved in the 1964 Mississippi
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2724:, in June 1964, where the largest mass arrest of rabbis in American history took place at the Monson Motor Lodge.
2267:
Our position is quite clear. We are upholding the law. The federal government would not be running the schools in
1039:—the "party of Lincoln" and the party to which most blacks had belonged—shrank to insignificance except in remote
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10267:"A Marble House Divided: The Lincoln Memorial, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Politics of Memory, 1939–1963"
6849:
6568:"A Brief History of Jews and the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s | Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism"
6020:
2306:
documentary notes that, "The back burner issue of civil rights had collided with the urgent demands of Cold War
773:
explicitly banned all discrimination based on race, including racial segregation in schools, businesses, and in
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Lawson, Steven F. (April 1991). "Freedom Then, Freedom Now: The Historiography of the Civil Rights Movement".
9392:
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5587:
5537:"Racist language is still woven into home deeds across America. Erasing it isn't easy, and some don't want to"
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Cannato, Vincent "The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and his struggle to save New York" Better Books, 2001.
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Cannato, Vincent "The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and his struggle to save New York" Better Books, 2001.
4935:
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3184:, donned human rights badges and each raised a black-gloved Black Power salute during their podium ceremony.
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ruled that segregation of public schools in the US was unconstitutional and, by implication, overturned the "
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that occurred in the United States during the same period. The social movement's span of time is called the
3401:, a suburb of Chicago, held "white power" signs and threw stones at marchers who were demonstrating against
2287:, Robert Kennedy became concerned with the issue when photographs of the burning bus and savage beatings in
2167:, "so profoundly influenced race relations; in a sense it was a repeal of 1877." Truman was opposed by the
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Bobby and J. Edgar: The Historic Face-Off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover That Transformed America
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1475:. Davis briefly married a black dancer in 1958 to protect himself from mob violence. In 1958, officers in
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of excluding African Americans from the political system lasted in the remainder of the South, especially
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1792:(and other Mississippi-based organizations) is an example of local grassroots leadership in the movement.
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From Civil Rights to Black Power: The Case of SNCC" in Twentieth Century America: Recent Interpretations
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3271:. During the civil rights movement in Northern Ireland protesters often sang the American protest song
3264:
2732:
in New York, was outspoken on the subject of civil rights. He marched arm-in-arm with King in the 1965
1921:, executive director of the CRC, delivered copies of the drafted petition to a UN delegation in Paris.
1179:
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Various other dates have been proposed as the date on which the civil rights movement began or ended.
2248:. The president came to share his brother's sense of urgency on the matter, resulting in the landmark
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Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present
9486:
To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference & Martin Luther King
8921:
The Dream Deferred: The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., and the Holy Week Uprisings of 1968
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project and approximately half of the civil rights attorneys active in the South during the 1960s.
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which, in turn, gave loans to civil rights activists who were victims of a "credit squeeze" by the
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9539:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 1995. Da Capo Press; 1st Da Capo Press ed. 1997.
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by the U.S. Government), they lost favor with mainstream Black America as well as with the NAACP.
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Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King
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African American Political Thought and American Culture: The Nation's Struggle for Racial Justice
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7414:
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Gyant, LaVerne (1996). "Passing the Torch: African American Women in the Civil Rights Movement".
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longstanding relations there, many of the Attorney-General's programs would not have progressed.
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People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War
1093:
During the same time as African Americans were being disenfranchised, white southerners imposed
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had stated publicly that "the Black Muslim movement is the only one in the country we can call
2168:
1924:
Patterson, the editor of the petition, was a leader of the Communist Party USA and head of the
1897:
to the United Nations, arguing that the U.S. federal government, by its failure to act against
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Labor of love, labor of sorrow: Black women, work, and the family, from slavery to the present
9302:
Power, Protest, and the Public Schools: Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City
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Peter J. Ling, "What a difference a death makes: JFK, LBJ, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964."
6795:
6407:
5142:
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2255:
Robert Kennedy expressed the administration's commitment to civil rights during a May 6, 1961
2024:) which resulted in KKK leader James W. "Catfish" Cole being convicted of incitement to riot.
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Poll Power: The Voter Education Project and the Movement for the Ballot in the American South
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and Italian Americans. Until the mid-1960s, blacks had dressed similarly to whites and often
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I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle
9748:
I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle
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7160:
Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century
5835:
5474:
5198:
3358:
King reached the height of popular acclaim during his life in 1964, when he was awarded the
2794:, local control of schools, housing, crime, communal identity, and class divides—that other
2137:
was created to address racial discrimination in employment, and in 1946, Truman created the
1369:
became a nationwide problem following the Great Migration of black people out of the South.
1331:, President Roosevelt issued the first federal order banning discrimination and created the
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Hiring the Black Worker: The Racial Integration of the Southern Textile Industry, 1960–1980
8609:
8551:
Civilities and civil rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black struggle for freedom
5513:
5329:
Fultz, M. (2006). "Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation",
4887:"Robert F. Williams, 'Black Power,' and the Roots of the African American Freedom Struggle"
4372:
4057:
4032:
3837:
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3409:
3214:
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2664:, registrars to process at least 100 Black applications each day their offices were open."
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2001:
1918:
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The Nashville Way: Racial Etiquette and the Struggle for Social Justice in a Southern City
8756:
Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
6557:, Southern Exposure, Winter 1996, Investigating U.S. History (City University of New York)
5478:
765:
prevalent in the Southern states. In the 1960s, moderates in the movement worked with the
8:
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11427:
11422:
11365:
11276:
11071:
11024:
10974:
10935:
10600:
10522:
8310:
The Fierce Urgency of Now: Lyndon Johnson, Congress, and the Battle for the Great Society
7885:
We Are an African People: Independent Education, Black Power, and the Radical Imagination
6343:
5391:
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any more than it is running the University of Georgia or the schools in my home state of
1883:
1619:, a nationally known figure. It also inspired other bus boycotts, such as the successful
1600:
1366:
1052:
790:
710:
551:
462:
62:
19387:
6886:"COINTELPRO Revisited – Spying & Disruption – In Black and White: The F.B.I. Papers"
20906:
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2017:
1917:, a concert singer and activist, presented it to a UN official in New York City, while
1892:
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1643:
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had planned a march on Washington, D.C., in 1941 to support demands for elimination of
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10589:"Teaching the Movement 2014: The State of Civil Rights Education in the United States"
10459:
9801:
The art of protest: Culture and activism from the Civil Rights Movement to the present
9775:
Historical dictionary of school segregation and desegregation: The American experience
9602:
Kousser, J. Morgan, "The Supreme Court And The Undoing of the Second Reconstruction,"
9108:
Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans
6547:
4956:
Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans
4696:
Driver, Justin (October 2012). "The Constitutional Conservatism of the Warren Court".
2329:
On the night of Governor Wallace's capitulation to African-American enrollment at the
1222:
efforts. Its crowning achievement was its legal victory in the Supreme Court decision
877:. Following the Civil War, three constitutional amendments were passed, including the
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Imprisoned in a Luminous Glare: Photography and the African American Freedom Struggle
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8914:
From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality
8895:
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Weiner, Tim (2012). Enemies: A History of the FBI (1st ed.). New York: Random House.
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of June 1963 and the introduction of the first major civil rights act of the decade.
2225:
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1861:
1247:
1040:
1012:, progress was made in increasing black political participation in the Rim South and
813:
706:
650:
477:
427:
10629:
10468:
10004:
Eagles, Charles W. (November 2000). "Toward New Histories of the Civil Rights Era".
9254:(2008). 720pp comprehensive history of civil rights issue in the North, 1930s–2000s
8275:
6868:"Ripple of Hope in the Land of Apartheid: Robert Kennedy in South Africa, June 1966"
6257:
4936:"How the end of slavery led to starvation and death for millions of black Americans"
3187:
King was not comfortable with the "Black Power" slogan, which sounded too much like
2407:
Lyndon Johnson made civil rights one of his highest priorities, coupling it with a "
2141:. On June 29, 1947, Truman became the first president to address the demands of the
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10912:
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10790:
10491:
10281:
10157:
10103:
10062:"Using 'Master Narratives' to Teach History: The Case of the Civil Rights Movement"
10046:
10013:
9977:
9956:
9886:
We Ain't What We Ought to Be: The Black Freedom Struggle from Emancipation to Obama
9862:
9756:
Brown v. Board of Education : a civil rights milestone and its troubled legacy
9743:
9717:
9532:(3 Vol. 2nd ed. 2005; several multivolume editions). Short biographies by scholars.
9203:
8659:
8451:
Keeping the Faith: Race, Politics and Social Development in Jacksonville, 1940–1970
8134:
8052:
7371:
Keeping the Faith: Race, Politics and Social Development in Jacksonville, 1940–1970
6871:
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5877:
5387:
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5035:
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4242:
4107:
3857:
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2905:-style integration, nationalists articulate a third alternative to integration and
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2583:
2510:
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wrote that the race question was for a long time a minor ethnic political issue in
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2146:
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1981:
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385:
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66:
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2052:, a nationally circulated newsletter, beginning in 1960, and the influential book
1467:
While interracial marriage had been legal in California since 1948, in 1957 actor
20641:
20617:
20445:
20274:
20223:
20128:
20024:
19665:
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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
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10245:
10224:
9902:
9867:
9856:
There Goes My Everything: White Southerners in the Age of Civil Rights, 1945–1975
9792:
9704:
The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change
9687:
9636:
Race, Reform and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945–1982
9631:
9174:
8826:
8796:
8680:
But for Birmingham: The Local and National Struggles in the Civil Rights Movement
8527:
8473:
7566:
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2720:
Jewish leaders were arrested while heeding a call from Martin Luther King Jr. in
2506:
2423:. The act immediately ended de jure (legal) segregation and the era of Jim Crow.
2369:
2256:
2082:
1954:
1929:
1659:
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1581:
1468:
1463:
1316:
1021:
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983:
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720:
At the culmination of a legal strategy pursued by African Americans, in 1954 the
698:
447:
432:
405:
20143:
10490:– provides movement history, personal stories, documents, and photos (hosted by
8788:
A Concise Chronicle History of the African-American People Experience in America
6700:"'Unless we progress, we regress': How Eisenhower Broke Ground on Desegregation"
4728:
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11808:
11718:
11688:
11488:
11114:
11066:
10956:
10511:
10310:
The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide
9626:
Encyclopedia of African-American civil rights: from emancipation to the present
9375:
9357:
9149:
9099:
Race and Politics: Asian Americans, Latinos, and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb
7062:
7019:
6403:
6015:
5881:
4988:
Race and Politics: Asian Americans, Latinos, and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb
4679:
4252:
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4127:
4047:
4027:
3997:
3932:
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3757:
3441:
3417:
3025:
2806:, pitting largely Jewish schoolteachers against predominantly Black parents in
2714:
2408:
2398:
2323:
1985:
1938:
1910:
1748:
1698:
1678:
1122:
759:
728:
made a series of landmark rulings against racist discrimination, including the
521:
437:
10051:
10034:
8439:
Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth: The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools
6091:
3036:. As a part of affirming their identity, blacks started to wear African-based
1781:
21541:
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18448:
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11973:
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11908:
11798:
11788:
11748:
11698:
11573:
11498:
11468:
10579: – Part of "Teaching Tolerance" project published on September 19, 2011.
10559:
9574:
Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1940–1970
9432:
9322:
9262:
The origins of the urban crisis : race and inequality in postwar Detroit
8960:
7744:
7640:
7264:
6502:
6486:
6467:
6035:
5378:
Tolnay, Stewart (2003). "The African American 'Great Migration' and Beyond".
5217:
4913:
4267:
4187:
4062:
4012:
3992:
3942:
3937:
3907:
3902:
3727:
3632:
3416:" movement in the South where even the few moderate white leaders (including
3300:
3219:
3192:
damage for more than a generation; other city neighborhoods never recovered.
3002:
2795:
2783:
2709:
2533:
2382:
2292:
2284:
2237:
2164:
2062:
1828:
1754:
The movement achieved legislative victories, most notably the passage of the
1655:
1639:
1566:
1558:
1504:
1171:, denial of economic opportunities, and widespread employment discrimination.
1160:
949:
762:
658:
583:
113:
13065:
10543:
9252:
Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North
6312:
2977:
from Australia also wears an OPHR badge in solidarity with Smith and Carlos.
2819:
Jewish involvement in the struggle in order to commit violently antisemitic
1913:). The petition was presented to the United Nations at two separate venues:
1258:
1078:
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15498:
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13659:
13635:
13611:
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12443:
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12023:
11938:
11928:
11883:
11833:
11823:
11813:
11783:
11778:
11768:
11753:
11713:
11648:
11628:
11623:
11603:
11598:
11588:
11548:
11503:
11473:
10856:
10583:"Teaching Tolerance Publishes Guide for Teaching the Civil Rights Movement"
9881:
9470:
8200:
8161:
7724:"Allen J. Matusow "From Civil Rights to Black Power: The Case of SNCC", in
7265:"Film clip of Harlem CORE chairman Gladys Harrington speaking on Malcolm X"
7188:"Cambridge, Maryland, activists campaign for desegregation, USA, 1962–1963"
4262:
4237:
4162:
4092:
3982:
3922:
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3887:
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3812:
3802:
3797:
3782:
3742:
3707:
3692:
3637:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3546:
3362:. After that point, his career was filled with frustrating challenges. The
3275:
and sometimes referred to themselves as the "negroes of Northern Ireland".
3173:
3010:
2971:
2945:
2864:
2799:
2609:
2575:
2073:
2058:
2008:
1977:
1914:
1686:
1682:
1635:
1436:
1382:
1336:
1229:
1194:
1133:
1089:. Postcards and photographs of lynchings were popular souvenirs in the U.S.
926:
902:
898:
874:
845:
725:
654:
619:
400:
10356:
Carson, Clayborne; Garrow, David J.; Kovach, Bill; Polsgrove, Carol, eds.
10200:
Civil Rights Crossroads: Nation, Community, and the Black Freedom Struggle
9981:
9941:
Sing for freedom: The story of the civil rights movement through its songs
9933:
For All the World to See: Visual Culture and the Struggle for Civil Rights
9662:, 'The US Civil Rights Movement: Power from Below and Above, 1945–70', in
9196:
7937:"Year End Charts – Year-end Singles – Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs"
6726:"Ike's Forgotten Legacy on Civil Rights: A Lesson in Leadership for Today"
5028:
3393:. The SCLC's campaign in Chicago publicly failed, because Chicago's Mayor
1214:(NAACP) was founded in 1909. It fought to end race discrimination through
897:
during which the federal government tried to establish free labor and the
20602:
20356:
20279:
19876:
19721:
19696:
18780:
18765:
18613:
18576:
18415:
18370:
18355:
18120:
18115:
17962:
16748:
16279:
15616:
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15121:
14877:
14791:
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14414:
14233:
14185:
13732:
13539:
13502:
13446:
13078:
13006:
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12603:
12567:
12508:
12503:
12463:
12413:
12348:
12343:
12253:
12203:
12133:
12128:
12068:
12053:
11903:
11898:
11763:
11643:
11613:
11553:
11518:
10779:
10585: – Part of "Teaching Tolerance" project published on March 26, 2014.
9851:
9659:
9649:
9061:
Robinson, Jo Ann & Garrow, David J. (foreword by Coretta Scott King)
8474:
Black Maverick: T.R.M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power
7912:
Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party
6197:
5770:
Robinson, Jo Ann & Garrow, David J. (foreword by Coretta Scott King)
5733:
Black Maverick: T.R.M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power
5451:
5275:
5120:
Walton, Hanes (junior); Puckett, Sherman and Deskins Donald R. (junior);
4247:
4227:
4217:
4082:
4037:
4002:
3987:
3787:
3772:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3657:
3205:
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3165:
3129:
3056:
3052:
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2931:
2888:
2775:
2307:
2078:
2065:
sit-ins in Monroe—all with armed self-defense as a complementary tactic.
1972:
1702:
1508:
1503:. In defiance, African-American activists adopted a combined strategy of
1402:
1072:
1056:
1032:
970:
802:
686:
615:
603:
134:
14544:
10385:
Challenging the Mississippi Firebombers, Memories of Mississippi 1964–65
10142:
9806:
9525:. North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.
9456:
9293:
Business in Black and White: American presidents and Black Entrepreneurs
9286:
We Will Shoot Back: Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement
7352:
We Will Shoot Back: Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement
7050:
Business in Black and White: American Presidents and Black Entrepreneurs
6001:
5399:
4709:
2482:
1350:
990:
From 1890 to 1908, southern states passed new constitutions and laws to
291:
21483:
21193:
20309:
19781:
18315:
18300:
18270:
18265:
18014:
17982:
17821:
17789:
15611:
15417:
15243:
15238:
15156:
14761:
14128:
13603:
13579:
13531:
13486:
12630:
12288:
12218:
12188:
12058:
12033:
11978:
11878:
11493:
11463:
10414:
10293:
10169:
10115:
10025:
9272:
The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund
8818:
The Deacons for Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement
8631:
Weary Feet, Rested Souls: A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement
8613:
7806:
The Deacons for Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement
7462:
7134:
6982:
6253:
5889:
4921:
4137:
4102:
4072:
4042:
3972:
3627:
3363:
3180:, while being awarded the gold and bronze medals, respectively, at the
3145:
3075:
2820:
2537:
2441:
2378:
2373:
2069:
2038:
1946:
1865:
1836:
1816:
1812:
1740:
1647:
1604:
1603:
bus in March 1955, a bus boycott was considered and rejected. But when
1443:
in the North and West, where much housing was older, as well as South.
1291:
1215:
1044:
995:
678:
20084:
18651:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
9031:
Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision
7613:
Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot
6409:
Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision
5680:"A. Philip Randolph, the union leader who led the March on Washington"
5560:
Block by block: neighborhoods and public policy on Chicago's West Side
5002:"Black voting rights, 15th Amendment still challenged after 150 years"
4778:
4753:
21117:
20294:
19738:
18929:
18775:
18280:
18064:
18002:
17897:
17100:
17093:
14221:
12608:
12078:
12063:
9463:
Road to Freedom: Photographs of the Civil Rights Movement, 1956–1968,
8103:"Dr. King's Impact on the Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland"
8053:"'I have a dream for all God's children,' Martin Luther King Jr. Day"
5089:
Black-American Representatives and Senators by Congress, 1870–Present
3747:
3245:
3086:
Black Power was taken to another level inside prison walls. In 1966,
3072:
3064:
2884:
2844:
2828:
2560:
2547:
2502:
2488:
2339:
1950:
1694:
1585:
1472:
1410:
1398:
1390:
1312:
1098:
649:
granted emancipation and constitutional rights of citizenship to all
623:
21478:
17576:
10285:
10161:
10107:
10017:
9654:
Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970
8965:
The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson
7597:
How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America
5222:
The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson
4905:
3240:
1279:
21308:
20314:
19917:
19896:
19402:
19397:
18907:
15283:
15233:
14600:
11968:
10588:
10089:"The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past"
9924:
Seeing through Race: A Reinterpretation of Civil Rights Photography
9502:. New York: W.W. Norton. 1981. Viking Press Reprint edition. 1983.
9279:
Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of "Black Power"
9080:
Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice: The Civil Rights Tapes
8445:, Jeanne Theoharis, Komozi Woodard, eds.(Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
8443:
Freedom north: Black freedom struggles outside the South, 1940–1980
6307:
Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of "Black Power"
6062:"Women in the Civil Rights Movement – Civil Rights History Project"
5660:"Hollywood Loved Sammy Davis Jr. Until He Dated a White Movie Star"
5140:
3777:
3433:
2906:
2868:
2840:
1902:
1709:. SCLC took over the program and duplicated its results elsewhere.
1476:
1428:
1320:
1219:
1108:
1082:
1013:
798:
21490:
18666:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
10596:
9155:
The Nixon Effect: How His Presidency Has Changed American Politics
8510:
The Bystander: John F. Kennedy And the Struggle for Black Equality
7702:
7068:
The Nixon Effect: How His Presidency Has Changed American Politics
2997:
In 1965, SNCC helped organize an independent political party, the
885:(1869) that gave black people citizenship, adding their total for
18019:
14093:
13851:
12557:
9523:
Our Separate Ways: Women and the Black Freedom Movement in Durham
6756:
The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act
3249:
3037:
2824:
1933:
1667:
1440:
1432:
1406:
1394:
1386:
1359:
1198:
1103:
690:
3444:
draw substantially more blue-collar than white-collar support."
3204:
of the 1960s and many of its leaders. Native Americans had been
1174:
Violence. Individual, police, paramilitary, organizational, and
1132:", when the number of lynchings was highest. While tensions and
20419:
20299:
20193:
19881:
18853:
13121:
12625:
10591: – Part of "Teaching Tolerance" project published in 2014.
10560:
We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement
9723:
All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half Century of
9614:
edited by David Garrow, New York: Carlson Publishing Co., 1989.
8652:
Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy
8216:
Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy
5084:
5082:
5080:
5078:
3466:
3312:
Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy
2628:
in efforts to gain their independence, many in SNCC applauded.
2467:
1857:
1562:
1048:
7996:"Facebook labels declaration of independence as 'hate speech'"
7131:
Reading Tolkien in Chinese: Religion, Fantasy, and Translation
3535:
3291:
hypocritical, the Soviet government would respond by stating "
2000:
Armed Lumbee Indians aggressively confronting Klansmen in the
758:. The rulings played a crucial role in bringing an end to the
21172:
18665:
11360:
9510:. Yale University Press; Revised and Expanded edition. 2006.
8078:"How Martin Luther King inspired a Northern Ireland uprising"
7971:"Dr. King spoke out against the genocide of Native Americans"
7289:
The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute
5735:, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009, pp. 81, 99–100.
4665:"The Warren Court: Completion of a Constitutional Revolution"
3350:
2902:
2860:
2836:
2625:
2013:
1835:
newspaper spurring internal discussions about gender issues.
1354:
White tenants seeking to prevent blacks from moving into the
1128:
The early 20th century is a period often referred to as the "
869:, generally only white men with property could vote, and the
10400:
Hands on the Freedom Plow Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC
9810:
Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement (2nd ed.)
9495:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2019.
9399:
Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit
8157:"The History Behind China's Response to the Baltimore Riots"
8022:"Dr. Martin Luther King Jr: Our Nation was Born in Genocide"
7703:"SNCC, the Federal Government & the Road to Black Power"
7411:
Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Movement 1954–1985
6636:
6548:"Robert Franklin Williams: A Warrior For Freedom, 1925–1996"
6181:"Dorothy Height and the Sexism of the Civil Rights Movement"
5424:. US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives.
5075:
3354:
Ku Klux Klan demonstration in St. Augustine, Florida in 1964
2212:
speaking before a hostile Civil Rights crowd protesting low
1519:, giving rise to the civil rights movement of 1954 to 1968.
834:
582:
was a social movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the
18710:
10547:
9904:
The Cambridge Companion to American Civil Rights Literature
9176:
American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland
8687:
Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights: Michigan, 1948–1968
8396:
The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South
7498:
Pure Fire: Self-defense as Activism in the Civil Rights Era
6667:
The American Presidency: Origins and Development, 1776–2021
6092:"On MLK Day, Honor the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement"
5837:
White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism
5750:
The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute
5266:, 3rd rev. ed. (Oxford University Press, 1974), pp. 67–109.
3319:
moving the government to support civil rights legislation.
3041:
2982:
2522:
2505:(el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz), national representative of the
2183:
Under the previous administration, President Truman signed
2061:" of 1958, as well as nonviolent methods, which he used at
1871:
1085:
victim Will Brown, who was mutilated and burned during the
1055:
also gained strength by excluding blacks. Until 1965, the "
1051:
as black voter registration was suppressed. The Republican
685:
following highly publicized events such as the lynching of
21057:
National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966
20050:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
19802:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
19640:
10610:
10538:
The African American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship
10487:
9327:
Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965
9244:
Pure Fire:Self-Defense as Activism in the Civil Rights Era
8925:
Baltimore '68 : Riots and Rebirth in an American city
3496:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
3222:
and the executive director and one of the founders of the
2867:, but there were no injuries following these outbursts of
2453:
echoed this view of the civil rights movement. During the
2143:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
1212:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
937:
21385:
21378:
14488:
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C.
10221:"Bibliographic Essay: The Social Construction of History"
9807:
Richardson, Christopher M.; Ralph E. Luker, eds. (2014).
9566:
Brown v. Board and the Transformation of American Culture
8910:
Brown v. Board of Education and the Civil Rights Movement
8603:
Black riot in Los Angeles: the story of the Watts tragedy
7523:
Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years 1954–1965
7254:
produced by Boston public television station WGBH in 1963
6908:
6824:"Law Day Address at the University of Georgia Law School"
6123:"Sexism in the Civil Rights Movement: A Discussion Guide"
5562:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 213–14.
4858:
Black Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream, 1954–1970
1097:
by law. Violence against blacks increased, with numerous
10244:
Robinson, Armstead L.; Sullivan, Patricia, eds. (1991).
9868:
We Shall Overcome: A History of Civil Rights and the Law
9674:. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
9361:
President Johnson's war on poverty: Rhetoric and history
9023:
Poor People's Movements: How They Succeed, How They Fail
8916:, Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press, 2007.
8795:
Hague, Euan; Sebesta, Edward H.; Beirich, Heidi (2008).
8489:
Parting the waters: America in the King years, 1954–1963
8429:
Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice
7781:"Robert Hicks, Leader in Armed Rights Group, Dies at 81"
7024:
President Johnson's war on poverty: Rhetoric and history
6291:
Poor People's Movements: How They Succeed, How They Fail
5251:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History
1856:
Many women who participated in the movement experienced
1471:
faced a backlash for his involvement with white actress
1422:
Racial covenant for a home in Beverly Hills, California.
785:
banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing.
14119:
12810:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
12588:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
10577:"Teaching the Movement: The State Standards We Deserve"
10477:
9224:
American Constitutional Law: Civil Rights and Liberties
9063:
The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It
8854:. New York: Melanie Kroupa Books/Farrar Straus Giroux.
8130:"Soviet Propaganda Back in Play With Ferguson Coverage"
6473:
Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954–1963
6021:"Opinion: Ella Baker's Legacy Runs Deep. Know Her Name"
5772:
The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It
5144:
American Constitutional Law: Civil Rights and Liberties
2896:
or feeling something else, Lauren Winner asserts that:
2174:
2133:
under Truman's predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, the
1937:
politically radical (and therefore targets of Cold War
1499:" in the South by proponents of racial segregation and
20372:
14351:
African American founding fathers of the United States
12834:
African American founding fathers of the United States
11187:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
11052:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
10504:
on December 4, 2017, and updated on January 19, 2021.
10308:
Strickland, Arvarh E.; Weems, Robert E., eds. (2001).
9474:(Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2023), won Pulitzer Prize.
9438:
At Canaan's Edge: America In the King Years, 1965–1968
8661:
Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence
8529:
In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s
7635:
7633:
7331:"Say it Plain, Say it Loud – American RadioWorks"
6228:
In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s
5177:. Oxford University Press. pp. 199–200 of vol 4.
5122:
The African American Electorate: A Statistical History
3408:
Politicians and journalists quickly blamed this white
1159:. Increased economic oppression of blacks through the
841:
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
21431:
10659:
10362:
Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973
10358:
Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1941–1963
9479:
Freedom's Pragmatist: Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights
9011:, College & University Press Services, Inc., 1970
8399:. Princeton University Press. pp. 6–7, 302–304.
6973:
Campbell, James (1999). "James Baldwin and the FBI".
5936:"Women in the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements"
5611:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5347:. In Browne, Hugh; Kruse, Edwina; Walker, Thomas C.;
5249:
Michael Kazin, Rebecca Edwards, Adam Rothman (2009).
2483:
Malcolm X's relationship with the movement, 1964–1965
14261:
Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.
10229:. University of California Press. pp. 413–442.
9936:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010.
9638:. 249 pages. University Press of Mississippi, 1984.
9537:
The Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s
9427:
Pillar of fire: America in the King years, 1963–1965
9352:
Hard Stuff: The Autobiography of Mayor Coleman Young
8195:, New York: Farrar & Rinehar, pp. 73, 151,
7909:
Bloom, Joshua; Martin, Waldo E. (October 25, 2016).
7616:. University of California Press. pp. 262–267.
6850:"The Cold War | American Experience | PBS"
6219:
6217:
6215:
5912:"Civil Rights Movement History & Timeline, 1955"
5450:. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Archived from
5232:
5230:
4375:(Baltimore), the site of a 1955 desegregation sit-in
2925:
2728:, a writer, rabbi, and professor of theology at the
2388:
2342:, the first time a major US politician had done so:
2197:
2045:
both publicly praised the Monroe leader's position.
1541:, which barred racial discrimination and created an
921:, initiated a campaign to repress the KKK under the
598:
in the country. The movement had its origins in the
20975:
Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968
12882:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
9760:, a Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy]
9381:
Signs of the Times: The Visual Politics of Jim Crow
8794:
8095:
7630:
5833:
3552:
2124:
1803:
African-American women in the civil rights movement
1623:boycott of 1956–57. This movement also sparked the
1140:Characteristics of the post-Reconstruction period:
626:. The social movement's span of time is called the
21238:National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities
20782:Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
10197:
9907:. Cambridge University Press. pp. xxiv, 209.
9829:The civil rights movement: Struggle and resistance
9576:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2002.
9195:
9127:
8932:
8894:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
8847:
8715:
8628:
8574:The Unfinished Journey: America since World War II
8571:
8548:
8496:Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements
8426:
7779:
7483:Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements
7435:
6309:(University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 79–80"
6225:
6019:
5602:
5494:Michelle Maternowski; Joy Powers (March 3, 2017).
5027:
4880:
4878:
4329:List of photographers of the civil rights movement
3432:note that the backlash's primary constituency was
3013:was assassinated in 1963. The same year, the 1965
2419:, whose support was the margin of victory for the
2106:
1895:: The Crime of Government Against the Negro People
21279:Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965
10512:Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950–1970
9927:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.
9558:The Civil Rights Movement: A Photographic History
9221:Stephens, Otis H. Jr.; Scheb, John M. II (2007).
9076:
8276:"The white Southerners who fought US segregation"
7726:Twentieth-Century America: Recent Interpretations
6212:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5227:
4401:Post–civil rights era in African-American history
4384:Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950–1970
21539:
20853:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
18701:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
16312:Native American recognition in the United States
11418:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
10243:
8782:, Harvard University Press, MA: Cambridge, 2007.
7964:
7962:
7424:, The Time Has Come", Public Broadcasting System
6748:
6746:
6264:
5940:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History
5355:. Hampton bulletinno. 9–10, 12–16. Vol. 4.
3200:King and the civil rights movement inspired the
2385:after their antagonistic racial summit in 1963.
2185:Executive Order 9981 to desegregate the military
614:campaigns eventually secured new protections in
606:gains in the 1960s. The social movement's major
21028:Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965
18746:Black players in professional American football
18696:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
14304:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
11408:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
11341:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
11232:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
10307:
9347:, 3rd rev. ed. (Oxford University Press, 1974).
9077:Rosenberg, Jonathan; Karabell, Zachary (2003).
7536:"Malcolm's Contribution to Black Voting Rights"
6904:"A Huey P. Newton Story – Actions – COINTELPRO"
6136:Ling, Peter J.; Monteith, Sharon, eds. (2004).
5725:
5534:
5496:"How Did Metro Milwaukee Become So Segregated?"
4875:
4754:"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"
3009:. Charles had taken the lead after his brother
1101:through the turn of the century. The system of
944:Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era
20660:Administrative Conference of the United States
14457:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco
13782:King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis
12887:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
10469:Voices from the Southern Civil Rights Movement
10349:
7915:. Univ of California Press. pp. 223–236.
7133:. Perspectives on Fantasy series. London, UK:
7061:
5792:"The Tallahassee Bus Boycott—Fifty Years Later
5654:
5652:
5316:
5299:"The Court's Decision – Separate Is Not Equal"
5240:, Magazine of History (OAH Publications, 2004)
5170:
5141:Otis H Stephens, Jr; John M Scheb, II (2007).
4379:Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project
4324:List of Kentucky women in the civil rights era
3005:' NAACP chapter with a successful campaign in
2430:
905:(KKK), whose members attacked black and white
261:US Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
20877:National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act
20405:
19933:
19626:
17592:
16709:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
14893:
14560:
13728:Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act
13722:U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations
13266:Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?
13094:
13070:
12795:List of lynching victims in the United States
11133:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
10645:
10179:Debating the Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1968
10177:Lawson, Steven F.; Payne, Charles M. (1998).
9656:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1982.
9220:
8740:Free at Last: The U. S. Civil Rights Movement
8299:
8297:
8184:
7959:
7594:
7124:
7122:
6743:
6593:"American Jews and the Civil Rights Movement"
6450:
6448:
6272:"What Should a Sustained Movement Look Like?"
5764:
5535:Watt, Nick; Jack Hannah (February 15, 2020).
5440:
5353:Annual Report of the Hampton Negro Conference
4861:. Univ. of Tennessee Press. pp. 98–118.
4627:"The Warren Court and the Pursuit Of Justice"
4551:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 118.
4433:The social movement has also been called the
4389:
2582:, provoked a riot in which black youth threw
1599:was arrested for not giving up her seat on a
741:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
307:
21593:History of civil rights in the United States
20846:High-Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965
20753:Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
20249:Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968
20100:1968 Democratic National Convention protests
18459:Historically black colleges and universities
14493:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose
10546: – A project with the collaboration of
9893:
9691:. University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
9619:The Civil Rights Movement: A Reference Guide
8070:
6800:(Temple University Press, 2000), p. 350-361.
6663:
6135:
5643:The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858
5493:
5166:
5164:
4306:History of civil rights in the United States
3467:National/regional civil rights organizations
3115:"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud"
2879:Despite the common notion that the ideas of
1719:History of civil rights in the United States
1642:of Baton Rouge, and other activists such as
865:, almost four million black people remained
279:Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity
21558:1968 disestablishments in the United States
20982:Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968
14043:Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story
13122:Speeches, writings, movements, and protests
11262:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
10451:The Modern Civil Rights Movement, 1954–1964
10176:
9967:
9831:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017), short survey
9414:. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Company, Inc.
9125:
9034:(University of North Carolina Press, 2003).
8768:: A Life in the Long Black Freedom Struggle
8761:
8608:
8245:
8243:
7908:
7092:
7090:
7088:
6664:Milkis, Sidney M.; Nelson, Michael (2021).
5649:
5645:. University of Chicago Press. p. 235.
5224:, pp. 97–98. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997.
4729:"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1)"
4549:American Slavery: A Very Short Introduction
4334:South Carolina in the civil rights movement
3536:National economic empowerment organizations
3525:Southern Conference Educational Fund (SCEF)
1666:(SCLC). The SCLC, with its headquarters in
1283:A white gang looking for blacks during the
917:, the U.S. Army, and U.S. Attorney General
756:all state laws banning interracial marriage
754:and public accommodations, and struck down
61:participants and leaders marching from the
20523:Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination
20412:
20398:
19940:
19926:
19633:
19619:
17599:
17585:
14907:
14900:
14886:
14567:
14553:
14462:Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Compton)
13108:
13101:
13087:
11311:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
10652:
10638:
10423:. New York: Random House, 1965. Paperback
10035:"Historians and the Civil Rights Movement"
10032:
9420:Class, race, and the civil rights movement
9281:(University of North Carolina Press, 1999)
8821:(University of North Carolina Press, 2006)
8682:(University of North Carolina Press, 1997)
8619:Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties
8471:Beito, David T. and Beito, Linda Royster,
8294:
7119:
6779:
6445:
5345:"The Economic Aspect of the Negro Problem"
4567:
3170:Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud
3134:Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud
1991:
853:, bearing the signature of Abraham Lincoln
661:, and African Americans were subjected to
314:
300:
175:Bus segregation ruled unconstitutional by
51:
20945:Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968
20789:Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
20124:1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia
20030:Human rights movement in the Soviet Union
18676:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
16322:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
14574:
13812:The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306
12867:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
10529:Civil Rights in America: A Resource Guide
10050:
9900:
9843:Encyclopedia of African American Business
9073:Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press.
8692:
8424:
8393:Lassiter, Matthew D. (October 24, 2013).
8251:"White Southerners' Role in Civil Rights"
6759:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 76.
6344:"January 1958: The Lumbees face the Klan"
5929:
5927:
5925:
5817:"Panthers defeat flu; face Ga. Tech next"
5584:"Future of Fair Housing: How We Got Here"
5161:
4568:Newkirk II, Vann R. (February 16, 2017).
4358:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
3520:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
3461:
3366:coalition that had gained passage of the
3210:United States Declaration of Independence
2738:murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner
1959:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
1878:Communist Party USA and African Americans
1796:
1697:, began the first Citizenship Schools in
1537:administration met the demand by issuing
863:eight serving presidents had owned slaves
835:American Civil War and Reconstruction era
527:Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner
321:
21568:History of African-American civil rights
21553:1954 establishments in the United States
20823:Urban Mass Transportation Administration
20383:) is being considered for deletion. See
20209:Occupation of the Student Union Building
14525:Civil rights movement in popular culture
14331:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
14253:Civil rights movement in popular culture
13322:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
12902:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
10942:University of Georgia desegregation riot
10621:Collection: "U.S. Civil Rights Movement"
9716:
9488:. The University of Georgia Press, 1987.
9441:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006.
9021:Piven, Francis Fox and Cloward, Richard
9014:Piven, Francis Fox and Cloward, Richard
8798:Neo-Confederacy: A Critical Introduction
8736:
8696:Encyclopedia of African American History
8635:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
8392:
8240:
8193:Russia Today: What Can We Learn from It?
8154:
7881:
7743:
7128:
7085:
6972:
6782:The Unfinished Odyssey of Robert Kennedy
6659:
6657:
6485:
6120:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5834:Kevin Michael Kruse (February 1, 2008).
5782:Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press
5731:David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito,
5557:
5174:Encyclopedia of African American History
4662:
4347:," the unofficial anthem of the movement
3514:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
3454:Civil rights movement in popular culture
3422:repeal the state's 1963 fair housing law
3349:
3339:
3297:Russia Today: What Can We Learn from It?
3239:
2939:
2874:
2691:
2542:
2201:
1995:
1965:
1851:
1780:
1664:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
1349:
1278:
1257:
1189:
1077:
1027:During this period, the white-dominated
969:
844:
483:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
20892:Agricultural Fair Practices Act of 1967
20706:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
20682:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
16373:List of counties and county equivalents
13170:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
12816:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
12553:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
12548:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
10473:American Archive of Public Broadcasting
10413:Malcolm X (with the assistance of
10326:
10264:
9970:The Journal of African American History
9104:
8887:
8873:. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
8868:
8657:
8592:
8532:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
8303:
8212:
8019:
7373:(Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000), 111
7363:Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward,
7301:
7234:– via Google News Archive Search.
7214:
7212:
6697:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6637:"Truman addresses NAACP, June 29, 1947"
6288:Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward,
6178:
5934:Greene, Christina (November 22, 2016).
5677:
5640:
5472:
5359:: Hampton Institute Press. p. 39.
5342:
4952:
4624:
4561:
4351:
3595:
2756:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
1767:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
938:Disenfranchisement after Reconstruction
562:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
443:New Orleans school desegregation crisis
371:Mansfield school desegregation incident
273:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
14:
21608:Politics of the Southern United States
21540:
21158:Elementary and Secondary Education Act
21071:National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
20922:Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968
20861:Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act
20745:White House Conference on Civil Rights
20362:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
20045:Northern Ireland civil rights movement
19575:Topics related to the African diaspora
18681:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
12730:African-American women in the movement
11182:White House Conference on Civil Rights
11013:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
10402:. University of Illinois Press, 2010.
10247:New Directions in Civil Rights Studies
10195:
10147:
10003:
9946:
9901:Armstrong, Julie Buckner, ed. (2015).
9298:
9148:
9037:
8970:
8850:Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice
8713:
8525:
8491:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988
8477:, University of Illinois Press, 2009.
8304:Zelizer, Julian E. (January 8, 2015).
7968:
7882:Rickford, Russell (January 14, 2016).
7777:
7639:
7494:
7218:
7096:
6896:
6509:from the original on February 24, 2014
6402:
6353:, This Month in North Carolina History
6223:
6102:from the original on February 20, 2018
6014:
5948:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.212
5933:
5922:
5704:
5377:
4999:
4990:. p. 154. University of Illinois Press
4854:
4695:
4650:The Warren Court and American Politics
4439:African-American civil rights movement
3236:Northern Ireland civil rights movement
2798:did, leading to Jews participating in
2730:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
2678:New York City teachers' strike of 1968
2145:(NAACP). The speech took place at the
2119:
1545:to oversee compliance with the order.
32:Civil rights movement (disambiguation)
21628:Social movements in the United States
21253:National Endowment for the Humanities
21180:Federal Family Education Loan Program
20816:Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964
20393:
19921:
19614:
19555:Landmark African-American legislation
17606:
17580:
14881:
14548:
14292:
13761:
13682:
13403:
13120:
13082:
13069:
11171:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
10633:
10552:Leadership Conference on Civil Rights
10508:from the original on January 19, 2021
10218:
10059:
9274:, University of Illinois Press (2007)
9193:
8930:
8845:
8824:
8626:
8569:
8555:. New York: Oxford University Press.
8546:
8368:National Endowment for the Humanities
8127:
7609:
7433:
7245:"The Negro and the American Promise,"
7151:
6752:
6723:
6654:
6634:
6618:"Fair Employment Practices Committee"
6209: – Civil Rights Movement Archive
6042:from the original on January 20, 2020
5987:
5976:
5867:
5854:
5827:
5808:
5293:
5291:
5285: – Civil Rights Movement Archive
5025:
4884:
4822:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4339:Timeline of the civil rights movement
3529:Southern Student Organizing Committee
3484:Leadership Conference on Civil Rights
3447:
3208:as "merciless Indian savages" in the
3040:and grow their hair out as a natural
2604:'s decision to refuse seating to the
2139:President's Committee on Civil Rights
2077:movement with such figures as SNCC's
1725:Timeline of the civil rights movement
295:
250:24th Amendment to the US Constitution
21588:Defunct American political movements
21334:National Register of Historic Places
20959:National Flood Insurance Act of 1968
20164:Columbia University protests of 1968
20154:Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968
19963:1968–69 Japanese university protests
19947:
18686:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
14833:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
12939:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
11403:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
11351:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
11297:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
10774:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
10699:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
10625:University of Michigan Museum of Art
10086:
10082:from the original on April 12, 2015.
9796:. (U of North Carolina Press, 2011).
9172:
9126:Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (2002) .
8957:(Wayne State University Press, 1969)
8888:Jackson, Thomas F. (July 17, 2013).
8689:(Wayne State University Press, 2000)
8190:
8128:Quinn, Allison (November 27, 2014),
7969:Bender, Albert (February 13, 2014).
7833:. Stanford University. June 12, 2017
7802:
7792:from the original on April 27, 2010.
7728:(Harcourt Press, 1972), pp. 367–378"
7209:
6878:
6684:
6162:"Women in the Civil Rights Movement"
6138:Gender and the Civil Rights Movement
5814:
5752:. Stanford University. June 22, 2017
5422:"Party Realignment and the New Deal"
5392:10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100009
5253:. p. 245. Princeton University Press
4885:Tyson, Timothy B. (September 1998).
4647:
3583:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
2606:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
2477:
2175:Eisenhower administration: 1953–1961
1790:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1578:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
830:Timeline of African-American history
677:. The movement was characterized by
21372:Corporation for Public Broadcasting
21286:Economic Development Administration
19040:African-American Vernacular English
14503:Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.
11346:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
11282:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
10952:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
10087:Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd (March 2005).
9247:(University of Georgia Press, 2005)
9044:President Kennedy: Profile of Power
8718:The Making of Black Revolutionaries
8344:from the original on March 26, 2018
7157:
7071:. Encounter Books. pp. 34–35.
6826:. American Rhetoric. Archived from
6072:from the original on March 28, 2018
5990:International Social Science Review
5658:Lanzendorfer, Joy (August 9, 2017)
5331:Libraries & The Cultural Record
5109:Florida State University Law Review
5058:
4511:United States civil rights movement
4443:Afro-American civil rights movement
3508:Organization of Afro-American Unity
3229:
3195:
2999:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
2804:1968 New York City teachers' strike
2602:1964 Democratic National Convention
2135:Fair Employment Practices Committee
1815:'s refusal to sit at the back of a
1533:; he called off the march when the
1381:, with the primary intent to keep "
1262:Colored Sailors room in World War I
344:Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore
24:
21613:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
21348:State Historic Preservation Office
21326:National Historic Preservation Act
21295:Social Security Amendments of 1965
21208:Student loans in the United States
20915:Architectural Barriers Act of 1968
18958:U.S. cities with large populations
18661:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
14586:Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)
14406:Statues of Martin Luther King Jr.
14293:
14142:King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew
13698:(now National Civil Rights Museum)
12790:African-American churches attacked
11356:Montgomery Improvement Association
11331:Georgia Council on Human Relations
11316:Council of Federated Organizations
11287:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
11045:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
11003:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
10809:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
10713:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
10033:Fairclough, Adam (December 1990).
9706:. New York: The Free Press, 1984.
9560:, New York: Abbeville Press, 1996.
9465:Atlanta: High Museum of Art, 2008.
9368:
9047:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
9007:Pinkney, Alphnso and Woock, Roger
8772:University of North Carolina Press
8454:(Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000)
8213:Dudziak, Mary L. (July 31, 2011).
8020:Rickert, Levi (January 16, 2017).
7778:Martin, Douglas (April 24, 2010).
7700:
7219:Worthy, Wliliam (March 10, 1964).
7164:University of North Carolina Press
6698:Nichols, David A. (June 8, 2020).
5964:from the original on March 4, 2018
5705:Carter, April (January 14, 2005).
5678:Clawson, Laura (August 28, 2013).
5288:
4716:
4625:Horwitz, Morton J. (Winter 1993).
4584:from the original on July 28, 2017
3571:Montgomery Improvement Association
3565:Council of Federated Organizations
3490:Medical Committee for Human Rights
3322:
3265:"Long March" from Belfast to Derry
3103:
2802:. The culmination of this was the
2740:, the two white activists killed,
1776:
1333:Fair Employment Practice Committee
1253:
1176:mob racial violence against blacks
709:, a series of protests during the
25:
21639:
20899:U.S. Department of Transportation
20387:to help reach a consensus. ›
20189:March of the One Hundred Thousand
17831:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
17827:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
17634:African American founding fathers
15718:Director of National Intelligence
13957:Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK
13683:
12862:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
12735:Jews in the civil rights movement
10444:
9871:. (Yale University Press, 2008).
9762:. Oxford University Press, 2002.
9422:(Indiana University Press, 2019).
8891:From Civil Rights to Human Rights
8828:Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector
8785:
8505:, Holloway House Publishing, 1994
7328:
7221:"Mrs. Richardson okeys Malcolm X"
7192:Global Nonviolent Action Database
6797:Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector
6252:
5708:Direct Action and Democracy Today
5428:from the original on May 30, 2018
5351:; Wheelock, Frederick D. (eds.).
5147:. Cengage Learning. p. 528.
5000:Jervis, Rick (February 3, 2020).
4689:
4286:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
4281:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
3285:racial discrimination in the U.S.
2962:after the 200 m race at the
2813:
2782:According to political scientist
2688:Jews in the civil rights movement
2674:African American–Jewish relations
2389:Johnson administration: 1963–1969
2198:Kennedy administration: 1961–1963
1548:
1208:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
1117:, legitimizing them through the "
1087:Omaha, Nebraska race riot of 1919
958:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
954:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
21525:
21513:
21501:
21489:
21477:
21465:
21453:
21441:
21097:Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
21042:Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965
21020:Land and Water Conservation Fund
20966:National Flood Insurance Program
20839:Food and Agriculture Act of 1965
20083:
19593:
18711:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
17856:Nadir of American race relations
15874:Government Accountability Office
14866:Civil rights movement portal
14859:
14270:King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.
14149:"By the Time I Get to Arizona" (
13218:Second Emancipation Proclamation
13056:Civil rights movement portal
13049:
12897:Freedom Riders National Monument
12639:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
11151:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
11110:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
10997:Second Emancipation Proclamation
10250:. University of Virginia Press.
10204:. University Press of Kentucky.
9961:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00486.x
9404:
9384:. (U of California Press, 2010).
8994:Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention
8967:. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997.
8780:The Lost Promise of Civil Rights
8386:
8356:
8326:
8268:
8206:
8155:Volodzko, David (May 12, 2015),
8148:
8121:
8050:
8044:
8013:
7988:
7929:
7902:
7875:
7845:
7823:
7809:. Univ of North Carolina Press.
7803:Hill, Lance (February 1, 2006).
7796:
7771:
7737:
7716:
7694:
7685:
7676:
7667:
7603:
7588:
7572:
7551:
7528:
7515:
7488:
7485:(Grove Press, 1965), pp. 106–109
7475:
7456:
7427:
7403:
7377:
7357:
7344:
7322:
7305:Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention
7295:
7277:
7257:
7238:
7180:
7055:
7042:
7029:
7013:
6989:
6966:
6945:
6928:
6412:. Univ of North Carolina Press.
6371:Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, 159–164
5815:Sell, Jack (December 30, 1955).
5061:"The Enforcement Acts (1870–71)"
4547:Williams, Heather Andrea (2014)
4368:Freedom Riders National Monument
3553:Local civil rights organizations
3144:Problems playing this file? See
3119:
2968:Olympic Project for Human Rights
2667:
2594:As noted in the PBS documentary
2261:University of Georgia Law School
2125:Truman administration: 1945–1953
1130:nadir of American race relations
750:(1967) which banned segregation
21623:Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson
21603:Nonviolent resistance movements
21365:Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
21246:National Endowment for the Arts
20938:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968
20869:Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
20421:Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson
20380:Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson
20347:Segregation in Northern Ireland
17717:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
17707:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
14402:Safe House Black History Museum
14321:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
12924:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
12912:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
11388:National Council of Negro Women
11326:Deacons for Defense and Justice
10333:. Springer. pp. xii, 192.
10274:The Journal of American History
10265:Sandage, Scott A. (June 1993).
10096:The Journal of American History
10006:The Journal of Southern History
9836:The Struggle for Black Equality
9569:(LSU Press, 2016). xiv, 225 pp.
9101:. University of Illinois Press.
8927:(Temple University Press, 2011)
8417:
7831:"Watts Rebellion (Los Angeles)"
7651:. Vintage Books. Archived from
7610:Rogin, Michael (May 29, 1998).
7501:. University of Georgia Press.
7495:Strain, Christopher B. (2005).
6860:
6842:
6816:
6803:
6788:
6773:
6717:
6635:Glass, Andrew (June 29, 2018).
6628:
6610:
6585:
6560:
6540:
6521:
6479:
6476:(Simon and Schuster, 1988), 781
6461:
6426:
6396:
6374:
6365:
6356:
6336:
6327:
6297:
6282:
6246:
6191:
6172:
6154:
6129:
6114:
6084:
6054:
6008:
5904:
5785:
5738:
5698:
5671:
5634:
5576:
5551:
5528:
5506:
5487:
5466:
5414:
5371:
5336:
5269:
5256:
5243:
5211:
5191:
5134:
5114:
5111:, vol. 29, issue 55, pp. 55–107
5101:
5052:
5034:. Simon and Schuster. pp.
5019:
4993:
4980:
4946:
4928:
4848:
4804:"The struggle for civil rights"
4796:
4771:
4746:
3502:National Council of Negro Women
3479:Deacons for Defense and Justice
3346:Neo-Nazism § United States
3278:
3202:Native American rights movement
2992:Deacons for Defense and Justice
2107:Jewish support for the movement
1846:National Council of Negro Women
1723:For a chronological guide, see
1557:to a strategy that emphasized "
1515:, and many events described as
1137:number of whites in the South.
881:(1865) that ended slavery; the
493:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protest
21125:Office of Economic Opportunity
21035:Rivers and Harbors Act of 1965
18706:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
17712:Civil right movement 1896–1954
17517:Separation of church and state
15733:National Reconnaissance Office
15676:President of the United States
14376:U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture
13354:Mississippi March Against Fear
10804:Mansfield school desegregation
10498:Civil Rights Movement Timeline
10420:The Autobiography of Malcolm X
10150:The American Historical Review
9751:. U of California Press, 1995.
9500:The FBI and Martin Luther King
9345:The Strange Career of Jim Crow
9202:. Simon and Schuster. p.
9179:. Princeton University Press.
9009:Poverty and Politics in Harlem
8737:Friedman, Michael Jay (2008).
8219:. Princeton University Press.
7645:"A History of Jews in America"
6724:Pipes, Kasey (April 4, 2016).
6333:Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, 88–89
6179:Delaney, Paul (May 12, 2010).
5840:. Princeton University Press.
5617:"Eugenics, Race, and Marriage"
5480:Jim Crow Guide: The Way it Was
5264:The Strange Career of Jim Crow
5208:. PBS. Retrieved July 28, 2016
5098:—U.S. House of Representatives
4656:
4641:
4618:
4596:
4541:
4447:American civil rights movement
4427:
4418:
3440:in 1968…only in the South did
3287:Deeming American criticism of
2293:summit with the Soviet premier
1872:Avoiding the "Communist" label
1487:Invigorated by the victory of
255:Formation of federal agencies:
159:Rulings by federal judiciary:
27:1954–1968 U.S. social movement
18:American Civil Rights movement
13:
1:
21618:Presidency of John F. Kennedy
21563:20th-century social movements
20594:Dominican Republic occupation
20134:1968 Red Square demonstration
18886:Cherokee freedmen controversy
17862:The Negro Motorist Green Book
14077:March! For Martin Luther King
13298:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
12934:National Voting Rights Museum
12877:Civil Rights Movement Archive
12676:Lynching in the United States
12563:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
11018:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
10991:University of Chicago sit-ins
10758:Davis v. Prince Edward County
10488:Civil Rights Movement Archive
9803:(U of Minnesota Press, 2019).
9411:Confrontation Black and White
8801:. University of Texas Press.
8693:Finkelman, Paul, ed. (2009).
8570:Chafe, William Henry (2003).
8547:Chafe, William Henry (1980).
7525:(Penguin Group, 1988), p. 262
7367:(Random House 1971), p. 238;
4663:Swindler, William F. (1970).
4631:Washington and Lee Law Review
4604:"Brown v. Board of Education"
4406:
4363:Civil Rights Movement Archive
4312:Lay that Trumpet in Our Hands
3307:and why they lynch Negroes."
2696:Jewish civil rights activist
1899:lynching in the United States
819:
473:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
376:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
267:US Commission on Civil Rights
77:May 17, 1954 – April 11, 1968
21166:Higher Education Act of 1965
21049:Clean Waters Restoration Act
20114:1968 Polish political crisis
20070:West German student movement
19995:Black Consciousness Movement
15879:Government Publishing Office
15347:Technological and industrial
14341:National Civil Rights Museum
14336:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
13179:I've Been to the Mountaintop
12929:National Civil Rights Museum
12785:March on Washington Movement
12770:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
11239:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
10478:Civil Rights Digital Library
10181:. Rowman & Littlefield.
10060:Frost, Jennifer (May 2012).
9813:. Rowman & Littlefield.
9612:We Shall Overcome, Volume II
9305:. Rutgers University Press.
9130:Robert Kennedy and His Times
9105:Schultz, Jeffrey D. (2002).
8912: : abridged edition of
6997:Baldwin: A literary standard
6811:Robert Kennedy And His Times
6784:. Random House. p. 142.
6597:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
6362:Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, 149
6232:. Harvard University Press.
6140:. Rutgers University Press.
5668:Retrieved February 23, 2021.
5641:Douglas, Stephen A. (1991).
5171:Paul Finkelman, ed. (2009).
4953:Schultz, Jeffrey D. (2002).
4475:modern civil rights movement
4319:List of civil rights leaders
3293:And you are lynching Negroes
3051:(BPP), which was founded by
2333:, President Kennedy gave an
2283:That same month, during the
2131:March on Washington Movement
2100:University of North Carolina
1827:of interstate travel in the
1435:regions, a process known as
1329:March on Washington Movement
873:limited U.S. citizenship to
7:
20320:Racism in the United States
20285:Counterculture of the 1960s
20106:The whole world is watching
20075:Women's liberation movement
19819:Women's liberation movement
19642:Counterculture of the 1960s
18756:Black players in ice hockey
18691:National Urban League (NUL)
18517:American Society of Muslims
17755:Selma to Montgomery marches
17675:Brown v. Board of Education
17351:Women's reproductive health
16317:Federally recognized tribes
16180:Public utilities commission
16084:Public Health Service Corps
15987:Code of Federal Regulations
15869:Congressional Budget Office
15723:Central Intelligence Agency
15629:Water supply and sanitation
15056:Declaration of Independence
14478:sculpture, Portland, Oregon
14468:Landmark for Peace Memorial
14193:"Symphony of Brotherhood" (
14116:Pride (In the Name of Love)
13338:Selma to Montgomery marches
13237:Letter from Birmingham Jail
12573:"This Little Light of Mine"
11321:Dallas County Voters League
11267:Atlanta Negro Voters League
11030:Letter from Birmingham Jail
10737:Brown v. Board of Education
10571:Southern Poverty Law Center
10350:Autobiographies and memoirs
10039:Journal of American Studies
9758:Brown v. Board of Education
9725:Brown v. Board of Education
9481:(U Press of Florida, 2013).
9299:Weiner, Melissa F. (2010).
9194:Smith, Jean Edward (2001).
8977:. Oxford University Press.
8831:. Temple University Press.
8762:Gershenhorn, Jerry (2018).
8699:. Oxford University Press.
8578:. Oxford University Press.
8425:Arsenault, Raymond (2006).
7888:. Oxford University Press.
7691:Winner, Lauren F., 166–167.
7682:Winner, Lauren F., 164–165.
7599:. Rutgers University Press.
7010:43 (27), February 14, 2009.
6456:Journal of American History
6382:"Williams, Robert Franklin"
6121:Holladay, Jennifer (2009).
5276:Birmingham Segregation Laws
5026:Smith, Jean Edward (2001).
4959:. Oryx Press. p. 284.
4894:Journal of American History
4855:Haines, Herbert H. (1995).
4652:. Harvard University Press.
4648:Powe, Lucas A. Jr. (2002).
4574:Still Stains America Today"
4455:Black civil rights movement
4435:1960s civil rights movement
4274:
3473:Congress of Racial Equality
3289:its own human rights abuses
3269:Selma to Montgomery marches
3224:Native American Rights Fund
2574:, and the assassination of
2528:The Baltimore Afro-American
2431:Foreign political reactions
1926:International Labor Defense
1733:Brown v. Board of Education
1345:segregation in the military
1225:Brown v. Board of Education
994:African Americans and many
887:Congressional apportionment
735:Brown v. Board of Education
730:separate but equal doctrine
537:Selma to Montgomery marches
169:Brown v. Board of Education
10:
21644:
21598:Movements for civil rights
21578:1960s in the United States
21573:1950s in the United States
21341:National Historic Landmark
21187:Federal Work-Study Program
20885:Tax Adjustment Act of 1966
20560:Presidential Proclamations
18913:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
18671:Nashville Student Movement
17682:Children of the plantation
16529:Red states and blue states
16434:City commission government
16429:Council–manager government
14366:Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity
14309:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
14090:Martin Luther King's Dream
13404:
12907:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
12775:Holt Street Baptist Church
12745:16th Street Baptist Church
11729:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
11373:Nashville Student Movement
11303:An Appeal for Human Rights
10482:Digital Library of Georgia
10471:Exhibit – Provided by the
10219:Payne, Charles M. (2007).
10196:Lawson, Steven F. (2003).
9841:Smith, Jessie Carney, ed.
9455:, (2005) 29#2 pp:299–332,
9134:. Houghton Mifflin Books.
8869:Houston, Benjamin (2012).
8593:Cleaver, Eldridge (1967).
8526:Carson, Clayborne (1981).
8461:. Baton Rouge: LSU Press.
7385:"The Ballot or the Bullet"
7250:December 25, 2016, at the
6780:Halberstam, David (1968).
6670:. CQ Press. p. 1946.
6224:Carson, Clayborne (1981).
5882:10.1177/002193479602600508
5802:December 10, 2007, at the
5516:. University of Washington
5380:Annual Review of Sociology
5343:Matthew, Anderson (1900).
4390:Post–civil rights movement
3577:Nashville Student Movement
3451:
3343:
3267:which was inspired by the
3233:
3212:, and in King's 1964 book
2929:
2685:
2671:
2486:
2392:
2300:international agenda. The
2129:Partly in response to the
1882:On December 17, 1951, the
1875:
1819:resulted in the year-long
1800:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1607:was arrested in December,
1481:Mildred and Richard Loving
1236:" doctrine established in
947:
941:
871:Naturalization Act of 1790
838:
823:
665:and sustained violence by
647:United States Constitution
187:ruled unconstitutional by
29:
21397:
21104:Community Action Agencies
21081:
20999:
20800:
20713:Voting Rights Act of 1965
20699:Flood Control Act of 1965
20651:
20610:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
20576:
20567:Meritorious Service Medal
20428:
20262:
20199:Memphis sanitation strike
20092:
20081:
19980:1968 movement in Pakistan
19955:
19864:
19841:
19767:Back-to-the-land movement
19747:
19692:San Francisco Renaissance
19684:
19653:
19583:
19550:Index of related articles
19428:
19343:
19067:
19000:
18938:
18838:
18799:
18731:
18724:
18639:
18559:
18551:Doctrine of Father Divine
18497:
18439:
18088:
17943:
17935:Women's suffrage movement
17888:Reconstruction Amendments
17695:Voting Rights Act of 1965
17614:
17538:
17364:
17237:
17169:
16822:
16818:
16809:
16757:
16622:
16613:
16509:
16480:
16457:
16396:
16363:
16354:
16297:
16285:Comparison of governments
16260:
16223:
16200:
16116:
16096:
16027:
15965:
15887:
15810:
15668:
15659:
15655:
15646:
15368:
15359:
15304:
15264:Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
15105:drafting and ratification
15078:Articles of Confederation
14991:
14925:
14916:
14848:
14825:
14609:
14593:
14582:
14519:America in the King Years
14299:
14288:
14244:
14054:
14033:
13982:
13873:
13772:
13768:
13762:
13757:
13691:
13678:
13513:
13414:
13410:
13399:
13373:Memphis sanitation strike
13277:
13189:
13131:
13127:
13116:
13076:
13071:Links to related articles
13045:
12947:
12849:
12663:
12596:
12538:
12517:
12404:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
12374:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
11446:
11438:Women's Political Council
11433:Wednesdays in Mississippi
11428:United Auto Workers (UAW)
11413:Southern Regional Council
11383:Northern Student Movement
11292:Committee for Freedom Now
11252:
11199:Memphis sanitation strike
11165:Voting Rights Act of 1965
11087:
10908:Savannah Protest Movement
10870:
10728:
10689:Journey of Reconciliation
10681:
10668:
10615:Duke University Libraries
10464:The National Park Service
10455:The National Park Service
10139:Journal of Social History
10052:10.1017/S0021875800033697
9894:Historiography and memory
9845:(2 vol. Greenwood 2006).
9729:. New York: W.W. Norton.
9528:Hine, Darlene Clark, ed.
9097:Saito, Leland T. (1998).
8457:Bass, S. Jonathan (2001)
7819:– via Google Books.
7559:From Swastika to Jim Crow
7511:– via Google Books.
7468:January 14, 2016, at the
7354:(NYU Press, 2013), p. 126
7318:– via Google Books.
7302:Marable, Manning (2011).
6422:– via Google Books.
6349:February 6, 2018, at the
6294:(Random House, 1977), 182
5746:"Robinson, Jo Ann Gibson"
5558:Seligman, Amanda (2005).
5473:Kennedy, Stetson (1959).
5281:February 4, 2011, at the
4519:can denote this or other
4507:Southern freedom movement
4479:Negro American revolution
4451:American freedom movement
4213:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
4183:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
3589:Women's Political Council
3372:Voting Rights Act of 1965
3155:Rhythm & Blues single
2960:raised fist on the podium
2764:American Jewish Committee
2734:Selma to Montgomery march
1760:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1527:employment discrimination
1452:Maryland General Assembly
1296:Chicago race riot of 1919
1285:Chicago race riot of 1919
1008:(1944), which prohibited
779:Voting Rights Act of 1965
657:, often under the racist
643:Reconstruction Amendments
557:Memphis sanitation strike
339:Journey of Reconciliation
331:
231:Voting Rights Act of 1965
166:" doctrine overturned by
153:
127:
91:
81:
73:
50:
45:
21404:← Kennedy administration
20768:Civil Rights Act of 1968
20728:School Breakfast Program
20675:Civil Rights Act of 1964
20460:White House preservation
20385:templates for discussion
20179:King assassination riots
20139:1968 uprising in Senegal
20035:Mexican Movement of 1968
19757:American Indian Movement
19600:United States portal
19035:African-American English
18464:Inventors and scientists
18156:George Washington Carver
17760:Chicago Freedom Movement
17304:Prescription drug prices
16424:Mayor–council government
16414:Coterminous municipality
16404:Consolidated city-county
16170:Agriculture commissioner
15820:House of Representatives
15728:National Security Agency
15378:Contiguous United States
14326:National Historical Park
14064:Abraham, Martin and John
13542:(strategist / colleague)
13346:Chicago Freedom Movement
11272:Atlanta Student Movement
11221:Civil Rights Act of 1968
11146:1964–1965 Scripto strike
11127:Civil Rights Act of 1964
11025:1963 Birmingham campaign
10918:Civil Rights Act of 1960
10842:Civil Rights Act of 1957
10562: – Provided by the
10514: – Provided by the
10480: – Provided by the
9998:Journal of Black Studies
9791:August 22, 2016, at the
9718:Ogletree, Charles J. Jr.
9173:Self, Robert O. (2005).
8955:The Detroit riot of 1967
8939:. Simon & Schuster.
8748:U.S. Department of State
8627:Davis, Townsend (1998).
8622:. New York: Verso Books.
8597:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
8508:Bryant, Nicholas Andrew
7749:"By Any Means Necessary"
7442:. Simon & Schuster.
7329:Media, American Public.
7103:Cornell University Press
7097:Minami, Kazushi (2024).
6809:Schlesinger, Arthur Jr,
6491:"By Any Means Necessary"
6439:January 8, 2013, at the
5870:Journal of Black Studies
5796:The Tallahassee Democrat
5204:August 29, 2017, at the
5094:January 1, 2009, at the
4986:Leland T. Saito (1998).
4572:The Blood of Emmett Till
4291:American Indian Movement
3368:Civil Rights Act of 1964
3096:San Quentin State Prison
2857:Gastonia, North Carolina
2768:American Jewish Congress
2654:NAACP Legal Defense Fund
2589:The Ballot or the Bullet
2497:The Ballot or the Bullet
2435:
2421:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2417:Everett McKinley Dirksen
2395:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2192:Civil Rights Act of 1957
1905:under Article II of the
1771:Civil Rights Act of 1968
1756:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1681:, Bernice Robinson, and
1613:Alabama State University
1590:White Citizens' Councils
1495:. They were faced with "
1269:Hampton Negro Conference
826:African-American history
783:Fair Housing Act of 1968
771:Civil Rights Act of 1964
547:Chicago Freedom Movement
532:Carpenters for Christmas
391:Dockum Drug Store sit-in
236:Civil Rights Act of 1968
226:Civil Rights Act of 1964
221:Civil Rights Act of 1960
216:Civil Rights Act of 1957
210:Passage of federal laws:
119:socioeconomic inequality
21357:Bilingual Education Act
21270:Administration on Aging
21064:Air Quality Act of 1967
20775:Gun Control Act of 1968
19523:African-American firsts
18572:Back-to-Africa movement
18541:Black Hebrew Israelites
18321:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
17869:Partus sequitur ventrem
17389:Criticism of government
16734:Social welfare programs
16327:State-recognized tribes
15312:Outline of U.S. history
15024:Continental Association
14732:Delano Herman Middleton
14508:King County, Washington
14361:FBI–King suicide letter
12824:Voter Education Project
12578:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
12239:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
11674:Josephine Dobbs Clement
11100:Chester school protests
11095:Twenty-fourth Amendment
11057:Detroit Walk to Freedom
10799:Tallahassee bus boycott
10720:Baton Rouge bus boycott
10460:Civil Rights in America
10398:Holsaert, Faith et al.
9943:(NewSouth Books, 2021).
9590:London: Longman, 2005.
9329:. Penguin Books, 1987.
8846:Hoose, Phillip (2009).
8722:. New York: Macmillan.
8191:Eddy, Sherwood (1934),
7420:April 23, 2010, at the
7409:Blackside Productions,
7225:Baltimore Afro-American
7129:Reinders, Eric (2024).
6622:Encyclopædia Britannica
6066:The Library of Congress
5821:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
5063:. PBS: Jim Crow Stories
4467:civil rights revolution
4296:Asian American movement
4168:Amelia Boynton Robinson
4113:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
3718:Septima Poinsette Clark
3081:Peace and Freedom Party
3034:straightened their hair
2975:(silver medalist, left)
2926:"Black Power" militants
2637:George Lincoln Rockwell
2451:Chinese Communist Party
2246:Baldwin-Kennedy meeting
1992:Tactics and nonviolence
1890:delivered the petition
1454:in 1691, criminalizing
1304:systemic discrimination
1300:Omaha race riot of 1919
793:. The emergence of the
512:Chester school protests
500:Black Christmas boycott
366:Tallahassee bus boycott
349:Baton Rouge bus boycott
185:Anti-miscegenation laws
21413:Nixon administration →
21134:Food Stamp Act of 1964
20305:Antisemitism in Poland
20214:Poor People's Campaign
20149:Battle of Valle Giulia
20119:1968 protests in Egypt
20005:Black Power Revolution
19975:1968 movement in Italy
19491:Spingarn Medal winners
18980:States and territories
18751:Black NFL quarterbacks
18251:Martin Luther King Jr.
17783:Dred Scott v. Sandford
17722:Montgomery bus boycott
17451:Environmental movement
17294:Health insurance costs
17189:Educational attainment
16714:Federal Reserve System
16672:Science and technology
16175:Insurance commissioner
15713:Intelligence Community
15408:minor outlying islands
15171:Civil rights movement
14702:Martin Luther King Jr.
14371:Season for Nonviolence
14184:"Never Alone Martin" (
13906:"Great X-Pectations" (
13842:King in the Wilderness
13463:Martin Luther King Sr.
13439:Martin Luther King III
13381:Poor People's Campaign
13330:St. Augustine movement
13290:Montgomery bus boycott
13110:Martin Luther King Jr.
13037:Movement photographers
12279:Bernice Johnson Reagon
11999:Martin Luther King Sr.
11994:Martin Luther King Jr.
11564:William Holmes Borders
11336:Highlander Folk School
11226:Poor People's Campaign
11079:St. Augustine movement
10929:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
10852:Katz Drug Store sit-in
10823:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
10785:Montgomery bus boycott
10605:501(c)(3) organization
10544:Voices of Civil Rights
10516:University of Virginia
10387:. Baraka Books, 2013.
10327:Zamalin, Alex (2015).
10141:47.2 (2013): 371–400.
9588:Martin Luther King Jr.
9530:Black Women in America
9453:Social Science History
9291:Weems, Robert E. Jr.,
9083:. WW Norton & Co.
9004:(Harcourt Press, 1972)
8714:Forman, James (1972).
8658:Erikson, Erik (1969).
8364:"Racism to Redemption"
8057:American Indian Source
7853:"American Experience.
7595:Karen Brodkin (2000).
7565:July 22, 2015, at the
7541:March 4, 2016, at the
7521:Juan Williams, et al,
7270:March 4, 2016, at the
7158:Gao, Yunxiang (2021).
7002:April 2, 2015, at the
6951:Hersh, Burton (2007).
6534:July 27, 2017, at the
6205:April 2, 2008, at the
5448:"Executive Order 9981"
5303:americanhistory.si.edu
4516:Civil rights struggles
4483:Negro freedom movement
3953:Martin Luther King Jr.
3579:(Nashville, Tennessee)
3462:Activist organizations
3391:housing discrimination
3355:
3252:
3108:
3092:Black Guerrilla Family
3024:in 1966, initiated by
2978:
2915:
2881:Martin Luther King Jr.
2772:Anti-Defamation League
2726:Abraham Joshua Heschel
2722:St. Augustine, Florida
2705:
2702:Martin Luther King Jr.
2662:Dallas County, Alabama
2649:
2568:Ku Klux Klan terrorism
2555:
2552:Martin Luther King Jr.
2362:
2281:
2221:
2169:conservative coalition
2156:
2004:
1907:UN Genocide Convention
1821:Montgomery bus boycott
1797:African-American women
1793:
1745:Martin Luther King Jr.
1737:Montgomery bus boycott
1691:Highlander Folk School
1617:Martin Luther King Jr.
1609:Jo Ann Gibson Robinson
1448:anti-miscegenation law
1425:
1375:real estate developers
1373:were employed by many
1363:
1287:
1263:
1202:
1090:
987:
854:
849:13th Amendment in the
810:Martin Luther King Jr.
767:United States Congress
695:Montgomery bus boycott
567:Poor People's Campaign
488:St. Augustine movement
396:Katz Drug Store sit-in
381:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
361:Montgomery bus boycott
36:Civil rights movements
34:. For other uses, see
21548:Civil rights movement
21448:Civil rights movement
20760:Executive Order 11375
20691:Executive Order 11246
20509:Judicial appointments
20335:Years of Lead (Italy)
19990:Anti-nuclear movement
19985:Civil Rights Movement
19777:Civil rights movement
19762:Anti-nuclear movement
18801:Athletic associations
18736:Negro league baseball
18507:African-American Jews
18226:Ketanji Brown Jackson
18191:Henry Highland Garnet
18050:Negro National Anthem
17800:George Floyd protests
17765:Post–civil rights era
17277:Immigrant health care
16792:Transportation safety
16787:Transportation policy
16777:Public transportation
15847:President pro tempore
15703:Executive departments
15472:National Park Service
15127:Territorial evolution
14853:Civil Rights Movement
14839:Mississippi Cold Case
14576:Civil Rights Memorial
13479:Christine King Farris
13471:Alberta Williams King
13256:Conscience for Change
13199:Stride Toward Freedom
12872:Civil Rights Memorial
12760:Bethel Baptist Church
12409:Charles Kenzie Steele
11854:Audrey Faye Hendricks
11759:Myrlie Evers-Williams
11739:Patricia Stephens Due
11709:Abraham Lincoln Davis
11644:Colia Lafayette Clark
11398:Operation Breadbasket
11393:National Urban League
11140:Katzenbach v. McClung
11008:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
10661:Civil rights movement
10597:Civil Rights Teaching
10564:National Park Service
10000:49.5 (2018): 448–480.
9982:10.1086/JAAHv92n2p265
9799:Reed, Thomas Vernon.
9397:Barnes, Catherine A.
8997:(Penguin Books, 2011)
8971:McAdam, Doug (1988).
8935:Walking With the Wind
8908:Klarman, Michael J.,
8825:Hilty, James (2000).
8758:(HarperCollins, 1987)
8494:Breitman, George ed.
7859:. PBS. Archived from
7547:The Black Commentator
7481:George Breitman, ed.
7438:Walking With the Wind
7048:Robert E. Weems Jr.,
6975:The Threepenny Review
6553:July 8, 2013, at the
6406:(November 20, 2003).
5711:. Polity. p. x.
4698:California Law Review
4672:Vanderbilt Law Review
4503:Second Reconstruction
4471:civil rights struggle
4463:Black rights movement
4223:Charles Kenzie Steele
4118:Gloria Johnson-Powell
3793:Marian Wright Edelman
3591:(Montgomery, Alabama)
3573:(Montgomery, Alabama)
3542:Operation Breadbasket
3353:
3340:White segregationists
3305:Scottsboro Negro boys
3243:
3107:
2943:
2898:
2875:Black segregationists
2808:Brownsville, New York
2695:
2682:Brownsville, Brooklyn
2658:Department of Justice
2645:
2580:Jacksonville, Florida
2546:
2393:Further information:
2344:
2331:University of Alabama
2265:
2205:
2163:," argued biographer
2152:
1999:
1966:Grassroots leadership
1888:Civil Rights Congress
1858:gender discrimination
1852:Sexist discrimination
1784:
1513:nonviolent resistance
1415:
1353:
1325:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1309:restrictive covenants
1282:
1261:
1193:
1081:
973:
948:Further information:
913:. In 1871, President
909:in order to maintain
867:enslaved in the South
848:
839:Further information:
775:public accommodations
608:nonviolent resistance
586:to abolish legalized
580:civil rights movement
458:Ole Miss riot of 1962
324:Civil rights movement
197:Interracial marriages
190:McLaughlin v. Florida
140:nonviolent resistance
46:Civil rights movement
21583:Community organizing
21318:Model Cities Program
20929:Truth in Lending Act
20330:Second-wave feminism
20270:1968 Summer Olympics
20204:Miss America protest
20040:Movement of 22 March
20000:Black power movement
19814:Second-wave feminism
19792:Free Speech Movement
19787:Free school movement
19772:Black Power movement
19748:Social and political
19008:Afro-Seminole Creole
18534:Azusa Street Revival
18406:Booker T. Washington
17930:Underground Railroad
17795:Free people of color
17649:Atlantic slave trade
17446:Environmental issues
17111:Political ideologies
17010:Indigenous languages
16210:List of legislatures
16007:separation of powers
15708:Independent agencies
15634:World Heritage Sites
15269:September 11 attacks
15192:Spanish–American War
15132:Mexican–American War
15088:Confederation period
15019:Continental Congress
14662:Roman Ducksworth Jr.
14632:Johnnie Mae Chappell
14530:Lee–Jackson–King Day
14483:Kennedy–King College
13942:"Return of the King"
12917:other King memorials
12892:Freedom Rides Museum
12829:1960s counterculture
12780:Edmund Pettus Bridge
12459:Walter Francis White
12364:Alexander D. Shimkin
10878:New Year's Day March
10847:Ministers' Manifesto
10694:Executive Order 9981
10611:SNCC Digital Gateway
10599: – Provided by
10534:The Civil Rights Era
9754:Patterson, James T.
9685:Minchin, Timothy J.
9401:(Columbia UP, 1983).
9389:Sociological Science
9241:Strain, Christopher
9227:. Cengage Learning.
9025:(Random House, 1977)
8931:Lewis, John (1998).
8664:. New York: Norton.
8374:on December 10, 2017
8032:on November 26, 2018
7947:on December 11, 2007
7643:(November 2, 1993).
7434:Lewis, John (1998).
7039:8#2 (2015): 121–137.
6890:What Really Happened
6753:Risen, Clay (2014).
6018:(January 20, 2020).
5475:"Who May Live Where"
5199:"Legacy of Lynching"
4779:"Loving v. Virginia"
4352:History preservation
4315:(2002) fiction novel
3828:Frankie Muse Freeman
3596:Individual activists
3295:". In his 1934 book
3182:1968 Summer Olympics
3172:". In October 1968,
2964:1968 Summer Olympics
2951:and bronze medalist
2936:Black Power movement
2748:, were both Jewish.
2269:Prince Edward County
2250:Civil Rights Address
2022:Battle of Hayes Pond
2002:Battle of Hayes Pond
1919:William L. Patterson
1621:Tallahassee, Florida
1539:Executive Order 8802
1479:entered the home of
1460:Charleston, Illinois
1456:interracial marriage
1377:to "protect" entire
1341:Executive Order 9981
1182:, and Asians in the
1178:(and Latinos in the
1065:Booker T. Washington
795:Black Power movement
639:abolition of slavery
248:Ratification of the
21262:Older Americans Act
20832:Coinage Act of 1965
20809:Revenue Act of 1964
20720:Child Nutrition Act
20453:Second inauguration
20254:Tlatelolco massacre
20169:Delano grape strike
20159:Central Park be-ins
20015:Cultural Revolution
19661:Black Arts Movement
19403:Trinidad and Tobago
19018:Black American Sign
18845:By African descent
18839:Ethnic subdivisions
18826:Southwestern (SWAC)
18741:Baseball color line
18656:Black Panther Party
18560:Political movements
18477:in computer science
18136:Carol Moseley Braun
17925:Tulsa race massacre
17918:Treatment of slaves
17750:March on Washington
17745:Birmingham movement
17289:Health care finance
16782:Rail transportation
16548:Imperial presidency
16270:State constitutions
16215:List of legislators
16165:Auditor/Comptroller
16138:Lieutenant governor
15864:Library of Congress
15755:Diplomatic Security
15398:Indian reservations
15061:American Revolution
14782:Henry Ezekial Smith
14752:Mack Charles Parker
14747:William Lewis Moore
14737:Charles Eddie Moore
14727:Carol Denise McNair
14395:Hope Moving Forward
14160:Shed a Little Light
13923:New York Undercover
13918:"The Promised Land"
13745:Conspiracy theories
13526:(mentor, colleague)
13314:Birmingham campaign
12655:Mary McLeod Bethune
12616:Sermon on the Mount
12583:"We Shall Overcome"
12164:William Lewis Moore
11944:Frank Minis Johnson
11919:Richie Jean Jackson
11874:Donald L. Hollowell
11679:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
11484:Gwendolyn Armstrong
11479:William G. Anderson
11459:Victoria Gray Adams
11423:The Freedom Singers
11277:Black Panther Party
11062:March on Washington
10975:Garner v. Louisiana
10936:Boynton v. Virginia
10601:Teaching for Change
10523:Library of Congress
10312:. Greenwood Press.
9777:(Bloomsbury, 1998)
9624:Lowery, Charles D.
9549:Jones, Jacqueline.
9521:Greene, Christina.
9491:Faulkenbury, Evan.
9406:Bennett, Lerone Jr.
9391:3 (2016): 135–166.
9270:Tucker, William H.
9158:. Encounter Books.
9018:(Random House 1971)
9016:Regulating the Poor
9000:Matusow, Allen J. "
8770:. Chapel Hill, NC:
8512:(Basic Books, 2006)
8498:(Grove Press, 1965)
7534:Paul Ryan Haygood,
7391:on January 10, 2015
7365:Regulating the Poor
7162:. Chapel Hill, NC:
6305:"Timothy B. Tyson,
6166:Library of Congress
5454:on January 22, 2019
5349:Moton, Robert Russa
4836:on October 21, 2010
4685:on October 3, 2019.
4499:Second Emancipation
4412:Informational notes
3803:James L. Farmer Jr.
3738:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
3608:Victoria Gray Adams
3403:housing segregation
3381:. He moved further
3255:Due to policies of
3061:Oakland, California
3049:Black Panther Party
2752:Brandeis University
2641:American Nazi Party
2519:Cambridge, Maryland
2455:Cultural Revolution
2348:University of Natal
2120:Political responses
1823:, and the eventual
1739:(1955–1956) led by
1685:, with the help of
1638:of Tallahassee and
1601:Montgomery, Alabama
1367:Housing segregation
1358:erected this sign,
1067:, president of the
1053:lily-white movement
812:, who won the 1964
791:private foundations
715:Selma to Montgomery
713:, and a march from
711:Birmingham campaign
637:and the subsequent
552:Orangeburg massacre
463:Birmingham campaign
63:Washington Monument
59:March on Washington
21141:Food Stamp Program
20907:Wholesome Meat Act
20635:Outer Space Treaty
20439:First inauguration
20194:May 1968 in France
20174:East L.A. walkouts
20055:Red Power movement
19501:US representatives
19496:US cabinet members
19388:Dominican Republic
18975:Metropolitan areas
18816:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
18641:Civic and economic
18619:Self-determination
18440:Education, science
18361:Fred Shuttlesworth
18341:A. Philip Randolph
18246:Coretta Scott King
18171:Frederick Douglass
17998:Harlem Renaissance
17903:Separate but equal
17893:Reconstruction era
17881:Plessy v. Ferguson
17772:Cornerstone Speech
17686:Civil Rights Acts
17669:Black Lives Matter
17644:American Civil War
17399:affirmative action
17372:Capital punishment
17331:Poverty and health
17326:Physician shortage
17299:Health care prices
17229:Standard of living
16912:standard of living
16719:Financial position
16346:Hawaiian home land
16334:Indian reservation
16307:Tribal sovereignty
16150:Secretary of state
16019:United States Code
15935:Territorial courts
15907:Associate Justices
15792:Inspector generals
15279:War in Afghanistan
15142:Reconstruction era
15009:Stamp Act Congress
14692:Jimmie Lee Jackson
14687:Samuel Hammond Jr.
14657:Henry Hezekiah Dee
14389:sculpture, Atlanta
14173:Up to the Mountain
13960:(2011 documentary)
13933:Selma, Lord, Selma
13855:(2020 documentary)
13845:(2018 documentary)
13815:(2008 documentary)
13792:Our Friend, Martin
13785:(1970 documentary)
13628:Fred Shuttlesworth
13423:Coretta Scott King
13161:How Long, Not Long
13143:Give Us the Ballot
12972:Michael Eric Dyson
12857:In popular culture
12740:Fifth Circuit Four
12724:Loving v. Virginia
12717:Hernandez v. Texas
12696:Buchanan v. Warley
12688:Separate but equal
12682:Plessy v. Ferguson
12645:Frederick Douglass
12479:Robert F. Williams
12389:Kelly Miller Smith
12369:Fred Shuttlesworth
12294:Frederick D. Reese
12274:George Raymond Jr.
12264:A. Philip Randolph
12244:Fay Bellamy Powell
12159:Queen Mother Moore
12044:Z. Alexander Looby
11989:Coretta Scott King
11934:Barbara Rose Johns
11914:Jimmie Lee Jackson
11839:William E. Harbour
11619:Stokely Carmichael
11534:Randolph Blackwell
11204:King assassination
11193:Loving v. Virginia
11177:March Against Fear
11157:How Long, Not Long
11035:Children's Crusade
10986:Cambridge movement
10923:Ax Handle Saturday
10888:Greensboro sit-ins
10815:Give Us the Ballot
10366:Library of America
9921:Berger, Martin A.
9668:Timothy Garton Ash
9628:(Greenwood, 1992).
9484:Fairclough, Adam.
9343:Woodward, C. Vann
9277:Tyson, Timothy B.
9260:Sugrue, Thomas J.
9250:Sugrue, Thomas J.
8778:Goluboff, Risa L.
8766:The Carolina Times
8338:networks.h-net.org
8109:. January 18, 2016
8026:Native News Online
7786:The New York Times
7701:Davies, Tom Adam.
7649:My Jewish Learning
7196:Swarthmore College
6874:on March 13, 2005.
6830:on August 22, 2016
6546:Timothy B. Tyson,
6199:We Charge Genocide
6027:The New York Times
5621:Facing History.org
5262:C. Vann Woodward,
5059:Wormser, Richard.
4942:. August 30, 2015.
4396:Black Lives Matter
4258:Robert F. Williams
4208:Fred Shuttlesworth
4143:Frederick D. Reese
4133:George Raymond Jr.
4123:A. Philip Randolph
4053:E. Frederic Morrow
3948:Coretta Scott King
3913:Jimmie Lee Jackson
3863:Lorraine Hansberry
3818:Sarah Mae Flemming
3808:Walter E. Fauntroy
3703:Stokely Carmichael
3653:Fay Bellamy Powell
3448:In popular culture
3430:Barbara Ehrenreich
3414:massive resistance
3379:bombing of Vietnam
3356:
3334:Massive resistance
3261:People's Democracy
3253:
3109:
3094:in the California
3022:March Against Fear
2979:
2911:self-determination
2792:integration busing
2706:
2698:Joseph L. Rauh Jr.
2639:, the head of the
2556:
2472:Robert F. Williams
2222:
2218:Justice Department
2161:Compromise of 1877
2034:The Carolina Times
2030:The New York Times
2018:Robert F. Williams
2005:
1893:We Charge Genocide
1794:
1652:A. Philip Randolph
1644:Fred Shuttlesworth
1640:T. J. Jemison
1630:In 1957, King and
1523:A. Philip Randolph
1517:civil disobedience
1497:massive resistance
1450:was passed by the
1364:
1292:Red Summer of 1919
1288:
1264:
1239:Plessy v. Ferguson
1234:separate but equal
1203:
1151:Disenfranchisement
1145:Racial segregation
1119:separate but equal
1114:Plessy v. Ferguson
1095:racial segregation
1091:
1069:Tuskegee Institute
1061:Theodore Roosevelt
1005:Smith v. Allwright
988:
932:Federal Government
895:Reconstruction era
859:American Civil War
855:
747:Loving v. Virginia
683:civil disobedience
681:mass protests and
667:White supremacists
641:in the 1860s, the
635:American Civil War
612:civil disobedience
600:Reconstruction era
596:disenfranchisement
588:racial segregation
542:March Against Fear
453:Cambridge movement
423:Greensboro sit-ins
202:Loving v. Virginia
164:Separate but equal
145:civil disobedience
109:disenfranchisement
104:racial segregation
21460:Freedom of speech
21429:
21428:
21423:
21422:
20502:1969 SOTU Address
20495:1968 SOTU Address
20488:1967 SOTU Address
20481:1966 SOTU Address
20474:1965 SOTU Address
20467:1964 SOTU Address
20370:
20369:
20325:School discipline
20244:Takeover of Vanha
20060:Sexual revolution
19915:
19914:
19849:Underground press
19826:Sexual revolution
19734:Bed-Ins for Peace
19671:Psychedelic music
19608:
19607:
19436:African Americans
19308:Dallas–Fort Worth
18903:Black Southerners
18834:
18833:
18286:Thurgood Marshall
18256:Bernard Lafayette
17851:Million Man March
17608:African Americans
17574:
17573:
17534:
17533:
17530:
17529:
17500:National security
17209:Income inequality
17089:Statue of Liberty
16892:income inequality
16805:
16804:
16797:Trucking industry
16609:
16608:
16605:
16604:
16536:Foreign relations
16524:Electoral College
16505:
16504:
16293:
16292:
16245:District attorney
16092:
16091:
15919:Courts of appeals
15642:
15641:
15355:
15354:
15296:COVID-19 pandemic
15249:Feminist Movement
15095:American frontier
15014:Thirteen Colonies
14875:
14874:
14812:Ben Chester White
14802:Virgil Lamar Ware
14777:Michael Schwerner
14642:Addie Mae Collins
14542:
14541:
14538:
14537:
14513:Eponymous streets
14356:Authorship issues
14284:
14283:
14280:
14279:
14046:(1957 comic book)
13909:A Different World
13886:(1978 miniseries)
13753:
13752:
13674:
13673:
13670:
13669:
13564:Bernard Lafayette
13495:James Albert King
13395:
13394:
13391:
13390:
13246:Why We Can't Wait
13063:
13062:
12840:Eyes on the Prize
12755:A.G. Gaston Motel
12750:Kelly Ingram Park
12710:Sweatt v. Painter
12394:Mary Louise Smith
12354:Cleveland Sellers
12339:Michael Schwerner
12304:Gloria Richardson
12084:Thurgood Marshall
12004:Bernard Lafayette
11734:John Wesley Dobbs
11248:
11247:
10967:Birmingham attack
10947:Rock Hill sit-ins
10898:Sibley Commission
10893:Nashville sit-ins
10765:Gebhart v. Belton
10751:Briggs v. Elliott
10744:Bolling v. Sharpe
10705:Sweatt v. Painter
10462:Information from
10453:Information from
10408:978-0-252-03557-9
10393:978-1-926824-87-1
10340:978-1-137-52810-0
10319:978-0-313-29838-7
10303:on April 2, 2015.
10257:978-0-8139-1319-3
10236:978-0-520-25176-2
10211:978-0-8131-2693-7
10188:978-0-8476-9053-4
9939:Carawan, Candie.
9930:Berger, Maurice.
9914:978-1-316-24038-0
9877:978-0-300-11837-7
9863:Tsesis, Alexander
9834:Sitkoff, Howard.
9827:Riches, William.
9820:978-0-8108-8037-5
9773:Raffel, Jeffrey.
9744:Payne, Charles M.
9736:978-0-393-05897-0
9702:Morris, Aldon D.
9680:978-0-19-955201-6
9621:(ABC-CLIO, 2019).
9498:Garrow, David J.
9312:978-0-8135-4772-5
9288:(NYU Press, 2013)
9234:978-0-495-09705-1
9213:978-0-7432-1701-9
9186:978-1-4008-4417-3
9165:978-1-59403-800-6
9141:978-0-618-21928-5
9118:978-1-57356-148-8
9090:978-0-393-05122-3
9054:978-0-671-64879-4
8991:Marable, Manning
8984:978-0-19-504367-9
8953:Locke, Hubert G.
8946:978-0-684-81065-2
8901:978-0-8122-0000-3
8880:978-0-8203-4326-6
8861:978-0-312-66105-2
8838:978-1-4399-0519-7
8808:978-0-292-71837-1
8764:Louis Austin and
8754:Garrow, David J.
8729:978-0-940880-10-8
8706:978-0-19-516779-5
8671:978-0-393-31034-4
8642:978-0-393-04592-5
8585:978-0-19-515049-0
8562:978-0-19-502625-2
8539:978-0-674-44727-1
8483:978-0-252-03420-6
8448:Bartley, Abel A.
8406:978-1-4008-4942-0
8319:978-1-101-60549-3
8226:978-0-691-15243-1
8169:on April 28, 2016
7922:978-0-520-29328-1
7895:978-0-19-986148-4
7863:on April 23, 2010
7855:Eyes on the Prize
7816:978-0-8078-5702-1
7759:on March 13, 2015
7747:(June 18, 2004).
7623:978-0-520-21380-7
7508:978-0-8203-2687-0
7449:978-0-684-81065-2
7369:Abel A. Bartley,
7315:978-1-101-44527-3
7078:978-1-59403-800-6
6961:978-0-7867-1982-2
6942:. OCLC 1001918388
6940:978-1-4000-6748-0
6916:on April 20, 2008
6766:978-1-60819-824-5
6677:978-1-0718-2463-4
6624:. March 20, 2023.
6489:(June 17, 2004).
6419:978-0-8078-6270-4
6342:Nicholas Graham,
6315:on March 26, 2014
6239:978-0-674-44726-4
6147:978-0-8135-3438-1
5957:978-0-19-932917-5
5847:978-0-691-09260-7
5718:978-0-7456-2936-0
5686:. Daily Kos Group
5569:978-0-226-74663-0
5365:2027/chi.14025588
5357:Hampton, Virginia
5333:, 41(3), 338–346.
5184:978-0-19-516779-5
5154:978-0-495-09705-1
5045:978-0-7432-1701-9
4966:978-1-57356-148-8
4868:978-1-57233-260-7
4810:. January 5, 2018
4557:978-0-19-992268-0
4373:Read's Drug Store
4345:We Shall Overcome
4198:Cleveland Sellers
4193:Michael Schwerner
4153:Gloria Richardson
4098:Nan Grogan Orrock
4008:Thurgood Marshall
3958:Bernard Lafayette
3928:Clarence B. Jones
3561:(Albany, Georgia)
3360:Nobel Peace Prize
3329:White Southerners
3273:We Shall Overcome
3215:Why We Can't Wait
3189:black nationalism
3124:
3076:community control
3071:and to establish
2746:Michael Schwerner
2597:Eyes on the Prize
2584:Molotov cocktails
2515:Gloria Richardson
2493:Black Nationalism
2478:Popular reactions
2403:Lyndon B. Johnson
2277:the 1954 decision
2226:Robert F. Kennedy
2210:Robert F. Kennedy
2054:Negroes With Guns
1862:sexual harassment
1636:C. K. Steele
1501:voter suppression
1458:. In a speech in
1248:Anniston, Alabama
1228:(1954), when the
1218:, education, and
1197:night rally near
1071:, to dine at the
1035:in Congress. The
964:disputed election
851:National Archives
814:Nobel Peace Prize
752:in public schools
689:. These included
651:African Americans
575:
574:
478:Leesburg Stockade
428:Nashville sit-ins
290:
289:
16:(Redirected from
21635:
21530:
21529:
21528:
21518:
21517:
21516:
21506:
21505:
21504:
21494:
21493:
21482:
21481:
21470:
21469:
21468:
21458:
21457:
21456:
21446:
21445:
21437:
21416:
21407:
21388:
21381:
21374:
21367:
21360:
21350:
21343:
21336:
21328:
21321:
21311:
21304:
21297:
21288:
21281:
21272:
21265:
21255:
21248:
21240:
21231:
21224:
21217:
21210:
21203:
21196:
21189:
21182:
21175:
21168:
21161:
21153:
21150:AmeriCorps VISTA
21143:
21136:
21127:
21120:
21113:
21106:
21099:
21074:
21066:
21059:
21052:
21044:
21037:
21030:
21023:
21015:
20992:
20984:
20977:
20968:
20961:
20954:
20947:
20940:
20931:
20924:
20917:
20910:
20902:
20894:
20887:
20880:
20872:
20864:
20856:
20848:
20841:
20834:
20825:
20818:
20811:
20791:
20784:
20777:
20770:
20763:
20755:
20748:
20740:
20737:Uniform Time Act
20730:
20722:
20715:
20708:
20701:
20694:
20684:
20677:
20670:
20663:
20644:
20637:
20630:
20628:Glassboro Summit
20621:
20612:
20605:
20596:
20589:
20587:Johnson Doctrine
20569:
20562:
20555:
20553:Executive Orders
20548:
20546:Nixon transition
20541:
20532:
20525:
20518:
20511:
20504:
20497:
20490:
20483:
20476:
20469:
20462:
20455:
20448:
20441:
20414:
20407:
20400:
20391:
20390:
20352:Student activism
20087:
20010:Chicano Movement
19949:Protests of 1968
19942:
19935:
19928:
19919:
19918:
19712:Swinging Sixties
19707:Mods and rockers
19702:British Invasion
19635:
19628:
19621:
19612:
19611:
19598:
19597:
19596:
19560:Lynching victims
19059:Louisiana Creole
19030:American English
18918:Louisiana Creole
18891:Choctaw freedmen
18729:
18728:
18266:Huddie Ledbetter
18206:Fannie Lou Hamer
18176:W. E. B. Du Bois
18166:Claudette Colvin
18161:Shirley Chisholm
17978:Family structure
17846:Military history
17728:Browder v. Gayle
17601:
17594:
17587:
17578:
17577:
17554:
17547:
17434:African American
17316:Health insurance
17204:Household income
17074:National symbols
17005:American English
16978:Federal holidays
16887:household income
16820:
16819:
16816:
16815:
16620:
16619:
16558:Anti-Americanism
16482:Special district
16409:Independent city
16378:County executive
16361:
16360:
16155:Attorney general
16114:
16113:
16103:Federal District
15686:Executive Office
15666:
15665:
15657:
15656:
15653:
15652:
15413:populated places
15393:federal enclaves
15388:federal district
15366:
15365:
15229:American Century
15212:Great Depression
15207:Roaring Twenties
15167:Women's suffrage
15046:Halifax Resolves
15039:Founding Fathers
15034:military history
14999:Pre-colonial era
14923:
14922:
14902:
14895:
14888:
14879:
14878:
14864:
14863:
14817:Sammy Younge Jr.
14772:Carole Robertson
14707:Bruce W. Klunder
14697:Wharlest Jackson
14652:Jonathan Daniels
14569:
14562:
14555:
14546:
14545:
14450:Pueblo, Colorado
14381:Oval Office bust
14290:
14289:
14273:
14264:
14255:
14237:
14225:
14208:
14198:
14189:
14180:
14167:
14154:
14145:
14132:
14123:
14110:
14097:
14084:
14071:
14047:
14026:
14016:
14006:
13996:
13975:
13961:
13951:
13937:
13927:
13913:
13902:
13887:
13866:
13856:
13846:
13836:
13826:
13816:
13806:
13796:
13786:
13770:
13769:
13759:
13758:
13680:
13679:
13663:
13655:
13647:
13639:
13631:
13623:
13615:
13607:
13599:
13591:
13583:
13575:
13567:
13559:
13551:
13543:
13535:
13527:
13506:
13498:
13490:
13482:
13474:
13466:
13458:
13450:
13442:
13434:
13426:
13412:
13411:
13401:
13400:
13384:
13376:
13368:
13357:
13349:
13341:
13333:
13325:
13317:
13309:
13301:
13293:
13270:
13260:
13250:
13240:
13231:
13227:Strength to Love
13221:
13212:
13203:
13182:
13173:
13164:
13155:
13146:
13129:
13128:
13118:
13117:
13103:
13096:
13089:
13080:
13079:
13067:
13066:
13054:
13053:
13017:Charles M. Payne
13002:Steven F. Lawson
12992:David Halberstam
12962:Clayborne Carson
12703:Hocutt v. Wilson
12650:W. E. B. Du Bois
12499:Sammy Younge Jr.
12484:Q. V. Williamson
12449:Wyatt Tee Walker
12314:Bernice Robinson
12259:Lincoln Ragsdale
12249:Rodney N. Powell
12144:Douglas E. Moore
12019:Sanford R. Leigh
11954:J. Charles Jones
11829:Fannie Lou Hamer
11744:Joseph Ellwanger
11704:Jonathan Daniels
11694:Claudette Colvin
11684:Annie Lee Cooper
11669:Kathleen Cleaver
11664:Eldridge Cleaver
11639:Shirley Chisholm
11529:Gloria Blackwell
11120:workers' murders
11067:"I Have a Dream"
10962:Anniston bombing
10913:Greenville Eight
10828:Little Rock Nine
10791:Browder v. Gayle
10679:
10678:
10654:
10647:
10640:
10631:
10630:
10536: – Part of
10521:Provided by the
10492:Tougaloo College
10344:
10323:
10304:
10302:
10296:. Archived from
10271:
10261:
10240:
10215:
10203:
10192:
10173:
10134:
10132:
10130:
10125:on July 27, 2019
10124:
10118:. Archived from
10102:(4): 1233–1263.
10093:
10083:
10081:
10066:
10056:
10054:
10029:
9993:
9964:
9918:
9859:. (Knopf, 2006).
9824:
9783:Raiford, Leigh.
9740:
9632:Marable, Manning
9606:, (Spring 2000).
9556:Kasher, Steven.
9425:Branch, Taylor.
9415:
9316:
9284:Umoja, Akinyele
9238:
9217:
9201:
9190:
9169:
9145:
9133:
9122:
9094:
9058:
9028:Ransby, Barbara
8988:
8950:
8938:
8919:Levy, Peter B. "
8905:
8884:
8865:
8853:
8842:
8812:
8791:
8775:
8751:
8745:
8733:
8721:
8710:
8678:Eskew, Glenn T.
8675:
8646:
8634:
8623:
8598:
8589:
8577:
8566:
8554:
8543:
8487:Branch, Taylor.
8434:
8432:
8411:
8410:
8390:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8379:
8370:. Archived from
8360:
8354:
8353:
8351:
8349:
8330:
8324:
8323:
8301:
8292:
8291:
8289:
8287:
8282:. March 12, 2019
8272:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8261:
8247:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8233:
8210:
8204:
8203:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8176:
8174:
8165:, archived from
8152:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8135:The Moscow Times
8125:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8099:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8082:irishcentral.com
8074:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8063:
8048:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8037:
8028:. Archived from
8017:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8006:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7981:
7966:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7952:
7943:. Archived from
7933:
7927:
7926:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7849:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7838:
7827:
7821:
7820:
7800:
7794:
7793:
7783:
7775:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7764:
7755:. Archived from
7741:
7735:
7734:
7732:
7720:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7709:
7698:
7692:
7689:
7683:
7680:
7674:
7671:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7660:
7655:on July 21, 2014
7637:
7628:
7627:
7607:
7601:
7600:
7592:
7586:
7576:
7570:
7569:—PBS Documentary
7555:
7549:
7532:
7526:
7519:
7513:
7512:
7492:
7486:
7479:
7473:
7460:
7454:
7453:
7441:
7431:
7425:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7387:. Archived from
7381:
7375:
7361:
7355:
7350:Akinyele Umoja,
7348:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7337:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7291:. June 29, 2017.
7281:
7275:
7261:
7255:
7242:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7231:
7216:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7126:
7117:
7116:
7094:
7083:
7082:
7059:
7053:
7046:
7040:
7033:
7027:
7017:
7011:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6970:
6964:
6963:. OCLC 493616276
6949:
6943:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6912:. Archived from
6900:
6894:
6893:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6870:. Archived from
6864:
6858:
6857:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6820:
6814:
6807:
6801:
6792:
6786:
6785:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6750:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6710:
6695:
6682:
6681:
6661:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6564:
6558:
6544:
6538:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6483:
6477:
6465:
6459:
6458:(September 1998)
6452:
6443:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6378:
6372:
6369:
6363:
6360:
6354:
6340:
6334:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6311:. Archived from
6301:
6295:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6278:. June 26, 2012.
6268:
6262:
6261:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6231:
6221:
6210:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6058:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6023:
6012:
6006:
6005:
5996:(3/4): 185–190.
5985:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5931:
5920:
5919:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5865:
5852:
5851:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5812:
5806:
5789:
5783:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5742:
5736:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5675:
5669:
5656:
5647:
5646:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5613:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5586:. Archived from
5580:
5574:
5573:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5340:
5334:
5327:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5295:
5286:
5273:
5267:
5260:
5254:
5247:
5241:
5234:
5225:
5215:
5209:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5168:
5159:
5158:
5138:
5132:
5118:
5112:
5105:
5099:
5086:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5033:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
4997:
4991:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4891:
4882:
4873:
4872:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4832:. Archived from
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4725:
4714:
4713:
4704:(5): 1101–1167.
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4678:. Archived from
4669:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4565:
4559:
4545:
4528:
4525:civil rights era
4521:social movements
4495:Negro revolution
4459:Black revolution
4431:
4425:
4422:
4301:Chicano Movement
4243:Wyatt Tee Walker
4108:Rutledge Pearson
3858:Fannie Lou Hamer
3768:Jonathan Daniels
3763:Claudette Colvin
3753:Annie Lee Cooper
3733:Eldridge Cleaver
3713:Shirley Chisholm
3395:Richard J. Daley
3314:, the historian
3263:had organized a
3230:Northern Ireland
3196:Native Americans
3126:
3125:
3106:
3069:police brutality
2843:was found under
2617:Fannie Lou Hamer
2554:, March 26, 1964
2511:Black separatism
2447:anti-imperialist
2360:
2297:Voice of America
2234:David Halberstam
2230:Attorney General
2207:Attorney General
2147:Lincoln Memorial
2092:Radio Free Dixie
2087:Fannie Lou Hamer
1901:, was guilty of
1808:African-American
1786:Fannie Lou Hamer
1597:Claudette Colvin
1531:defense industry
1423:
1371:Racial covenants
1037:Republican Party
1029:Democratic Party
923:Enforcement Acts
915:Ulysses S. Grant
628:civil rights era
386:Little Rock Nine
326:
316:
309:
302:
293:
292:
240:Fair Housing Act
178:Browder v. Gayle
67:Lincoln Memorial
55:
43:
42:
21:
21643:
21642:
21638:
21637:
21636:
21634:
21633:
21632:
21538:
21537:
21536:
21526:
21524:
21514:
21512:
21502:
21500:
21488:
21476:
21466:
21464:
21454:
21452:
21440:
21432:
21430:
21425:
21424:
21419:
21410:
21401:
21393:
21384:
21377:
21370:
21363:
21355:
21346:
21339:
21331:
21324:
21316:
21307:
21300:
21293:
21284:
21277:
21268:
21260:
21251:
21243:
21236:
21227:
21220:
21213:
21206:
21199:
21192:
21185:
21178:
21171:
21164:
21156:
21148:
21139:
21132:
21123:
21116:
21109:
21102:
21095:
21086:
21077:
21069:
21062:
21055:
21047:
21040:
21033:
21026:
21018:
21010:
21002:
20995:
20987:
20980:
20973:
20964:
20957:
20950:
20943:
20936:
20927:
20920:
20913:
20905:
20897:
20890:
20883:
20875:
20867:
20859:
20851:
20844:
20837:
20830:
20821:
20814:
20807:
20801:Economic policy
20796:
20787:
20780:
20773:
20766:
20758:
20751:
20743:
20735:
20725:
20718:
20711:
20704:
20697:
20689:
20680:
20673:
20668:Cannabis policy
20666:
20658:
20652:Domestic policy
20647:
20642:Operation CHAOS
20640:
20633:
20626:
20618:Credibility gap
20615:
20608:
20601:
20592:
20585:
20572:
20565:
20558:
20551:
20544:
20537:
20528:
20521:
20514:
20507:
20500:
20493:
20486:
20479:
20472:
20465:
20458:
20451:
20446:Let Us Continue
20444:
20437:
20424:
20418:
20388:
20371:
20366:
20275:Anti-capitalism
20258:
20224:Presidio mutiny
20129:1968 Miami riot
20088:
20079:
20025:Hippie movement
19951:
19946:
19916:
19911:
19860:
19837:
19749:
19743:
19717:Hippie movement
19685:Cultural events
19680:
19666:Psychedelic art
19649:
19639:
19609:
19604:
19594:
19592:
19579:
19545:Historic places
19538:US state firsts
19424:
19339:
19063:
18996:
18968:2010 majorities
18963:2000 majorities
18934:
18881:Black Seminoles
18830:
18821:Southern (SIAC)
18804:
18803:and conferences
18802:
18795:
18791:Serena Williams
18786:Jackie Robinson
18720:
18644:
18642:
18635:
18555:
18522:Nation of Islam
18493:
18441:
18435:
18376:Sojourner Truth
18366:Clarence Thomas
18331:Gabriel Prosser
18231:Michael Jackson
18106:Crispus Attucks
18096:Ralph Abernathy
18084:
18040:Musical theater
17939:
17805:Great Migration
17777:COVID-19 impact
17735:Sit-in movement
17610:
17605:
17575:
17570:
17557:
17550:
17543:
17526:
17512:Opioid epidemic
17429:Native American
17409:intersex rights
17360:
17356:Life expectancy
17346:Medical deserts
17336:Race and health
17233:
17219:Personal income
17165:
17069:National anthem
16902:personal income
16867:Economic issues
16801:
16753:
16601:
16501:
16490:School district
16476:
16459:Minor divisions
16453:
16392:
16350:
16289:
16275:Statutory codes
16256:
16219:
16196:
16106:
16101:
16088:
16023:
15980:civil liberties
15961:
15952:Other tribunals
15931:District courts
15883:
15842:current members
15825:current members
15806:
15740:Law enforcement
15638:
15351:
15300:
15291:Great Recession
15162:Progressive Era
15152:Native genocide
15083:Perpetual Union
15071:Treaty of Paris
15029:United Colonies
14987:
14912:
14906:
14876:
14871:
14858:
14844:
14821:
14797:Clarence Triggs
14767:John Earl Reese
14622:Willie Brewster
14605:
14589:
14578:
14573:
14543:
14534:
14397:statue, Atlanta
14295:
14276:
14267:
14258:
14251:
14240:
14228:
14211:
14201:
14192:
14183:
14170:
14157:
14148:
14135:
14126:
14113:
14100:
14087:
14074:
14061:
14050:
14040:
14029:
14019:
14009:
14002:The Mountaintop
13999:
13989:
13978:
13964:
13954:
13940:
13930:
13916:
13905:
13893:The First Store
13890:
13880:
13869:
13859:
13849:
13839:
13829:
13819:
13809:
13799:
13795:(1999 animated)
13789:
13779:
13764:
13749:
13687:
13666:
13658:
13650:
13642:
13634:
13626:
13618:
13610:
13602:
13594:
13586:
13578:
13570:
13562:
13554:
13546:
13538:
13530:
13524:Ralph Abernathy
13522:
13515:
13509:
13501:
13493:
13485:
13477:
13469:
13461:
13453:
13445:
13437:
13429:
13421:
13406:
13387:
13379:
13371:
13360:
13352:
13344:
13336:
13328:
13320:
13312:
13306:Albany Movement
13304:
13296:
13288:
13280:
13273:
13263:
13253:
13243:
13234:
13224:
13215:
13206:
13196:
13185:
13176:
13167:
13158:
13149:
13140:
13123:
13112:
13107:
13072:
13064:
13059:
13048:
13041:
13022:Thomas E. Ricks
13012:Diane McWhorter
12997:Vincent Harding
12982:Adam Fairclough
12949:
12943:
12845:
12800:Freedom Schools
12659:
12592:
12540:
12534:
12525:Omaha, Nebraska
12513:
12429:Hartman Turnbow
12419:Dorothy Tillman
12379:Glenn E. Smiley
12359:Charles Sherrod
12319:Jo Ann Robinson
12194:Charles Neblett
12184:Elijah Muhammad
12149:Harriette Moore
12109:Floyd McKissick
12094:Franklin McCain
12029:Stanley Levison
11894:T. R. M. Howard
11844:Vincent Harding
11774:Walter Fauntroy
11659:Xernona Clayton
11609:John H. Calhoun
11594:Aurelia Browder
11584:Stanley Branche
11579:Raylawni Branch
11559:Joseph E. Boone
11544:Ezell Blair Jr.
11539:Unita Blackwell
11514:Harry Belafonte
11454:Ralph Abernathy
11442:
11378:Nation of Islam
11254:
11244:
11083:
11040:Birmingham riot
10981:Albany Movement
10903:Atlanta sit-ins
10883:Sit-in movement
10866:
10862:Biloxi wade-ins
10834:Cooper v. Aaron
10724:
10670:
10664:
10658:
10447:
10442:
10352:
10347:
10341:
10320:
10300:
10286:10.2307/2079700
10269:
10258:
10237:
10212:
10189:
10162:10.2307/2163219
10128:
10126:
10122:
10108:10.2307/3660172
10091:
10079:
10069:History Teacher
10064:
10018:10.2307/2588012
9949:History Compass
9915:
9896:
9891:
9821:
9793:Wayback Machine
9737:
9617:Levy, Peter B.
9535:Horne, Gerald.
9477:Ellis, Sylvia.
9468:Eig, Jonathan.
9418:Bloom, Jack M.
9376:Abel, Elizabeth
9371:
9369:Further reading
9366:
9358:Zarefsky, David
9350:Young, Coleman
9313:
9235:
9214:
9187:
9166:
9150:Schoen, Douglas
9142:
9119:
9091:
9055:
9039:Reeves, Richard
8985:
8947:
8902:
8881:
8862:
8839:
8809:
8786:Gregg, Khyree.
8743:
8730:
8707:
8672:
8649:Dudziak, M.L.:
8643:
8601:Crump, Spencer
8586:
8563:
8540:
8433:. Oxford Press.
8420:
8415:
8414:
8407:
8391:
8387:
8377:
8375:
8362:
8361:
8357:
8347:
8345:
8332:
8331:
8327:
8320:
8306:"Chapter Seven"
8302:
8295:
8285:
8283:
8274:
8273:
8269:
8259:
8257:
8249:
8248:
8241:
8231:
8229:
8227:
8211:
8207:
8189:
8185:
8172:
8170:
8153:
8149:
8140:
8138:
8126:
8122:
8112:
8110:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8086:
8084:
8076:
8075:
8071:
8061:
8059:
8049:
8045:
8035:
8033:
8018:
8014:
8004:
8002:
7994:
7993:
7989:
7979:
7977:
7967:
7960:
7950:
7948:
7935:
7934:
7930:
7923:
7907:
7903:
7896:
7880:
7876:
7866:
7864:
7851:
7850:
7846:
7836:
7834:
7829:
7828:
7824:
7817:
7801:
7797:
7776:
7772:
7762:
7760:
7742:
7738:
7730:
7722:
7721:
7717:
7707:
7705:
7699:
7695:
7690:
7686:
7681:
7677:
7672:
7668:
7658:
7656:
7638:
7631:
7624:
7608:
7604:
7593:
7589:
7577:
7573:
7567:Wayback Machine
7556:
7552:
7543:Wayback Machine
7533:
7529:
7520:
7516:
7509:
7493:
7489:
7480:
7476:
7470:Wayback Machine
7461:
7457:
7450:
7432:
7428:
7422:Wayback Machine
7408:
7404:
7394:
7392:
7383:
7382:
7378:
7362:
7358:
7349:
7345:
7335:
7333:
7327:
7323:
7316:
7300:
7296:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7272:Wayback Machine
7262:
7258:
7252:Wayback Machine
7243:
7239:
7229:
7227:
7217:
7210:
7200:
7198:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7174:
7156:
7152:
7145:
7127:
7120:
7113:
7095:
7086:
7079:
7060:
7056:
7047:
7043:
7034:
7030:
7018:
7014:
7004:Wayback Machine
6994:
6990:
6971:
6967:
6955:. Basic Books.
6950:
6946:
6933:
6929:
6919:
6917:
6902:
6901:
6897:
6884:
6883:
6879:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6848:
6847:
6843:
6833:
6831:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6808:
6804:
6793:
6789:
6778:
6774:
6767:
6751:
6744:
6734:
6732:
6722:
6718:
6708:
6706:
6696:
6685:
6678:
6662:
6655:
6645:
6643:
6633:
6629:
6616:
6615:
6611:
6601:
6599:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6576:
6574:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6555:Wayback Machine
6545:
6541:
6536:Wayback Machine
6526:
6522:
6512:
6510:
6484:
6480:
6466:
6462:
6453:
6446:
6441:Wayback Machine
6431:
6427:
6420:
6404:Ransby, Barbara
6401:
6397:
6387:
6385:
6384:. July 13, 2017
6380:
6379:
6375:
6370:
6366:
6361:
6357:
6351:Wayback Machine
6341:
6337:
6332:
6328:
6318:
6316:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6287:
6283:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6251:
6247:
6240:
6222:
6213:
6207:Wayback Machine
6196:
6192:
6177:
6173:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6148:
6134:
6130:
6119:
6115:
6105:
6103:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6075:
6073:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6045:
6043:
6016:Ransby, Barbara
6013:
6009:
5986:
5977:
5967:
5965:
5958:
5932:
5923:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5866:
5855:
5848:
5832:
5828:
5813:
5809:
5804:Wayback Machine
5798:, May 21, 2006
5790:
5786:
5769:
5765:
5755:
5753:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5730:
5726:
5719:
5703:
5699:
5689:
5687:
5676:
5672:
5657:
5650:
5639:
5635:
5625:
5623:
5615:
5614:
5603:
5593:
5591:
5590:on July 7, 2016
5582:
5581:
5577:
5570:
5556:
5552:
5542:
5540:
5533:
5529:
5519:
5517:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5492:
5488:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5455:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5431:
5429:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5376:
5372:
5341:
5337:
5328:
5317:
5307:
5305:
5297:
5296:
5289:
5283:Wayback Machine
5274:
5270:
5261:
5257:
5248:
5244:
5235:
5228:
5216:
5212:
5206:Wayback Machine
5196:
5192:
5185:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5139:
5135:
5119:
5115:
5106:
5102:
5096:Wayback Machine
5087:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5057:
5053:
5046:
5024:
5020:
5010:
5008:
4998:
4994:
4985:
4981:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4951:
4947:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4906:10.2307/2567750
4889:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4837:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4813:
4811:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4787:
4785:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4762:
4760:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4727:
4726:
4717:
4694:
4690:
4682:
4667:
4661:
4657:
4646:
4642:
4623:
4619:
4609:
4607:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4587:
4585:
4566:
4562:
4546:
4542:
4532:
4531:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4392:
4354:
4277:
4272:
4203:Charles Sherrod
4178:Jo Ann Robinson
4173:Jackie Robinson
4078:Denise Nicholas
4068:Elijah Muhammad
4023:Floyd McKissick
4018:Franklin McCain
3978:Stanley Levison
3918:Mahalia Jackson
3898:T. R. M. Howard
3723:Xernona Clayton
3698:Mary Fair Burks
3688:Stanley Branche
3668:Unita Blackwell
3648:Harry Belafonte
3603:Ralph Abernathy
3598:
3559:Albany Movement
3555:
3538:
3469:
3464:
3456:
3450:
3438:Hubert Humphrey
3374:began to fray.
3348:
3342:
3325:
3323:White moderates
3316:Mary L. Dudziak
3281:
3238:
3232:
3198:
3151:
3150:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3110:
3104:
3015:Watts Rebellion
2938:
2930:Main articles:
2928:
2877:
2816:
2788:white privilege
2690:
2684:
2670:
2507:Nation of Islam
2501:In March 1964,
2499:
2487:Main articles:
2485:
2480:
2438:
2433:
2405:
2391:
2370:J. Edgar Hoover
2361:
2355:
2214:minority hiring
2200:
2177:
2127:
2122:
2109:
2083:Hartman Turnbow
1994:
1968:
1955:J. Edgar Hoover
1930:Scottsboro Boys
1884:Communist Party
1880:
1874:
1864:. In the SCLC,
1854:
1805:
1799:
1779:
1777:Characteristics
1728:
1721:
1715:
1660:Stanley Levison
1632:Ralph Abernathy
1625:1956 Sugar Bowl
1582:T. R. M. Howard
1580:(RCNL), led by
1551:
1469:Sammy Davis Jr.
1464:Abraham Lincoln
1424:
1421:
1356:housing project
1317:racial steering
1274:Great Migration
1256:
1254:National issues
1022:North Louisiana
1018:status quo ante
1010:white primaries
984:Cairo, Illinois
960:
946:
940:
919:Amos T. Akerman
911:white supremacy
843:
837:
832:
824:Main articles:
822:
576:
571:
448:Albany movement
433:Sit-in movement
406:Biloxi wade-ins
327:
322:
320:
284:
256:
245:
211:
149:
123:
87:
69:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
21641:
21631:
21630:
21625:
21620:
21615:
21610:
21605:
21600:
21595:
21590:
21585:
21580:
21575:
21570:
21565:
21560:
21555:
21550:
21535:
21534:
21522:
21510:
21498:
21486:
21474:
21462:
21450:
21427:
21426:
21421:
21420:
21418:
21417:
21408:
21398:
21395:
21394:
21392:
21391:
21390:
21389:
21382:
21375:
21361:
21353:
21352:
21351:
21344:
21337:
21322:
21314:
21313:
21312:
21305:
21291:
21290:
21289:
21275:
21274:
21273:
21258:
21257:
21256:
21249:
21234:
21233:
21232:
21225:
21218:
21211:
21204:
21197:
21190:
21183:
21176:
21162:
21154:
21146:
21145:
21144:
21130:
21129:
21128:
21121:
21114:
21107:
21092:
21090:
21088:War on Poverty
21079:
21078:
21076:
21075:
21067:
21060:
21053:
21045:
21038:
21031:
21024:
21016:
21012:Wilderness Act
21007:
21005:
20997:
20996:
20994:
20993:
20985:
20978:
20971:
20970:
20969:
20962:
20955:
20941:
20934:
20933:
20932:
20918:
20911:
20903:
20895:
20888:
20881:
20873:
20865:
20857:
20849:
20842:
20835:
20828:
20827:
20826:
20812:
20804:
20802:
20798:
20797:
20795:
20794:
20793:
20792:
20778:
20771:
20764:
20756:
20749:
20741:
20733:
20732:
20731:
20716:
20709:
20702:
20695:
20687:
20686:
20685:
20671:
20664:
20655:
20653:
20649:
20648:
20646:
20645:
20638:
20631:
20624:
20623:
20622:
20613:
20599:
20598:
20597:
20582:
20580:
20578:Foreign policy
20574:
20573:
20571:
20570:
20563:
20556:
20549:
20542:
20535:
20534:
20533:
20526:
20519:
20505:
20498:
20491:
20484:
20477:
20470:
20463:
20456:
20449:
20442:
20434:
20432:
20426:
20425:
20417:
20416:
20409:
20402:
20394:
20368:
20367:
20365:
20364:
20359:
20354:
20349:
20344:
20343:
20342:
20332:
20327:
20322:
20317:
20312:
20307:
20302:
20297:
20292:
20287:
20282:
20277:
20272:
20266:
20264:
20260:
20259:
20257:
20256:
20251:
20246:
20241:
20236:
20231:
20226:
20221:
20216:
20211:
20206:
20201:
20196:
20191:
20186:
20181:
20176:
20171:
20166:
20161:
20156:
20151:
20146:
20141:
20136:
20131:
20126:
20121:
20116:
20111:
20110:
20109:
20096:
20094:
20090:
20089:
20082:
20080:
20078:
20077:
20072:
20067:
20062:
20057:
20052:
20047:
20042:
20037:
20032:
20027:
20022:
20020:Gay liberation
20017:
20012:
20007:
20002:
19997:
19992:
19987:
19982:
19977:
19972:
19971:
19970:
19959:
19957:
19953:
19952:
19945:
19944:
19937:
19930:
19922:
19913:
19912:
19910:
19909:
19904:
19902:UK underground
19899:
19894:
19889:
19884:
19879:
19874:
19868:
19866:
19862:
19861:
19859:
19858:
19857:
19856:
19845:
19843:
19839:
19838:
19836:
19835:
19834:
19833:
19823:
19822:
19821:
19811:
19810:
19809:
19799:
19797:Gay liberation
19794:
19789:
19784:
19779:
19774:
19769:
19764:
19759:
19753:
19751:
19745:
19744:
19742:
19741:
19736:
19731:
19730:
19729:
19727:Summer of Love
19724:
19714:
19709:
19704:
19699:
19694:
19688:
19686:
19682:
19681:
19679:
19678:
19673:
19668:
19663:
19657:
19655:
19651:
19650:
19638:
19637:
19630:
19623:
19615:
19606:
19605:
19603:
19602:
19590:
19584:
19581:
19580:
19578:
19577:
19572:
19567:
19562:
19557:
19552:
19547:
19542:
19541:
19540:
19535:
19530:
19520:
19519:
19518:
19513:
19511:Visual artists
19508:
19503:
19498:
19493:
19488:
19483:
19478:
19473:
19471:Mathematicians
19468:
19463:
19458:
19453:
19448:
19443:
19432:
19430:
19426:
19425:
19423:
19422:
19421:
19420:
19412:
19407:
19406:
19405:
19400:
19395:
19390:
19385:
19377:
19376:
19375:
19370:
19365:
19360:
19349:
19347:
19341:
19340:
19338:
19337:
19332:
19327:
19322:
19321:
19320:
19315:
19310:
19305:
19295:
19290:
19288:South Carolina
19285:
19280:
19279:
19278:
19270:
19265:
19260:
19258:North Carolina
19255:
19254:
19253:
19243:
19238:
19237:
19236:
19226:
19221:
19220:
19219:
19211:
19210:
19209:
19203:Massachusetts
19201:
19200:
19199:
19189:
19184:
19183:
19182:
19172:
19167:
19166:
19165:
19155:
19150:
19149:
19148:
19138:
19133:
19132:
19131:
19121:
19120:
19119:
19114:
19104:
19099:
19098:
19097:
19092:
19082:
19077:
19071:
19069:
19065:
19064:
19062:
19061:
19056:
19051:
19050:
19049:
19048:
19047:
19045:social context
19042:
19032:
19022:
19021:
19020:
19010:
19004:
19002:
18998:
18997:
18995:
18994:
18993:
18992:
18987:
18977:
18972:
18971:
18970:
18965:
18955:
18954:
18953:
18942:
18940:
18936:
18935:
18933:
18932:
18927:
18926:
18925:
18915:
18910:
18905:
18900:
18899:
18898:
18896:Creek Freedmen
18893:
18888:
18883:
18873:
18871:Alabama Creole
18868:
18867:
18866:
18861:
18856:
18851:
18842:
18840:
18836:
18835:
18832:
18831:
18829:
18828:
18823:
18818:
18813:
18811:Central (CIAA)
18807:
18805:
18800:
18797:
18796:
18794:
18793:
18788:
18783:
18778:
18773:
18768:
18763:
18758:
18753:
18748:
18743:
18738:
18732:
18726:
18722:
18721:
18719:
18718:
18713:
18708:
18703:
18698:
18693:
18688:
18683:
18678:
18673:
18668:
18663:
18658:
18653:
18647:
18645:
18640:
18637:
18636:
18634:
18633:
18628:
18627:
18626:
18616:
18611:
18606:
18604:Pan-Africanism
18601:
18596:
18591:
18586:
18585:
18584:
18574:
18569:
18563:
18561:
18557:
18556:
18554:
18553:
18548:
18546:Black theology
18543:
18538:
18537:
18536:
18526:
18525:
18524:
18519:
18509:
18503:
18501:
18495:
18494:
18492:
18491:
18490:
18489:
18487:in STEM fields
18484:
18479:
18471:
18466:
18461:
18456:
18451:
18445:
18443:
18442:and technology
18437:
18436:
18434:
18433:
18428:
18423:
18418:
18413:
18408:
18403:
18398:
18393:
18388:
18383:
18381:Harriet Tubman
18378:
18373:
18368:
18363:
18358:
18353:
18348:
18343:
18338:
18333:
18328:
18323:
18318:
18313:
18311:Michelle Obama
18308:
18303:
18298:
18293:
18288:
18283:
18278:
18273:
18268:
18263:
18258:
18253:
18248:
18243:
18241:Barbara Jordan
18238:
18236:Harriet Jacobs
18233:
18228:
18223:
18218:
18213:
18208:
18203:
18198:
18193:
18188:
18183:
18178:
18173:
18168:
18163:
18158:
18153:
18148:
18143:
18138:
18133:
18128:
18126:Amelia Boynton
18123:
18118:
18113:
18108:
18103:
18098:
18092:
18090:
18089:Notable people
18086:
18085:
18083:
18082:
18077:
18072:
18067:
18062:
18057:
18052:
18047:
18042:
18037:
18032:
18027:
18025:LGBT community
18022:
18017:
18012:
18007:
18006:
18005:
17995:
17990:
17985:
17980:
17975:
17970:
17965:
17960:
17955:
17949:
17947:
17941:
17940:
17938:
17937:
17932:
17927:
17922:
17921:
17920:
17910:
17905:
17900:
17895:
17890:
17885:
17877:
17872:
17865:
17858:
17853:
17848:
17843:
17838:
17833:
17824:
17819:
17818:
17817:
17812:
17802:
17797:
17792:
17787:
17779:
17774:
17769:
17768:
17767:
17762:
17757:
17752:
17747:
17742:
17740:Freedom Riders
17737:
17732:
17724:
17714:
17709:
17704:
17703:
17702:
17697:
17692:
17684:
17679:
17671:
17666:
17664:Black genocide
17661:
17656:
17651:
17646:
17641:
17636:
17631:
17626:
17620:
17618:
17612:
17611:
17604:
17603:
17596:
17589:
17581:
17572:
17571:
17569:
17568:
17563:
17556:
17555:
17548:
17540:
17539:
17536:
17535:
17532:
17531:
17528:
17527:
17525:
17524:
17519:
17514:
17509:
17508:
17507:
17497:
17496:
17495:
17485:
17480:
17475:
17470:
17468:Mass shootings
17465:
17460:
17459:
17458:
17456:Climate change
17453:
17443:
17438:
17437:
17436:
17431:
17426:
17421:
17416:
17411:
17406:
17401:
17394:Discrimination
17391:
17386:
17385:
17384:
17374:
17368:
17366:
17362:
17361:
17359:
17358:
17353:
17348:
17343:
17338:
17333:
17328:
17323:
17318:
17313:
17308:
17307:
17306:
17301:
17296:
17286:
17285:
17284:
17279:
17274:
17269:
17264:
17259:
17249:
17243:
17241:
17235:
17234:
17232:
17231:
17226:
17221:
17216:
17211:
17206:
17201:
17196:
17191:
17186:
17184:American Dream
17181:
17175:
17173:
17167:
17166:
17164:
17163:
17158:
17153:
17151:Transportation
17148:
17143:
17138:
17133:
17128:
17123:
17118:
17113:
17108:
17103:
17098:
17097:
17096:
17091:
17086:
17084:Mount Rushmore
17081:
17071:
17066:
17061:
17056:
17055:
17054:
17049:
17044:
17039:
17034:
17024:
17019:
17018:
17017:
17012:
17007:
16997:
16992:
16987:
16982:
16981:
16980:
16970:
16965:
16964:
16963:
16953:
16948:
16943:
16942:
16941:
16936:
16926:
16925:
16924:
16919:
16914:
16909:
16904:
16899:
16894:
16889:
16884:
16879:
16874:
16864:
16859:
16854:
16849:
16844:
16839:
16834:
16828:
16826:
16813:
16807:
16806:
16803:
16802:
16800:
16799:
16794:
16789:
16784:
16779:
16774:
16769:
16763:
16761:
16755:
16754:
16752:
16751:
16746:
16741:
16736:
16731:
16726:
16721:
16716:
16711:
16706:
16704:Federal budget
16701:
16696:
16691:
16690:
16689:
16684:
16679:
16674:
16669:
16664:
16659:
16654:
16649:
16644:
16642:Communications
16639:
16634:
16623:
16617:
16611:
16610:
16607:
16606:
16603:
16602:
16600:
16599:
16594:
16593:
16592:
16587:
16582:
16572:
16571:
16570:
16565:
16563:exceptionalism
16560:
16550:
16545:
16544:
16543:
16541:foreign policy
16533:
16532:
16531:
16526:
16516:
16510:
16507:
16506:
16503:
16502:
16500:
16499:
16498:
16497:
16486:
16484:
16478:
16477:
16475:
16474:
16469:
16463:
16461:
16455:
16454:
16452:
16451:
16446:
16441:
16436:
16431:
16426:
16421:
16416:
16411:
16406:
16400:
16398:
16394:
16393:
16391:
16390:
16385:
16380:
16375:
16369:
16367:
16358:
16352:
16351:
16349:
16348:
16343:
16342:
16341:
16331:
16330:
16329:
16324:
16319:
16309:
16303:
16301:
16295:
16294:
16291:
16290:
16288:
16287:
16282:
16277:
16272:
16266:
16264:
16258:
16257:
16255:
16254:
16253:
16252:
16242:
16241:
16240:
16238:Chief justices
16233:Supreme courts
16229:
16227:
16221:
16220:
16218:
16217:
16212:
16206:
16204:
16198:
16197:
16195:
16194:
16193:
16192:
16182:
16177:
16172:
16167:
16162:
16157:
16152:
16147:
16146:
16145:
16135:
16134:
16133:
16122:
16120:
16111:
16094:
16093:
16090:
16089:
16087:
16086:
16081:
16076:
16075:
16074:
16072:National Guard
16069:
16064:
16059:
16054:
16049:
16044:
16033:
16031:
16025:
16024:
16022:
16021:
16016:
16015:
16014:
16009:
16004:
15999:
15989:
15984:
15983:
15982:
15975:Bill of Rights
15971:
15969:
15963:
15962:
15960:
15959:
15954:
15949:
15948:
15947:
15945:list of judges
15942:
15940:list of courts
15928:
15927:
15926:
15924:list of judges
15916:
15915:
15914:
15909:
15904:
15893:
15891:
15885:
15884:
15882:
15881:
15876:
15871:
15866:
15861:
15859:Capitol Police
15856:
15855:
15854:
15849:
15844:
15834:
15833:
15832:
15827:
15816:
15814:
15808:
15807:
15805:
15804:
15799:
15794:
15789:
15788:
15787:
15782:
15780:Secret Service
15777:
15772:
15767:
15762:
15757:
15752:
15747:
15737:
15736:
15735:
15730:
15725:
15720:
15710:
15705:
15700:
15695:
15693:Vice President
15690:
15689:
15688:
15683:
15672:
15670:
15663:
15650:
15644:
15643:
15640:
15639:
15637:
15636:
15631:
15626:
15621:
15620:
15619:
15614:
15609:
15604:
15599:
15594:
15589:
15584:
15573:
15572:
15571:
15566:
15561:
15556:
15551:
15546:
15541:
15536:
15531:
15526:
15521:
15516:
15511:
15506:
15501:
15496:
15491:
15481:
15480:
15479:
15477:National Parks
15469:
15468:
15467:
15462:
15457:
15452:
15447:
15437:
15432:
15430:Extreme points
15427:
15422:
15421:
15420:
15415:
15410:
15405:
15400:
15395:
15390:
15385:
15380:
15369:
15363:
15357:
15356:
15353:
15352:
15350:
15349:
15344:
15339:
15334:
15329:
15324:
15319:
15314:
15308:
15306:
15302:
15301:
15299:
15298:
15293:
15288:
15287:
15286:
15281:
15271:
15266:
15261:
15256:
15251:
15246:
15241:
15236:
15231:
15226:
15225:
15224:
15214:
15209:
15204:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15188:
15187:
15182:
15177:
15169:
15164:
15159:
15154:
15149:
15144:
15139:
15134:
15129:
15124:
15119:
15117:Federalist Era
15114:
15113:
15112:
15110:Bill of Rights
15107:
15097:
15092:
15091:
15090:
15085:
15075:
15074:
15073:
15068:
15058:
15053:
15051:Lee Resolution
15048:
15043:
15042:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15011:
15001:
14995:
14993:
14989:
14988:
14986:
14985:
14980:
14975:
14970:
14965:
14960:
14955:
14950:
14945:
14940:
14935:
14929:
14927:
14920:
14914:
14913:
14911: articles
14905:
14904:
14897:
14890:
14882:
14873:
14872:
14870:
14869:
14855:
14849:
14846:
14845:
14843:
14842:
14835:
14829:
14827:
14823:
14822:
14820:
14819:
14814:
14809:
14807:Cynthia Wesley
14804:
14799:
14794:
14789:
14784:
14779:
14774:
14769:
14764:
14759:
14754:
14749:
14744:
14739:
14734:
14729:
14724:
14719:
14714:
14709:
14704:
14699:
14694:
14689:
14684:
14679:
14677:Andrew Goodman
14674:
14669:
14667:Willie Edwards
14664:
14659:
14654:
14649:
14644:
14639:
14634:
14629:
14627:Benjamin Brown
14624:
14619:
14613:
14611:
14607:
14606:
14604:
14603:
14597:
14595:
14591:
14590:
14583:
14580:
14579:
14572:
14571:
14564:
14557:
14549:
14540:
14539:
14536:
14535:
14533:
14532:
14527:
14522:
14515:
14510:
14505:
14500:
14495:
14490:
14485:
14480:
14472:
14470:, Indianapolis
14464:
14459:
14454:
14453:
14452:
14447:
14442:
14437:
14432:
14427:
14422:
14417:
14412:
14404:
14399:
14391:
14387:Homage to King
14383:
14378:
14373:
14368:
14363:
14358:
14353:
14348:
14343:
14338:
14333:
14328:
14323:
14318:
14317:
14316:
14306:
14300:
14297:
14296:
14294:Related topics
14286:
14285:
14282:
14281:
14278:
14277:
14275:
14274:
14265:
14256:
14248:
14246:
14242:
14241:
14239:
14238:
14226:
14209:
14199:
14190:
14181:
14168:
14155:
14146:
14133:
14124:
14111:
14103:Happy Birthday
14098:
14085:
14072:
14058:
14056:
14052:
14051:
14049:
14048:
14037:
14035:
14031:
14030:
14028:
14027:
14017:
14007:
13997:
13986:
13984:
13980:
13979:
13977:
13976:
13962:
13952:
13938:
13928:
13914:
13903:
13898:The Jeffersons
13888:
13877:
13875:
13871:
13870:
13868:
13867:
13857:
13847:
13837:
13827:
13817:
13807:
13797:
13787:
13776:
13774:
13766:
13765:
13755:
13754:
13751:
13750:
13748:
13747:
13742:
13741:
13740:
13730:
13725:
13719:
13714:
13712:James Earl Ray
13709:
13704:
13699:
13696:Lorraine Motel
13692:
13689:
13688:
13676:
13675:
13672:
13671:
13668:
13667:
13665:
13664:
13656:
13652:Hosea Williams
13648:
13640:
13632:
13624:
13616:
13608:
13600:
13592:
13584:
13576:
13568:
13560:
13552:
13548:Dorothy Cotton
13544:
13536:
13528:
13519:
13517:
13511:
13510:
13508:
13507:
13499:
13491:
13483:
13475:
13467:
13459:
13451:
13443:
13435:
13427:
13418:
13416:
13408:
13407:
13397:
13396:
13393:
13392:
13389:
13388:
13386:
13385:
13377:
13369:
13358:
13350:
13342:
13334:
13326:
13318:
13310:
13302:
13294:
13285:
13283:
13275:
13274:
13272:
13271:
13261:
13251:
13241:
13232:
13222:
13213:
13204:
13193:
13191:
13187:
13186:
13184:
13183:
13174:
13165:
13156:
13152:I Have a Dream
13147:
13137:
13135:
13125:
13124:
13114:
13113:
13106:
13105:
13098:
13091:
13083:
13077:
13074:
13073:
13061:
13060:
13046:
13043:
13042:
13040:
13039:
13034:
13032:Akinyele Umoja
13029:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12953:
12951:
12945:
12944:
12942:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12920:
12919:
12909:
12904:
12899:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12874:
12869:
12864:
12859:
12853:
12851:
12847:
12846:
12844:
12843:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12821:
12820:
12819:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12777:
12772:
12767:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12747:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12720:
12713:
12706:
12699:
12692:
12691:
12690:
12678:
12673:
12667:
12665:
12661:
12660:
12658:
12657:
12652:
12647:
12642:
12635:
12634:
12633:
12628:
12621:Mahatma Gandhi
12618:
12613:
12612:
12611:
12600:
12598:
12594:
12593:
12591:
12590:
12585:
12580:
12575:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12544:
12542:
12536:
12535:
12533:
12532:
12530:South Carolina
12527:
12521:
12519:
12515:
12514:
12512:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12469:Hosea Williams
12466:
12461:
12456:
12454:Hollis Watkins
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12401:
12396:
12391:
12386:
12384:A. Maceo Smith
12381:
12376:
12371:
12366:
12361:
12356:
12351:
12346:
12341:
12336:
12334:Bernie Sanders
12331:
12326:
12324:Angela Russell
12321:
12316:
12311:
12309:David Richmond
12306:
12301:
12299:Walter Reuther
12296:
12291:
12286:
12284:Cordell Reagon
12281:
12276:
12271:
12269:George Raymond
12266:
12261:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12241:
12236:
12231:
12229:Charles Person
12226:
12221:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12199:Huey P. Newton
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12154:Harry T. Moore
12151:
12146:
12141:
12139:Cecil B. Moore
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12119:James Meredith
12116:
12111:
12106:
12101:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11949:Clarence Jones
11946:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11891:
11889:Zilphia Horton
11886:
11881:
11876:
11871:
11866:
11861:
11859:Lola Hendricks
11856:
11851:
11849:Dorothy Height
11846:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11819:Lawrence Guyot
11816:
11811:
11809:Jack Greenberg
11806:
11801:
11796:
11794:Andrew Goodman
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11751:
11746:
11741:
11736:
11731:
11726:
11721:
11719:Joseph DeLaine
11716:
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11689:Dorothy Cotton
11686:
11681:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11641:
11636:
11634:J. L. Chestnut
11631:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11569:Amelia Boynton
11566:
11561:
11556:
11551:
11546:
11541:
11536:
11531:
11526:
11521:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11501:
11496:
11491:
11489:Arnold Aronson
11486:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11450:
11448:
11444:
11443:
11441:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11370:
11369:
11368:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11307:
11306:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11258:
11256:
11250:
11249:
11246:
11245:
11243:
11242:
11235:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11217:
11216:
11211:
11201:
11196:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11167:
11162:
11161:
11160:
11148:
11143:
11136:
11129:
11124:
11123:
11122:
11115:Freedom Summer
11112:
11107:
11105:Bloody Tuesday
11102:
11097:
11091:
11089:
11085:
11084:
11082:
11081:
11076:
11075:
11074:
11069:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11048:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11022:
11021:
11020:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10971:
10970:
10969:
10964:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10932:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10874:
10872:
10868:
10867:
10865:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10838:
10837:
10825:
10820:
10819:
10818:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10795:
10794:
10782:
10777:
10770:
10769:
10768:
10761:
10754:
10747:
10732:
10730:
10726:
10725:
10723:
10722:
10717:
10709:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10685:
10683:
10676:
10666:
10665:
10657:
10656:
10649:
10642:
10634:
10628:
10627:
10618:
10608:
10594:
10593:
10592:
10586:
10580:
10567:
10557:
10556:
10555:
10541:
10531:
10519:
10509:
10500:– Provided by
10495:
10485:
10475:
10466:
10457:
10446:
10445:External links
10443:
10441:
10440:
10411:
10396:
10381:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10345:
10339:
10324:
10318:
10305:
10280:(1): 135–167.
10262:
10256:
10241:
10235:
10216:
10210:
10193:
10187:
10174:
10156:(2): 456–471.
10145:
10135:
10084:
10075:(3): 437–446.
10057:
10045:(3): 387–398.
10030:
10012:(4): 815–848.
10001:
9994:
9976:(2): 265–288.
9965:
9955:(1): 314–344.
9944:
9937:
9928:
9919:
9913:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9889:
9879:
9860:
9849:
9839:
9838:(2nd ed. 2008)
9832:
9825:
9819:
9804:
9797:
9781:
9771:
9752:
9741:
9735:
9714:
9700:
9683:
9657:
9647:
9629:
9622:
9615:
9608:
9604:National Forum
9599:
9586:Kirk, John A.
9584:
9572:Kirk, John A.
9570:
9561:
9554:
9547:
9533:
9526:
9519:
9496:
9489:
9482:
9475:
9466:
9459:
9449:
9433:Branch, Taylor
9430:
9423:
9416:
9402:
9395:
9385:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9364:
9355:
9348:
9341:
9338:
9323:Williams, Juan
9320:
9317:
9311:
9296:
9289:
9282:
9275:
9268:
9258:
9248:
9239:
9233:
9218:
9212:
9191:
9185:
9170:
9164:
9146:
9140:
9123:
9117:
9111:. Oryx Press.
9102:
9095:
9089:
9074:
9059:
9053:
9035:
9026:
9019:
9012:
9005:
8998:
8989:
8983:
8974:Freedom Summer
8968:
8961:Logan, Rayford
8958:
8951:
8945:
8928:
8917:
8906:
8900:
8885:
8879:
8866:
8860:
8843:
8837:
8822:
8813:
8807:
8792:
8783:
8776:
8759:
8752:
8734:
8728:
8711:
8705:
8690:
8683:
8676:
8670:
8655:
8647:
8641:
8624:
8606:
8599:
8590:
8584:
8567:
8561:
8544:
8538:
8523:
8513:
8506:
8501:Brown, Jennie
8499:
8492:
8485:
8469:
8455:
8446:
8435:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8405:
8385:
8355:
8325:
8318:
8293:
8267:
8239:
8225:
8205:
8183:
8147:
8120:
8094:
8069:
8043:
8012:
7987:
7975:People's World
7958:
7928:
7921:
7901:
7894:
7874:
7844:
7822:
7815:
7795:
7770:
7745:Marqusee, Mike
7736:
7715:
7693:
7684:
7675:
7666:
7641:Sachar, Howard
7629:
7622:
7602:
7587:
7571:
7550:
7527:
7514:
7507:
7487:
7474:
7455:
7448:
7426:
7402:
7376:
7356:
7343:
7321:
7314:
7294:
7276:
7256:
7237:
7208:
7179:
7172:
7166:. p. 66.
7150:
7143:
7118:
7111:
7101:. Ithaca, NY:
7084:
7077:
7063:Douglas Schoen
7054:
7041:
7028:
7020:David Zarefsky
7012:
6995:Talia Whyte, "
6988:
6965:
6944:
6927:
6895:
6877:
6859:
6841:
6815:
6802:
6787:
6772:
6765:
6742:
6716:
6683:
6676:
6653:
6627:
6609:
6584:
6559:
6539:
6520:
6487:Marqusee, Mike
6478:
6460:
6444:
6425:
6418:
6395:
6373:
6364:
6355:
6335:
6326:
6296:
6281:
6263:
6245:
6238:
6211:
6190:
6171:
6153:
6146:
6128:
6113:
6083:
6053:
6007:
5975:
5956:
5921:
5916:www.crmvet.org
5903:
5876:(5): 629–647.
5853:
5846:
5826:
5807:
5784:
5763:
5737:
5724:
5717:
5697:
5670:
5648:
5633:
5601:
5575:
5568:
5550:
5527:
5505:
5486:
5465:
5439:
5413:
5370:
5335:
5315:
5287:
5268:
5255:
5242:
5238:Jim Crow Blues
5236:Leon Litwack,
5226:
5210:
5197:Moyers, Bill.
5190:
5183:
5160:
5153:
5133:
5113:
5100:
5074:
5051:
5044:
5018:
4992:
4979:
4965:
4945:
4927:
4900:(2): 540–570.
4874:
4867:
4847:
4821:
4795:
4770:
4745:
4715:
4688:
4655:
4640:
4617:
4595:
4560:
4539:
4538:
4530:
4529:
4487:Negro movement
4426:
4416:
4415:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4253:Hosea Williams
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4233:Dempsey Travis
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4158:David Richmond
4155:
4150:
4148:Walter Reuther
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4128:George Raymond
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4048:Harry T. Moore
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4028:James Meredith
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3998:Autherine Lucy
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3933:Barbara Jordan
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3878:Lola Hendricks
3875:
3873:Dorothy Height
3870:
3868:Robert Hayling
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3843:Jack Greenberg
3840:
3835:
3833:Andrew Goodman
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3758:Dorothy Cotton
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3599:
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3593:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3554:
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3549:
3544:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3476:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3452:Main article:
3449:
3446:
3442:George Wallace
3418:George Wallace
3341:
3338:
3327:A majority of
3324:
3321:
3280:
3277:
3231:
3228:
3197:
3194:
3141:
3128:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3088:George Jackson
3083:, and others.
3026:James Meredith
2944:Gold medalist
2927:
2924:
2876:
2873:
2815:
2814:Public profile
2812:
2742:Andrew Goodman
2736:. In the 1964
2715:Freedom Summer
2700:marching with
2686:Main article:
2669:
2666:
2633:Selma campaign
2517:, head of the
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2460:People's Daily
2449:struggle. The
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2409:war on poverty
2399:War on Poverty
2390:
2387:
2353:
2324:George Wallace
2303:Freedom Riders
2199:
2196:
2176:
2173:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2108:
2105:
1993:
1990:
1988:, and others.
1986:Barbara Ransby
1967:
1964:
1939:anti-Communism
1911:Black genocide
1873:
1870:
1853:
1850:
1801:Main article:
1798:
1795:
1778:
1775:
1717:Main article:
1714:
1711:
1699:South Carolina
1679:Septima Clarke
1662:, to form the
1550:
1549:Protests begin
1547:
1419:
1343:, which ended
1255:
1252:
1201:, in the 1920s
1188:
1187:
1172:
1154:
1148:
1123:Woodrow Wilson
992:disenfranchise
974:The mob-style
942:Main article:
939:
936:
891:15th Amendment
883:14th Amendment
879:13th Amendment
836:
833:
821:
818:
760:segregationist
663:discrimination
592:discrimination
573:
572:
570:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
522:Freedom Summer
519:
517:Bloody Tuesday
514:
503:
502:
497:
496:
495:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
438:Freedom Riders
435:
430:
425:
420:
409:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
352:
351:
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341:
332:
329:
328:
319:
318:
311:
304:
296:
288:
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286:
285:
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270:
264:
257:
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233:
228:
223:
218:
212:
208:
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206:
194:
182:
173:
155:
151:
150:
148:
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142:
137:
131:
129:
125:
124:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
95:
93:
89:
88:
85:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
56:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
21640:
21629:
21626:
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21554:
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21549:
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21545:
21543:
21533:
21523:
21521:
21511:
21509:
21508:United States
21499:
21497:
21492:
21487:
21485:
21480:
21475:
21473:
21463:
21461:
21451:
21449:
21444:
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21358:
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21276:
21271:
21267:
21266:
21263:
21259:
21254:
21250:
21247:
21242:
21241:
21239:
21235:
21230:
21226:
21223:
21219:
21216:
21215:Teacher Corps
21212:
21209:
21205:
21202:
21201:Stafford Loan
21198:
21195:
21191:
21188:
21184:
21181:
21177:
21174:
21170:
21169:
21167:
21163:
21159:
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21142:
21138:
21137:
21135:
21131:
21126:
21122:
21119:
21115:
21112:
21108:
21105:
21101:
21100:
21098:
21094:
21093:
21091:
21089:
21084:
21083:Great Society
21080:
21072:
21068:
21065:
21061:
21058:
21054:
21050:
21046:
21043:
21039:
21036:
21032:
21029:
21025:
21021:
21017:
21013:
21009:
21008:
21006:
21004:
21001:Environmental
20998:
20990:
20986:
20983:
20979:
20976:
20972:
20967:
20963:
20960:
20956:
20953:
20949:
20948:
20946:
20942:
20939:
20935:
20930:
20926:
20925:
20923:
20919:
20916:
20912:
20908:
20904:
20900:
20896:
20893:
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20886:
20882:
20878:
20874:
20870:
20866:
20862:
20858:
20854:
20850:
20847:
20843:
20840:
20836:
20833:
20829:
20824:
20820:
20819:
20817:
20813:
20810:
20806:
20805:
20803:
20799:
20790:
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20783:
20779:
20776:
20772:
20769:
20765:
20761:
20757:
20754:
20750:
20746:
20742:
20738:
20734:
20729:
20724:
20723:
20721:
20717:
20714:
20710:
20707:
20703:
20700:
20696:
20692:
20688:
20683:
20679:
20678:
20676:
20672:
20669:
20665:
20661:
20657:
20656:
20654:
20650:
20643:
20639:
20636:
20632:
20629:
20625:
20619:
20614:
20611:
20607:
20606:
20604:
20600:
20595:
20591:
20590:
20588:
20584:
20583:
20581:
20579:
20575:
20568:
20564:
20561:
20557:
20554:
20550:
20547:
20543:
20540:
20536:
20531:
20530:controversies
20527:
20524:
20520:
20517:
20516:Supreme Court
20513:
20512:
20510:
20506:
20503:
20499:
20496:
20492:
20489:
20485:
20482:
20478:
20475:
20471:
20468:
20464:
20461:
20457:
20454:
20450:
20447:
20443:
20440:
20436:
20435:
20433:
20431:
20427:
20422:
20415:
20410:
20408:
20403:
20401:
20396:
20395:
20392:
20386:
20382:
20381:
20376:
20363:
20360:
20358:
20355:
20353:
20350:
20348:
20345:
20341:
20338:
20337:
20336:
20333:
20331:
20328:
20326:
20323:
20321:
20318:
20316:
20313:
20311:
20308:
20306:
20303:
20301:
20298:
20296:
20293:
20291:
20288:
20286:
20283:
20281:
20278:
20276:
20273:
20271:
20268:
20267:
20265:
20261:
20255:
20252:
20250:
20247:
20245:
20242:
20240:
20239:Silence March
20237:
20235:
20234:Shinjuku riot
20232:
20230:
20227:
20225:
20222:
20220:
20219:Prague Spring
20217:
20215:
20212:
20210:
20207:
20205:
20202:
20200:
20197:
20195:
20192:
20190:
20187:
20185:
20184:Mafeje affair
20182:
20180:
20177:
20175:
20172:
20170:
20167:
20165:
20162:
20160:
20157:
20155:
20152:
20150:
20147:
20145:
20142:
20140:
20137:
20135:
20132:
20130:
20127:
20125:
20122:
20120:
20117:
20115:
20112:
20107:
20103:
20102:
20101:
20098:
20097:
20095:
20091:
20086:
20076:
20073:
20071:
20068:
20066:
20063:
20061:
20058:
20056:
20053:
20051:
20048:
20046:
20043:
20041:
20038:
20036:
20033:
20031:
20028:
20026:
20023:
20021:
20018:
20016:
20013:
20011:
20008:
20006:
20003:
20001:
19998:
19996:
19993:
19991:
19988:
19986:
19983:
19981:
19978:
19976:
19973:
19969:
19966:
19965:
19964:
19961:
19960:
19958:
19954:
19950:
19943:
19938:
19936:
19931:
19929:
19924:
19923:
19920:
19908:
19905:
19903:
19900:
19898:
19895:
19893:
19890:
19888:
19885:
19883:
19880:
19878:
19875:
19873:
19872:Discordianism
19870:
19869:
19867:
19863:
19855:
19852:
19851:
19850:
19847:
19846:
19844:
19840:
19832:
19831:United States
19829:
19828:
19827:
19824:
19820:
19817:
19816:
19815:
19812:
19808:
19805:
19804:
19803:
19800:
19798:
19795:
19793:
19790:
19788:
19785:
19783:
19780:
19778:
19775:
19773:
19770:
19768:
19765:
19763:
19760:
19758:
19755:
19754:
19752:
19746:
19740:
19737:
19735:
19732:
19728:
19725:
19723:
19720:
19719:
19718:
19715:
19713:
19710:
19708:
19705:
19703:
19700:
19698:
19695:
19693:
19690:
19689:
19687:
19683:
19677:
19674:
19672:
19669:
19667:
19664:
19662:
19659:
19658:
19656:
19652:
19647:
19643:
19636:
19631:
19629:
19624:
19622:
19617:
19616:
19613:
19601:
19591:
19589:
19586:
19585:
19582:
19576:
19573:
19571:
19570:Neighborhoods
19568:
19566:
19563:
19561:
19558:
19556:
19553:
19551:
19548:
19546:
19543:
19539:
19536:
19534:
19533:Sports firsts
19531:
19529:
19526:
19525:
19524:
19521:
19517:
19514:
19512:
19509:
19507:
19504:
19502:
19499:
19497:
19494:
19492:
19489:
19487:
19484:
19482:
19479:
19477:
19474:
19472:
19469:
19467:
19464:
19462:
19459:
19457:
19454:
19452:
19449:
19447:
19444:
19442:
19439:
19438:
19437:
19434:
19433:
19431:
19427:
19419:
19416:
19415:
19413:
19411:
19408:
19404:
19401:
19399:
19396:
19394:
19391:
19389:
19386:
19384:
19381:
19380:
19378:
19374:
19371:
19369:
19366:
19364:
19361:
19359:
19356:
19355:
19354:
19351:
19350:
19348:
19346:
19342:
19336:
19335:West Virginia
19333:
19331:
19328:
19326:
19323:
19319:
19316:
19314:
19311:
19309:
19306:
19304:
19301:
19300:
19299:
19296:
19294:
19291:
19289:
19286:
19284:
19281:
19277:
19274:
19273:
19272:Pennsylvania
19271:
19269:
19266:
19264:
19261:
19259:
19256:
19252:
19251:New York City
19249:
19248:
19247:
19244:
19242:
19239:
19235:
19232:
19231:
19230:
19227:
19225:
19222:
19218:
19215:
19214:
19212:
19208:
19205:
19204:
19202:
19198:
19195:
19194:
19193:
19190:
19188:
19185:
19181:
19178:
19177:
19176:
19173:
19171:
19168:
19164:
19161:
19160:
19159:
19156:
19154:
19151:
19147:
19144:
19143:
19142:
19139:
19137:
19134:
19130:
19127:
19126:
19125:
19122:
19118:
19115:
19113:
19110:
19109:
19108:
19105:
19103:
19100:
19096:
19095:San Francisco
19093:
19091:
19088:
19087:
19086:
19083:
19081:
19078:
19076:
19073:
19072:
19070:
19068:By state/city
19066:
19060:
19057:
19055:
19052:
19046:
19043:
19041:
19038:
19037:
19036:
19033:
19031:
19028:
19027:
19026:
19023:
19019:
19016:
19015:
19014:
19013:American Sign
19011:
19009:
19006:
19005:
19003:
18999:
18991:
18988:
18986:
18983:
18982:
18981:
18978:
18976:
18973:
18969:
18966:
18964:
18961:
18960:
18959:
18956:
18952:
18949:
18948:
18947:
18946:Neighborhoods
18944:
18943:
18941:
18937:
18931:
18928:
18924:
18921:
18920:
18919:
18916:
18914:
18911:
18909:
18906:
18904:
18901:
18897:
18894:
18892:
18889:
18887:
18884:
18882:
18879:
18878:
18877:
18876:Black Indians
18874:
18872:
18869:
18865:
18862:
18860:
18857:
18855:
18852:
18850:
18847:
18846:
18844:
18843:
18841:
18837:
18827:
18824:
18822:
18819:
18817:
18814:
18812:
18809:
18808:
18806:
18798:
18792:
18789:
18787:
18784:
18782:
18779:
18777:
18774:
18772:
18769:
18767:
18764:
18762:
18759:
18757:
18754:
18752:
18749:
18747:
18744:
18742:
18739:
18737:
18734:
18733:
18730:
18727:
18723:
18717:
18714:
18712:
18709:
18707:
18704:
18702:
18699:
18697:
18694:
18692:
18689:
18687:
18684:
18682:
18679:
18677:
18674:
18672:
18669:
18667:
18664:
18662:
18659:
18657:
18654:
18652:
18649:
18648:
18646:
18638:
18632:
18629:
18625:
18622:
18621:
18620:
18617:
18615:
18612:
18610:
18607:
18605:
18602:
18600:
18597:
18595:
18592:
18590:
18587:
18583:
18580:
18579:
18578:
18575:
18573:
18570:
18568:
18565:
18564:
18562:
18558:
18552:
18549:
18547:
18544:
18542:
18539:
18535:
18532:
18531:
18530:
18527:
18523:
18520:
18518:
18515:
18514:
18513:
18510:
18508:
18505:
18504:
18502:
18500:
18496:
18488:
18485:
18483:
18480:
18478:
18475:
18474:
18472:
18470:
18467:
18465:
18462:
18460:
18457:
18455:
18454:Black schools
18452:
18450:
18449:Black studies
18447:
18446:
18444:
18438:
18432:
18431:Whitney Young
18429:
18427:
18424:
18422:
18421:Oprah Winfrey
18419:
18417:
18414:
18412:
18409:
18407:
18404:
18402:
18399:
18397:
18394:
18392:
18391:Denmark Vesey
18389:
18387:
18384:
18382:
18379:
18377:
18374:
18372:
18369:
18367:
18364:
18362:
18359:
18357:
18354:
18352:
18349:
18347:
18344:
18342:
18339:
18337:
18336:Joseph Rainey
18334:
18332:
18329:
18327:
18324:
18322:
18319:
18317:
18314:
18312:
18309:
18307:
18304:
18302:
18299:
18297:
18294:
18292:
18291:Toni Morrison
18289:
18287:
18284:
18282:
18279:
18277:
18276:Joseph Lowery
18274:
18272:
18269:
18267:
18264:
18262:
18259:
18257:
18254:
18252:
18249:
18247:
18244:
18242:
18239:
18237:
18234:
18232:
18229:
18227:
18224:
18222:
18221:Jesse Jackson
18219:
18217:
18214:
18212:
18211:Kamala Harris
18209:
18207:
18204:
18202:
18199:
18197:
18196:Marcus Garvey
18194:
18192:
18189:
18187:
18184:
18182:
18179:
18177:
18174:
18172:
18169:
18167:
18164:
18162:
18159:
18157:
18154:
18152:
18149:
18147:
18146:Blanche Bruce
18144:
18142:
18141:Edward Brooke
18139:
18137:
18134:
18132:
18131:James Bradley
18129:
18127:
18124:
18122:
18119:
18117:
18114:
18112:
18111:James Baldwin
18109:
18107:
18104:
18102:
18099:
18097:
18094:
18093:
18091:
18087:
18081:
18078:
18076:
18073:
18071:
18068:
18066:
18063:
18061:
18058:
18056:
18055:Neighborhoods
18053:
18051:
18048:
18046:
18043:
18041:
18038:
18036:
18033:
18031:
18028:
18026:
18023:
18021:
18018:
18016:
18013:
18011:
18008:
18004:
18001:
18000:
17999:
17996:
17994:
17991:
17989:
17986:
17984:
17981:
17979:
17976:
17974:
17971:
17969:
17966:
17964:
17961:
17959:
17956:
17954:
17951:
17950:
17948:
17946:
17942:
17936:
17933:
17931:
17928:
17926:
17923:
17919:
17916:
17915:
17914:
17911:
17909:
17908:Silent Parade
17906:
17904:
17901:
17899:
17896:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17883:
17882:
17878:
17876:
17873:
17871:
17870:
17866:
17864:
17863:
17859:
17857:
17854:
17852:
17849:
17847:
17844:
17842:
17839:
17837:
17836:Jim Crow laws
17834:
17832:
17828:
17825:
17823:
17820:
17816:
17813:
17811:
17808:
17807:
17806:
17803:
17801:
17798:
17796:
17793:
17791:
17788:
17785:
17784:
17780:
17778:
17775:
17773:
17770:
17766:
17763:
17761:
17758:
17756:
17753:
17751:
17748:
17746:
17743:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17730:
17729:
17725:
17723:
17720:
17719:
17718:
17715:
17713:
17710:
17708:
17705:
17701:
17698:
17696:
17693:
17691:
17688:
17687:
17685:
17683:
17680:
17677:
17676:
17672:
17670:
17667:
17665:
17662:
17660:
17659:Black cowboys
17657:
17655:
17652:
17650:
17647:
17645:
17642:
17640:
17637:
17635:
17632:
17630:
17627:
17625:
17622:
17621:
17619:
17617:
17613:
17609:
17602:
17597:
17595:
17590:
17588:
17583:
17582:
17579:
17567:
17564:
17562:
17559:
17558:
17553:
17549:
17546:
17542:
17541:
17537:
17523:
17520:
17518:
17515:
17513:
17510:
17506:
17503:
17502:
17501:
17498:
17494:
17491:
17490:
17489:
17486:
17484:
17481:
17479:
17476:
17474:
17471:
17469:
17466:
17464:
17461:
17457:
17454:
17452:
17449:
17448:
17447:
17444:
17442:
17441:Energy policy
17439:
17435:
17432:
17430:
17427:
17425:
17422:
17420:
17417:
17415:
17412:
17410:
17407:
17405:
17402:
17400:
17397:
17396:
17395:
17392:
17390:
17387:
17383:
17382:incarceration
17380:
17379:
17378:
17375:
17373:
17370:
17369:
17367:
17363:
17357:
17354:
17352:
17349:
17347:
17344:
17342:
17339:
17337:
17334:
17332:
17329:
17327:
17324:
17322:
17319:
17317:
17314:
17312:
17309:
17305:
17302:
17300:
17297:
17295:
17292:
17291:
17290:
17287:
17283:
17280:
17278:
17275:
17273:
17270:
17268:
17267:Prenatal care
17265:
17263:
17262:Birth control
17260:
17258:
17255:
17254:
17253:
17250:
17248:
17245:
17244:
17242:
17240:
17236:
17230:
17227:
17225:
17222:
17220:
17217:
17215:
17212:
17210:
17207:
17205:
17202:
17200:
17199:Homeownership
17197:
17195:
17192:
17190:
17187:
17185:
17182:
17180:
17177:
17176:
17174:
17172:
17168:
17162:
17159:
17157:
17154:
17152:
17149:
17147:
17144:
17142:
17139:
17137:
17134:
17132:
17129:
17127:
17124:
17122:
17119:
17117:
17114:
17112:
17109:
17107:
17104:
17102:
17099:
17095:
17092:
17090:
17087:
17085:
17082:
17080:
17077:
17076:
17075:
17072:
17070:
17067:
17065:
17062:
17060:
17057:
17053:
17050:
17048:
17045:
17043:
17040:
17038:
17035:
17033:
17030:
17029:
17028:
17025:
17023:
17020:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17002:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16991:
16988:
16986:
16983:
16979:
16976:
16975:
16974:
16971:
16969:
16966:
16962:
16959:
16958:
16957:
16954:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16944:
16940:
16937:
16935:
16932:
16931:
16930:
16927:
16923:
16922:working class
16920:
16918:
16915:
16913:
16910:
16908:
16905:
16903:
16900:
16898:
16895:
16893:
16890:
16888:
16885:
16883:
16882:homeownership
16880:
16878:
16875:
16873:
16870:
16869:
16868:
16865:
16863:
16860:
16858:
16855:
16853:
16850:
16848:
16845:
16843:
16840:
16838:
16835:
16833:
16830:
16829:
16827:
16825:
16821:
16817:
16814:
16812:
16808:
16798:
16795:
16793:
16790:
16788:
16785:
16783:
16780:
16778:
16775:
16773:
16770:
16768:
16765:
16764:
16762:
16760:
16756:
16750:
16747:
16745:
16742:
16740:
16737:
16735:
16732:
16730:
16727:
16725:
16722:
16720:
16717:
16715:
16712:
16710:
16707:
16705:
16702:
16700:
16697:
16695:
16692:
16688:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16673:
16670:
16668:
16665:
16663:
16662:Manufacturing
16660:
16658:
16655:
16653:
16650:
16648:
16645:
16643:
16640:
16638:
16635:
16633:
16630:
16629:
16628:
16625:
16624:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16612:
16598:
16595:
16591:
16590:Third parties
16588:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16577:
16576:
16573:
16569:
16566:
16564:
16561:
16559:
16556:
16555:
16554:
16551:
16549:
16546:
16542:
16539:
16538:
16537:
16534:
16530:
16527:
16525:
16522:
16521:
16520:
16517:
16515:
16512:
16511:
16508:
16496:
16493:
16492:
16491:
16488:
16487:
16485:
16483:
16479:
16473:
16470:
16468:
16465:
16464:
16462:
16460:
16456:
16450:
16447:
16445:
16442:
16440:
16437:
16435:
16432:
16430:
16427:
16425:
16422:
16420:
16417:
16415:
16412:
16410:
16407:
16405:
16402:
16401:
16399:
16395:
16389:
16386:
16384:
16381:
16379:
16376:
16374:
16371:
16370:
16368:
16366:
16362:
16359:
16357:
16353:
16347:
16344:
16340:
16337:
16336:
16335:
16332:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16314:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16305:
16304:
16302:
16300:
16296:
16286:
16283:
16281:
16278:
16276:
16273:
16271:
16268:
16267:
16265:
16263:
16259:
16251:
16248:
16247:
16246:
16243:
16239:
16236:
16235:
16234:
16231:
16230:
16228:
16226:
16222:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16207:
16205:
16203:
16199:
16191:
16188:
16187:
16186:
16183:
16181:
16178:
16176:
16173:
16171:
16168:
16166:
16163:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16151:
16148:
16144:
16141:
16140:
16139:
16136:
16132:
16129:
16128:
16127:
16124:
16123:
16121:
16119:
16115:
16112:
16110:
16104:
16099:
16095:
16085:
16082:
16080:
16077:
16073:
16070:
16068:
16065:
16063:
16060:
16058:
16055:
16053:
16050:
16048:
16045:
16043:
16040:
16039:
16038:
16035:
16034:
16032:
16030:
16026:
16020:
16017:
16013:
16010:
16008:
16005:
16003:
16000:
15998:
15995:
15994:
15993:
15990:
15988:
15985:
15981:
15978:
15977:
15976:
15973:
15972:
15970:
15968:
15964:
15958:
15957:U.S. attorney
15955:
15953:
15950:
15946:
15943:
15941:
15938:
15937:
15936:
15932:
15929:
15925:
15922:
15921:
15920:
15917:
15913:
15910:
15908:
15905:
15903:
15902:Chief Justice
15900:
15899:
15898:
15897:Supreme Court
15895:
15894:
15892:
15890:
15886:
15880:
15877:
15875:
15872:
15870:
15867:
15865:
15862:
15860:
15857:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15839:
15838:
15835:
15831:
15828:
15826:
15823:
15822:
15821:
15818:
15817:
15815:
15813:
15809:
15803:
15802:Public policy
15800:
15798:
15797:Civil service
15795:
15793:
15790:
15786:
15783:
15781:
15778:
15776:
15773:
15771:
15768:
15766:
15763:
15761:
15758:
15756:
15753:
15751:
15748:
15746:
15743:
15742:
15741:
15738:
15734:
15731:
15729:
15726:
15724:
15721:
15719:
15716:
15715:
15714:
15711:
15709:
15706:
15704:
15701:
15699:
15696:
15694:
15691:
15687:
15684:
15682:
15679:
15678:
15677:
15674:
15673:
15671:
15667:
15664:
15662:
15658:
15654:
15651:
15649:
15645:
15635:
15632:
15630:
15627:
15625:
15622:
15618:
15615:
15613:
15610:
15608:
15605:
15603:
15600:
15598:
15595:
15593:
15590:
15588:
15585:
15583:
15580:
15579:
15578:
15574:
15570:
15567:
15565:
15562:
15560:
15557:
15555:
15552:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15535:
15532:
15530:
15527:
15525:
15522:
15520:
15517:
15515:
15512:
15510:
15507:
15505:
15502:
15500:
15497:
15495:
15492:
15490:
15487:
15486:
15485:
15482:
15478:
15475:
15474:
15473:
15470:
15466:
15465:Sierra Nevada
15463:
15461:
15458:
15456:
15453:
15451:
15448:
15446:
15443:
15442:
15441:
15438:
15436:
15433:
15431:
15428:
15426:
15423:
15419:
15416:
15414:
15411:
15409:
15406:
15404:
15403:insular zones
15401:
15399:
15396:
15394:
15391:
15389:
15386:
15384:
15381:
15379:
15376:
15375:
15374:
15371:
15370:
15367:
15364:
15362:
15358:
15348:
15345:
15343:
15340:
15338:
15335:
15333:
15330:
15328:
15325:
15323:
15320:
15318:
15315:
15313:
15310:
15309:
15307:
15303:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15285:
15282:
15280:
15277:
15276:
15275:
15274:War on Terror
15272:
15270:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15254:LGBT Movement
15252:
15250:
15247:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15235:
15232:
15230:
15227:
15223:
15220:
15219:
15218:
15215:
15213:
15210:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15186:
15183:
15181:
15178:
15176:
15173:
15172:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15158:
15155:
15153:
15150:
15148:
15145:
15143:
15140:
15138:
15135:
15133:
15130:
15128:
15125:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15115:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15102:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15093:
15089:
15086:
15084:
15081:
15080:
15079:
15076:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15063:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15054:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15010:
15007:
15006:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14996:
14994:
14990:
14984:
14981:
14979:
14976:
14974:
14971:
14969:
14966:
14964:
14961:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14949:
14946:
14944:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14934:
14931:
14930:
14928:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14915:
14910:
14909:United States
14903:
14898:
14896:
14891:
14889:
14884:
14883:
14880:
14868:
14867:
14862:
14856:
14854:
14851:
14850:
14847:
14841:
14840:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14830:
14828:
14824:
14818:
14815:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14713:
14712:George W. Lee
14710:
14708:
14705:
14703:
14700:
14698:
14695:
14693:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14665:
14663:
14660:
14658:
14655:
14653:
14650:
14648:
14647:Vernon Dahmer
14645:
14643:
14640:
14638:
14635:
14633:
14630:
14628:
14625:
14623:
14620:
14618:
14615:
14614:
14612:
14608:
14602:
14599:
14598:
14596:
14592:
14588:
14587:
14581:
14577:
14570:
14565:
14563:
14558:
14556:
14551:
14550:
14547:
14531:
14528:
14526:
14523:
14521:
14520:
14516:
14514:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14479:
14477:
14473:
14471:
14469:
14465:
14463:
14460:
14458:
14455:
14451:
14448:
14446:
14443:
14441:
14438:
14436:
14433:
14431:
14428:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14407:
14405:
14403:
14400:
14398:
14396:
14392:
14390:
14388:
14384:
14382:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14372:
14369:
14367:
14364:
14362:
14359:
14357:
14354:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14342:
14339:
14337:
14334:
14332:
14329:
14327:
14324:
14322:
14319:
14315:
14312:
14311:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14301:
14298:
14291:
14287:
14272:
14271:
14266:
14263:
14262:
14257:
14254:
14250:
14249:
14247:
14243:
14235:
14231:
14227:
14223:
14219:
14215:
14210:
14206:
14205:
14200:
14196:
14191:
14187:
14182:
14178:
14177:Patti Griffin
14174:
14169:
14165:
14161:
14156:
14152:
14147:
14143:
14139:
14134:
14130:
14125:
14121:
14117:
14112:
14108:
14107:Stevie Wonder
14104:
14099:
14095:
14091:
14086:
14082:
14078:
14073:
14069:
14065:
14060:
14059:
14057:
14053:
14045:
14044:
14039:
14038:
14036:
14032:
14024:
14023:
14018:
14014:
14013:
14008:
14004:
14003:
13998:
13994:
13993:
13988:
13987:
13985:
13981:
13973:
13969:
13968:
13963:
13959:
13958:
13953:
13949:
13948:
13947:The Boondocks
13943:
13939:
13935:
13934:
13929:
13925:
13924:
13919:
13915:
13911:
13910:
13904:
13900:
13899:
13894:
13889:
13885:
13884:
13879:
13878:
13876:
13872:
13864:
13863:
13858:
13854:
13853:
13848:
13844:
13843:
13838:
13834:
13833:
13828:
13824:
13823:
13818:
13814:
13813:
13808:
13804:
13803:
13798:
13794:
13793:
13788:
13784:
13783:
13778:
13777:
13775:
13771:
13767:
13760:
13756:
13746:
13743:
13739:
13736:
13735:
13734:
13731:
13729:
13726:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13697:
13694:
13693:
13690:
13686:
13685:Assassination
13681:
13677:
13661:
13657:
13653:
13649:
13645:
13641:
13637:
13633:
13629:
13625:
13621:
13620:Bayard Rustin
13617:
13613:
13609:
13605:
13601:
13597:
13596:Benjamin Mays
13593:
13589:
13588:Joseph Lowery
13585:
13581:
13577:
13573:
13569:
13565:
13561:
13557:
13556:Jesse Jackson
13553:
13549:
13545:
13541:
13537:
13533:
13529:
13525:
13521:
13520:
13518:
13512:
13504:
13500:
13497:(grandfather)
13496:
13492:
13488:
13484:
13480:
13476:
13472:
13468:
13464:
13460:
13456:
13452:
13448:
13444:
13440:
13436:
13432:
13428:
13424:
13420:
13419:
13417:
13413:
13409:
13402:
13398:
13382:
13378:
13374:
13370:
13366:
13363:
13359:
13355:
13351:
13347:
13343:
13339:
13335:
13331:
13327:
13323:
13319:
13315:
13311:
13307:
13303:
13299:
13295:
13291:
13287:
13286:
13284:
13282:
13276:
13268:
13267:
13262:
13258:
13257:
13252:
13248:
13247:
13242:
13238:
13233:
13229:
13228:
13223:
13219:
13214:
13210:
13205:
13201:
13200:
13195:
13194:
13192:
13188:
13180:
13175:
13171:
13166:
13162:
13157:
13153:
13148:
13144:
13139:
13138:
13136:
13134:
13130:
13126:
13119:
13115:
13111:
13104:
13099:
13097:
13092:
13090:
13085:
13084:
13081:
13075:
13068:
13058:
13057:
13052:
13044:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13027:Timothy Tyson
13025:
13023:
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12957:Taylor Branch
12955:
12954:
12952:
12946:
12940:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12918:
12915:
12914:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12855:
12854:
12852:
12848:
12842:
12841:
12837:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12817:
12813:
12812:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12805:Freedom songs
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12781:
12778:
12776:
12773:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12725:
12721:
12719:
12718:
12714:
12712:
12711:
12707:
12705:
12704:
12700:
12698:
12697:
12693:
12689:
12686:
12685:
12684:
12683:
12679:
12677:
12674:
12672:
12671:Jim Crow laws
12669:
12668:
12666:
12662:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12640:
12636:
12632:
12629:
12627:
12624:
12623:
12622:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12610:
12607:
12606:
12605:
12602:
12601:
12599:
12595:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12568:"Oh, Freedom"
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12545:
12543:
12537:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12522:
12520:
12516:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12494:Whitney Young
12492:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12474:Kale Williams
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12434:Albert Turner
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12424:A. P. Tureaud
12422:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12377:
12375:
12372:
12370:
12367:
12365:
12362:
12360:
12357:
12355:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12345:
12342:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12329:Bayard Rustin
12327:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12179:William Moyer
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12114:Joseph McNeil
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12099:Charles McDew
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12089:Benjamin Mays
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12074:Vivian Malone
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12049:Joseph Lowery
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11974:Clyde Kennard
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11964:Vernon Jordan
11962:
11960:
11959:Matthew Jones
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11924:T. J. Jemison
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11909:Jesse Jackson
11907:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11799:Robert Graetz
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11789:Golden Frinks
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11749:Charles Evers
11747:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11699:Vernon Dahmer
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11654:Septima Clark
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11574:Bruce Boynton
11572:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11532:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11499:James Baldwin
11497:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11469:Mathew Ahmann
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11451:
11449:
11445:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11371:
11367:
11366:Youth Council
11364:
11363:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11305:
11304:
11300:
11299:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11260:
11259:
11257:
11251:
11241:
11240:
11236:
11234:
11233:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11206:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11194:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11172:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11158:
11154:
11153:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11141:
11137:
11135:
11134:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11121:
11118:
11117:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11092:
11090:
11086:
11080:
11077:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11064:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11027:
11026:
11023:
11019:
11016:
11015:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10998:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10976:
10972:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10959:
10958:
10957:Freedom Rides
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10937:
10933:
10931:
10930:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10875:
10873:
10869:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10836:
10835:
10831:
10830:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10816:
10812:
10811:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10793:
10792:
10788:
10787:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10775:
10771:
10767:
10766:
10762:
10760:
10759:
10755:
10753:
10752:
10748:
10746:
10745:
10741:
10740:
10739:
10738:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10727:
10721:
10718:
10715:
10714:
10710:
10707:
10706:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10686:
10684:
10682:Prior to 1954
10680:
10677:
10674:
10667:
10662:
10655:
10650:
10648:
10643:
10641:
10636:
10635:
10632:
10626:
10622:
10619:
10616:
10612:
10609:
10606:
10602:
10598:
10595:
10590:
10587:
10584:
10581:
10578:
10575:
10574:
10572:
10568:
10565:
10561:
10558:
10553:
10549:
10545:
10542:
10540:presentation.
10539:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10526:
10524:
10520:
10517:
10513:
10510:
10507:
10503:
10499:
10496:
10493:
10489:
10486:
10483:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10452:
10449:
10448:
10438:
10437:0-345-37975-6
10434:
10430:
10429:0-345-35068-5
10426:
10422:
10421:
10416:
10412:
10409:
10405:
10401:
10397:
10394:
10390:
10386:
10382:
10379:
10378:1-931082-29-4
10375:
10374:1-931082-28-6
10371:
10367:
10363:
10359:
10355:
10354:
10342:
10336:
10332:
10331:
10325:
10321:
10315:
10311:
10306:
10299:
10295:
10291:
10287:
10283:
10279:
10275:
10268:
10263:
10259:
10253:
10249:
10248:
10242:
10238:
10232:
10228:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10213:
10207:
10202:
10201:
10194:
10190:
10184:
10180:
10175:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10159:
10155:
10151:
10146:
10144:
10140:
10136:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10105:
10101:
10097:
10090:
10085:
10078:
10074:
10070:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10044:
10040:
10036:
10031:
10027:
10023:
10019:
10015:
10011:
10007:
10002:
9999:
9995:
9991:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9975:
9971:
9966:
9962:
9958:
9954:
9950:
9945:
9942:
9938:
9935:
9934:
9929:
9926:
9925:
9920:
9916:
9910:
9906:
9905:
9899:
9898:
9887:
9883:
9882:Tuck, Stephen
9880:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9869:
9864:
9861:
9858:
9857:
9853:
9852:Sokol, Jason.
9850:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9837:
9833:
9830:
9826:
9822:
9816:
9812:
9811:
9805:
9802:
9798:
9795:
9794:
9790:
9787:
9782:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9769:
9768:0-19-515632-3
9765:
9761:
9757:
9753:
9750:
9749:
9745:
9742:
9738:
9732:
9728:
9727:
9724:
9719:
9715:
9713:
9712:0-02-922130-7
9709:
9705:
9701:
9698:
9697:0-8078-2470-4
9694:
9690:
9689:
9684:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9669:
9665:
9661:
9658:
9655:
9651:
9648:
9645:
9644:0-87805-225-9
9641:
9637:
9633:
9630:
9627:
9623:
9620:
9616:
9613:
9609:
9607:
9605:
9600:
9597:
9596:0-582-41431-8
9593:
9589:
9585:
9583:
9582:0-8130-2496-X
9579:
9575:
9571:
9568:
9567:
9563:Keppel, Ben.
9562:
9559:
9555:
9552:
9548:
9546:
9545:0-306-80792-0
9542:
9538:
9534:
9531:
9527:
9524:
9520:
9517:
9516:0-300-08731-4
9513:
9509:
9508:0-14-006486-9
9505:
9501:
9497:
9494:
9490:
9487:
9483:
9480:
9476:
9473:
9472:
9467:
9464:
9461:Cox, Julian.
9460:
9458:
9454:
9450:
9448:
9447:0-684-85712-X
9444:
9440:
9439:
9434:
9431:
9428:
9424:
9421:
9417:
9413:
9412:
9407:
9403:
9400:
9396:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9383:
9382:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9362:
9359:
9356:
9353:
9349:
9346:
9342:
9339:
9336:
9335:0-14-009653-1
9332:
9328:
9324:
9321:
9318:
9314:
9308:
9304:
9303:
9297:
9294:
9290:
9287:
9283:
9280:
9276:
9273:
9269:
9267:
9263:
9259:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9246:
9245:
9240:
9236:
9230:
9226:
9225:
9219:
9215:
9209:
9205:
9200:
9199:
9192:
9188:
9182:
9178:
9177:
9171:
9167:
9161:
9157:
9156:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9137:
9132:
9131:
9124:
9120:
9114:
9110:
9109:
9103:
9100:
9096:
9092:
9086:
9082:
9081:
9075:
9072:
9071:0-394-75623-1
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9050:
9046:
9045:
9040:
9036:
9033:
9032:
9027:
9024:
9020:
9017:
9013:
9010:
9006:
9003:
8999:
8996:
8995:
8990:
8986:
8980:
8976:
8975:
8969:
8966:
8962:
8959:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8942:
8937:
8936:
8929:
8926:
8922:
8918:
8915:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8897:
8893:
8892:
8886:
8882:
8876:
8872:
8867:
8863:
8857:
8852:
8851:
8844:
8840:
8834:
8830:
8829:
8823:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8810:
8804:
8800:
8799:
8793:
8790:. Henry Epps.
8789:
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8437:Back, Adina "
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8113:September 11,
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7857:. Transcript"
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7008:Black History
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4606:. History.com
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3003:Charles Evers
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2784:Michael Rogin
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2534:James Baldwin
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2521:, chapter of
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2285:Freedom Rides
2280:
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2273:Massachusetts
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2238:Massachusetts
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2220:June 14, 1963
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2165:Taylor Branch
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2063:lunch counter
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2040:
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2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1989:
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1982:Charles Payne
1979:
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1963:
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1833:Black Panther
1830:
1829:United States
1826:
1825:desegregation
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1749:Freedom Rides
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1656:Bayard Rustin
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1576:In 1952, the
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1567:Freedom Rides
1564:
1561:": boycotts,
1560:
1559:direct action
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1000:Supreme Court
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722:Supreme Court
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114:Jim Crow laws
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86:United States
84:
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72:
68:
64:
60:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
21411:
21402:
21229:Upward Bound
20989:Williams Act
20539:Johnson desk
20378:
20290:Flower power
20229:Rodney riots
20144:Båstad riots
20065:The Troubles
19776:
19486:Sportspeople
19456:Billionaires
19373:Sierra Leone
19276:Philadelphia
19112:Jacksonville
18939:Demographics
18771:Jack Johnson
18761:Muhammad Ali
18594:Conservatism
18529:Black church
18426:Andrew Young
18411:Ida B. Wells
18401:David Walker
18396:C. T. Vivian
18351:Paul Robeson
18346:Hiram Revels
18326:Colin Powell
18306:Barack Obama
18261:James Lawson
18216:Jimi Hendrix
18186:James Farmer
18181:Medgar Evers
18151:Ralph Bunche
18101:Maya Angelou
18075:Middle class
17953:Afrofuturism
17879:
17867:
17860:
17781:
17726:
17716:
17673:
17639:Afrocentrism
17629:Abolitionism
17483:Human rights
17463:Gun politics
17414:Islamophobia
17404:antisemitism
17272:Hospice care
17214:Middle class
17194:Homelessness
17171:Social class
17131:Social class
16995:Human rights
16985:Homelessness
16897:middle class
16862:Demographics
16837:Architecture
16744:Unemployment
16724:Labor unions
16472:Town meeting
16449:City council
16444:City manager
16185:State police
16047:Marine Corps
16037:Armed Forces
16012:civil rights
16011:
15992:Constitution
15564:Southwestern
15559:Southeastern
15549:Northwestern
15544:Northeastern
15509:Mid-Atlantic
15499:Great Plains
15217:World War II
15184:
15100:Constitution
15004:Colonial era
14983:2008–present
14857:
14837:
14722:Viola Liuzzo
14682:Paul Guihard
14672:Medgar Evers
14637:James Chaney
14584:
14517:
14475:
14467:
14394:
14386:
14268:
14259:
14232:(Common and
14207:(1995 album)
14202:
14195:Miri Ben-Ari
14164:James Taylor
14151:Public Enemy
14138:King Holiday
14041:
14020:
14010:
14000:
13990:
13971:
13965:
13955:
13945:
13931:
13921:
13907:
13896:
13882:
13860:
13850:
13840:
13831:
13820:
13810:
13801:
13790:
13780:
13717:Jack Kershaw
13660:Andrew Young
13644:Wyatt Walker
13636:C. T. Vivian
13612:James Orange
13572:James Lawson
13455:Bernice King
13431:Yolanda King
13365:War movement
13362:Anti-Vietnam
13281:and protests
13278:
13264:
13254:
13244:
13225:
13209:What Is Man?
13197:
13047:
12987:David Garrow
12967:John Dittmer
12838:
12765:Brown Chapel
12722:
12715:
12708:
12701:
12694:
12680:
12637:
12489:Andrew Young
12444:A. T. Walden
12439:C. T. Vivian
12399:Maxine Smith
12234:Homer Plessy
12214:James Orange
12169:Irene Morgan
12124:William Ming
12104:Ralph McGill
12039:Viola Liuzzo
12024:Jim Letherer
12009:James Lawson
11939:Vernon Johns
11929:Esau Jenkins
11884:Myles Horton
11834:Fred Hampton
11824:Prathia Hall
11814:Dick Gregory
11784:Marie Foster
11779:James Forman
11769:James Farmer
11754:Medgar Evers
11714:Angela Davis
11649:Ramsey Clark
11629:James Chaney
11624:Johnnie Carr
11604:Ralph Bunche
11599:H. Rap Brown
11589:Ruby Bridges
11549:Joanne Bland
11524:Claude Black
11504:Marion Barry
11474:Muhammad Ali
11301:
11237:
11230:
11191:
11169:
11138:
11131:
10973:
10934:
10927:
10857:Kissing Case
10832:
10789:
10772:
10763:
10756:
10749:
10742:
10735:
10711:
10703:
10660:
10569:Provided by
10537:
10431:. Hardcover
10418:
10399:
10384:
10364:. New York:
10361:
10357:
10329:
10309:
10298:the original
10277:
10273:
10246:
10225:
10199:
10178:
10153:
10149:
10138:
10127:. Retrieved
10120:the original
10099:
10095:
10072:
10068:
10042:
10038:
10009:
10005:
9997:
9973:
9969:
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9866:
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9828:
9809:
9800:
9784:
9774:
9759:
9746:
9726:
9722:
9703:
9686:
9671:
9664:Adam Roberts
9660:McAdam, Doug
9653:
9650:McAdam, Doug
9635:
9625:
9618:
9611:
9603:
9587:
9573:
9564:
9557:
9550:
9536:
9529:
9522:
9499:
9485:
9478:
9471:King: A Life
9469:
9462:
9452:
9436:
9426:
9419:
9410:
9398:
9388:
9379:
9360:
9351:
9344:
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9022:
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8973:
8964:
8954:
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8924:
8913:
8909:
8890:
8870:
8849:
8827:
8816:
8815:Hill, Lance
8797:
8787:
8779:
8767:
8763:
8755:
8739:
8717:
8695:
8686:
8679:
8660:
8650:
8630:
8617:
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8594:
8573:
8550:
8528:
8509:
8503:Medgar Evers
8502:
8495:
8488:
8472:
8458:
8449:
8442:
8428:
8418:Bibliography
8395:
8388:
8376:. Retrieved
8372:the original
8367:
8358:
8346:. Retrieved
8337:
8328:
8309:
8284:. Retrieved
8279:
8270:
8258:. Retrieved
8254:
8230:. Retrieved
8215:
8208:
8192:
8186:
8178:
8173:December 17,
8171:, retrieved
8167:the original
8162:The Diplomat
8160:
8150:
8141:December 17,
8139:, retrieved
8133:
8123:
8111:. Retrieved
8106:
8097:
8085:. Retrieved
8081:
8072:
8062:November 25,
8060:. Retrieved
8056:
8046:
8036:November 25,
8034:. Retrieved
8030:the original
8025:
8015:
8005:September 7,
8003:. Retrieved
8000:The Guardian
7999:
7990:
7980:November 25,
7978:. Retrieved
7974:
7951:September 8,
7949:. Retrieved
7945:the original
7940:
7931:
7911:
7904:
7884:
7877:
7865:. Retrieved
7861:the original
7854:
7847:
7835:. Retrieved
7825:
7805:
7798:
7785:
7773:
7761:. Retrieved
7757:the original
7752:
7739:
7725:
7718:
7706:. Retrieved
7696:
7687:
7678:
7669:
7657:. Retrieved
7653:the original
7648:
7612:
7605:
7596:
7590:
7574:
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7546:
7530:
7522:
7517:
7497:
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7482:
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7458:
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7410:
7405:
7393:. Retrieved
7389:the original
7379:
7370:
7364:
7359:
7351:
7346:
7334:. Retrieved
7324:
7304:
7297:
7288:
7279:
7259:
7240:
7228:. Retrieved
7224:
7199:. Retrieved
7191:
7182:
7159:
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7130:
7098:
7067:
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7044:
7036:
7031:
7023:
7015:
7007:
6991:
6974:
6968:
6952:
6947:
6930:
6918:. Retrieved
6914:the original
6907:
6898:
6889:
6880:
6872:the original
6862:
6853:
6844:
6832:. Retrieved
6828:the original
6818:
6810:
6805:
6796:
6790:
6781:
6775:
6755:
6733:. Retrieved
6730:RiponSociety
6729:
6719:
6707:. Retrieved
6703:
6666:
6644:. Retrieved
6640:
6630:
6621:
6612:
6602:December 14,
6600:. Retrieved
6596:
6587:
6577:December 14,
6575:. Retrieved
6571:
6562:
6542:
6523:
6511:. Retrieved
6494:
6481:
6471:
6463:
6455:
6428:
6408:
6398:
6386:. Retrieved
6376:
6367:
6358:
6338:
6329:
6319:September 9,
6317:. Retrieved
6313:the original
6306:
6299:
6289:
6284:
6275:
6266:
6260:(Interview).
6248:
6227:
6198:
6193:
6184:
6174:
6165:
6156:
6137:
6131:
6116:
6104:. Retrieved
6095:
6086:
6074:. Retrieved
6065:
6056:
6044:. Retrieved
6025:
6010:
5993:
5989:
5966:. Retrieved
5939:
5915:
5906:
5873:
5869:
5836:
5829:
5823:. p. 1.
5820:
5810:
5795:
5787:
5771:
5766:
5754:. Retrieved
5749:
5740:
5732:
5727:
5707:
5700:
5688:. Retrieved
5683:
5673:
5663:
5642:
5636:
5626:February 23,
5624:. Retrieved
5620:
5592:. Retrieved
5588:the original
5578:
5559:
5553:
5541:. Retrieved
5530:
5518:. Retrieved
5508:
5499:
5489:
5479:
5468:
5456:. Retrieved
5452:the original
5442:
5430:. Retrieved
5416:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5352:
5338:
5330:
5306:. Retrieved
5302:
5271:
5263:
5258:
5250:
5245:
5237:
5221:
5213:
5193:
5173:
5143:
5136:
5121:
5116:
5108:
5103:
5065:. Retrieved
5054:
5029:
5021:
5009:. Retrieved
5005:
4995:
4987:
4982:
4970:. Retrieved
4955:
4948:
4940:The Guardian
4939:
4930:
4897:
4893:
4857:
4850:
4838:. Retrieved
4834:the original
4824:
4812:. Retrieved
4807:
4798:
4786:. Retrieved
4782:
4773:
4761:. Retrieved
4757:
4748:
4736:. Retrieved
4732:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4680:the original
4675:
4671:
4658:
4649:
4643:
4634:
4630:
4620:
4610:November 12,
4608:. Retrieved
4598:
4586:. Retrieved
4578:The Atlantic
4577:
4571:
4563:
4548:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4524:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4491:Negro revolt
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4420:
4411:
4410:
4310:
4263:Andrew Young
4238:C. T. Vivian
4163:Paul Robeson
4093:James Orange
4033:Loren Miller
3983:Viola Liuzzo
3963:James Lawson
3923:Esau Jenkins
3893:Myles Horton
3888:Libby Holman
3853:Prathia Hall
3848:Dick Gregory
3823:James Forman
3813:Karl Fleming
3798:Medgar Evers
3783:Annie Devine
3743:John Conyers
3708:James Chaney
3693:Ralph Bunche
3663:Claude Black
3638:Marion Barry
3623:Louis Austin
3618:Maya Angelou
3613:Muhammad Ali
3547:Urban League
3457:
3426:
3407:
3388:
3376:
3357:
3326:
3311:
3309:
3296:
3282:
3279:Soviet Union
3254:
3220:Pawnee tribe
3213:
3199:
3186:
3174:Tommie Smith
3159:
3152:
3143:
3085:
3046:
3030:
3019:
3011:Medgar Evers
2996:
2980:
2974:
2972:Peter Norman
2966:; both wear
2958:showing the
2955:
2948:
2946:Tommie Smith
2920:
2916:
2899:
2894:
2878:
2833:Jacksonville
2817:
2800:white flight
2781:
2761:
2750:
2719:
2708:Many in the
2707:
2650:
2646:
2630:
2622:Mau Mau army
2614:
2610:Jim Crow law
2595:
2593:
2576:Medgar Evers
2565:
2557:
2526:
2500:
2466:
2458:
2439:
2425:
2413:
2406:
2367:FBI Director
2363:
2356:
2345:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2282:
2266:
2254:
2243:
2232:. Historian
2223:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2157:
2153:
2128:
2114:
2110:
2098:
2090:
2074:James Forman
2067:
2059:Kissing Case
2053:
2050:The Crusader
2049:
2047:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2009:Ku Klux Klan
2006:
1978:John Dittmer
1969:
1943:
1923:
1915:Paul Robeson
1891:
1886:–affiliated
1881:
1855:
1839:founded the
1832:
1806:
1764:
1753:
1729:
1707:Johns Island
1687:Myles Horton
1683:Esau Jenkins
1676:
1629:
1594:
1575:
1573:and others.
1571:
1554:
1552:
1521:
1488:
1486:
1445:
1437:white flight
1426:
1416:
1379:subdivisions
1365:
1337:Harry Truman
1289:
1265:
1244:
1237:
1230:Warren Court
1223:
1204:
1157:Exploitation
1139:
1134:civil rights
1127:
1112:
1102:
1092:
1026:
1017:
1003:
989:
961:
927:paramilitary
903:Ku Klux Klan
899:civil rights
856:
807:
787:
745:
744:(1964), and
739:
733:
726:Warren Court
719:
693:such as the
655:civil rights
632:
627:
620:civil rights
579:
577:
505:
504:
411:
410:
401:Kissing Case
354:
353:
333:
323:
200:
188:
176:
167:
40:
20603:Vietnam War
20423:(1963–1969)
20373:‹ The
20357:Vietnam War
20280:Black power
19877:Freak scene
19865:Subcultures
19722:Human Be-In
19697:Beatlemania
19506:US senators
19476:Republicans
19461:Journalists
19318:San Antonio
19283:Puerto Rico
19224:Mississippi
19117:Tallahassee
19090:Los Angeles
18781:Jesse Owens
18766:Arthur Ashe
18624:Nationalism
18614:Raised fist
18577:Black power
18482:in medicine
18416:Roy Wilkins
18371:Emmett Till
18356:Al Sharpton
18121:Julian Bond
18116:James Bevel
18080:Upper class
18070:Stereotypes
17963:Black mecca
17875:Plantations
17654:Black Codes
17488:Immigration
17419:LGBT rights
17321:Food safety
17156:Video games
16749:Wall Street
16729:Public debt
16632:Agriculture
16568:nationalism
16280:Uniform act
16202:Legislative
16109:Territorial
16067:Coast Guard
16062:Space Force
15812:Legislative
15607:Red (South)
15597:Mississippi
15519:New England
15455:Appalachian
15425:Earthquakes
15322:Discoveries
15317:Demographic
15259:Vietnam War
15202:World War I
15197:Imperialism
15147:Indian Wars
15122:War of 1812
14792:Emmett Till
14787:Lamar Smith
14757:Lemuel Penn
14742:Oneal Moore
14717:Herbert Lee
14617:Louis Allen
14440:Mexico City
14430:Jersey City
14234:John Legend
14186:Jason Upton
14034:Illustrated
14022:All the Way
13992:The Meeting
13865:(2023 film)
13835:(2016 film)
13832:All the Way
13825:(2014 film)
13805:(2001 film)
13733:Loyd Jowers
13662:(colleague)
13654:(colleague)
13646:(colleague)
13638:(colleague)
13630:(colleague)
13614:(colleague)
13606:(colleague)
13590:(colleague)
13582:(colleague)
13574:(colleague)
13566:(colleague)
13550:(colleague)
13540:James Bevel
13534:(colleague)
13503:Alveda King
13447:Dexter King
13332:(1963–1964)
13308:(1961–1962)
13292:(1955–1956)
13007:Doug McAdam
12977:Chuck Fager
12604:Nonviolence
12509:James Zwerg
12504:Bob Zellner
12464:Roy Wilkins
12414:Hank Thomas
12349:Pete Seeger
12344:Bobby Seale
12209:Jack O'Dell
12204:Edgar Nixon
12134:Amzie Moore
12129:Jack Minnis
12069:Mae Mallory
12054:Clara Luper
12014:Bernard Lee
11904:Cecil Ivory
11899:Ruby Hurley
11869:Oliver Hill
11864:Aaron Henry
11764:Chuck Fager
11724:Dave Dennis
11614:Guy Carawan
11554:Julian Bond
11519:James Bevel
11509:Daisy Bates
10780:Emmett Till
10663:(1954–1968)
10502:History.com
10383:Dann, Jim.
8614:Wiener, Jon
8610:Davis, Mike
8595:Soul on Ice
8312:. Penguin.
8051:Cook, Roy.
7837:December 3,
7308:. Penguin.
7285:"Malcolm X"
7201:January 13,
7037:The Sixties
6854:www.pbs.org
6388:December 3,
6254:Baker, Ella
5756:December 3,
5665:Smithsonian
5543:January 26,
5520:December 5,
5386:: 218–221.
5011:December 3,
4248:Roy Wilkins
4228:Annie Stein
4218:Nina Simone
4088:David Nolan
4083:E. D. Nixon
4038:Jack Minnis
4003:Clara Luper
3988:Audre Lorde
3968:Bernard Lee
3883:Aaron Henry
3788:Doris Derby
3773:Ossie Davis
3683:Carl Braden
3678:Anne Braden
3673:Julian Bond
3658:James Bevel
3643:Daisy Bates
3257:segregation
3206:dehumanized
3178:John Carlos
3166:James Brown
3130:James Brown
3090:formed the
3057:Bobby Seale
3053:Huey Newton
3020:During the
2953:John Carlos
2932:Black Power
2889:Black Power
2821:hate crimes
2776:Black Power
2660:, required
2643:, stating:
2631:During the
2550:meets with
2308:realpolitik
2079:Amzie Moore
1973:Doug McAdam
1703:Sea Islands
1509:nonviolence
1403:Los Angeles
1073:White House
1057:Solid South
1033:voting bloc
996:Poor Whites
907:Republicans
857:Before the
803:nonviolence
687:Emmett Till
616:federal law
604:legislative
154:Resulted in
135:Nonviolence
21542:Categories
21472:Journalism
21194:Pell Grant
21111:Head Start
20952:Ginnie Mae
20310:Hot Autumn
19854:newspapers
19782:Dialoguero
19676:Youthquake
19451:Astronauts
19241:New Jersey
19085:California
18589:Capitalism
18386:Nat Turner
18316:Rosa Parks
18301:Diane Nash
18271:John Lewis
18060:Newspapers
18030:Literature
18015:Juneteenth
17968:Businesses
17822:Exodusters
17790:Free Negro
17522:Xenophobia
17311:Disability
17252:Healthcare
17161:Visual art
17106:Philosophy
17052:television
17042:newspapers
17032:journalism
17022:Literature
16934:attainment
16585:Republican
16580:Democratic
16553:Ideologies
16514:Corruption
16079:NOAA Corps
16002:preemption
15997:federalism
15612:Rio Grande
15514:Midwestern
15494:West Coast
15489:East Coast
15332:Inventions
15244:Space Race
15239:Korean War
15222:home front
15157:Gilded Age
14762:James Reeb
14498:Paris park
14220:featuring
14081:John Fahey
13874:Television
13604:Diane Nash
13580:John Lewis
13532:Ella Baker
13487:A. D. King
13457:(daughter)
13433:(daughter)
12950:historians
12631:Satyagraha
12597:Influences
12289:James Reeb
12224:James Peck
12219:Rosa Parks
12189:Diane Nash
12059:Danny Lyon
12034:John Lewis
11979:A. D. King
11879:James Hood
11494:Ella Baker
11464:Zev Aelony
10415:Alex Haley
7753:The Nation
7137:Academic.
7135:Bloomsbury
6977:(77): 11.
6834:August 23,
6704:HistoryNet
6513:October 1,
6495:The Nation
5308:October 3,
5130:0872895084
4814:October 3,
4788:October 3,
4763:October 3,
4738:October 3,
4509:, and the
4407:References
4138:James Reeb
4103:Rosa Parks
4073:Diane Nash
4063:Bill Moyer
4043:Anne Moody
3973:John Lewis
3628:Ella Baker
3344:See also:
3234:See also:
3146:media help
2849:Birmingham
2845:synagogues
2672:See also:
2572:Birmingham
2538:grassroots
2442:Mao Zedong
2440:In China,
2379:Tim Weiner
2374:COINTELPRO
2070:Ella Baker
2043:WEB Dubois
2039:Ella Baker
1947:Ella Baker
1876:See also:
1866:Ella Baker
1837:Ella Baker
1817:public bus
1813:Rosa Parks
1747:, and the
1741:Rosa Parks
1648:Ella Baker
1605:Rosa Parks
1446:The first
1216:litigation
1184:West Coast
1045:Appalachia
980:Will James
962:After the
889:; and the
820:Background
732:, such as
703:Greensboro
679:nonviolent
633:After the
21118:Job Corps
20295:Free love
19956:Movements
19750:movements
19739:Woodstock
19565:Monuments
19441:Activists
19293:Tennessee
19213:Michigan
19197:Baltimore
19187:Louisiana
19180:Lexington
19163:Davenport
19102:Cleveland
19001:Languages
18930:Melungeon
18908:Blaxicans
18776:Joe Louis
18631:Socialism
18567:Anarchism
18296:Bob Moses
18281:Malcolm X
18201:Fred Gray
18065:Soul food
18003:New Negro
17988:Folktales
17898:Redlining
17505:Terrorism
17282:Rationing
17179:Affluence
17126:Sexuality
17094:Uncle Sam
17000:Languages
16929:Education
16872:affluence
16832:Americana
16759:Transport
16657:Insurance
16647:Companies
16627:By sector
16519:Elections
16160:Treasurer
16118:Executive
16057:Air Force
16029:Uniformed
15852:President
15669:Executive
15440:Mountains
15373:Territory
15361:Geography
15185:1954–1968
15180:1896–1954
15175:1865–1896
15137:Civil War
14978:1991–2008
14973:1980–1991
14968:1964–1980
14963:1945–1964
14958:1917–1945
14953:1865–1917
14948:1849–1865
14943:1815–1849
14938:1789–1815
14933:1776–1789
14926:By period
14476:The Dream
14435:Milwaukee
14222:will.i.am
13622:(advisor)
13558:(protégé)
13489:(brother)
13279:Movements
12609:Padayatra
12558:"Kumbaya"
12518:By region
12174:Bob Moses
12079:Bob Mants
12064:Malcolm X
11984:C.B. King
11804:Fred Gray
11447:Activists
11088:1964–1968
10871:1960–1963
10729:1954–1959
10623:from the
9990:140436349
8378:March 26,
8348:March 26,
8286:April 19,
8260:April 19,
7941:Billboard
6503:0027-8378
6046:April 24,
6036:0362-4331
5898:143581432
5684:Daily Kos
5408:145520215
5124:, p. 539
5006:USA Today
4972:March 25,
4914:0021-8723
4535:Citations
4058:Bob Moses
3838:Fred Gray
3748:Sam Cooke
3246:Malcolm X
3244:Mural of
3164:list was
3160:Billboard
3073:socialist
3065:Malcolm X
2885:Malcolm X
2863:received
2853:Charlotte
2829:Nashville
2561:Uncle Tom
2548:Malcolm X
2503:Malcolm X
2489:Malcolm X
2340:apartheid
1951:Communism
1695:Tennessee
1677:In 1959,
1586:Nashville
1535:Roosevelt
1473:Kim Novak
1462:in 1858,
1411:St. Louis
1399:Milwaukee
1391:Baltimore
1313:redlining
1180:Southwest
1099:lynchings
1043:areas of
707:Nashville
675:1896–1954
671:1865–1896
624:Americans
506:1964–1968
418:Tent City
412:1960–1963
355:1954–1959
92:Caused by
57:The 1963
21309:Medicaid
21302:Medicare
20430:Timeline
20375:template
20315:New Left
19968:Zenkyōtō
19897:Rude boy
19807:protests
19646:timeline
19588:Category
19379:America
19345:Diaspora
19330:Virginia
19263:Oklahoma
19246:New York
19229:Nebraska
19192:Maryland
19175:Kentucky
19141:Illinois
19080:Arkansas
18985:Illinois
18923:of color
18609:Populism
18582:Movement
18499:Religion
17841:Lynching
17624:Timeline
17561:Category
17257:Abortion
17121:Religion
17079:Columbia
17037:internet
16973:Holidays
16968:Folklore
16939:literacy
16877:eviction
16767:Aviation
16739:Taxation
16694:Currency
16687:by state
16597:Scandals
16467:Township
16225:Judicial
16126:Governor
15889:Judicial
15775:Marshals
15648:Politics
15602:Missouri
15592:Columbia
15587:Colorado
15582:Arkansas
15575:Longest
15554:Southern
15539:Northern
15383:counties
15337:Military
15327:Economic
15305:By topic
15284:Iraq War
15234:Cold War
14992:By event
14601:Maya Lin
14594:Designer
13598:(mentor)
13481:(sister)
13473:(mother)
13465:(father)
13239:" (1963)
13211:" (1959)
13190:Writings
13181:" (1968)
13172:" (1967)
13163:" (1965)
13154:" (1963)
13145:" (1957)
13133:Speeches
12539:Movement
11969:Tom Kahn
11253:Activist
10673:timeline
10550:and the
10506:Archived
10368:, 2003.
10077:Archived
9789:Archived
9720:(2004).
9670:(eds.),
9457:in JSTOR
9429:. (1998)
9408:(1965).
9152:(2015).
9041:(1993).
8616:(2020).
8342:Archived
8280:BBC News
8232:July 13,
8107:NBC News
7867:July 29,
7790:Archived
7763:July 29,
7708:July 29,
7659:March 1,
7563:Archived
7539:Archived
7466:Archived
7418:Archived
7395:July 29,
7336:July 29,
7268:Archived
7248:Archived
7230:July 29,
7065:(2015).
7000:Archived
6920:June 23,
6735:March 4,
6709:March 4,
6646:July 27,
6641:Politico
6551:Archived
6532:Archived
6507:Archived
6437:Archived
6347:Archived
6203:Archived
6185:The Root
6106:March 3,
6100:Archived
6076:March 3,
6070:Archived
6040:Archived
6002:41887103
5968:March 3,
5962:Archived
5800:Archived
5594:July 29,
5500:WUWM.com
5426:Archived
5400:30036966
5279:Archived
5202:Archived
5092:Archived
4840:July 29,
4710:23408735
4582:Archived
4275:See also
3778:Ruby Dee
3434:suburban
3410:backlash
3370:and the
3162:Year-End
3157:for the
3136:" (1968)
3038:dashikis
2970:badges.
2949:(center)
2907:Jim Crow
2869:violence
2841:dynamite
2372:and his
2359:Magazine
2354:—
2289:Anniston
1953:. Under
1903:genocide
1477:Virginia
1429:suburban
1420:—
1321:New Deal
1298:and the
1220:lobbying
1163:system,
1109:Jim Crow
1083:Lynching
1063:invited
1047:and the
1041:Unionist
1014:Acadiana
1002:case of
976:lynching
799:legalism
738:(1954),
691:boycotts
618:for the
82:Location
21496:Society
21434:Portals
20377:below (
20340:Morocco
20263:Related
19907:Yippies
19516:Writers
19481:Singers
19466:Jurists
19414:Europe
19368:Liberia
19313:Houston
19217:Detroit
19153:Indiana
19146:Chicago
19129:Atlanta
19124:Georgia
19107:Florida
19075:Alabama
19025:English
18599:Leftism
18469:Museums
18020:Kwanzaa
17945:Culture
17913:Slavery
17616:History
17545:Outline
17493:illegal
17478:Smoking
17341:Obesity
17224:Poverty
17146:Theater
17136:Society
16990:Housing
16951:Fashion
16907:poverty
16852:Cuisine
16824:Culture
16811:Society
16772:Driving
16699:Exports
16677:Tourism
16637:Banking
16615:Economy
16575:Parties
16419:Charter
16383:Sheriff
15830:Speaker
15698:Cabinet
15661:Federal
15569:Western
15534:Eastern
15529:Central
15524:Pacific
15484:Regions
15435:Islands
14918:History
14826:Related
14610:Martyrs
14425:Houston
14410:Atlanta
14346:Big Six
14314:passage
14245:Related
14230:"Glory"
14214:A Dream
14094:Strawbs
14012:I Dream
13974:, 2024)
13950:, 2006)
13926:, 1997)
13912:, 1993)
13901:, 1980)
13852:MLK/FBI
13802:Boycott
13707:Funeral
13516:leaders
13505:(niece)
12664:Related
12254:Al Raby
11209:funeral
11072:Big Six
10554:(LCCR).
10294:2079700
10170:2163219
10129:May 16,
10116:3660172
10026:2588012
9888:(2011).
9847:excerpt
9553:(2009).
9264:(2014)
9065:(1986)
8201:1617454
7052:(2009).
7026:(2005).
6983:4384813
6572:rac.org
6454:Tyson,
5890:2784888
5774:(1986)
5458:May 18,
5432:May 31,
5067:May 12,
4922:2567750
4588:July 3,
3498:(NAACP)
3364:liberal
3250:Belfast
3007:Natchez
2956:(right)
2859:. Some
2825:Atlanta
2704:in 1963
2346:At the
2335:address
2259:at the
2216:in his
2016:led by
1934:Alabama
1788:of the
1713:History
1672:Georgia
1668:Atlanta
1563:sit-ins
1529:in the
1441:ghettos
1433:exurban
1407:Seattle
1395:Detroit
1387:Chicago
1360:Detroit
1339:issued
1323:of the
1210:). The
1199:Chicago
1165:Latinos
1104:de jure
699:sit-ins
645:to the
622:of all
334:Prelude
128:Methods
65:to the
21359:(1967)
21332:1966;
21320:(1966)
21264:(1965)
21244:1965;
21160:(1965)
21152:(1965)
21073:(1968)
21051:(1966)
21022:(1965)
21014:(1964)
21003:policy
20991:(1968)
20909:(1967)
20901:(1967)
20879:(1966)
20871:(1966)
20863:(1966)
20855:(1965)
20762:(1967)
20747:(1966)
20739:(1966)
20726:1966;
20693:(1965)
20662:(1964)
20300:Hippie
20093:Events
19892:Rocker
19882:Hippie
19528:Mayors
19446:Actors
19418:France
19410:Israel
19398:Mexico
19383:Canada
19358:Gambia
19353:Africa
19303:Austin
19268:Oregon
19207:Boston
19170:Kansas
19136:Hawaii
19054:Gullah
18864:Yoruba
18854:Gullah
18725:Sports
18643:groups
18473:Women
18010:Hoodoo
17884:(1896)
17810:Second
17786:(1857)
17731:(1956)
17678:(1954)
17566:Portal
17473:Hunger
17424:racism
17365:Issues
17239:Health
17141:Sports
17101:People
16946:Family
16917:wealth
16842:Cinema
16667:Mining
16652:Energy
16397:Cities
16365:County
16299:Tribal
15837:Senate
15681:powers
15577:rivers
15450:ranges
15418:states
15342:Postal
14445:Newark
14420:Denver
14415:Boston
14218:Common
14131:" (U2)
14025:(2012)
14015:(2010)
14005:(2009)
13995:(1987)
13967:Genius
13936:(1999)
13862:Rustin
13724:(HSCA)
13425:(wife)
13415:Family
13405:People
13383:(1968)
13375:(1968)
13367:(1967)
13356:(1966)
13348:(1966)
13340:(1965)
13324:(1963)
13316:(1963)
13300:(1957)
13269:(1967)
13259:(1967)
13249:(1964)
13230:(1963)
13202:(1958)
12850:Legacy
12626:Ahimsa
11255:groups
10716:(1950)
10708:(1950)
10669:Events
10435:
10427:
10406:
10391:
10372:
10337:
10316:
10292:
10254:
10233:
10208:
10185:
10168:
10143:Online
10114:
10024:
9988:
9911:
9875:
9817:
9779:online
9766:
9733:
9710:
9695:
9678:
9642:
9594:
9580:
9543:
9514:
9506:
9445:
9393:online
9363:(2005)
9354:(1994)
9333:
9309:
9295:(2009)
9266:online
9256:online
9231:
9210:
9183:
9162:
9138:
9115:
9087:
9069:
9051:
8981:
8943:
8898:
8877:
8858:
8835:
8805:
8726:
8703:
8668:
8639:
8605:(1966)
8582:
8559:
8536:
8519:
8481:
8465:
8403:
8316:
8223:
8199:
7919:
7892:
7813:
7620:
7582:
7505:
7446:
7312:
7170:
7141:
7109:
7075:
6981:
6959:
6938:
6813:(2002)
6763:
6674:
6501:
6416:
6236:
6144:
6034:
6000:
5954:
5896:
5888:
5844:
5778:
5715:
5690:May 6,
5566:
5406:
5398:
5181:
5151:
5128:
5042:
5038:–247.
4963:
4920:
4912:
4865:
4708:
4555:
4505:, the
4501:, the
4497:, the
4493:, the
4489:, the
4485:, the
4481:, the
4477:, the
4473:, the
4469:, the
4465:, the
4461:, the
4457:, the
4453:, the
4449:, the
4445:, the
4441:, the
4437:, the
3531:(SSOC)
3522:(SNCC)
3516:(SCLC)
3510:(OAAU)
3504:(NCNW)
3492:(MCHR)
3486:(LCCR)
3475:(CORE)
3399:Cicero
2861:rabbis
2855:, and
2839:, and
2835:, and
2770:, and
2710:Jewish
2680:; and
2495:, and
2468:Maoism
2401:, and
2257:speech
2228:, the
2085:, and
2032:, and
1595:After
1543:agency
1409:, and
1362:, 1942
1169:Asians
1167:, and
1049:Ozarks
986:, 1909
956:, and
875:whites
777:. The
594:, and
281:(1968)
275:(1965)
269:(1957)
263:(1957)
252:(1964)
205:(1967)
193:(1964)
181:(1956)
172:(1954)
99:Racism
21532:1960s
21520:1950s
21173:FAFSA
19842:Media
19429:Lists
19393:Haiti
19363:Ghana
19298:Texas
19234:Omaha
18512:Islam
18045:Names
18035:Music
17973:Dance
17552:Index
17377:Crime
17247:Aging
17064:Names
17059:Music
17047:radio
17027:Media
16857:Dance
16847:Crime
16682:Trade
16439:Mayor
16388:Clerk
16356:Local
16098:State
15617:Yukon
15460:Rocky
15445:peaks
14055:Music
13983:Plays
13972:MLK/X
13822:Selma
13763:Media
13738:Trial
13702:Riots
13514:Other
13449:(son)
13441:(son)
12948:Noted
12541:songs
11361:NAACP
11214:riots
10301:(PDF)
10290:JSTOR
10270:(PDF)
10166:JSTOR
10123:(PDF)
10112:JSTOR
10092:(PDF)
10080:(PDF)
10065:(PDF)
10022:JSTOR
9986:S2CID
9198:Grant
8923:" in
8744:(PDF)
8441:" in
7731:(PDF)
6979:JSTOR
5998:JSTOR
5894:S2CID
5886:JSTOR
5539:. CNN
5404:S2CID
5396:JSTOR
5030:Grant
4918:JSTOR
4890:(PDF)
4706:JSTOR
4683:(PDF)
4668:(PDF)
4570:"How
2903:NAACP
2837:Miami
2626:Kenya
2615:When
2436:China
2014:NAACP
1909:(see
1555:Brown
1489:Brown
1383:white
701:" in
21222:TRIO
19654:Arts
19325:Utah
19158:Iowa
18990:Ohio
18951:list
18859:Igbo
18849:Fula
17993:Hair
17983:Film
17700:1968
17690:1964
17116:Race
16961:list
16956:Flag
16495:list
16339:list
16250:list
16190:list
16143:list
16131:list
16107:and
16052:Navy
16042:Army
15912:list
15624:Time
15504:Gulf
14068:Dion
13883:King
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