New France - Knowledge

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their mercantile powers stripped, their trading network disbanded, and widespread governmental persecutory policies were enacted both within mainland France and Nouvelle France. In 1661, Louis XVI was able to enact self-rule as his regency ended, and he instituted a variety of anti-Protestant conventions throughout the greater French Empire. Under these new rules, Protestant children were forcibly converted to Catholicism, implemented direct governmental jurisdiction over what were formerly Huguenot-controlled trade routes, and labelled the Protestant communities throughout Nouvelle France (specifically Quebec and Acadia) as significant threats to the colonies, as they might sympathise with English Protestants competing in the same areas and trades. Eventually, Protestants were banned from settling in Nouvelle France, and the existing ones were only allowed to "summer" in the colonies, not "winter" there.

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that it ultimately brought benefits to the French settlers. However, Cornelius Jaenen notes that French-Canadian historians remain strongly divided on the subject. One group sees it as a highly negative economic, political and ideological disaster that threatened a way of life with materialism and Protestantism. At the other pole are those historians who see the positive benefit of enabling the preservation of language, and religion and traditional customs under British rule. French-Canadian debates have escalated since the 1960s, as the conquest is seen as a pivotal moment in the history of Québec's nationalism. Francophone historian Jocelyn Létourneau suggested in 2009, that today, "1759 does not belong primarily to a past that we might wish to study and understand, but, rather, to a present and a future that we might wish to shape and control."

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through the winter; the Indigenous people showed them how to survive in the New World. They showed the settlers how to hunt for food and to use the furs for clothing that would protect them during the winter months. Modern historians have highlighted that despite largely functional relations with indigenous peoples, administrators in France viewed co-operation as a wholly irritating task. Geographically removed from the colonies, Parisian courtiers viewed indigenous peoples as '

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Montcalm with a huge force of 7,200 French and Canadian troops and 2,400 Native Americans laid siege to Fort William Henry on the southern shores of Lake George, and after three weeks of fighting the British commander Monroe surrendered. Montcalm gave him honorable terms to return to England and not to fight for 18 months. And yet, when the British force with civilians was three miles from the fort, the Native American allies massacred about 1,100 of the 1,500 strong force.

1795:, the act of acquiring and the selling of the furs, quickly promoted the growth of complementary second and tertiary sectors of the economy. For instance a small number of tanneries was established in Montreal as well as a larger number of inns, taverns and markets that would support the growing number of inhabitants whose livelihood depended on the fur trade. Already by 1683 there were well over 140 families and there may have been as many as 900 people living in Montreal. 3625: 1262: 2775: 2867: 1549: 11727: 9828: 9333: 8718: 2267:

accommodate those of European societies. "In France, women are to be obedient to their masters, their husbands." Jesuits would attempt to justify this to the indigenous women in hopes to enlighten them on proper European behavior. In response, Indigenous women grew worrisome of the presence of these missionaries fearing they would lose power and freedom within their communities. By 1649, both the Jesuit mission and the Huron society were almost destroyed by

3404: 1777: 1522: 2607:) in Quebec City and had only one royal judge, also known as the civil and criminal lieutenant general of Quebec City, who heard both civil and criminal cases, as well as district police. Additionally, a court clerk and a king's attorney were appointed to the court; if either of these two officers could not attend the trials due to illness or other untenable circumstances, the Intendant would appoint a temporary substitute. 3639: 1968: 3611: 1518:, to move to New France. The King paid for their passage and granted goods or money as their dowries upon their marriage to single settlers. Approximately 800 women, primarily from the impoverished Parisian, Norman, and West-Central families, relocated during 1663–1673. By 1672, the population of New France had risen to 6,700 people, a marked increase from the population of 3,200 people in 1663. 3293:

that time, as General James Abercrombie assembled a force of 16,200 British, American, and Iroquois troops. A spirited French defense led the British to withdraw after a fierce battle on the 8th of July, 1758. During the battle, the British suffered 2,200 casualties and lost several artillery pieces, while the French received roughly 104 killed and 273 wounded.

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Huguenot surnames to this day. Huguenots were famous for their large and interconnected trading and communication network that spanned throughout France, and most of her colonies. This network was also known for trading with the Dutch Republic, and the Kingdom of England; two of France's most important rivals, that also happened to be Protestant nations.

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battle, and thus in some sense symbolized the kingdom of France. During the later period of French rule, it would seem that the emblem...was a flag showing the fleur-de-lys on a white ground... as seen in Florida. There were, however, 68 flags authorized for various services by Louis XIV in 1661; and a number of these were doubtless used in New France

1883:. This challenged the coureurs trade because they so easily evaded controls, monopolies, and taxation, and additionally because the coureurs trade was held to debauch both French and various indigenous groups. The coureur debauched Frenchmen by accustoming them to fully live with indigenous, and indigenous by trading on their desire for alcohol. 954:) was built between Montreal and Quebec to encourage faster trade. The shipping industry also flourished as new ports were built and old ones were upgraded. The number of colonists greatly increased. By 1720, Canada had become a self-sufficient colony with a population of 24,594. Mainly due to natural increase and modest immigration from 2524:) was formally set as the main source of law for civil law in France's overseas empire. All royal judges and king's attorneys in New France had to be thoroughly familiar with this compilation of rules. The Custom governed various civil aspects of the daily life in New France, including property, marriage, inheritance, and so on. 2498:) for New France, having the authority to hand down verdicts on final appeal. Initially, the Council convened once every week, and the quorum of the Sovereign Council was seven for criminal matters, or five for civil cases. The council's practices evolved over time. At the Sovereign Council there was a king's attorney-general ( 2000:

culture and solidify alliances, but as the Métis began to emerge as an independent culture around the 1700s, it began to be discouraged by the French. Many Métis families moved to western Canada in response to this, as well as for other reasons, such as fur trading opportunities. One major settlement at this time was in the

1890:, and in 1678, it was confirmed by a General Assembly that the trade was to be made in public so as to better assure the safety of the indigenous population. It was also forbidden to take spirits inland to trade with indigenous groups. However, these restrictions on the coureurs, for a variety of reasons, never worked. The 2664:) was a special court for hearing first instance trials on both religious and secular affairs involving members of the Church. It first appeared in around 1660 but was not officially recognized by state authorities for it was not administered by a bishop, until 1684. Appeals from this court lay with the Sovereign Council. 3594:

The Conquest (referring to the fall of New France to the British, and specifically the events of 1759–60) has always been a central and contested theme of Canadian memory. Some Anglophone historians portray the Conquest as a victory for "British military, political and economic superiority" and argue

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was fought at the fortress of the same name, which is located on a strip of land between Lake Champlain and Lake George, and which was defended by 3,400 French regular troops and marines, with minimal support from militia and indigenous peoples. The battle was the largest seen in North America up to

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drove them off in April 1754. New France claimed this as part of their colony, and the French were anxious to keep the British from encroaching on it. The French built Fort Duquesne here to serve as a military stronghold and as a base for developing trade and strengthening military alliances with the

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It was not until 16 September 1666, that the St-Sulpicians finally handed over the justice of the Island of Montreal to the Intendant of New France. In 1693, the French king commanded the replacement of the ecclesiastical courts in Montreal with a royal court composed of one royal judge, with appeals

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The fur trade benefited Indigenous people as well. They traded furs for metal tools and other European-made items that made their lives easier. Tools such as knives, pots and kettles, nets, firearms and hatchets improved the general welfare of indigenous peoples. At the same time, while everyday life

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people, who are descendants of marriages between French men and Indigenous women. Their name originates from an old French term for “person of mixed parentage.” At the beginning of the fur trade, these relationships were encouraged by the French as a way to encourage the First Nations to adopt French

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in 1718, once again highlighted the economic importance of the fur trade. This merchant association, like its predecessor the Compagnie des Cent Associés, regulated the fur trade to the best of its abilities imposing price points, supporting government sale taxes and combating black market practices.

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of small bulk but high value. Because of this it managed to attract increased attention and/or input capital that would otherwise be intended for other areas of the economy. The Montreal area witnessed a stagnant agricultural sector; it remained for the most part subsistence orientated with little or

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In 1650, New France had seven hundred colonists and Montreal had only a few dozen settlers. Because the First Nations people did most of the work of beaver hunting, the company needed few French employees. The sparsely populated New France almost fell to hostile Iroquois forces completely as well. In

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The Huguenots (a name used to designate French-Speaking Protestants) were a mercantile group, originating from the coastal cities of North-Western France, and had a significant impact on the early development of New France, especially in the regions of Quebec and Acadia, where many people still hold

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The major commercial importance of the Louisiana Purchase territory was the Mississippi River. New Orleans, the largest and most important city in the territory, was the most commercial city in the United States until the Civil War, with most jobs there being related to trade and shipping; there was

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The European population grew slowly under French rule, thus remained relatively low as growth was largely achieved through natural births, rather than by immigration. Most of the French were farmers, and the rate of natural increase among the settlers themselves was very high. The women had about 30

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During the French régime in Canada, there does not appear to have been any French national flag in the modern sense of the term. The "Banner of France", which was composed of fleur-de-lys on a blue field, came nearest to being a national flag, since it was carried before the king when he marched to

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Initially, King Henri IV recognised Protestants as a significant minority within France, and allowed them a certain degree of freedom within their religion. After several years of various skirmishes within Metropolitan France, the Huguenots were deemed to not be "faithful servants of the king", and

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in 1713 for 15 years. After losing four times his investment, Crozat gave up his charter in 1717. Control of Louisiana and its 700 inhabitants was given to the Company of the Indies in 1719. The company conducted a major settlement program by recruiting European settlers to locate in the territory.

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As the fur trade became the dominant economy in the New World, French voyageurs, trappers and hunters often married or formed relationships with Indigenous women. This allowed the French to develop relations with their wives' Indigenous nations, which in turn provided protection and access to their

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By the end of French rule in New France in 1763, the fur trade had significantly lost its importance as the key staple good that supported much of New France's economy for more than the last century. Even so, it did serve as the fundamental force behind the establishment and vast growth of Montreal

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Apart from judicial responsibilities, the Great Seneschal was also in charge of convening local nobility in New France, as well as issuing declarations of war if necessary. However, such alternative role of the Great Seneschal was much weakened soon after by having the rights to declare war and to

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described the symptoms as being severe. Brebeuf stated that the fearlessness of the indigenous peoples towards death upon this disease made them perfect candidates for conversion to Christianity. The indigenous peoples believed that if they did not convert to Christianity, they would be exposed to

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Besides household duties, some women participated in the fur trade, the major source of money in New France. They worked at home alongside their husbands or fathers as merchants, clerks, and provisioners. Some were widows who took over their husbands' roles. Some even became independent and active

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This rapid demographic growth was predicated both on the high demand for children and on the ready supply of natural resources to support them. According to Landry, "Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time. This was due to the natural abundance of meat, fish, and pure water; the good food

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The court of admiralty was created on 12 January 1717 and was the last judicial body set up in Canada during the French colonial period. The court had a judge (also known as the lieutenant-general of the court) appointed by the French admiralty, a king's attorney, a clerk of court, and one or two

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When Canada was settled as part of France and dubbed "New France," two flags gained national status. One was the Royal Banner of France. This featured a blue background with three gold fleurs-de-lis. A white flag of the French Royal Navy was also flown from ships and forts and sometimes flown at

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to the south along the Atlantic coast grew in population from natural increase and more new settlers from Europe. By 1760, almost 1.6 million people lived in the British colonies, a ratio of approximately twenty-three to one compared to New France. The population of the New England colonies

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The presence of Jesuit missionaries in Huron society was nonnegotiable. The Huron relied on French goods to facilitate life and warfare. Because the French would refuse trade to all indigenous societies that denied relations with missionaries, the Huron had more of a propensity towards Christian

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peoples. These lands were full of unexploited and valuable natural resources, which attracted all of Europe. By the 1580s, French trading companies had been set up, and ships were contracted to bring back furs. Much of what transpired between the indigenous population and their European visitors

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against Fort Duquesne, and although they were numerically superior to the French militia and their Indian allies, Braddock's army was routed and Braddock was killed. Later that same year at the Battle of Lake George, the British General William Johnson with a force of 1700 American and Iroquois

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The presence of settlers, of businesses from several European countries harvesting furs, along with the interests of the indigenous people in this new competition for North American resources set the scene for significant military conflicts among all parties in New France beginning in 1642, and

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At the time of New France (1534 to the 1760s), two flags could be viewed as having national status. The first was the banner of France – a blue square flag bearing three gold fleurs-de-lys. It was flown above fortifications in the early years of the colony. For instance, it was flown above the

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The enduring contestation of the legacy of the Conquest can be exemplified by an episode in 2009, when an attempt to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the battle of the Plains of Abraham was cancelled. The explanation for the cancellation was that it was over security concerns, but activist

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did not use typical raiding tactics of moving swiftly and silently. Instead, they captured individuals and brought them back to their own territory. Women and children were made a part of the village, and men encountered slow torturous deaths. In the 1660s, warfare changed, and France began to

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were interested in exploiting the land through the fur trade as well as the timber trade later on. Despite having tools and guns, the French settlers were dependent on Indigenous people to survive in the difficult climate in this part of North America. Many settlers did not know how to survive

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from French territories. By trading with various indigenous populations and securing the main markets its power grew steadily for the next decade. As a result, it was able to set specific price points for furs and other valuable goods, often doing so to protect its economic hegemony over other

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continued from 1755 to 1764. In 1756, a large force of French, Canadians, and their Native American allies led by the Marquis de Montcalm launched an attack against the key British post at Fort Oswego on Lake Ontario from Fort Frontenac and forced the garrison to surrender. The following year

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The natural abundance of furs had passed and it could no longer meet market demand. This eventually resulted in the repeal of the 25 percent sales tax that had previously aimed at curbing the administrative costs New France had accumulated. In addition, dwindling supply increased black market

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European population of Louisiana is estimated at 5,000 by the 1720s. This would dramatically change in the mid-1730s with the loss of 2,000 French settlers and the introduction of African slaves. Enslaved men, women and children represented approximately 65 percent of the 6,000 non-indigenous

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Jesuit missionaries were troubled by the absence of patriarchy in indigenous communities. Indigenous women were highly regarded within their societies and participated in political and military decisions. Jesuits attempted to eliminate the matriarchy and shift the powers of men and women to

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traveled in a small party, starting from Green Bay down the Wisconsin River to the Mississippi River, communicating with the tribes they met en route. Although Spanish trade goods had reached most of the indigenous peoples, these were the first Frenchmen to connect in the area named for the

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homes and crops. Later that Winter, many Iroquois died due to starvation, and the Iroquois finally agreed to peace which lasted roughly twenty years. The encounter between Ormeaux and the Iroquois is of significance because it dissuaded the Iroquois from further attacks against Montreal.

2231:. Trading with the French allowed for larger amounts of decorative goods to be buried during ceremonies as opposed to only a bare minimum. With the growing epidemics and high number of deaths, the Huron could not afford to lose relations with the French, fearing to anger their ancestors. 3883:

lodgings of Pierre Du Gua de Monts at Île Sainte-Croix in 1604. There is some evidence that the banner also flew above Samuel de Champlain's habitation in 1608. ... the completely white flag of the French Royal Navy was flown from ships, forts and sometimes at land-claiming ceremonies.

1717:, the economic development of New France was marked by the emergence of successive economies based on staple commodities, each of which dictated the political and cultural settings of the time. During the 16th and early 17th centuries New France's economy was heavily centered on its 3852:

It is most probable that the Bourbon Flag was used during the greater part of the occupancy of the French in the region extending southwest from the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi, known as New France... The French flag was probably blue at that time with three golden fleur-de-lis

2255:. They kept detailed records of what they saw and the people they met, sketching what they could, and mapped the Mississippi River in 1673. Their travels were described as first contacts with the indigenous peoples, though evidence of contact with Spanish from the south was clear. 2815:, and any other tribes that were in alliance with the French. If the Iroquois could destroy New France and its Indian allies, they would be able to trade freely and profitably with the Dutch and English on the Hudson River. The Iroquois formally attacked the settlement at today's 2819:

in its foundation year of 1642, and in almost every subsequent year thereafter. A militant theocracy maintained Montreal. In 1653 and 1654, reinforcements arrived at Montreal, which allowed the Iroquois to be halted. In that year the Iroquois made peace with the French.

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Nonetheless, by the beginning of the 1700s the economic prosperity the fur trade stimulated slowly transformed Montreal. Economically, it was no longer a town of small traders or of fur fairs but rather a city of merchants and of bright lights. The primary sector of the

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became easier, some traditional ways of doing things were abandoned or altered, and while Indigenous people embraced many of these implements and tools, they also were exposed to less vital trade goods, such as alcohol and sugar, sometimes with deleterious effects. The

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The Civil and Criminal Lieutenant General sat as judge in trials at first instance, whereas appeals would be adjudicated by the Governor, who held the sovereign right to settle final appeals on behalf of the French king. The Great Seneschal also had a magistrate in

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little manufacturing. The first commercial shipment to come down the Mississippi River was of deer and bear hides in 1705. The area, always loosely defined in those early times of European claims and settlements, extended as far east as the city that is now

2826:, a colonist and soldier of New France, was a notable figure regarding the Iroquois attacks against Montreal. The Iroquois soon resumed their assaults against Montreal, and the few settlers of Montreal fell almost completely to hostile Iroquois forces. The 2502:) in charge of the similar tasks as the district king's attorneys. He was also responsible for supervising the king's attorneys' daily operations as well as execution of royal edicts and regulations passed by the council in their respective districts. 2474:

In addition to the royal judges, there were other judicial officers in each district. The clerk of court (registrar) was responsible for transcribing all court proceedings as well as other documents relevant to each of the cases. The king's attorney

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as their initial step upon the journey and keeping Montreal as their starting point. The Ottawa River was significant because it offered a route that was practical for Europeans, by taking the traders northward out of the territory dominated by the

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Simultaneously, the English colonies to the south began raiding the St. Lawrence Valley, also capturing and holding Quebec until 1632. Champlain returned to Canada that year and requested that Sieur de Laviolette found another trading post at

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from English attacks. The Civil and Criminal Lieutenant was essentially supervised by the Governor, who held superior judicial authority over the Lieutenant, but for most of the time would let the Lieutenant mediate and decide legal affairs.

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north beyond the French-held territory of New France. In 1670, King Charles II of England issued a charter to Prince Rupert and "the Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson Bay" for an English monopoly in harvesting furs in

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In the 16th century, the lands were used primarily to extract natural resources, such as furs, through trade with the various indigenous peoples. In the seventeenth century, successful settlements began in Acadia and in Quebec. In the

2685:. The court heard first instance trials on maritime affairs, including commerce and seamen's conduct. During wartime, it also commanded maritime police. Before 1717, the Quebec Provostry performed the duties of the admiralty court. 2471:. Each district had its own separate jurisdiction with a judge appointed by the Crown, known as the civil and criminal lieutenants general. They were responsible for all legal matters, civil and criminal, in each of the districts. 1337:

that remained a characteristic feature of the St. Lawrence valley until the 19th century. While Richelieu's efforts did little to increase the French presence in New France, they did pave the way for the success of later efforts.

3118:, but the peace treaty, which restored all colonial borders to their pre-war status, did little to end the lingering enmity between France, Britain, and their respective colonies, nor did it resolve any territorial disputes. 1365:. Communauté des Habitants at the time of Trottier traded fur primarily. On 4 July 1646, by Pierre Teuleron, sieur de Repentigny, granted Trottier land in La Rochelle to build and develop New France, under the authorization 2724:

as a small settlement of around 399 settlers in 1670–71, vulnerable to foreign invasion, courts were minimal, consisting of only a Civil and Criminal Lieutenant and a king's attorney. There was not an official court in

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Francis Parkman : France and England in North America, Pioneers of France in the New World, The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century, La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West, The Old Regime in

1215:. Colonization was slow and difficult. Many settlers died early because of harsh weather and diseases. In 1630, there were only 103 colonists living in the settlement, but by 1640, the population had reached 355. 981:

By 1714, the Acadian population had expanded to over 2,500 and to about 13,000 people by the end of the 1750s. This was mostly from natural increase rather than immigration that affected other French settlements.

934:, between 1665 and 1666. According to Talon's census there were 3,215 people in New France, comprising 538 separate families. The census showed a great difference in the number of men at 2,034 versus 1,181 women. 2012:, which began to recognize the Métis nation as a separate group with various rights and protections, but was not supported by the vast majority of Métis as it removed many from land that was rightfully theirs. 1867:. The coureurs traveled with intermediate trading tribes, and found that they were anxious to prevent French access to the more distant fur-hunting tribes. Still, the coureurs kept thrusting outwards using the 9924: 2800:, which resulted in its trade being easily and frequently interrupted. The Iroquois were in alliance with the Dutch and English, which allowed them to interrupt the French fur trade and send the furs down the 1242:. This military engagement against the Iroquois solidified Champlain's status with New France's Huron and Algonquin allies, enabling him to maintain bonds essential to New France's interests in the fur trade. 1404:

In 1627, Quebec had only eighty-five French colonists and was easily overwhelmed two years later when three English privateers plundered the settlement. In 1663, New France finally became more secure when

3140:. During Father Le Loutre's War, New France established three forts along the border of present-day New Brunswick to protect it from a New England attack from Nova Scotia. The war continued until British 1458:

intending to make more land available to new settlers. Talon's attempts failed since very few settlers arrived and the various industries he established failed to surpass the importance of the fur trade.

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While New Englanders safely settled the land, not until the treaty of 1752 did Massachusetts officially lay claim to the entire Penobscot watershed, and in 1759, the Pownall Expedition, led by Governor

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and his family of Paris. They expressly came to settle and remain in New France so as to make the settlement viable. Waves of recruits came in response to the requests for men with specific skills,

2004:, strategically placed in a significant area for the fur trade. This was the origin of the modern Métis nation, which was legally recognized by modern Canada as a protected Indigenous group in the 2399:, then Governor of New France; judicial functions were in fact carried out by the Seneschal's deputies. These deputies included such officials as the civil and criminal lieutenant general ( 1165:

in 1605. It was abandoned in 1607, re-established in 1610, and destroyed in 1613, after which settlers moved to other nearby locations, creating settlements that were collectively known as

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was in a state of being contested between various European colonists. None of the Euroean countries—France, England, the Netherlands—were able to put in place a stable jurisdiction there.

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led them to invade Iroquois territory. In the spring of 1660, Adam Dollard des Ormeaux led a small militia consisting of 16 men from Montreal against a much larger Iroquois force at the

9917: 3021:, who were allied with New France. New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy defended against the expansion of New England settlements into Acadia, whose border New France defined as the 2625:

served as the judge to the colonists as well as soldiers. He would announce his verdict at the presence of the chiefs of the Company of One Hundred Associates and that would be final.

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The Crown paid for transatlantic passages and offered other incentives to those willing to move to New France as well, after which the population of New France grew to three thousand.

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Throughout the war, the British deported the Acadians to the Thirteen Colonies and Europe, which the Acadian militias resisted with assistance from Mi'kmaq and Malisteet forces. The

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conservation conditions during the winter; and an adequate wheat supply in most years." Consequently, colonial women bore about 30% more children than comparable women in France.

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were created. However, the Seneschal was under the oversight by the Governor, hence the Governor still had rather extensive control over legal matters in New France. In 1651, the

1740:, established on the current island of Montreal, quickly became the economic hub for the French fur trade. It achieved this in great part due to its particular location along the 2882:

began and the English and Iroquois launched a major assault on New France, after many years of small skirmishes throughout the English and French territories. New France and the

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Champlain also arranged to have young French men live with local indigenous people, to learn their language and customs and help the French adapt to life in North America. These

8356: 978:) the population of Canada increased to 55,000 according to the last French census of 1754. This was an increase from 42,701 in 1730. By 1765, the population approached 70,000. 9910: 948:

After the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, New France began to prosper. Industries such as fishing and farming, which had failed under Talon, began to flourish. A "King's Highway" (

5384: 3353:, allowing them to blockade the entrance to the St. Lawrence River. This proved decisive in the war. In 1759, the British besieged Quebec by sea, and an army under General 3676: 2258:

Subsequent to the arrival of French children in Quebec in 1634, measles was also brought along with them, which quickly spread among the indigenous peoples. Jesuit priest

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to invest in New France, promising land parcels to hundreds of new settlers and to turn Canada into an important mercantile and farming colony. He named Champlain as the

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Landry, Yves (Winter 1993). "Fertility in France and New France: The Distinguishing Characteristics of Canadian Behavior in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries".

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in 1762. Louisiana remained under the control of Spain until it was demanded to be turned over to France by Napoleon. Although Louisiana was property of France by the

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Unemployed persons, convicts and prostitutes were also sent to the Louisiana Territory. After the bankruptcy of the company in 1720, control was returned to the king.

6418: 2020:, like most tribes, began to rely on the importation of European goods, like firearms, which contributed significantly to a decrease in the beaver population of the 1587:

La Salle attempted to establish the first southern colony in the new territory in 1685, but inaccurate maps and navigational issues led him to instead establish his

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After the Sovereign Council was established in Quebec in 1663, the Council carried out criminal justice according to the general ordinances of France. In 1670, the

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and virtually all of present-day Maine remained contested territory between New England and New France. To secure New France's claim to the region, it established

3253:. As a result of that defeat, the British decided to prepare the conquest of Quebec City, the capital of New France. The British defeated France in Acadia in the 1897:

As time passed, the Coureurs des bois were partially replaced by licensed fur trading endeavors, and the main canoe travel workers of those endeavors were called

1744:. From here a new economy emerged, one of size and density that provided increased economic opportunities for the inhabitants of New France. In December 1627 the 3599:

Sylvain Rocheleau stated, " they had to cancel the event because it was insulting a majority of Francophones. They had to cancel it because it was a bad idea.".

3582:(French: Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon), consisting of a group of small islands 25 kilometres (16 mi; 13 nmi) off the coast of 4296:

Landry, Yves (1993). "Fertility in France and New France: The Distinguishing Characteristics of Canadian Behavior in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries".

2588:) was established in 1664 and had jurisdiction to try cases at first instance, but then it was abolished in 1674. The Sovereign Council appointed trial judges ( 1287:

and among the Huron tribes who lived there. Ultimately, for the better part of a century, the Iroquois and French clashed in a series of attacks and reprisals.

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French culture and religion remained dominant in most of the former territory of New France until the arrival of British settlers led to the later creation of

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The French (later Spanish) Louisiana Territory was owned by France for a number of years before the money-losing territory was transferred to French banker

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settlement penetrated further into the continental interior. Here French economic interests would shift and concentrate itself on the development of the

5873: 3186:(1756 to 1763). Possessions of Britain (pink), France (blue), and Spain. (White boarder lines mark later Canadian Provinces and US States for reference) 11792: 9384: 2392:

had its special Governor at that time, who also administered justice on the Island, and had not handed over justice to the Grand Seneschal until 1652.

4116: 11198: 9503: 7947: 5540: 3110:, led a counterattack on Louisbourg. Both France and New France were unable to relieve the siege, and Louisbourg fell to the British. With the famed 11782: 9879: 8028: 5813: 292: 2365:'s purview. Under this arrangement, legal disputes were settled in an incoherent fashion due to the Governor's arbitrariness in issuing verdicts. 11797: 10953: 10152: 9729: 9005: 5722:

Native North American spirituality of the eastern woodlands: sacred myths, dreams, visions, speeches, healing formulas, rituals, and ceremonials

11787: 8033: 922:

per cent more children than comparable women who remained in France. Yves Landry says, "Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time." The

11777: 1491:., farmers, architects, and blacksmiths. At the same time, the government encouraged intermarriages with the indigenous peoples and welcomed 1879:

Montreal faced difficulties by having too many coureurs out in the woods. The furs coming down were causing an oversupply on the markets of

11802: 9435: 8982: 3548:

for most of British North America and established French-speaking Quebec (the former Lower Canada) as one of the original provinces of the

1608: 894:

resulted in the relinquishing of French claims to mainland Acadia, the Hudson Bay and Newfoundland, and the establishment of the colony of

864: 7213: 3365:

in September. The garrison in Quebec surrendered on 18 September, and by the next year New France had been conquered by the British after

732:

New France eventually became absorbed within the United States and Canada, with the only vestige of French rule being the tiny islands of

11116: 8767: 3826: 3458:

with a population around 70,000, mainly due to natural increase. The European population had grown slowly under French rule. The British

2843:. They succeeded in turning back the Iroquois invasion and are responsible for saving Montreal from destruction. They were able to take 2536:

was a special case because its judiciary had been previously held by the Society of St-Sulpice. In 1663, Governor-General of New France

1104:

that became important once France began to occupy the land. French merchants soon realized the St. Lawrence region was full of valuable

11443: 11437: 10912: 10645: 9208: 9203: 8043: 8038: 3847:

Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association with the Quarterly Journal: 2nd–21st Annual Meeting with a List of New Members

3241:(which did not technically begin in Europe until 1756). The war began with the defeat of a Virginia militia contingent led by Colonel 2109: 1626:. Forts were also built in the older portions of New France that had not yet been settled. Many of these forts were garrisoned by the 1565: 11812: 10613: 9508: 9472: 9430: 9425: 8776: 4008: 3630: 3564: 2980:

on Île Royale, a French military stronghold intended to protect the approaches to the St. Lawrence River settlements, began in 1719.

2898:) broke out in 1702. Quebec survived the English invasions of both these wars, and during the wars France seized many of the English 2197:, farther up the St. Lawrence. Throughout the 1640s, Jesuit missionaries penetrated the Great Lakes region and converted many of the 4990: 4796:

Pierre Dugua de Mons: gentilhomme royannais, premier colonisateur du Canada, lieutenant général de la Nouvelle-France de 1603 à 1612

4371: 4342: 3284:

In 1758, the French suffered a defeat when the British captured the fortress city of Louisborg in July, while gaining a victory at

945:

with a population around 15,000 to 16,000. The first population figures for Acadia are from 1671, which enumerated only 450 people.

11584: 11022: 9530: 9110: 8136: 3324: 3308:. The dominant population in the region remained Acadian, that is to say, not British. In 1755, the British were successful in the 3210: 2152:

in 1803. Following the American acquisition of the territory, its population tripled between 1803 and Louisiana statehood in 1812.

1350: 1318:

emigrants to New France were forced to convert to Catholicism, prompting many of them to relocate to the English colonies instead.

761: 17: 11052: 8620: 8366: 3671: 3205:, guarded the most important strategic location in the west at the time of the Seven Years' War. It was built to ensure that the 3054: 2446:

administer finances stripped off from the office because the French crown feared that colonial officers held too much authority.

6850: 4072: 1677:

The term is usually used when discussing the impact of the British conquest on the 70,000 French inhabitants, as well as on the

633:, France ceded to Great Britain its claims over mainland Acadia, Hudson Bay, and Newfoundland. France established the colony of 11772: 11767: 11762: 10976: 9547: 9377: 9222: 8977: 8842: 8282: 2541: 2069:, and the surrounding lands for England in 1611, English colonists had begun expanding their boundaries across what is now the 1050:. Verrazzano's voyage convinced the king to seek to establish a colony in the newly discovered land. Verrazzano gave the names 8331: 7522: 4513:

The Founding of New Societies: Studies in the History of the United States, Latin America, South Africa, Canada, and Australia

1414: 1100:

French fishing fleets continued to sail to the Atlantic coast and into the St. Lawrence River, making alliances with Canadian

11669: 11062: 10997: 10847: 10288: 9193: 8992: 8929: 8232: 7959: 7883: 7864: 7806:

Greer, Allan (2010). "National, Transnational, and hypernational historiographies: New France meets early American history".

7697: 7676: 7578: 7532: 7429: 7342: 7245: 7177: 7130: 7096: 7066: 7039: 7012: 6963: 6908: 6807: 6779: 6710: 6679: 6624: 6597: 6570: 6543: 6473: 6242: 6033: 6006: 5974: 5948: 5918: 5853: 5782: 5757: 5730: 5703: 5441: 5416: 5144: 5063: 4974: 4947: 4910: 4885: 4855: 4803: 4778: 4753: 4706: 4670: 4643: 4616: 4586: 4494: 4425: 4242: 4208: 4176: 4048: 3992: 3952: 3455: 3398: 3390: 2568:. The introduction of a royal court on the Montreal Island also resulted in the abolition of the feudal court in the fief of 1697: 1664: 1431:, to Quebec. The colonial government was reformed along the lines of the government of France, with the Governor General and 765: 416: 6258: 3574:

The only remnant of the former colonial territory of New France that remains under French control to this day is the French

2737:. It is difficult to trace the judicial history of French Acadia as the relevant archives were destroyed in a fire in 1708. 1238:. He participated decisively in a battle against the Iroquois there, killing two Iroquois chiefs with the first shot of his 11498: 10987: 9872: 9780: 9744: 9624: 9619: 9542: 9450: 9038: 9025: 8940: 8916: 8326: 8214: 7990: 6880: 6426: 1444: 1142:

Other attempts at establishing permanent settlements were also failures. In 1598, a French trading post was established on

749: 4139: 11590: 11027: 11017: 11007: 11002: 10791: 10329: 10178: 9584: 9263: 9069: 8817: 8784: 8013: 3046: 2557: 2545: 2424: 1401:

against a much larger Iroquois force; none of the Canadians survived, although they did turn back the Iroquois invasion.

1127: 317: 260: 3427:) and some were sent to France. Many eventually settled in Quebec or Louisiana, while others returned to the regions of 11395: 9146: 8547: 7469: 6105:"Huguenots and Nouvelle France: Tracing the Impact of the French Protestant Minority on Colonial Development in Canada" 5676: 5524: 3666: 3374: 3344: 3227: 3209:

valley remained under French control. A small colonial force from Virginia began a fort here, but a French force under

3114:, France attempted to retake Acadia and the fortress in 1746 but failed. The fortress was returned to France under the 2544:

the Governor of the Island of Montreal and consolidating a royal jurisdiction on the island, but the plan garnered the

1972: 1729:. It would soon become the new staple good that would strengthen and drive New France's economy, in particular that of 1596: 1499:

sent to New France. As couples married, cash incentives to have large families were put in place and proved effective.

451: 98: 3486:

control since the end of the Seven Years' War, remained off-limits to settlement from the thirteen American colonies.

3060:

The war began on two fronts: when New England pushed its way through Maine and when New England established itself at

2621:

In the early stages of French colonization, the execution of criminal justice in New France was rather arbitrary. The

1876:. It was for this reason that Montreal and the Ottawa River was a central location of indigenous warfare and rivalry. 1835: 11817: 11701: 11628: 10992: 10483: 9754: 9520: 9445: 9440: 9370: 8474: 7788: 7607: 7450: 7384: 7363: 7317: 7296: 7275: 7218: 6834: 5117: 5090: 4521: 3098:

in North America) reached Fort Louisbourg. The French forces went on the attack first in a failed attempt to capture

1410: 1303: 7480: 5995:"The French Monarchy and Protestant Immigration to Canada Before 1760; The Social, Political and Religious Contexts" 3319:

In the meantime the French continued to explore westwards and expand their trade alliances with indigenous peoples.

2632:

was enacted in New France by order of the French king as a codification of the previous criminal laws passed by the

2326:

settled in New France by using socioeconomic pretexts while at the same time concealing their religious background.

1894:

remained dependent on spirits, and increasingly in the hands of the coureurs who journeyed north in search of furs.

11504: 10473: 9812: 9797: 9699: 9525: 9478: 9415: 9253: 8641: 8600: 8389: 7250: 3681: 3115: 2729:, although the king's attorney of Acadia performed very similar duties as his counterpart in New France. Yet since 2179: 2161: 1595:. The colony was devastated by disease, and the surviving settlers were killed in 1688, in an attack by the area's 1330: 710: 31: 6140:

Histoire du droit Canadien depuis les origines de la colonie jusqu'à nos jours, Vol. I : Domination Française

5640: 3895: 3335:. This was the furthest westward outpost of the French Empire in North America to be established before its fall. 3069: 1467: 11109: 10443: 9865: 9749: 9644: 9569: 9302: 8760: 8404: 8321: 8065: 7899: 5500: 3362: 3050: 2832: 2704:

In 1670, France regained control of Acadia and appointed Mathieu de Goutin as the Civil and Criminal Lieutenant (

2633: 2565: 2553: 2483: 2288: 1663:

of 1756–1763 – started with a British campaign in 1758 and ended with the region being put under

744:, although Quebec remains predominately French-speaking. In the United States, the legacy of New France includes 355: 307: 42: 1116:. Eventually, the French crown decided to colonize the territory to secure and expand its influence in America. 10818: 10493: 9960: 9955: 8394: 8311: 8023: 5501:

Walking Together: First Nations, Métis and Inuit Perspectives in Curriculum. FNMI Worldviews: The Métis People.

4098: 3691: 3412: 3091: 3068:

at Norridgewock and the subsequent retreat of the indigenous peoples from the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers to

2616: 2185:

The Catholic Church, which after Champlain's death was the dominant force in New France, wanted to establish a

1230:, as soon as possible. In 1609, Champlain and two French companions accompanied his Algonquin, Montagnais, and 1065: 5587: 5018:"N'être plus la déléguée de personne: une réévaluation du rôle des femmes dans le commerce en Nouvelle-France" 4454: 2537: 11228: 10606: 9554: 9273: 8384: 6875: 3726: 3137: 2517: 2511: 2145: 2098:, frustrated with French license rules. Now both France and England were formally in the Canadian fur trade. 718: 7950:

Bibliothèque nationale de France / Library of Congress site (click on Themes) – text and maps

3865: 1428: 1290:

During the first decades of the colony's existence, only a few hundred French people lived there, while the

10705: 10466: 10219: 9704: 9406: 8584: 8292: 3711: 2291:

in 1656. The Jesuits were forced to abandon the mission by 1658, as hostilities with the Iroquois resumed.

2190: 1588: 1366: 942: 860: 614: 6104: 6049: 3141: 11534: 10786: 10461: 10448: 9807: 9714: 9671: 9599: 8922: 8346: 7255: 5017: 3506: 3498: 3111: 2994: 2438: 2228: 2208: 1960:. Subsequently, the two factions (Iroquois and French) were constantly at war with one another until the 1623: 1200: 35: 11510: 11730: 11240: 11234: 11102: 10131: 9831: 9564: 9537: 9493: 9336: 9258: 9198: 9115: 8753: 8489: 8194: 7004:

The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783

5799: 4168:

The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783

3490: 3369:, which had refused to acknowledge the fall of Canada. The last French governor-general of New France, 3350: 3297: 3270: 3026: 2933: 2629: 573:, the most developed colony, which was divided into the districts of Quebec (around what is now called 443: 7918: 3493:

broke out in the Thirteen Colonies. Many French Canadians would take part in the war, including Major

3258: 2953: 2166:

Before the arrival of European colonists and explorers, First Nations followed a wide array of mostly

2095: 816: 784: 634: 11516: 11340: 11180: 10710: 10571: 10566: 10334: 9574: 8683: 8510: 7931: 6643: 5804: 3922: 3583: 3579: 3502: 3313: 3277: 3254: 3165: 3133: 3127: 2754: 2677:). The admiralty court was located in Quebec City and had jurisdiction over all of New France except 1377: 1154: 923: 733: 702: 663: 507: 359: 104: 7657: 7199: 7152: 4722: 3436: 1343: 679: 11640: 11634: 11322: 11222: 10599: 10553: 10052: 9802: 9684: 9614: 8872: 8577: 8505: 8457: 8093: 7983: 7334: 5541:"Iroquois Confederacy - The Iroquois Confederacy's role in the French-British rivalry | Britannica" 4102: 3358: 3328: 3202: 3144:, which dislodged Father Le Loutre from the region, thereby ending his alliance with the Maliseet, 2937: 2823: 2268: 2167: 1726: 1706: 1656: 1418: 1394: 1302:, wished to make New France as significant as the English colonies. In 1627, Richelieu founded the 1162: 910: 870: 796: 594: 547: 406: 384: 2733:

never actually had a court, there was no clerk of court; instead, trials were recorded by a local

2036: 84: 11837: 11383: 11365: 9649: 9401: 9218: 8688: 8316: 8287: 8060: 5610: 4537: 3802: 3696: 3557: 3549: 2899: 2831:

counterattack. Professional French soldiers had arrived in the New World for the first time, and

2083: 1961: 1702: 1678: 1510:

sponsored single women, virtuous, physically fit, and aged between 15 and 30 years, known as the

1432: 1354: 1291: 1101: 931: 216: 5775:

Stratégies missionnaires des Jésuites Français en Nouvelle-France et en Chine au XVIIieme siècle

5268:"Selling Beaver Skins in North America and Europe, 1720–1760: The Uses of Fur-Trade Imperialism" 4939: 4556:

Lescarbot, Marc; Percival Biggar, Henry; Grant, William Lawson; Ganong, William Francis (1907).

4426:"Explanatory maps of Saint Croix & Acadia: Acadian Deportation, Migration, and Resettlement" 2556:

had not been able to seize effective control over the legal matters of the Island; instead, the

2182:

dedicated to converting the indigenous population; an effort that eventually proved successful.

11832: 11693: 11596: 11210: 11035: 10525: 10378: 10278: 10268: 10199: 10175: 9933: 9888: 9739: 9694: 9629: 9183: 9141: 8911: 8896: 8862: 8847: 8651: 8636: 8277: 8204: 8184: 8159: 8099: 8050: 8018: 7122: 7116: 3568: 3541: 3408: 3378: 3037:

missions among the three largest indigenous villages in the region: one on the Kennebec River (

2816: 2760: 2746: 2682: 2622: 2494:). The Sovereign Council effectively acted as the functional equivalent of a Council of State ( 2362: 2319: 2248: 2091: 2005: 1840: 1672: 1648: 1640: 1561: 1543: 1503: 1307: 1016: 1004: 899: 875: 800: 698: 659: 642: 602: 555: 539: 430: 7167: 6953: 6696: 6587: 6138: 6075: 6023: 5908: 5134: 5053: 4964: 4845: 4576: 4511: 4196: 2886:

were able to thwart New England expansion into Acadia, whose border New France defined as the

648:

The population rose slowly but steadily. In 1754, New France's population consisted of 10,000

11540: 11474: 11389: 10685: 10415: 10209: 9709: 9097: 8807: 8656: 8567: 8552: 7764: 7056: 7002: 6929: 6898: 6769: 6749: 6669: 6614: 6560: 6533: 5994: 5964: 5938: 5843: 5747: 5720: 4696: 4660: 4633: 4606: 4232: 4166: 3982: 3942: 3686: 3644: 3575: 3553: 3394: 3234: 3179: 3161: 2941: 2929: 2891: 2879: 2861: 2697:'s judicial system was somewhat under-developed during the New France period. Prior to 1670, 2381: 2227:

conversion. The Huron heavily relied on European goods to perform burial ceremonies known as

1780: 1745: 1737: 1573: 1440: 737: 714: 694: 598: 459: 455: 388: 321: 123: 9015: 8745: 7687: 7666: 7625: 7597: 7440: 7419: 7395: 7374: 7353: 7328: 7307: 7286: 7086: 7029: 5693: 5666: 5514: 4484: 3528:

The portions of the former New France that remained under British rule were administered as

1922: 1280: 1146:, off the coast of Acadia, but was unsuccessful. In 1600, a trading post was established at 11610: 11558: 11431: 11353: 11216: 11186: 11136: 11040: 9769: 9759: 9559: 9317: 9213: 9168: 9131: 9126: 9082: 8698: 8666: 8562: 8419: 8336: 8242: 5874:"Inoca Ethnohistory Project: Eye Witness Descriptions of the Contact Generation, 1673–1700" 5306: 5267: 5196: 3658: 3517:. A Franco-Spanish alliance treaty returned Louisiana to France in 1801, but French leader 3440: 3309: 3266: 3246: 3095: 3085: 3018: 3014: 3007: 2989: 2961: 2883: 2836: 2779: 2750: 2650: 2280: 2171: 2141: 1921:. In 1610, the Algonquins continued to solidify their relations with the French by guiding 1627: 1492: 1358: 1299: 1000: 938: 683: 618: 7828: 7570: 7558: 4012: 3073: 2119: 8: 11757: 11685: 11546: 11413: 11286: 11246: 11146: 10945: 10881: 10204: 10037: 9998: 9942: 9774: 9724: 9689: 9679: 9604: 8906: 8886: 8852: 8721: 8671: 8661: 8527: 8484: 8199: 8169: 8149: 8087: 7976: 6468:. Moncton, New Brunswick: Chaire d'études acadiennes, Université de Moncton. p. 28. 4994: 4375: 4346: 3759: 3479: 3305: 3238: 3222: 3183: 3029:

in 1710, mainland Nova Scotia was under the control of New England, but both present-day

2977: 2923: 2895: 2874:

in 1702 showing forts, towns and (in solid colors) areas occupied by European settlements

2785: 2463:). Canada was divided into three districts: the district of Quebec City, the district of 2137: 1949: 1933: 1914: 1799: 1668: 1660: 1577: 1511: 1507: 1472: 1406: 1204: 1123: 1070: 1008: 834: 812: 772: 690: 570: 235: 178: 10700: 7288:

The forts of New France : the Great Lakes, the Plains and the Gulf Coast, 1600–1763

6979: 4819: 4397: 3494: 3300:

happened in 1710, the French continued to remain a significant force in the region with

2395:

In practice, though, the Great Seneschal was awarded as an honorary title to the son of

11709: 11622: 11192: 11174: 10546: 10456: 10405: 10311: 10298: 10229: 10027: 9978: 9970: 9764: 9719: 9634: 9609: 9594: 9178: 9173: 8174: 8105: 7853: 7794: 7645: 7509: 7407: 7330:

Frenchmen into peasants : modernity and tradition in the peopling of French Canada

7187: 7140: 6728: 5462:

Nobility Lost: French and Canadian Martial Cultures, Indians, and the End of New France

5367: 5248: 5177: 4932: 4321: 4313: 4278: 4054: 3917: 3537: 3522: 3518: 3289: 3262: 3061: 2957: 2709: 2533: 2428: 2389: 2307: 2149: 2133: 2025: 2009: 1937: 1918: 1741: 1612: 1295: 1254: 1212: 1196: 1131: 1090: 1027:

early the following year, he headed north along the coast, eventually anchoring in the

895: 726: 722: 638: 7481:"La invención de la carta de Giovanni da Verrazano y de la 'Nouvelle France' (Canadá)" 4934:

In Its Corporate Capacity: the Seminary of Montreal as a Business Institution, 1816–76

2259: 1082: 11677: 11419: 11304: 11156: 11125: 10828: 10776: 10715: 10520: 10503: 10126: 10121: 9734: 9639: 9488: 9460: 9393: 9188: 8867: 8703: 8646: 8430: 8121: 8055: 7879: 7860: 7798: 7784: 7693: 7672: 7603: 7584: 7574: 7528: 7465: 7446: 7425: 7380: 7359: 7338: 7313: 7292: 7271: 7173: 7126: 7092: 7062: 7035: 7008: 6959: 6904: 6854: 6830: 6826:

Blooding at Great Meadows: young George Washington and the battle that Shaped the Man

6803: 6775: 6706: 6675: 6620: 6593: 6566: 6539: 6469: 6238: 6029: 6002: 5970: 5944: 5914: 5910:

Native Americans and the Christian right: the gendered politics of unlikely alliances

5849: 5845:

The Huron-Wendat Feast of the Dead: Indian-European Encounters in Early North America

5778: 5753: 5726: 5699: 5672: 5622: 5520: 5437: 5412: 5331: 5252: 5140: 5113: 5086: 5059: 4970: 4943: 4906: 4881: 4851: 4799: 4774: 4749: 4702: 4666: 4639: 4612: 4582: 4517: 4490: 4325: 4238: 4204: 4172: 4076: 4044: 4011:[New France: The Territory] (in French). Government of France. Archived from 3988: 3948: 3746: 3459: 3424: 3366: 3242: 3198: 3064:. As a result of the war, Maine fell to the New Englanders with the defeat of Father 2315: 2239: 2045: 1852: 1557: 1275: 1147: 955: 850: 846: 713:, which was granted to Spain with the territory to the west. In 1800, Spain returned 706: 622: 606: 531: 409: 376: 372: 172: 156: 10833: 8901: 8164: 7538: 7483:[The invention of the map by Giovanni da Verrazano of New France (Canada)]. 5136:

Captive Histories: English, French, and Native Narratives of the 1704 Deerfield Raid

4058: 3065: 3003: 2778:

Engraving depicting Adam Dollard with a keg of gunpowder above his head, during the

2569: 2464: 2416: 2377: 1089:. It was the first province of New France. The first settlement of 400 people, Fort 842: 820: 578: 11449: 11425: 11359: 11334: 11292: 11151: 11045: 10867: 10695: 10435: 10400: 10080: 9654: 9514: 9286: 9228: 9136: 8693: 8572: 8522: 8462: 8262: 8252: 8111: 7815: 7776: 7751: 7501: 6802:. Goose Lane Editions and The New Brunswick Heritage Military Project. p. 21. 5809: 5321: 5282: 5240: 5211: 5169: 5032: 4305: 4270: 3763: 3706: 3320: 2844: 2734: 2527: 2272: 2235: 2075: 2049: 2001: 1941: 1910: 1811:

trading. A greater number of indigenous groups and fur traders began circumventing

1604: 1326: 1250: 1219: 975: 971: 891: 879: 697:

in America), France ceded the rest of New France to Great Britain and Spain in the

654: 630: 10837: 7953: 5082:

The Forts of New France: The Great Lakes, the Plains and the Gulf Coast, 1600–1763

2347: 1039: 1038:

The first European to visit the site of present-day New York, Verrazzano named it

967: 569:

consisted of five colonies at its peak in 1712, each with its own administration:

11646: 11564: 11522: 11486: 11328: 11310: 11298: 11204: 11161: 11141: 11057: 10886: 10857: 10622: 10515: 10498: 10032: 10010: 9238: 8963: 8890: 8732: 8414: 8409: 7963: 7935: 7913: 7265: 6262: 5406: 5107: 5080: 4927: 4038: 3845: 3443:

have significant communities. In Louisiana their descendants became known as the

3301: 3218: 3194: 3103: 3099: 3042: 3034: 2593: 2299: 2175: 2054: 1721:

fisheries. This would change in the later half of the 17th and 18th centuries as

1311: 1266: 1181: 1109: 1078: 780: 543: 519: 338: 279: 209: 199: 132: 65: 8237: 3947:(Revised Expanded ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 58–60. 1556:

The French extended their territorial claim to the south and to the west of the

1480: 11604: 11578: 11274: 11012: 10873: 10813: 10261: 10252: 10214: 10090: 10015: 9983: 9950: 9498: 9059: 8857: 8537: 8479: 8126: 7566: 6466:

Lieutenant Civil et Criminel: Mathieu de Goutin en Acadie Française (1688–1710)

5611:"Embattled Notions: Constructions of Rupert's Land's Native Sons, 1760 To 1861" 4748:. Translated by Roberts, Phil. Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia: Peninsular Press. 4143: 3790: 3022: 2887: 2396: 2284: 2219: 2198: 2126: 1953: 1816: 1714: 1581: 1386: 1235: 1231: 1086: 854: 771:

New France had five colonies or territories, each with its own administration:

610: 489: 90: 10807: 10410: 7755: 7355:

The Fall of New France: How the French Lost a North American Empire, 1754–1763

6698:

Bitter Feast: Amerindians and Europeans in Northeastern North America, 1600–64

4746:

Pierre Dugua De Mons: Founder of Acadie (1604–05), Co-Founder of Quebec (1608)

4309: 1863:

goods into upper territories while indigenous people were bringing down their

1211:

with 28 men. This was the second permanent French settlement in the colony of

775:(the Great Lakes region, the Ohio Valley, and the St. Lawrence River Valley), 729:

of 1803, permanently ending French colonial efforts on the American mainland.

625:

rivers were means of carrying French influence through much of North America.

11751: 11528: 11280: 11261: 10862: 10768: 10735: 10655: 10510: 10103: 10020: 9993: 9845: 9350: 9163: 8452: 8272: 8247: 7765:"The Historiography of New France, 1960–1974: Jean Hamelin to Louise Dechêne" 7031:

The Fall of New France: How the French Lost a North American Empire 1754–1763

6702: 5626: 5565: 5335: 3798: 3701: 3616: 3514: 3475: 3428: 3423:

were initially dispersed across much of eastern North America (including the

3285: 3190: 3175: 3107: 3030: 2969: 2871: 2649:"Officialité (New France)" redirects here. For the ecclesiastical court, see 2434: 2243: 2189:

community in the colony. In 1642, they sponsored a group of settlers, led by

2136:

saw little value in Louisiana, and to compensate Spain for its losses in the

2021: 1988:', often criticising New French officials for even interacting with nations. 1980: 1443:

as the first Intendant of New France. These reforms limited the power of the

1024: 950: 824: 667: 551: 535: 503: 7941: 6800:

The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec

5231:

Innis, H.A. (1937). "Significant Factors in Canadian Economic Development".

3926:. Vol. II. Toronto: University Associates of Canada. pp. 350–351. 3896:"INQUINTE.CA | CANADA 150 Years of History ~ The story behind the flag" 2932:, the colony was occupied by the British during Queen Anne's War. The final 2774: 2113:

Map of Canada (New France) in 1703, showing full length of Mississippi River

1599:. Other parts of Louisiana were settled and developed with success, such as 1329:, became firmly established in the territory. Richelieu also introduced the 11552: 11407: 11401: 10541: 10395: 10387: 10075: 10070: 10065: 9988: 9248: 9155: 9151: 8967: 8257: 8116: 7554: 7082: 3794: 3533: 3529: 3467: 3332: 3250: 3038: 2907: 2840: 2801: 2062: 1868: 1245: 1158: 1143: 1032: 937:

By the early 1700s the New France settlers were well established along the

883: 7938:

Internet gateway to everything New France (archives, heritage sites, etc.)

6559:

Ayers, Edward L.; Gould, Lewis L.; Oshinsky, David M.; Soderlund, Jean R.

5244: 4662:

A Savage Empire: Trappers, Traders, Tribes, and the Wars That Made America

1748:

was recognized and given commercial rights to the gathering and export of

1447:, who had held the greatest amount of power after the death of Champlain. 1261: 1047: 11492: 11377: 11371: 11085:

Article also discusses colonization in Central and South America and Asia

10725: 10273: 10060: 9932: 9857: 9158: 8678: 7819: 7524:

La Nouvelle-France: the making of French Canada : a cultural history

6876:

Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic National Historic Site of Canada

6824: 3716: 3510: 3432: 3354: 3170: 2949: 2812: 2323: 2170:. During the colonial period, the French settled along the shores of the 2041: 2024:. This decline resulted in the fur trade moving further north, along the 1917:

established France's first permanent North American settlement along the

1820: 1784: 1691: 1600: 1362: 1334: 1284: 1208: 1094: 1028: 838: 574: 562: 189: 168: 7780: 7492:

Munro, William Bennett (1906). "The Office of Intendant in New France".

5475: 3377:

on 8 September 1760. France formally ceded Canada to the British in the

1548: 11616: 11072: 10924: 10665: 10660: 10247: 9120: 8605: 8267: 7513: 6237:. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press. p. 80. 5160:

Watkins, Melville H. (May 1963). "A Staple Theory of Economic Growth".

4317: 4282: 3206: 3149: 2903: 2361:

In the early stage of French settlement, legal matters fell within the

2186: 2079: 2066: 2040:

1681 French map of the New World above the equator: New France and the

2031: 1844: 1569: 1436: 1315: 927: 914: 788: 586: 447: 392: 10675: 8557: 7058:

What Happened?: An Encyclopedia of Events that Changed America Forever

5698:. Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana. 5181: 3831:

Confirmation of the blazon of a Flag. February 15, 2008 Vol. V, p. 202

3403: 2866: 2376:, which literally means 'sword-bearing judge'), and a jurisdiction in 1479:

The first settler, brought to Quebec by Champlain, was the apothecary

11480: 11067: 10930: 9468: 9243: 8953: 8615: 8610: 8517: 8467: 8436: 8399: 5749:

What Happened? An Encyclopedia of Events That Changed America Forever

5326: 5287: 5216: 5037: 3843: 3721: 3545: 2847:

as a prisoner, and in September 1660, the French returned and burned

2678: 2303: 2252: 1936:

engaged in battle against the Iroquois. Champlain travelled from the

1898: 1891: 1804: 1792: 1766: 1757: 1322: 1135: 1059: 926:

was the first census conducted in North America. It was organized by

792: 705:). Britain acquired Canada, Acadia, and French Louisiana east of the 675: 527: 351: 11094: 10108: 9362: 7739: 7505: 7166:

Létourneau, Jocelyn (2012). Buckner, Phillip; Reid, John G. (eds.).

4274: 3226:

troops defeated a French force of 2800 French and Canadians and 700

3090:

Peace lasted in Canada until 1744, when news of the outbreak of the

2552:

and effectively acted as the island's governor. In other words, the

1776: 1709:

had the same currency value in the colony as minted currency. c.1714

450:

issues the end of military regime on Canada and renames it into the

11316: 10420: 10237: 8532: 6924: 5876:. Champaign, Illinois: Center For Social Research, Parkland College 5516:

Commerce by Frozen Sea: Native Americans and the European Fur Trade

5314:

Report of the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Historical Association

5204:

Report of the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Historical Association

5173: 4928:"Chapter 1, Holy Housekeeping: The Company and Business Management" 4555: 3560:, which then included Prince Edward Island, was split off from it. 3420: 3145: 2848: 2827: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788:

was a noteworthy site for it was the center of defence against the

2468: 2459:

On 13 October 1663, the royal court replaced the Seneschal Office (

2276: 2202: 2194: 2148:

in 1800, Louisiana continued to be administered by Spain until the

2017: 1995:

One specific Indigenous group borne of these relationships are the

1957: 1929: 1873: 1856: 1812: 1730: 1718: 1521: 1239: 1227: 1170: 963: 959: 582: 412: 248: 10257: 8542: 7054: 6955:

The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia

6419:"Les structure judiciaire dans la justice sous le Régime français" 5745: 4635:

Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York

2234:

Jesuit missionaries explored the Mississippi River, including the

1996: 1967: 454:

and the forbidding all settlements west of a line drawn along the

10918: 10670: 10306: 10242: 10098: 10042: 8797: 8424: 7599:

The Children of Aataentsic. A history of the Huron People to 1660

4117:"Arrival of the Europeans and introduction of English and French" 3471: 2573: 2420: 1770: 1630:, the only regular soldiers in New France between 1683 and 1755. 1398: 1020: 649: 7721: 7588: 4839: 4837: 4372:"Tables of census data collected in 1665 and 1666 by Jean Talon" 3563:

In Canada, the legacy of New France can be seen in the enduring

3182:, which was part of the greater worldwide conflict known as the 3017:(1722–1725) was a series of battles between New England and the 2528:

Montreal Island: transition from feudal justice to royal justice

2490:) into existence, which was later renamed the Superior Council ( 11463:

Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States

10283: 10194: 10003: 8837: 8081: 7462:

Women at War in the Borderlands of the Early American Northeast

7309:

The First French Canadians: Pioneers in the St. Lawrence Valley

5940:

Black Robes and Buckskin: A Selection from the Jesuit Relations

4234:

North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent

3776: 3444: 2999: 2965: 2945: 2808: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2713: 2698: 2694: 2407:, acting as assistant royal judge), and the lieutenant fiscal ( 2214: 2070: 1887: 1880: 1860: 1762: 1722: 1525:

Political map of the northeastern part of North America in 1664

1166: 1139:

around that time is not known, for lack of historical records.

1119: 1113: 1012: 808: 776: 741: 590: 499: 380: 334: 10377: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6487: 6485: 5777:. Les Presses de l'Université Laval, L'Harmattan. p. 44. 3981:

Francis, R. Douglas; Jones, Richard; Smith, Donald B. (2009).

3824: 3552:. The former French colony of Acadia was first designated the 2579: 666:

from 1755 to 1764, and their descendants are dispersed in the

354:

integrates New France into the royal domain, endows it with a

10425: 10316: 8775: 7968: 7928: 7664: 6098: 6096: 5848:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 95. 4834: 3483: 2973: 2936:

happened in 1710. In 1713, peace came to New France with the

1592: 828: 671: 7689:

The Conquest of New France: A Chronicle of the Colonial Wars

7668:

The Chronicles of Canada: Volume II – The Rise of New France

6497: 4105:. Linguistic History of Canada. University of Ottawa online. 4103:"Arrival of the Europeans: Canada at the Time of New France" 3677:

List of North American cities founded in chronological order

2603:

The Provostry of Quebec was located in the Hall of Justice (

2008:. Its prior legal history has its roots in acts such as the 1655:) – the military conquest of New France by 1450:

Talon tried reforming the seigneurial system by forcing the

898:, now called Cape Breton Island, where the French built the 662:; 69,000 in total. The British expelled the Acadians in the 6853:. The Fortress Louisbourg Association. 2008. Archived from 6509: 6482: 5871: 5671:(reprint ed.). Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing. 4847:

God's Mercies: Rivalry, Betrayal and the Dream of Discovery

2549: 1945: 1864: 1749: 1619: 1560:

late in the 17th century, naming it for King Louis XIV, as

1435:

subordinate to the French Minister of the Marine. In 1665,

1223: 1043: 10975: 10174: 7740:"North America From the Top Down: Visions from New France" 6259:"Exhibitions/Administration/The Administration of Justice" 6093: 4880:. Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited. p. 165. 4723:"Fort Charlesbourg Royal National Historic Site of Canada" 4040:

Control and Order in French Colonial Louisbourg, 1713–1758

3525:

in 1803, ending French colonial efforts in North America.

2351:

A chart showing the political organization of New France,

1815:

and New France altogether; many began trading with either

1765:. This was a prime example of the handicapping effect the 1023:

with 50 men. After exploring the coast of the present-day

6376: 6374: 6361: 6359: 6357: 5932: 5930: 3230:

led by Baron Dieskau (Military commander of New France).

2928:

While Acadia defeated an English invasion attempt during

2454: 2342: 2052:

and the mouth of the river (and future New Orleans) then

1105: 155:

New France’s territory at its height in 1712, before the

7260:

scholarly biographies of all major figures in New France

7214:"Organizers cancel mock Battle of the Plains of Abraham" 6900:

The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760

6284: 6282: 6280: 6216: 6214: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6169: 6167: 6154: 6152: 6150: 5999:

French-Speaking Protestants in Canada: Historical Essays

3489:

Twelve years after the British defeated the French, the

3371:

Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal

1372: 1346:, which Laviolette did in 1634. Champlain died in 1635. 7724:

Women in New France: Extracts from the Jesuit Relations

7376:

Habitants and merchants in seventeenth-century Montreal

6558: 5162:

The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

4486:

Ethnonationalism in a Federal State: The Case of Canada

3536:, 1791–1841, and then those regions were merged as the 3509:

gave all former British claims in New France below the

2952:) over to Great Britain, France remained in control of 2263:

the evil magic of the priests that caused the illness.

1409:

made it a royal province, taking control away from the

1011:

to commission an expedition to find a western route to

7267:

The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600–1763

7048: 6754:. Vol. II. Glazier, Masters & Co. p. 27. 6445: 6433: 6386: 6371: 6354: 6342: 6330: 5927: 5109:

The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600–1763

4938:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 4551: 4549: 3944:

The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789

3833:. The Office of the Secretary to the Governor General. 2283:, to New France, and an expedition of Jesuits, led by 1952:

allies, and managed to kill three Iroquoian chiefs on

30:"Nouvelle France" redirects here. For other uses, see 6730:

Fur Trade In Canada: Focus On Canadian History Series

6318: 6306: 6294: 6277: 6211: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6164: 6147: 5739: 1855:

were responsible for starting the flow of trade from

1454:

to reside on their land and limiting the size of the

917:, count of Orsainville, first intendant of New France 546:

in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to

11260:

Other British colonial entities in the contemporary

7085:; Anderton, Douglas L.; Barrett, Richard E. (2010). 7081: 5888: 4224: 4137: 4075:. Fortress of Louisbourg Association. Archived from 3606: 3407:

Map showing British territorial gains following the

2769: 2712:

was set up and his job was primarily the defense of

2193:, who founded Ville-Marie, precursor to present-day 2032:

Formal entry of England in New France area fur trade

1803:

However, by the middle half of the 18th century the

1439:

Minister of the Marine accepted an appointment from

1353:, Le Cardinal arrived to Quebec with Jules (Gilles) 1097:), was attempted in 1541 but lasted only two years. 41:"French Quebec" redirects here. For other uses, see 7464:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 6688: 5969:. University of Toronto Press. 1987. pp. 84–. 5633: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5197:"The Evolution of Montreal under the French Regime" 4546: 4539:

Annual Report of Department of Public Works, Canada

4304:(4). Université de Montréal: 577–592, quote p 586. 4237:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 72. 3825:The Governor General of Canada (12 November 2020). 3233:The fight for control over Ohio Country led to the 2306:facing legal restrictions to enter the colony when 2275:). In 1653, a peace invitation was extended by the 1176: 986:population of Louisiana by the end of French rule. 8737: 7852: 7406: 7075: 6727: 6538:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. p. 99. 6179: 5519:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 5464:. New York: Cornell University Press. p. 164. 5385:"La Rochelle, 1641 | Virtual Museum of New France" 5366: 5307:"The Illegal Fur Trade out of New France, 1713–60" 5300: 5298: 5139:. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 207. 4931: 4871: 4869: 4867: 3745:Lesser version of the coat of arms as used by the 2807:This also put the Iroquois at warfare against the 2592:) to adjudicate cases at first instance until the 1830: 1321:The Catholic Church, and missionaries such as the 1294:to the south were much more populous and wealthy. 1283:, extended French influence south and west to the 779:(the Gaspé Peninsula, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, 7722:Lawn, Katherine; Salvucci, Claudio, eds. (2005). 7527:. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. 6980:"Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present" 6903:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 51, 54. 5943:. Toronto: Fordham University Press. p. 98. 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5058:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 539–540. 4820:"Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present" 4564:] (in French). Champlain Society. p. 21. 4398:"Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present" 4231:McIlwraith, Thomas F.; Muller, Edward K. (2001). 3980: 3411:in pink, and Spanish territorial gains after the 3237:, which began as the North American phase of the 1753:trading partners and other areas of the economy. 1667:between 1760 and 1763. Britain's acquisition of 1357:and his family. Le Cardinal, commissioned by the 994: 11749: 7873: 7833:Common-Place: The Journal of Early American Life 7115:Jaenen, Cornelius J. (1982). Muise, D.A. (ed.). 7088:The Population of the United States: 3rd Edition 7000: 5913:. New York: Duke University Press. p. 116. 5718: 5476:"metis | Etymology, origin and meaning of metis" 5434:Native Peoples in Canada: Contemporary Conflicts 5349: 4993:. Musée de la civilisation. 1998. Archived from 4966:American Colonies: The Settling of North America 4771:Pierre Dugua, sieur de Mons, fondateur de Québec 4600: 4598: 4230: 2976:, remained contested territory. Construction of 2441:performing a tribal dance with indigenous allies 2322:in 1685. In spite of that, approximately 15,000 1015:(China). Late that year, Verrazzano set sail in 11444:Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island 7627:The History of Canada: Canada under French rule 7565:. In their own words (1st ed.). New York: 6774:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 61. 6592:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 211. 5660: 5658: 5295: 4864: 4459:Quebec History: Statistical Material and Charts 4032: 4030: 3766:" was the most commonly used flag in New France 3136:(1749–1755) began with the British founding of 3102:, the capital of British Nova Scotia. In 1745, 2201:. The missionaries came into conflict with the 1622:were built there, under the orders of Governor 1427:In 1665, Louis XIV sent a French garrison, the 9308:Areas disputed by Canada and the United States 7737: 7665:Wrong, George M.; Langton, H.H., eds. (1914). 7027: 6743: 6741: 6579: 5988: 5986: 5828: 5436:. Scarborough: Ontario: Prentice-Hall Canada. 5275:Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 5132: 4190: 4188: 3844:New York State Historical Association (1915). 3837: 2998:An 1850s depiction of the death of the French 2584:In the Quebec City district, the lower court ( 2548:' disapproval, who held the Island as its own 2101: 1971:Map showing the approximate location of major 1462: 1226:peoples in the area, who were at war with the 1150:, but only five settlers survived the winter. 11828:States and territories disestablished in 1763 11110: 10961: 10607: 10363: 10160: 9918: 9873: 9378: 8761: 7984: 7445:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 7379:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 7055:John E. Findling; Frank W. Thackeray (2011). 6763: 6761: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 5867: 5865: 5746:John E. Findling; Frank W. Thackeray (2010). 4969:. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 365–366. 4595: 4430:Canadian-American Center, University of Maine 2766:ending with the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763. 1234:allies south from the St. Lawrence Valley to 481:8,000,000 km (3,100,000 sq mi) 9313:Proposed provinces and territories of Canada 7957:(List of Governors, Intendants, and Bishops) 7954:Chronologie de l'histoire du Québec (French) 7602:. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press. 7172:. University of Toronto Press. p. 279. 6994: 6972: 6793: 6791: 6520: 6503: 6491: 6463: 6143:. Montréal, Quebec: A. Périard. p. 244. 5668:Beautiful Crescent: A History of New Orleans 5664: 5655: 5045: 4850:. Random House of Canada. pp. 240–242. 4171:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 43. 4158: 4027: 2314:in 1627. Protestantism was then outlawed in 1913:first encountered one another in 1603 after 905: 865:Hudson Bay conflicts 17th and 18th centuries 755: 120: 57: 10757: 7850: 7738:Desbarats, Catherine; Greer, Allan (2015). 7358:. Toronto: James Lorimer and Company, Ltd. 7305: 6892: 6890: 6738: 6661: 6644:"Our Proud History | Algonquins of Ontario" 6552: 6021: 6015: 5983: 5512: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4476: 4448: 4446: 4185: 3974: 3940: 3265:) (which also administered Île Saint-Jean ( 2960:) (which also administered Île Saint-Jean ( 2580:Quebec: founding of the Provostry of Quebec 1537: 1349:On 23 September 1646, under the command of 1333:, a semi-feudal system of farming based on 1249:A map of western New France, including the 11823:States and territories established in 1534 11808:French exploration in the Age of Discovery 11117: 11103: 10968: 10954: 10614: 10600: 10370: 10356: 10167: 10153: 9925: 9911: 9887: 9880: 9866: 9385: 9371: 8768: 8754: 7991: 7977: 7165: 7110: 7108: 7034:. James Lorimer & Company. p. 2. 7021: 6758: 6747: 6606: 6123: 6025:Encyclopedia of North American Immigration 5862: 5712: 5588:"Explorers: Radisson and des Groseilliers" 5566:"Hudson's Bay Company is born May 2, 1670" 4516:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 231. 4201:Encyclopedia of North American Immigration 4065: 4001: 3827:"Royal Banner of France – Heritage Emblem" 3540:during 1841–1867, when the passage of the 3331:in what is today the Canadian province of 2337: 1576:, and he claimed the entire territory for 11793:Colonization history of the United States 10634: 8777:Former colonies and territories in Canada 7874:Lahaise, Robert; Vallerand, Noël (1999). 7671:(2009 reissue ed.). Fireship Press. 7623: 7397:Canadian Society during the French Regime 7326: 7284: 7263: 6951: 6788: 6767: 6585: 6526: 6050:"The first Canadian colony : Acadia" 5872:Stelle, Lenville J.; et al. (2005). 5325: 5286: 5215: 5105: 5078: 5036: 4631: 4604: 4530: 4503: 4374:. Statistics Canada. 2009. Archived from 4345:. Statistics Canada. 2009. Archived from 4256: 4254: 3631:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 3121: 3025:in southern Maine. After the New England 2940:. Although the treaty turned Hudson Bay, 2310:transferred the control of the colony to 2294:The second article of the charter of the 2140:, he transferred Louisiana to his cousin 1932:and the French first began in 1609, when 1633: 27:Area colonized by France in North America 7826: 7630:. Vol. 4. Roswell & Hutchinson. 7424:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 6887: 6797: 5797: 5791: 5513:Carlos, Ann M.; Lewis, Frank D. (2010). 5404: 5025:Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française 4725:. Canada's Historic Places: Parks Canada 4694: 4679: 4574: 4489:. Queen's University. p. 6 note 5. 4452: 4443: 4366: 4364: 4119:. University of Ottawa. 1 September 2024 4036: 3402: 3325:Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne 3169: 3155: 2993: 2865: 2773: 2433: 2346: 2318:and all its overseas possessions by the 2207: 2108: 2035: 1966: 1834: 1775: 1761:no trade purposes outside of the French 1701: 1685: 1547: 1520: 1466: 1376: 1260: 1244: 1180: 1064: 909: 762:List of towns and villages in New France 538:, beginning with the exploration of the 11783:1763 disestablishments in North America 7829:"How (and Why) to Read Francis Parkman" 7775:(1). University of Toronto Press: 80+. 7726:. Bristol, Penn.: Evolution Publishing. 7634: 7595: 7459: 7372: 7105: 6896: 6822: 6235:The French in North America (1500–1783) 5936: 5772: 5665:Garvey, Joan; Widmer, Mary Lou (2012). 5431: 5159: 5112:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 6–8. 5051: 4894: 4658: 4423: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4164: 4097: 3916: 3672:List of French possessions and colonies 3373:, surrendered to British Major General 2644: 2449: 1566:René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle 605:. It extended from Newfoundland to the 14: 11798:European colonization of North America 11750: 10977:European colonization of North America 7851:Havard, Gilles; Vidal, Cécile (2003). 7762: 7553: 7442:The Seigneurial System in Early Canada 7438: 7404: 7393: 7114: 6725: 6694: 6638: 6636: 6451: 6439: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6392: 6380: 6365: 6348: 6336: 6324: 6312: 6300: 6288: 6232: 6220: 6205: 6188: 6173: 6158: 6136: 6028:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 101–. 5894: 5841: 5691: 5621:. Manitoba Historical Society: 10–17. 5459: 5133:Haefeli, Evan; Sweeney, Kevin (2006). 4962: 4875: 4843: 4768: 4743: 4578:Champlain: The Birth of French America 4482: 4337: 4335: 4295: 4260: 4251: 4194: 3866:"Background: The First National Flags" 3338: 2542:Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve 2505: 2455:Royal judges and the Sovereign Council 2343:Early history in New France (pre-1663) 2078:, a portion of the land draining into 2044:in the north, with a dark line as the 1886:The issues caused a great rift in the 11788:Colonial settlements in North America 11670:Discourse Concerning Western Planting 11124: 11098: 10949: 10756: 10633: 10595: 10351: 10148: 9906: 9861: 9392: 9366: 8749: 8736: 8233:List of French forts in North America 7972: 7805: 7685: 7520: 7500:(1). Oxford University Press: 15–38. 7491: 7479:Maura, Juan Francisco (4 June 2020). 7478: 7417: 7306:Charbonneau, H.; et al. (1993). 6667: 6612: 5992: 5906: 5816:from the original on 27 February 2014 5641:"Our History: People - Samuel Hearne" 5608: 5602: 5455: 5453: 5230: 5194: 4983: 4925: 4793: 4581:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 115. 4509: 4361: 3567:of its descendants, which has led to 3456:French settlers were well established 3399:Colonial history of the United States 3391:Canada under British Imperial control 2855: 2740: 2298:stated that New France could only be 1904: 1769:had on its neighbouring areas of the 1698:List of French forts in North America 1675:that concluded the Seven Years' War. 1373:Royal takeover and attempts to settle 1153:In 1604, a settlement was founded at 766:List of French forts in North America 11778:1534 establishments in North America 11499:Captaincy General of the Philippines 9730:Northwest Territories capital cities 7559:"Chapter 21: The Fall of New France" 7351: 6917: 6881:Canadian Register of Historic Places 5798:Miquelon, Dale (16 December 2013) . 5643:. HBC Heritage, Hudson's Bay Company 5590:. HBC Heritage, Hudson's Bay Company 5568:. HBC Heritage, Hudson's Bay Company 5373:. Montreal: McGill University Press. 5364: 5304: 5265: 5015: 4412: 4203:. Infobase Publishing. p. 203. 4109: 4037:Johnston, Andrew John Bayly (2001). 3521:sold it to the United States in the 3079: 2983: 2560:administered justice on the island. 2401:lieutenant général civil et criminel 2205:, who frequently attacked Montreal. 2122:, begun by French settlers in 1702. 1756:The fur trade itself was based on a 1279:("runners of the woods"), including 1085:and claimed the land in the name of 725:sold it to the United States in the 11803:French colonization of the Americas 10621: 10330:French colonization of the Americas 8014:French colonization of the Americas 7731: 7007:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 43. 6748:Williamson, William Durkee (1832). 6633: 6619:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 52. 6398: 6261:. Champlain2004.org. Archived from 4900: 4701:. Infobase Publishing. p. 36. 4611:. Infobase Publishing. p. 27. 4608:Opening Up North America, 1497–1800 4605:Cox, Caroline; Albala, Ken (2009). 4453:Bélanger, Claude (23 August 2000). 4332: 4009:"La Nouvelle France: Le Territoire" 3513:into the possession of the nascent 3211:Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur 3193:, located at the confluence of the 3013:In Acadia, however, war continued. 2917: 2610: 2425:Society of Priests of Saint Sulpice 1062:(Mexico) and English Newfoundland. 1019:, crossing the Atlantic on a small 24: 7715: 7640:. Vol. 2. Library of America. 7439:Harris, Richard Colebrook (1966). 7400:. Canadian Historical Association. 7237: 6073: 5695:The French Experience in Louisiana 5450: 5377: 4665:. St. Martin's Press. p. 50. 4140:"Canada at the Time of New France" 3667:French presence in the Ohio Valley 3463:alone in 1760 was nearly 450,000. 3357:defeated the French under General 3345:Conquest of New France (1758-1760) 2804:to the Dutch and English traders. 2667: 2388:) the chief justice. However, the 1502:To further strengthen the nascent 1218:Champlain allied himself with the 282:(first; as Governor of New France) 25: 11849: 11702:Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 11183:(1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776) 7944:, Canadian Museum of Civilization 7893: 7744:Journal of Early American History 7617: 7413:. Toronto: Holt Rinehart Winston. 7091:. Simon and Schuster. p. 6. 6798:Campbell, William Edward (2005). 6751:The history of the state of Maine 5411:. W. W. Norton. pp. 15, 26. 4638:. Council Oak Books. p. 21. 4424:Hornsby, Stephen J., ed. (2005). 3589: 3542:British North America Act of 1867 3501:. After the British surrender at 2894:ended in 1697, but a second war ( 2770:Iroquois attacks against Montreal 2708:) of Acadia. Simultaneously, the 2639: 2540:originally considered appointing 2279:, one of the five nations of the 1411:Company of One Hundred Associates 1314:to live there. Consequently, any 1304:Company of One Hundred Associates 1108:-bearing animals, especially the 11813:Former colonies in North America 11726: 11725: 11505:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico 9839: 9827: 9826: 9344: 9332: 9331: 9303:Territorial evolution after 1867 8717: 8716: 8642:Military history of the Acadians 8390:Seigneurial system of New France 7942:The Virtual Museum of New France 7855:Histoire de l'Amérique française 7409:The Canadian Frontier, 1534–1760 7312:. University of Delaware Press. 7251:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 7206: 7159: 6945: 6869: 6843: 6816: 6719: 6565:. Cengage Learning. p. 78. 6457: 6102: 5055:Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples 4461:. Montreal: Marianopolis College 4455:"Population of Quebec 1605–1844" 3987:. Cengage Learning. p. 51. 3969:Histoire de l’Amérique française 3782: 3682:Seigneurial system of New France 3651: 3637: 3623: 3609: 3312:and immediately after began the 3214:indigenous peoples of the area. 2162:Jesuit missions in North America 1639:This section is an excerpt from 1177:Foundation of Quebec City (1608) 876:Louisiana (1682–1763, 1801–1803) 149: 97: 83: 32:Nouvelle France (disambiguation) 10824:French domains of the Holy Land 9509:Former colonies and territories 8066:History of the French-Americans 7827:Peterson, Mark (October 2002). 7118:Canada during the French regime 6925:"The Battle of the Monongahela" 6674:. Scarecrow Press. p. 27. 6671:Historical Dictionary of Canada 6251: 6226: 6067: 6054:Musée virtuel du protestantisme 6042: 5957: 5900: 5766: 5685: 5580: 5558: 5533: 5506: 5493: 5468: 5460:Crouch, Christian Ayne (2014). 5425: 5398: 5259: 5224: 5188: 5153: 5126: 5099: 5072: 5009: 4956: 4919: 4812: 4787: 4762: 4737: 4715: 4652: 4625: 4568: 4390: 4289: 4131: 4091: 3769: 3363:Battle of the Plains of Abraham 3132:Within Acadia and Nova Scotia, 2796:, at the forefront against the 2484:Sovereign Council of New France 1831:Coureurs des bois and voyageurs 701:of 1763 (except the islands of 10819:French domains of Saint Helena 9936:in Africa and the Indian Ocean 8738:Articles related to New France 8395:Criminal justice in New France 8024:Timeline of New France history 7998: 7878:. Outremont, Québec: Lanctôt. 6884:. Retrieved 20 December 2011. 6535:Native Peoples of the Americas 6464:Vanderlinden, Jacques (2004). 5503:" . Accessed November 9, 2022. 5085:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 51. 4905:. Tuckwell Press. p. 21. 4558:Histoire de la Nouvelle-France 4343:"North America's First Census" 3961: 3934: 3920:(1948). "Flag of New France". 3910: 3888: 3858: 3818: 3752: 3739: 3692:Timeline of New France history 3349:In 1758, British forces again 3092:War of the Austrian Succession 2617:Criminal justice in New France 1992:hunting and trapping grounds. 1925:into the interiors of Canada. 1671:became official with the 1763 1611:in these areas long after the 1415:Société Notre-Dame de Montréal 1112:, which were becoming rare in 995:Early exploration (1523–1650s) 658:, and about 4,000 settlers in 13: 1: 11773:18th century in North America 11768:17th century in North America 11763:16th century in North America 11344: 8385:Custom of Paris in New France 7169:What is to be done with 1759? 6952:Rodriguez, Junius P. (2002). 6829:. Running Press. p. 62. 5725:. Paulist Press. p. 20. 5408:The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire 4138:University of Ottawa (2004). 3984:Journeys: A History of Canada 3812: 3727:French ship Inflexible (1755) 3447:, a corruption of the French 3174:Map of territorial claims in 2512:Custom of Paris in New France 2411:, acting as tax magistrate). 2352: 2146:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 2086:, ironically aided by French 1928:The relationship between the 1417:ceded its possessions to the 1367:Jacques Le Neuf de la Poterie 1186: 293:Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil 11450:Province of British Columbia 10554:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa) 9484:Crown and Indigenous peoples 9209:British Columbia (1866–1871) 9204:British Columbia (1858–1866) 7919:Resources in other libraries 7876:La Nouvelle-France 1524–1760 7844: 6586:Otterbein, Keith F. (2004). 6111:. Thompson Rivers University 5609:Fuchs, Denise (March 2002). 3941:Middlekauff, Robert (2007). 3712:Louis Juchereau de St. Denis 3384: 3041:); one further north on the 2706:lieutenant civil et criminel 2482:The reform also brought the 2213:Le Grand Voyage du Pays des 2191:Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve 1956:with the first shots of his 1381:The Merchant Flag of France 1069:A map of New France made by 748:as well as small pockets of 686:. Some also went to France. 678:, with small populations in 617:. The continent-traversing 615:Great Lakes of North America 7: 10794: and Antarctic Lands 7769:Journal of Canadian Studies 7624:Kingsford, William (1890). 7485:Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos 7256:University of Toronto Press 6734:. Toronto: Grolier Limited. 5997:. In Zuidema, Jason (ed.). 5937:Randall, Catherine (2011). 5480:Online Etymology Dictionary 4695:Riendeau, Roger E. (2007). 4632:Pritchard, Evan T. (2002). 4575:Litalien, Raymonde (2004). 4471:Year 1765 Population 69,810 4043:. MSU Press. pp. 8–9. 3602: 3556:but shortly thereafter the 3499:Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil 3381:, signed 10 February 1763. 3201:at the site of present-day 2910:, which the French renamed 2600:) was created in May 1677. 2538:Augustin de Saffray de Mésy 2403:), the special lieutenant ( 2312:Compagnie des Cent-Associés 2296:Compagnie des Cent-Associés 2229:The Huron Feast of the Dead 2155: 2082:. This is the start of the 1624:Louis de Buade de Frontenac 1463:Settlers and their families 1201:Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons 717:to France under the secret 609:and from Hudson Bay to the 36:New France (disambiguation) 10: 11854: 11629:Brandenburger Saint Thomas 11438:Colony of British Columbia 9116:British Arctic Territories 8332:Governor of Trois-Rivières 7808:Canadian Historical Review 7494:American Historical Review 7327:Choquette, Leslie (1997). 6768:Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005). 6705:. UBC Press. p. 277. 6613:Adams, Charles E. (2013). 5966:Historical Atlas of Canada 5432:Friders, James S. (1993). 5405:Jennings, Francis (1984). 5369:Montreal And The Fur Trade 5233:Canadian Historical Review 4744:Grenon, Jean-Yves (2000). 4165:Preston, David L. (2009). 3971:, Flammarion, 2003, p. 67. 3923:The Encyclopedia of Canada 3569:institutional bilingualism 3491:American Revolutionary War 3388: 3342: 3271:Siege of Louisbourg (1758) 3159: 3142:victory at Fort Beausejour 3125: 3083: 2987: 2921: 2859: 2758: 2744: 2656:The ecclesiastical court ( 2648: 2614: 2509: 2384:made the Great Seneschal ( 2159: 1695: 1689: 1638: 1552:Map of New Orleans in 1728 1541: 1429:Carignan-Salières Regiment 1419:Seminaire de Saint-Sulpice 1265:1592 map of New France by 989: 799:(south Newfoundland), and 759: 177:Viceroyalty under British 40: 29: 11721: 11665: 11656: 11599:, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803 11517:Captaincy General of Cuba 11470: 11459: 11341:New England Confederation 11270: 11256: 11170: 11132: 11081: 10983: 10907: 10846: 10802: 10785: 10767: 10763: 10752: 10724: 10711:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 10684: 10644: 10640: 10629: 10588: 10572:French East India Company 10562: 10534: 10482: 10434: 10386: 10347: 10335:French West India Company 10325: 10297: 10228: 10185: 10144: 10117: 10089: 10051: 9969: 9941: 9902: 9895: 9821: 9790: 9670: 9620:Newfoundland and Labrador 9583: 9459: 9400: 9326: 9295: 9272: 9091: 9068: 9047: 9024: 8991: 8939: 8816: 8783: 8743: 8712: 8684:Expulsion of the Acadians 8629: 8593: 8498: 8475:Company of 100 Associates 8445: 8377: 8301: 8288:Fort St. Louis (Illinois) 8225: 8135: 8074: 8006: 7934:12 September 2017 at the 7914:Resources in your library 7756:10.1163/18770703-00502008 7692:. Yale University Press. 7686:Wrong, George M. (1918). 7635:Parkman, Francis (1983). 7460:Martino, Gina M. (2018). 7270:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 7001:David L. Preston (2009). 6982:. Statistics Canada. 2009 6958:. ABC-CLIO. p. 272. 6080:The Canadian Encyclopedia 5805:The Canadian Encyclopedia 5719:Elizabeth Tooker (1979). 5692:Conrad, Glenn R. (1995). 5052:Magocsi, Paul R. (1999). 4991:"Le peuplement d'un pays" 4822:. Statistics Canada. 2009 4698:A Brief History of Canada 4483:Leslie, Peter M. (1988). 4400:. Statistics Canada. 2009 4310:10.1017/S0145553200016928 3905:land-claiming ceremonies. 3870:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3775:An overseas territory of 3580:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3314:expulsion of the Acadians 3255:Battle of Fort Beausejour 3166:Expulsion of the Acadians 3116:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 2964:)). The northern part of 2688: 2368:Since 1640, a Seneschal ( 1665:a British military regime 1397:led a Canadian and Huron 924:1666 census of New France 906:Growth of the settlements 756:Settlements of New France 734:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 703:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 660:upper and lower Louisiana 508:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 495: 485: 478: 473: 469: 440: 427: 403: 387:as well as its claims on 369: 360:French West India Company 348: 331: 327: 313: 303: 299: 286: 273: 269: 259: 255: 242: 229: 225: 215: 205: 195: 185: 164: 148: 121: 113: 79: 74: 52: 11818:Pre-Confederation Canada 11511:Santa Fe de Nuevo México 11323:Massachusetts Bay Colony 10850: the Indian Ocean 8679:French and Iroquois Wars 7521:Moogk, Peter N. (2000). 7421:The people of New France 7373:Dechêne, Louise (1992). 7352:Dale, Ronald J. (2004). 7335:Harvard University Press 7285:Chartrand, René (2008). 7264:Chartrand, René (2008). 7061:. ABC-CLIO. p. 38. 6668:Gough, Barry M. (2010). 5842:Seeman, Erik R. (2011). 5752:. ABC-CLIO. p. 52. 5499:Government of Alberta. " 5106:Chartrand, René (2013). 5079:Chartrand, René (2010). 4844:Hunter, Douglas (2007). 3732: 3359:Louis-Joseph de Montcalm 3329:Saskatchewan River Forks 3203:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 3112:Duc d'Anville Expedition 2824:Adam Dollard des Ormeaux 2720:Due to the situation in 2500:procureur général du roi 2289:Sainte Marie de Ganentaa 2178:, including a number of 1823:merchants to the south. 1783:building in present-day 1733:, for the next century. 1727:North American fur trade 1707:Card money in New France 1574:Mississippi River Valley 1538:Settlements in Louisiana 1504:France's colonial empire 1395:Adam Dollard des Ormeaux 1359:Communauté des Habitants 715:its portion of Louisiana 385:Kingdom of Great Britain 11641:Scottish Darien Company 11585:Hospitaller Saint Croix 11384:Dominion of New England 11366:North-Western Territory 10758:Uninhabited territories 10269:Saint Kitts & Nevis 9473:Persons of significance 9219:North-Western Territory 9194:Queen Charlotte Islands 8689:Great Peace of Montreal 8490:Compagnie de l'Occident 8061:History of the Acadians 7596:Trigger, Bruce (1976). 7028:Ronald J. Dale (2004). 6851:"History of Louisbourg" 6771:From Migrant to Acadian 6137:Lareau, Edmond (1881). 4773:. Paris: Le Croît vif. 3697:Natchitoches, Louisiana 3558:Colony of New Brunswick 3413:Treaty of Fontainebleau 2902:fur trading centres on 2658:tribunal ecclésiastique 2338:Judiciary of New France 2096:Médard des Groseilliers 1962:Great Peace of Montréal 1827:and the French colony. 1807:was in a slow decline. 1475:arrives at Quebec, 1667 1413:. In the same year the 1185:Champlain's Habitation 1081:planted a cross in the 932:Intendant of New France 871:Terre-Neuve (1662–1713) 719:Treaty of San Ildefonso 641:, where they built the 196:Official languages 140:"Mountjoy Saint Denis!" 11694:Of Plymouth Plantation 11416:(1779–1783; 1814–1815) 11325:(1629–1686; 1689–1691) 11301:(1620–1686; 1689–1691) 11213:(1664–1673; 1702–1776) 10688: collectivities 10526:Sanjak of Alexandretta 10379:Former French colonies 10176:Former French colonies 9934:Former French colonies 9889:French overseas empire 9504:Events of significance 8637:Military of New France 8563:Gens de couleur libres 8293:Fort St. Louis (Texas) 8278:Fortress of Louisbourg 8102:(1682–1763, 1801–1803) 8019:French colonial empire 7763:Gagnon, Serge (1978). 7405:Eccles, W. J. (1969). 7394:Eccles, W. J. (1968). 6897:Grenier, John (2008). 6823:Axelrod, Alan (2007). 6726:Wilson, Keith (1980). 6695:Delâge, Denys (1995). 5993:Larin, Robert (2011). 5907:Smith, Andrea (2008). 5800:"Ville-Marie (Colony)" 4659:Axelrod, Alan (2011). 4298:Social Science History 4263:Social Science History 3571:in Canada as a whole. 3437:Chéticamp, Nova Scotia 3416: 3367:the attack on Montreal 3323:was built in 1753, by 3187: 3134:Father Le Loutre's War 3128:Father Le Loutre's War 3122:Father Le Loutre's War 3010: 2875: 2833:Alexandre de Prouville 2782: 2761:Military of New France 2755:Father Le Loutre's War 2747:French and Indian Wars 2623:Governor of New France 2467:, and the district of 2442: 2405:lieutenant particulier 2363:Governor of New France 2358: 2320:Edict of Fontainebleau 2223: 2114: 2092:Pierre-Esprit Radisson 2058: 2006:Constitution Act, 1982 1976: 1975:tribes and settlements 1848: 1787: 1710: 1652: 1649:conquest of New France 1641:Conquest of New France 1634:Conquest of New France 1553: 1544:Louisiana (New France) 1526: 1476: 1389: 1385:, inspiration for the 1308:Governor of New France 1270: 1258: 1192: 1169:, and the settlers as 1161:), which was moved to 1074: 1046:, the former count of 1005:Giovanni da Verrazzano 918: 900:Fortress of Louisbourg 805: 680:Chéticamp, Nova Scotia 643:Fortress of Louisbourg 631:1713 Treaty of Utrecht 540:Gulf of Saint Lawrence 523: 419:throughout New France 333:• Exploration of 58: 11475:Columbian Viceroyalty 10635:Inhabited territories 10567:France–Asia relations 10122:Somaliland (Djibouti) 9625:Northwest Territories 9570:Territorial evolution 7929:Electronic New France 7859:. Paris: Flammarion. 7418:Greer, Allan (1997). 6930:World Digital Library 6233:Eccles, W.J. (1998). 6074:Jaenen, Cornelius J. 6001:. Brill. p. 17. 5266:Wien, Thomas (1990). 5245:10.3138/CHR-018-04-02 5195:Adair, E. R. (1942). 4963:Taylor, Alan (2001). 4926:Young, Brian (1986). 4901:Fry, Michael (2001). 4876:Knecht, R.J. (1991). 4769:Liebel, Jean (1999). 4562:History of New France 4542:. 1891. pp. 3–4. 4510:Hartz, Louis (1969). 4195:Powell, John (2009). 3687:Slavery in New France 3645:Modern history portal 3576:overseas collectivity 3554:Colony of Nova Scotia 3454:By the mid-1700s the 3406: 3395:Louisiana (New Spain) 3343:Further information: 3235:French and Indian War 3180:French and Indian War 3173: 3162:French and Indian War 3156:French and Indian War 2997: 2869: 2777: 2759:Further information: 2437: 2382:Company of New France 2350: 2211: 2112: 2039: 1970: 1940:, accompanied by his 1838: 1781:Company of New France 1779: 1746:Company of New France 1705: 1686:Fur trade and economy 1597:indigenous population 1551: 1524: 1470: 1441:Jean-Baptiste Colbert 1380: 1264: 1248: 1184: 1068: 1058:to that land between 913: 769: 760:Further information: 738:overseas collectivity 695:French and Indian War 456:Appalachian Mountains 415:and its subject to a 322:French and Indian War 261:Viceroy of New France 124:Montjoie Saint Denis! 18:Amirauté (New France) 11611:Dutch Virgin Islands 11559:Spanish West Florida 11553:Spanish East Florida 11432:Stickeen Territories 11137:New England Colonies 11041:Fridtjof Nansen Land 10913:overseas departments 10848:Scattered Islands in 10729: collectivity 10187:French North America 9645:Prince Edward Island 9318:Population of Canada 9169:Prince Edward Island 8337:Governor of Montreal 8243:Fort Michilimackinac 8051:1763 Treaty of Paris 7820:10.3138/chr.91.4.695 6616:Assault on a Culture 6022:John Powell (2009). 5773:Shenwen, Li (2001). 5365:Rich, E. E. (1966). 4059:10.14321/j.ctt7zt68f 4015:on 20 September 2008 3758:The Royal Banner of 3659:North America portal 3565:Francophone identity 3507:Treaty of Versailles 3310:Battle of Beausejour 3267:Prince Edward Island 3247:troupes de la marine 3178:by 1750, before the 3019:Wabanaki Confederacy 2962:Prince Edward Island 2900:Hudson's Bay Company 2884:Wabanaki Confederacy 2837:Battle of Long Sault 2780:Battle of Long Sault 2651:Ecclesiastical court 2645:Ecclesiastical court 2450:Legal reforms (1663) 2281:Iroquois Confederacy 2172:Saint Lawrence River 2084:Hudson's Bay Company 1798:The founding of the 1736:The trading post of 1628:Troupes de la Marine 1580:as far south as the 939:Saint Lawrence River 746:numerous place names 693:(which included the 613:, including all the 11547:Provincias Internas 11523:Spanish Saint Croix 11147:Chesapeake Colonies 11036:Erik the Red's Land 10882:Juan de Nova Island 10769:North Pacific Ocean 10381:in Asia and Oceania 9560:Population history 9531:Chinese immigration 9111:Newfoundland (1583) 8485:Mississippi Company 7962:14 May 2011 at the 7781:10.3138/jcs.13.1.80 7254:(online ed.). 6521:Vanderlinden (2004) 6504:Vanderlinden (2004) 6492:Vanderlinden (2004) 5808:(online ed.). 5305:Lunn, Jean (1939). 4903:The Scottish Empire 4794:Binot, Guy (2004). 3918:Wallace, W. Stewart 3850:. The Association. 3760:early modern France 3480:Louisiana Territory 3351:captured Louisbourg 3339:Treaties of cession 3306:Fortress Louisbourg 2978:Fortress Louisbourg 2890:in southern Maine. 2506:The Custom of Paris 2302:. This resulted in 2168:animistic religions 2048:to the west in the 1938:St. Lawrence Valley 1934:Samuel De Champlain 1915:Samuel de Champlain 1800:Compagnie des Indes 1607:, leaving a strong 1493:indentured servants 1363:La Rochelle, France 1361:, had arrived from 1205:Samuel de Champlain 1124:Canada (New France) 1071:Samuel de Champlain 809:Acadia (1604–1713) 458:, which became the 179:military occupation 11710:Quintipartite Deed 11623:Danish West Indies 11591:French Saint Croix 10787:Overseas territory 10312:France Antarctique 10299:Equinoctial France 10262:Dominican Republic 9142:Nova Scotia (1710) 9006:Nova Scotia (1621) 8808:L'Anse aux Meadows 8657:King William's War 8652:Intercolonial Wars 7291:. Bloomsbury USA. 7222:. 17 February 2009 5545:www.britannica.com 5016:Noel, Jan (2009). 4997:on 1 November 2013 4378:on 2 December 2010 3550:Dominion of Canada 3538:Province of Canada 3523:Louisiana Purchase 3519:Napoleon Bonaparte 3417: 3298:Conquest of Acadia 3296:While the British 3290:Battle of Carillon 3263:Cape Breton Island 3199:Monongahela Rivers 3188: 3062:Canso, Nova Scotia 3027:Conquest of Acadia 3011: 2958:Cape Breton Island 2934:Conquest of Acadia 2930:King William's War 2892:King William's War 2880:King William's War 2876: 2862:King William's War 2856:King William's War 2783: 2741:Military conflicts 2710:Governor of Acadia 2630:Criminal Ordinance 2586:tribunal antérieur 2572:(then held by the 2534:Island of Montreal 2443: 2439:Governor Frontenac 2429:Island of Montreal 2390:Island of Montreal 2359: 2308:Cardinal Richelieu 2269:Iroquois invasions 2224: 2150:Louisiana Purchase 2115: 2059: 2026:St. Lawrence River 2010:Manitoba Act, 1870 1977: 1919:St. Lawrence River 1905:Indigenous peoples 1849: 1788: 1742:St. Lawrence River 1711: 1613:Louisiana Purchase 1554: 1527: 1477: 1390: 1331:seigneurial system 1296:Cardinal Richelieu 1271: 1259: 1255:Vincenzo Coronelli 1209:the city of Quebec 1193: 1157:on Baie François ( 1132:Algonquian peoples 1126:were inhabited by 1091:Charlesbourg-Royal 1075: 1040:Nouvelle-Angoulême 919: 835:Canada (1608–1763) 727:Louisiana Purchase 723:Napoleon Bonaparte 668:Maritime provinces 639:Cape Breton Island 593:in the northeast; 554:in 1763 under the 452:Province of Quebec 444:Royal Proclamation 356:new administration 11745: 11744: 11739: 11738: 11714: 11706: 11698: 11690: 11682: 11678:Mayflower Compact 11674: 11659:Related Documents 11541:Spanish Louisiana 11420:Columbia District 11343:(1643–1654; 1675– 11229:Massachusetts Bay 11157:Southern Colonies 11126:Thirteen Colonies 11092: 11091: 10943: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10903: 10902: 10899: 10898: 10895: 10894: 10838:Amsterdam Islands 10829:Kerguelen Islands 10777:Clipperton Island 10748: 10747: 10744: 10743: 10716:Wallis and Futuna 10584: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10484:Mandate for Syria 10474:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan 10436:Indochinese Union 10343: 10342: 10140: 10139: 10053:Equatorial Africa 9855: 9854: 9846:Canada portal 9416:18000 BCE–1500 CE 9394:History of Canada 9360: 9359: 9351:Canada portal 9189:Columbia District 9016:Port Royal Colony 8983:Pacific Northwest 8793:Named territories 8730: 8729: 8667:King George's War 8647:Acadian Civil War 8594:Missionary groups 8585:Intellectual life 8322:Sovereign Council 8056:History of Quebec 7948:France In America 7900:Library resources 7885:978-2-89485-060-2 7866:978-2-08-210045-8 7699:978-1-58057-276-7 7678:978-1-934757-45-1 7580:978-0-399-52390-8 7534:978-0-87013-528-6 7431:978-0-8020-7816-2 7344:978-0-674-32315-5 7333:. Cambridge, MA: 7179:978-1-4426-9924-3 7132:978-0-8020-6442-4 7098:978-1-4516-0312-5 7068:978-1-59884-621-8 7041:978-1-55028-840-7 7014:978-0-8032-2549-7 6965:978-1-5760-7188-5 6910:978-0-8061-3876-3 6809:978-0-8649-2426-1 6781:978-0-7735-2699-0 6712:978-0-7748-4282-2 6681:978-0-8108-7504-3 6648:www.tanakiwin.com 6626:978-1-4836-1293-5 6599:978-1-60344-637-2 6572:978-1-111-80846-4 6562:American Passages 6545:978-1-61535-365-1 6475:978-0-9192-4116-9 6244:978-1-5504-1076-1 6035:978-1-4381-1012-7 6008:978-90-04-21176-6 5976:978-0-8020-2495-4 5950:978-0-8232-3262-8 5920:978-0-8223-4163-5 5855:978-0-8018-9854-9 5784:978-2-7475-1123-0 5759:978-1-59884-622-5 5732:978-0-8091-2256-1 5705:978-0-9409-8497-4 5443:978-0-1301-2204-9 5418:978-0-393-01719-9 5146:978-1-55849-543-2 5065:978-0-8020-2938-6 4976:978-0-14-200210-0 4949:978-0-7735-0554-4 4912:978-1-84158-259-7 4887:978-0-582-43757-9 4857:978-0-3856-6058-7 4805:978-2-9144-6313-3 4780:978-2-9079-6748-8 4755:978-0-9682-0162-6 4708:978-1-4381-0822-3 4672:978-1-4299-9070-7 4645:978-1-57178-107-9 4618:978-1-60413-196-3 4588:978-0-7735-7256-0 4496:978-0-88911-456-2 4244:978-1-4616-3960-2 4210:978-1-4381-1012-7 4178:978-0-8032-2549-7 4050:978-0-8701-3570-5 3994:978-0-17-644244-6 3954:978-0-1951-6247-9 3747:French Government 3460:Thirteen Colonies 3425:Thirteen Colonies 3327:just east of the 3243:George Washington 3217:In 1755, General 3096:King George's War 3086:King George's War 3080:King George's War 3074:Becancour, Quebec 3049:) and one on the 3015:Father Rale's War 3008:Father Rale's War 2990:Father Rale's War 2984:Father Rale's War 2938:Treaty of Utrecht 2751:Father Rale's War 2634:Sovereign Council 2605:palais de justice 2598:prévôté de Québec 2566:Sovereign Council 2554:Sovereign Council 2492:Conseil supérieur 2488:Conseil souverain 2409:lieutenant fiscal 2240:Jacques Marquette 2088:coureurs des bois 2046:Mississippi River 1853:coureurs des bois 1713:According to the 1605:southern Illinois 1558:American colonies 1516:les filles du roi 1514:, or, in French, 1276:coureurs des bois 1042:in honour of the 999:Around 1523, the 943:Acadian Peninsula 892:Treaty of Utrecht 781:St. John's Island 709:, except for the 707:Mississippi River 670:of Canada and in 607:Canadian Prairies 597:on the island of 513: 512: 373:Treaty of Utrecht 365:18 September 1663 288:• 1755–1760 275:• 1534–1541 244:• 1715–1763 231:• 1534–1547 173:Kingdom of France 157:Treaty of Utrecht 16:(Redirected from 11845: 11729: 11728: 11712: 11704: 11696: 11688: 11686:Mourt's Relation 11680: 11672: 11597:French Louisiana 11426:Red River Colony 11349: 11346: 11293:Berkeley Hundred 11152:Tobacco Colonies 11119: 11112: 11105: 11096: 11095: 11046:Sverdrup Islands 10970: 10963: 10956: 10947: 10946: 10868:Glorioso Islands 10849: 10800: 10799: 10793: 10789: 10765: 10764: 10754: 10753: 10728: 10701:Saint Barthélemy 10696:French Polynesia 10687: 10647: 10642: 10641: 10631: 10630: 10616: 10609: 10602: 10593: 10592: 10401:Coromandel Coast 10372: 10365: 10358: 10349: 10348: 10230:French Caribbean 10210:Terre Neuve 10169: 10162: 10155: 10146: 10145: 9927: 9920: 9913: 9904: 9903: 9900: 9899: 9882: 9875: 9868: 9859: 9858: 9844: 9843: 9842: 9830: 9829: 9781:Name etymologies 9661:Name etymologies 9600:British Columbia 9515:Heritage Minutes 9387: 9380: 9373: 9364: 9363: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9335: 9334: 9287:Sverdrup Islands 9283: 9235: 9199:Vancouver Island 9107: 9079: 9056: 9035: 9012: 9002: 8974: 8960: 8950: 8883: 8827: 8804: 8794: 8770: 8763: 8756: 8747: 8746: 8734: 8733: 8720: 8719: 8699:Schenectady Raid 8672:Seven Years' War 8662:Queen Anne's War 8528:King's Daughters 8480:Crozat's Company 8463:Coureur des bois 8405:Superior Council 8327:Bishop of Quebec 8312:Governor General 8253:Fort de Chartres 8112:Illinois Country 7993: 7986: 7979: 7970: 7969: 7889: 7870: 7858: 7840: 7823: 7802: 7759: 7727: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7682: 7661: 7655: 7651: 7649: 7641: 7631: 7613: 7592: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7541:on 5 August 2011 7537:. Archived from 7517: 7488: 7475: 7456: 7435: 7414: 7412: 7401: 7390: 7369: 7348: 7323: 7302: 7281: 7259: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7197: 7193: 7191: 7183: 7163: 7157: 7156: 7150: 7146: 7144: 7136: 7112: 7103: 7102: 7083:Bogue, Donald J. 7079: 7073: 7072: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7025: 7019: 7018: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6894: 6885: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6795: 6786: 6785: 6765: 6756: 6755: 6745: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6701:. translated by 6692: 6686: 6685: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6640: 6631: 6630: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6480: 6479: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6429:on 3 March 2016. 6425:. Archived from 6415: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6369: 6363: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6209: 6203: 6192: 6186: 6177: 6171: 6162: 6156: 6145: 6144: 6134: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6100: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6019: 6013: 6012: 5990: 5981: 5980: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5934: 5925: 5924: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5869: 5860: 5859: 5839: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5810:Historica Canada 5795: 5789: 5788: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5662: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5615:Manitoba History 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5510: 5504: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5457: 5448: 5447: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5362: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5329: 5327:10.7202/300187ar 5311: 5302: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5288:10.7202/031021ar 5272: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217:10.7202/300228ar 5201: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038:10.7202/044453ar 5022: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4937: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4873: 4862: 4861: 4841: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4798:. : Bonne anse. 4791: 4785: 4784: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4692: 4677: 4676: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4602: 4593: 4592: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4553: 4544: 4543: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4466: 4450: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4421: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4368: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4258: 4249: 4248: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4192: 4183: 4182: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4146:on 25 March 2017 4142:. Archived from 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4099:Leclerc, Jacques 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4034: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3822: 3806: 3803:Stockton Springs 3786: 3780: 3773: 3767: 3756: 3750: 3743: 3707:Anne des Cadeaux 3661: 3656: 3655: 3654: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3633: 3628: 3627: 3626: 3619: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3495:Clément Gosselin 3441:Magdalen Islands 3321:Fort de la Corne 3257:(1755) and then 3239:Seven Years' War 3228:Native Americans 3184:Seven Years' War 3051:Saint John River 2968:, what is today 2924:Queen Anne's War 2918:Queen Anne's War 2896:Queen Anne's War 2845:Chief Canaqueese 2611:Criminal justice 2590:juges inférieurs 2522:coutume de Paris 2477:procureur du roi 2357: 2354: 2273:Canadian Martyrs 2251:, including the 2236:Illinois Country 2138:Seven Years' War 2050:Illinois Country 2002:Red River Valley 1661:Seven Years' War 1609:French influence 1589:Fort Saint Louis 1512:King's Daughters 1473:King's Daughters 1445:Bishop of Quebec 1384: 1351:Pierre LeGardeur 1310:and forbade non- 1292:English colonies 1251:Illinois Country 1191: 1188: 976:Pays de la Loire 972:Poitou-Charentes 956:Northwest France 880:Illinois Country 691:Seven Years' War 684:Magdalen Islands 436:10 February 1763 423:8 September 1760 308:Superior Council 153: 141: 136: 128: 127: 101: 87: 69: 61: 50: 49: 21: 11853: 11852: 11848: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11843: 11842: 11748: 11747: 11746: 11741: 11740: 11735: 11717: 11661: 11652: 11647:Russian America 11565:Alta California 11535:Las Californias 11487:Spanish Florida 11466: 11455: 11347: 11266: 11252: 11166: 11162:United Colonies 11142:Middle Colonies 11128: 11123: 11093: 11088: 11077: 10979: 10974: 10944: 10935: 10917:Claimed by the 10891: 10887:Tromelin Island 10858:Bassas da India 10842: 10792:French Southern 10781: 10759: 10740: 10720: 10680: 10648: regions 10636: 10625: 10623:Overseas France 10620: 10576: 10558: 10530: 10516:Greater Lebanon 10486:and the Lebanon 10485: 10478: 10430: 10382: 10376: 10339: 10321: 10293: 10224: 10181: 10179:in the Americas 10173: 10136: 10113: 10085: 10047: 9965: 9937: 9931: 9891: 9886: 9856: 9851: 9840: 9838: 9817: 9786: 9666: 9587:and territories 9586: 9579: 9455: 9404: 9396: 9391: 9361: 9356: 9345: 9343: 9322: 9291: 9281: 9268: 9234:Important sites 9233: 9105: 9096: 9087: 9077: 9064: 9054: 9043: 9039:Russian America 9033: 9020: 9010: 9000: 8987: 8972: 8964:Fort San Miguel 8959:Important sites 8958: 8948: 8935: 8891:Annapolis Royal 8882:Important sites 8881: 8825: 8812: 8802: 8792: 8779: 8774: 8739: 8731: 8726: 8708: 8625: 8601:Jesuit missions 8589: 8538:Casquette girls 8494: 8441: 8410:Admiralty court 8373: 8297: 8221: 8138: 8131: 8070: 8029:Beginnings–1533 8002: 7997: 7964:Wayback Machine 7936:Wayback Machine 7925: 7924: 7923: 7908: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7886: 7867: 7847: 7791: 7734: 7718: 7716:Primary sources 7713: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7679: 7653: 7652: 7643: 7642: 7620: 7610: 7581: 7544: 7542: 7535: 7506:10.2307/1832882 7472: 7453: 7432: 7387: 7366: 7345: 7320: 7299: 7278: 7244: 7240: 7238:Further reading 7235: 7225: 7223: 7212: 7211: 7207: 7195: 7194: 7185: 7184: 7180: 7164: 7160: 7148: 7147: 7138: 7137: 7133: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7080: 7076: 7069: 7053: 7049: 7042: 7026: 7022: 7015: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6983: 6978: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6950: 6946: 6936: 6934: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6895: 6888: 6874: 6870: 6860: 6858: 6857:on 23 July 2010 6849: 6848: 6844: 6837: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6766: 6759: 6746: 6739: 6724: 6720: 6713: 6693: 6689: 6682: 6666: 6662: 6652: 6650: 6642: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6519: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6462: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6417: 6416: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6372: 6364: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6335: 6331: 6323: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6287: 6278: 6268: 6266: 6265:on 11 June 2011 6257: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6231: 6227: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6195: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6165: 6157: 6148: 6135: 6124: 6114: 6112: 6103:Fish, Malcolm. 6101: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6072: 6068: 6058: 6056: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6020: 6016: 6009: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5905: 5901: 5893: 5889: 5879: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5840: 5829: 5819: 5817: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5744: 5740: 5733: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5663: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5591: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5549: 5547: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5511: 5507: 5498: 5494: 5484: 5482: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5403: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5363: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5309: 5303: 5296: 5270: 5264: 5260: 5229: 5225: 5199: 5193: 5189: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5050: 5046: 5020: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4977: 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3770: 3757: 3753: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3629: 3624: 3622: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3592: 3409:Treaty of Paris 3401: 3389:Main articles: 3387: 3379:Treaty of Paris 3375:Jeffery Amherst 3347: 3341: 3302:Fort Beausejour 3219:Edward Braddock 3168: 3160:Main articles: 3158: 3130: 3124: 3104:William Shirley 3100:Annapolis Royal 3088: 3082: 3043:Penobscot River 2992: 2986: 2926: 2920: 2864: 2858: 2772: 2763: 2757: 2745:Main articles: 2743: 2693:Unlike Canada, 2691: 2670: 2668:Admiralty court 2654: 2647: 2642: 2619: 2613: 2582: 2530: 2518:Custom of Paris 2514: 2508: 2457: 2452: 2419:, as well as a 2355: 2345: 2340: 2277:Onondaga Nation 2260:Jean de Brébeuf 2174:, specifically 2164: 2158: 2120:Mobile, Alabama 2107: 2102:The economy of 2055:terra incognita 2034: 1973:Native American 1909:The French and 1907: 1839:The arrival of 1833: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1683: 1682: 1673:Treaty of Paris 1644: 1636: 1618:Many strategic 1591:in what is now 1572:Valley and the 1546: 1540: 1534:entrepreneurs. 1465: 1382: 1375: 1267:Petrus Plancius 1207:as founders of 1189: 1179: 1155:Île-Saint-Croix 1083:Gaspé Peninsula 1079:Jacques Cartier 1007:convinced King 997: 992: 908: 787:-Cape Breton), 768: 758: 750:French-speaking 699:Treaty of Paris 556:Treaty of Paris 544:Jacques Cartier 524:Nouvelle-France 506: 502: 462: 433: 431:Treaty of Paris 420: 417:military regime 396: 362: 358:and founds the 341: 339:Jacques Cartier 289: 280:Jacques Cartier 276: 245: 232: 176: 160: 144: 139: 130: 109: 108: 107: 102: 94: 93: 88: 70: 63: 59:Nouvelle-France 55: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11851: 11841: 11840: 11838:Eastern Canada 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11743: 11742: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11733: 11722: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11715: 11707: 11699: 11691: 11683: 11675: 11666: 11663: 11662: 11657: 11654: 11653: 11651: 11650: 11644: 11638: 11632: 11626: 11620: 11614: 11608: 11605:New Netherland 11602: 11601: 11600: 11594: 11588: 11582: 11579:French Florida 11570: 11569: 11568: 11562: 11556: 11550: 11544: 11538: 11532: 11526: 11520: 11514: 11508: 11502: 11496: 11490: 11478: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11464: 11460: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11453: 11447: 11441: 11435: 11429: 11423: 11417: 11411: 11405: 11399: 11393: 11390:Indian Reserve 11387: 11381: 11375: 11369: 11363: 11357: 11351: 11338: 11332: 11326: 11320: 11314: 11308: 11302: 11296: 11290: 11284: 11278: 11271: 11268: 11267: 11265: 11264: 11257: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11250: 11244: 11241:South Carolina 11238: 11235:North Carolina 11232: 11226: 11220: 11214: 11208: 11202: 11196: 11190: 11184: 11178: 11171: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11122: 11121: 11114: 11107: 11099: 11090: 11089: 11087: 11086: 11082: 11079: 11078: 11076: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11049: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10973: 10972: 10965: 10958: 10950: 10941: 10940: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10933: 10927: 10921: 10915: 10911:Also known as 10908: 10905: 10904: 10901: 10900: 10897: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10878: 10877: 10874:Banc du Geyser 10865: 10860: 10854: 10852: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10840: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10814:Crozet Islands 10811: 10803: 10797: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10773: 10771: 10761: 10760: 10750: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10738: 10732: 10730: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10692: 10690: 10682: 10681: 10679: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10652: 10650: 10638: 10637: 10627: 10626: 10619: 10618: 10611: 10604: 10596: 10590: 10586: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10574: 10569: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10556: 10551: 10550: 10549: 10538: 10536: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10528: 10523: 10521:Jabal al-Druze 10518: 10513: 10508: 10507: 10506: 10501: 10494:State of Syria 10490: 10488: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10471: 10470: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10451: 10446: 10440: 10438: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10392: 10390: 10384: 10383: 10375: 10374: 10367: 10360: 10352: 10345: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10337: 10332: 10326: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10303: 10301: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10291: 10289:Virgin Islands 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10265: 10264: 10253:Saint-Domingue 10250: 10248:The Grenadines 10245: 10240: 10234: 10232: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10222: 10217: 10215:French Florida 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10191: 10189: 10183: 10182: 10172: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10149: 10142: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10134: 10132:Isle de France 10129: 10124: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10095: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10057: 10055: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10024: 10023: 10013: 10008: 10007: 10006: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9975: 9973: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9947: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9930: 9929: 9922: 9915: 9907: 9897: 9893: 9892: 9885: 9884: 9877: 9870: 9862: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9849: 9835: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9803:Historiography 9800: 9794: 9792: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9784: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9676: 9674: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9664: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9591: 9589: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9551: 9550: 9545: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9523: 9521:Historic Sites 9518: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9479:Constitutional 9476: 9465: 9463: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9412: 9410: 9398: 9397: 9390: 9389: 9382: 9375: 9367: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9354: 9340: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9299: 9297: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9289: 9284: 9278: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9102: 9100: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9074: 9072: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9062: 9060:Oregon Country 9057: 9051: 9049: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9041: 9036: 9030: 9028: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8997: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8945: 8943: 8937: 8936: 8934: 8933: 8926: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8902:Trois-Rivières 8899: 8894: 8884: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8875: 8870: 8868:Pays d'en Haut 8865: 8860: 8858:Domaine du roy 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8828: 8822: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8789: 8787: 8781: 8780: 8773: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8750: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8724: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8706: 8704:Deerfield Raid 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8675: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8633: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8597: 8595: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8502: 8500: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8465: 8455: 8449: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8434: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8361: 8360: 8359: 8351: 8350: 8349: 8341: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8229: 8227: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8165:Trois-Rivières 8162: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8143: 8141: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8127:Domaine du roy 8124: 8122:Pays d'en Haut 8119: 8114: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8091: 8085: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8021: 8016: 8010: 8008: 8004: 8003: 7996: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7922: 7921: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894:External links 7892: 7891: 7890: 7884: 7871: 7865: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7824: 7814:(4): 695–724. 7803: 7789: 7760: 7750:(2): 109–136. 7733: 7732:Historiography 7730: 7729: 7728: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7698: 7683: 7677: 7662: 7632: 7619: 7618:Older classics 7616: 7615: 7614: 7608: 7593: 7579: 7563:The Colonizers 7557:, ed. (1998). 7551: 7533: 7518: 7489: 7476: 7471:978-1469640990 7470: 7457: 7451: 7436: 7430: 7415: 7402: 7391: 7385: 7370: 7364: 7349: 7343: 7324: 7318: 7303: 7297: 7282: 7276: 7261: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7205: 7178: 7158: 7131: 7104: 7097: 7074: 7067: 7047: 7040: 7020: 7013: 6993: 6971: 6964: 6944: 6916: 6909: 6886: 6868: 6842: 6835: 6815: 6808: 6787: 6780: 6757: 6737: 6718: 6711: 6687: 6680: 6660: 6632: 6625: 6605: 6598: 6578: 6571: 6551: 6544: 6525: 6508: 6506:, p. 201. 6496: 6481: 6474: 6456: 6454:, p. 269. 6444: 6442:, p. 268. 6432: 6423:Justice Québec 6397: 6395:, p. 282. 6385: 6383:, p. 286. 6370: 6368:, p. 264. 6353: 6351:, p. 261. 6341: 6339:, p. 254. 6329: 6327:, p. 253. 6317: 6315:, p. 252. 6305: 6303:, p. 251. 6293: 6291:, p. 248. 6276: 6250: 6243: 6225: 6223:, p. 249. 6210: 6208:, p. 247. 6193: 6178: 6176:, p. 245. 6163: 6161:, p. 246. 6146: 6122: 6092: 6066: 6041: 6034: 6014: 6007: 5982: 5975: 5956: 5949: 5926: 5919: 5899: 5887: 5861: 5854: 5827: 5790: 5783: 5765: 5758: 5738: 5731: 5711: 5704: 5684: 5678:978-1455617425 5677: 5654: 5632: 5601: 5579: 5557: 5532: 5526:978-0812204827 5525: 5505: 5492: 5467: 5449: 5442: 5424: 5417: 5397: 5376: 5348: 5294: 5281:(1): 293–317. 5258: 5239:(4): 374–384. 5223: 5187: 5174:10.2307/139461 5168:(2): 141–158. 5152: 5145: 5125: 5118: 5098: 5091: 5071: 5064: 5044: 5031:(2): 209–241. 5008: 4982: 4975: 4955: 4948: 4918: 4911: 4893: 4886: 4863: 4856: 4833: 4811: 4804: 4786: 4779: 4761: 4754: 4736: 4714: 4707: 4678: 4671: 4651: 4644: 4624: 4617: 4594: 4587: 4567: 4545: 4529: 4522: 4502: 4495: 4475: 4442: 4411: 4389: 4360: 4331: 4288: 4250: 4243: 4223: 4209: 4184: 4177: 4157: 4130: 4108: 4090: 4064: 4049: 4026: 4000: 3993: 3973: 3960: 3953: 3933: 3909: 3887: 3857: 3836: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3793:, established 3791:Thomas Pownall 3781: 3768: 3751: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3648: 3634: 3620: 3604: 3601: 3591: 3590:Historiography 3588: 3386: 3383: 3340: 3337: 3288:in July. The 3278:Great Upheaval 3245:by the French 3157: 3154: 3126:Main article: 3123: 3120: 3106:, governor of 3084:Main article: 3081: 3078: 3066:Sébastien Rale 3023:Kennebec River 3004:Sébastien Rale 2988:Main article: 2985: 2982: 2922:Main article: 2919: 2916: 2888:Kennebec River 2860:Main article: 2857: 2854: 2771: 2768: 2742: 2739: 2690: 2687: 2669: 2666: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2640:Special courts 2638: 2615:Main article: 2612: 2609: 2581: 2578: 2570:Trois-Rivières 2529: 2526: 2510:Main article: 2507: 2504: 2496:Conseil d'État 2465:Trois-Rivières 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2423:formed by the 2417:Trois-Rivières 2397:Jean de Lauson 2386:Grand Sénéchal 2378:Trois-Rivières 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2287:, established 2285:Simon Le Moyne 2220:Gabriel Sagard 2160:Main article: 2157: 2154: 2127:Antoine Crozat 2106: 2100: 2033: 2030: 1954:Lake Champlain 1906: 1903: 1832: 1829: 1715:staples thesis 1690:Main article: 1687: 1684: 1645: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1582:Gulf of Mexico 1542:Main article: 1539: 1536: 1464: 1461: 1393:1660, settler 1387:flag of Quebec 1374: 1371: 1344:Trois-Rivières 1236:Lake Champlain 1195:In 1608, King 1178: 1175: 1134:and sedentary 1087:King Francis I 996: 993: 991: 988: 907: 904: 888: 887: 873: 868: 858: 855:Domaine du roy 851:Pays d'en Haut 843:Trois-Rivières 832: 821:Île Saint-Jean 757: 754: 664:Great Upheaval 619:Saint Lawrence 611:Gulf of Mexico 579:Trois-Rivières 511: 510: 497: 493: 492: 490:Livre tournois 487: 483: 482: 479: 476: 475: 471: 470: 467: 466: 465:7 October 1763 463: 460:Indian Reserve 442:• By the 441: 438: 437: 434: 428: 425: 424: 421: 404: 401: 400: 397: 379:cedes most of 371:• By the 370: 367: 366: 363: 349: 346: 345: 342: 332: 329: 328: 325: 324: 315: 314:Historical era 311: 310: 305: 301: 300: 297: 296: 290: 287: 284: 283: 277: 274: 271: 270: 267: 266: 263: 257: 256: 253: 252: 246: 243: 240: 239: 233: 230: 227: 226: 223: 222: 219: 217:King of France 213: 212: 207: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 187: 183: 182: 166: 162: 161: 154: 146: 145: 143: 142: 137: 117: 111: 110: 103: 96: 95: 89: 82: 81: 80: 77: 76: 72: 71: 56: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11850: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11833:Viceroyalties 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11755: 11753: 11732: 11724: 11723: 11720: 11711: 11708: 11703: 11700: 11695: 11692: 11687: 11684: 11679: 11676: 11671: 11668: 11667: 11664: 11660: 11655: 11648: 11645: 11642: 11639: 11636: 11633: 11630: 11627: 11624: 11621: 11618: 11615: 11612: 11609: 11606: 11603: 11598: 11595: 11592: 11589: 11586: 11583: 11580: 11576: 11575: 11574: 11571: 11566: 11563: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11551: 11548: 11545: 11542: 11539: 11536: 11533: 11530: 11529:Spanish Texas 11527: 11524: 11521: 11518: 11515: 11512: 11509: 11506: 11503: 11500: 11497: 11494: 11491: 11488: 11484: 11483: 11482: 11479: 11476: 11473: 11472: 11469: 11462: 11461: 11458: 11451: 11448: 11445: 11442: 11439: 11436: 11433: 11430: 11427: 11424: 11421: 11418: 11415: 11412: 11409: 11406: 11403: 11400: 11397: 11394: 11391: 11388: 11385: 11382: 11379: 11376: 11373: 11370: 11367: 11364: 11361: 11360:Rupert's Land 11358: 11355: 11352: 11342: 11339: 11336: 11333: 11330: 11327: 11324: 11321: 11318: 11315: 11312: 11309: 11306: 11303: 11300: 11297: 11294: 11291: 11288: 11285: 11282: 11279: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11269: 11263: 11262:United States 11259: 11258: 11255: 11248: 11245: 11242: 11239: 11236: 11233: 11230: 11227: 11224: 11221: 11218: 11215: 11212: 11209: 11206: 11203: 11200: 11197: 11194: 11191: 11188: 11185: 11182: 11181:New Hampshire 11179: 11176: 11173: 11172: 11169: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11134: 11131: 11127: 11120: 11115: 11113: 11108: 11106: 11101: 11100: 11097: 11084: 11083: 11080: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10985: 10982: 10978: 10971: 10966: 10964: 10959: 10957: 10952: 10951: 10948: 10932: 10928: 10926: 10922: 10920: 10916: 10914: 10910: 10909: 10906: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10876: 10875: 10871: 10870: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10863:Europa Island 10861: 10859: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10845: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10809: 10805: 10804: 10801: 10798: 10795: 10788: 10784: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10755: 10751: 10737: 10736:New Caledonia 10734: 10733: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10693: 10691: 10689: 10683: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10656:French Guiana 10654: 10653: 10651: 10649: 10643: 10639: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10617: 10612: 10610: 10605: 10603: 10598: 10597: 10594: 10591: 10587: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10561: 10555: 10552: 10548: 10545: 10544: 10543: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10533: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10511:Alawite State 10509: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10496: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10487: 10481: 10475: 10472: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10454: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10433: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10385: 10380: 10373: 10368: 10366: 10361: 10359: 10354: 10353: 10350: 10346: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10324: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10300: 10296: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10279:Saint Vincent 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10227: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10177: 10170: 10165: 10163: 10158: 10156: 10151: 10150: 10147: 10143: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10116: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10104:Grande Comore 10102: 10100: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10092: 10088: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10050: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10022: 10021:Four Communes 10019: 10018: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10005: 10004:Arguin Island 10002: 10001: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9979:Côte d'Ivoire 9977: 9976: 9974: 9972: 9968: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9935: 9928: 9923: 9921: 9916: 9914: 9909: 9908: 9905: 9901: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9883: 9878: 9876: 9871: 9869: 9864: 9863: 9860: 9848: 9847: 9836: 9834: 9833: 9824: 9823: 9820: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9789: 9782: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9755:Richmond Hill 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9685:Charlottetown 9683: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9669: 9662: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9615:New Brunswick 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9582: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9539: 9536: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9516: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9474: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9458: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9388: 9383: 9381: 9376: 9374: 9369: 9368: 9365: 9353: 9352: 9341: 9339: 9338: 9329: 9328: 9325: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9294: 9288: 9285: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9271: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9244:Avalon (1620) 9242: 9240: 9237: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9224: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9184:New Caledonia 9182: 9180: 9179:United Canada 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9164:New Brunswick 9162: 9160: 9157: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9137:Rupert's Land 9135: 9133: 9132:New Yorkshire 9130: 9128: 9125: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9094: 9090: 9084: 9081: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9067: 9061: 9058: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9046: 9040: 9037: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9023: 9017: 9014: 9009: 9007: 9004: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8990: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8971: 8969: 8965: 8962: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8932: 8931: 8930:List of forts 8927: 8925: 8924: 8923:List of towns 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8892: 8888: 8885: 8880: 8879: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8829: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8815: 8809: 8806: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8771: 8766: 8764: 8759: 8757: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8742: 8735: 8723: 8715: 8714: 8711: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8497: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8453:Chemin du Roy 8451: 8450: 8448: 8444: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8300: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8273:Fort Duquesne 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8263:Fort Carillon 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8248:Fort de Buade 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8095: 8092: 8089: 8086: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7994: 7989: 7987: 7982: 7980: 7975: 7974: 7971: 7965: 7961: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7887: 7881: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7862: 7857: 7856: 7849: 7848: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7790:9780887720260 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7736: 7735: 7725: 7720: 7719: 7701: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7684: 7680: 7674: 7670: 7669: 7663: 7659: 7647: 7639: 7633: 7629: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7611: 7609:9780773506275 7605: 7601: 7600: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7567:Perigee Books 7564: 7560: 7556: 7555:Stiles, T. J. 7552: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7526: 7525: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7490: 7487:(in Spanish). 7486: 7482: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7463: 7458: 7454: 7452:9780773504349 7448: 7444: 7443: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7416: 7411: 7410: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7392: 7388: 7386:9780773509511 7382: 7378: 7377: 7371: 7367: 7365:9781550288407 7361: 7357: 7356: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7325: 7321: 7319:9780874134544 7315: 7311: 7310: 7304: 7300: 7298:9781846035043 7294: 7290: 7289: 7283: 7279: 7277:9781472803184 7273: 7269: 7268: 7262: 7257: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7209: 7201: 7189: 7181: 7175: 7171: 7170: 7162: 7154: 7142: 7134: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7119: 7111: 7109: 7100: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7078: 7070: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7051: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7024: 7016: 7010: 7006: 7005: 6997: 6981: 6975: 6967: 6961: 6957: 6956: 6948: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6920: 6912: 6906: 6902: 6901: 6893: 6891: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6838: 6836:9780762432271 6832: 6828: 6827: 6819: 6811: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6792: 6783: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6764: 6762: 6753: 6752: 6744: 6742: 6732: 6731: 6722: 6714: 6708: 6704: 6703:Jane Brierley 6700: 6699: 6691: 6683: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6664: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6637: 6628: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6609: 6601: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6589:How War Began 6582: 6574: 6568: 6564: 6563: 6555: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6529: 6523:, p. 69. 6522: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6505: 6500: 6494:, p. 55. 6493: 6488: 6486: 6477: 6471: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6452:Lareau (1881) 6448: 6441: 6440:Lareau (1881) 6436: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6394: 6393:Lareau (1881) 6389: 6382: 6381:Lareau (1881) 6377: 6375: 6367: 6366:Lareau (1881) 6362: 6360: 6358: 6350: 6349:Lareau (1881) 6345: 6338: 6337:Lareau (1881) 6333: 6326: 6325:Lareau (1881) 6321: 6314: 6313:Lareau (1881) 6309: 6302: 6301:Lareau (1881) 6297: 6290: 6289:Lareau (1881) 6285: 6283: 6281: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6246: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6221:Lareau (1881) 6217: 6215: 6207: 6206:Lareau (1881) 6202: 6200: 6198: 6190: 6189:Lareau (1881) 6185: 6183: 6175: 6174:Lareau (1881) 6170: 6168: 6160: 6159:Lareau (1881) 6155: 6153: 6151: 6142: 6141: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6110: 6109:PHP Dialogues 6106: 6099: 6097: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6037: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6018: 6010: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5989: 5987: 5978: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5960: 5952: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5933: 5931: 5922: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5903: 5897:, p. 50. 5896: 5895:Seeman (2011) 5891: 5875: 5868: 5866: 5857: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5794: 5786: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5761: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5742: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5715: 5707: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5688: 5680: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5661: 5659: 5642: 5636: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5589: 5583: 5567: 5561: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5528: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5509: 5502: 5496: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5463: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5401: 5386: 5380: 5371: 5370: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5299: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5129: 5121: 5119:9781472803184 5115: 5111: 5110: 5102: 5094: 5092:9781846035043 5088: 5084: 5083: 5075: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5048: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5012: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4978: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4959: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4929: 4922: 4914: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4840: 4838: 4821: 4815: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4724: 4718: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4674: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4655: 4647: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4628: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4601: 4599: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4533: 4525: 4523:0-547-97109-5 4519: 4515: 4514: 4506: 4498: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4479: 4472: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4447: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4399: 4393: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4365: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4255: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4227: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4189: 4180: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4161: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4118: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4033: 4031: 4014: 4010: 4004: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3977: 3970: 3964: 3956: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3884: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3817: 3804: 3800: 3799:Cape Jellison 3796: 3792: 3785: 3778: 3772: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3702:Isle Brevelle 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3649: 3646: 3635: 3632: 3621: 3618: 3617:France portal 3607: 3600: 3596: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3515:United States 3512: 3508: 3505:in 1781, the 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3476:New Brunswick 3473: 3469: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3429:New Brunswick 3426: 3422: 3419:The expelled 3414: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3286:Fort Carillon 3282: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3224: 3223:an expedition 3220: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3191:Fort Duquesne 3185: 3181: 3177: 3176:North America 3172: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3108:Massachusetts 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031:New Brunswick 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2970:New Brunswick 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2872:North America 2868: 2863: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2776: 2767: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2564:going to the 2561: 2559: 2558:St-Sulpicians 2555: 2551: 2547: 2546:St-Sulpicians 2543: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2516:In 1664, the 2513: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2447: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2349: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2244:Louis Jolliet 2242:and explorer 2241: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2076:Rupert's Land 2072: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2022:Hudson Valley 2019: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1982: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1923:Étienne Brûlé 1920: 1916: 1912: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1693: 1680: 1679:First Nations 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657:Great Britain 1654: 1650: 1642: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1568:explored the 1567: 1563: 1559: 1550: 1545: 1535: 1531: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1474: 1471:One group of 1469: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1388: 1383:(1689 design) 1379: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1298:, adviser to 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1281:Étienne Brûlé 1278: 1277: 1268: 1263: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1183: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102:First Nations 1098: 1096: 1093:(present-day 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 987: 983: 979: 977: 973: 969: 968:Île-de-France 965: 961: 957: 953: 952: 951:Chemin du Roy 946: 944: 940: 935: 933: 929: 925: 916: 912: 903: 901: 897: 893: 885: 881: 877: 874: 872: 869: 866: 862: 859: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 837:—(districts, 836: 833: 830: 826: 825:New Brunswick 822: 818: 814: 810: 807: 806: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 767: 763: 753: 752:communities. 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 711:Île d'Orléans 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 656: 651: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 557: 553: 549: 548:Great Britain 545: 541: 537: 536:North America 533: 530:colonized by 529: 525: 521: 517: 509: 505: 504:United States 501: 498: 496:Today part of 494: 491: 488: 484: 480: 477: 472: 468: 464: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 439: 435: 432: 426: 422: 418: 414: 411: 408: 407:Great Britain 402: 399:11 April 1713 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 368: 364: 361: 357: 353: 347: 343: 340: 336: 330: 326: 323: 319: 316: 312: 309: 306: 302: 298: 294: 291: 285: 281: 278: 272: 268: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 247: 241: 237: 234: 228: 224: 220: 218: 214: 211: 208: 204: 201: 198: 194: 191: 188: 184: 180: 174: 170: 167: 163: 158: 152: 147: 138: 134: 125: 119: 118: 116: 112: 106: 100: 92: 86: 78: 73: 67: 60: 51: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 11658: 11635:Krabbeninsel 11572: 11408:West Florida 11402:East Florida 11223:Pennsylvania 11199:Rhode Island 10872: 10806: 10706:Saint Martin 10542:New Hebrides 10396:Chandernagor 10388:French India 10220:French Texas 10186: 10076:Ubangi-Shari 10071:Middle Congo 10038:James Island 9943:North Africa 9837: 9825: 9798:Bibliography 9650:Saskatchewan 9548:Peacekeeping 9513: 9451:1982–present 9420: 9342: 9330: 9264:Fort Langley 9249:York Factory 9239:Cuper's Cove 8978:Newfoundland 8968:Nootka Sound 8928: 8921: 8843:Isle St-Jean 8831: 8830: 8694:Lachine Raid 8431:Maréchaussée 8429: 8353:Terre-Neuve 8258:Fort Detroit 8238:Fort Rouillé 8211:Terre-Neuve 8117:Ohio Country 7999: 7956: 7904: 7875: 7854: 7836: 7832: 7811: 7807: 7772: 7768: 7747: 7743: 7723: 7703:. 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Retrieved 3869: 3860: 3851: 3846: 3839: 3830: 3820: 3795:Fort Pownall 3784: 3771: 3764:Bourbon Flag 3754: 3741: 3597: 3593: 3584:Newfoundland 3573: 3562: 3534:Lower Canada 3530:Upper Canada 3527: 3497:and Admiral 3488: 3468:Upper Canada 3465: 3453: 3448: 3418: 3348: 3333:Saskatchewan 3318: 3295: 3283: 3275: 3232: 3216: 3189: 3131: 3089: 3059: 3039:Norridgewock 3012: 2948:(peninsular 2944:and part of 2942:Newfoundland 2927: 2912:Fort Bourbon 2911: 2908:York Factory 2877: 2841:Ottawa River 2822: 2806: 2802:Hudson River 2784: 2764: 2719: 2705: 2703: 2692: 2674: 2671: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2627: 2620: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2562: 2531: 2521: 2515: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2461:sénéchaussée 2460: 2458: 2444: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2385: 2373: 2372:), a Judge ( 2369: 2367: 2360: 2332: 2328: 2311: 2295: 2293: 2265: 2257: 2233: 2225: 2212: 2184: 2165: 2132: 2124: 2116: 2104:La Louisiane 2103: 2087: 2065:had claimed 2063:Henry Hudson 2060: 2053: 2014: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1978: 1927: 1908: 1896: 1885: 1878: 1869:Ottawa River 1850: 1847:camp in 1660 1825: 1809: 1797: 1789: 1755: 1735: 1712: 1646: 1617: 1586: 1562:La Louisiane 1555: 1532: 1528: 1515: 1501: 1496: 1488: 1484: 1481:Louis Hébert 1478: 1456:seigneuries, 1455: 1451: 1449: 1426: 1423: 1403: 1391: 1348: 1340: 1335:ribbon farms 1320: 1289: 1274: 1272: 1217: 1194: 1159:Bay of Fundy 1152: 1144:Sable Island 1141: 1118: 1099: 1076: 1055: 1051: 1037: 1033:New York Bay 998: 984: 980: 949: 947: 936: 930:, the first 920: 889: 884:Ohio Country 878:—(district, 770: 731: 688: 653: 647: 627: 599:Newfoundland 566: 560: 515: 514: 393:Hudson's Bay 389:Newfoundland 344:24 July 1534 337:begins with 115:Motto: 114: 105:Coat of arms 47: 11697:(1630–1651) 11649:(1799–1867) 11637:(1689–1693) 11631:(1685–1754) 11625:(1672–1917) 11619:(1638–1655) 11613:(1625–1672) 11607:(1614–1667) 11593:, 1665–1733 11587:, 1651–1665 11581:, 1562–1565 11577:1534–1763; 11567:, 1804–1821 11561:, 1783–1821 11555:, 1783–1821 11549:, 1776–1821 11543:, 1769–1801 11537:, 1767–1804 11531:, 1690–1821 11525:, 1650–1651 11519:, 1607–1801 11513:, 1598–1821 11507:, 1580–1898 11501:, 1565–1898 11495:, 1565–1821 11493:New Navarre 11489:, 1565–1763 11485:1521–1821; 11477:(1492–1535) 11452:(1871–1903) 11446:(1866–1871) 11440:(1863–1866) 11434:(1862–1863) 11428:(1811–1818) 11422:(1810–1846) 11414:New Ireland 11410:(1763–1783) 11404:(1763–1783) 11398:(1763–1783) 11392:(1763–1783) 11386:(1686–1689) 11380:(1674–1702) 11378:West Jersey 11374:(1674–1702) 11372:East Jersey 11368:(1670–1870) 11362:(1670–1811) 11356:(1663–1712) 11348: 1680 11337:(1638–1664) 11331:(1635–1644) 11319:(1629–1663) 11313:(1625–1650) 11311:Saint Croix 11307:(1622–1658) 11289:(1607–1699) 11283:(1607–1608) 11277:(1585–1590) 11249:(1732–1776) 11243:(1712–1776) 11237:(1712–1776) 11231:(1691–1776) 11225:(1681–1776) 11219:(1664–1776) 11207:(1664–1776) 11201:(1636–1776) 11195:(1636–1776) 11193:Connecticut 11189:(1632–1776) 11177:(1607–1776) 11023:Hospitaller 10929:Claimed by 10923:Claimed by 10808:Adélie Land 10726:Sui generis 10457:Cochinchina 10274:Saint Lucia 10028:Upper Volta 9971:West Africa 9740:Quebec City 9695:Fredericton 9630:Nova Scotia 9555:Monarchical 9526:Immigration 9174:Cape Breton 9127:New Britain 8973:Expeditions 8873:Terre Neuve 8548:Amerindians 8511:1666 census 8420:Officiality 8415:Provostship 8302:Governments 8283:Castle Hill 8205:New Orleans 8181:Île Royale 8160:Quebec City 8108:(1713–1763) 8096:(1662–1713) 8094:Terre-Neuve 8090:(1608–1763) 8084:(1604–1713) 7654:|work= 7569:. pp. 7545:6 September 7196:|work= 7149:|work= 6937:22 February 6076:"Huguenots" 5647:14 November 5594:14 November 5572:14 November 5550:10 November 5341:20 February 4123:2 September 3900:inquinte.ca 3717:Adai people 3544:instituted 3511:Great Lakes 3433:Nova Scotia 3355:James Wolfe 3269:) with the 3251:Ohio valley 3070:St. Francis 2950:Nova Scotia 2817:Quebec City 2813:Algonquians 2786:Ville-Marie 2662:Officialité 2596:of Quebec ( 2374:juge d'épée 2356: 1759 2324:Protestants 2142:Charles III 2042:Great Lakes 1859:, carrying 1785:Quebec City 1738:Ville-Marie 1692:Beaver Wars 1659:during the 1653:La Conquête 1601:New Orleans 1564:. In 1682, 1355:Trottier II 1285:Great Lakes 1190: 1608 1095:Quebec City 1056:Nova Gallia 797:Terre-Neuve 623:Mississippi 595:Terre-Neuve 575:Quebec City 563:viceroyalty 304:Legislature 210:Catholicism 181:(1760–1763) 175:(1534–1760) 169:Viceroyalty 11758:New France 11752:Categories 11617:New Sweden 11573:New France 11211:New Jersey 11053:Portuguese 11032:Norwegian 10925:Madagascar 10834:Saint Paul 10666:Martinique 10661:Guadeloupe 10416:Pondichéry 10127:Madagascar 9999:Mauritania 9808:Historians 9745:Saint John 9710:Lethbridge 9543:Operations 9121:New Albion 9083:Nova Dania 8912:Louisbourg 8887:Port Royal 8848:Île Royale 8832:New France 8621:Sulpicians 8578:card money 8506:Population 8400:Intendancy 8363:Louisiane 8268:Fort Condé 8191:Louisiane 8185:Louisbourg 8150:Port Royal 8106:Île Royale 8000:New France 7905:New France 7121:. p. 6653:9 November 6115:9 November 6085:9 November 6059:9 November 5485:9 November 5390:9 November 4269:(4): 586. 4019:16 January 3813:References 3586:, Canada. 3439:, and the 3259:Île Royale 3207:Ohio River 2954:Île Royale 2906:including 2904:Hudson Bay 2683:Louisbourg 2673:bailiffs ( 2080:Hudson Bay 2067:Hudson Bay 1946:Montagnais 1911:Algonquins 1845:Amerindian 1696:See also: 1570:Ohio River 1437:Jean Talon 1316:Protestant 1300:Louis XIII 1224:Montagnais 1199:sponsored 1163:Port-Royal 1128:indigenous 1003:navigator 1001:Florentine 928:Jean Talon 915:Jean Talon 896:Île Royale 861:Hudson Bay 817:Île-Royale 813:Port Royal 789:Hudson Bay 785:Île Royale 689:After the 682:, and the 635:Île Royale 587:Hudson Bay 567:New France 526:) was the 516:New France 448:George III 54:New France 11481:New Spain 11335:New Haven 11287:Jamestown 10931:Mauritius 10790: ( 10200:Louisiana 10081:Cameroons 9770:Vancouver 9760:Saskatoon 9585:Provinces 9499:Etymology 9469:Canadians 9446:1960–1981 9441:1945–1960 9436:1914–1945 9431:1867–1914 9426:1763–1867 9421:1534–1763 9402:Year list 9274:Norwegian 9229:Red River 9223:districts 8954:New Spain 8917:Plaisance 8863:Louisiana 8616:Ursulines 8611:Grey Nuns 8606:Récollets 8523:Canadiens 8518:Habitants 8468:Voyageurs 8458:Fur trade 8437:Code Noir 8317:Intendant 8215:Plaisance 8137:Towns and 8100:Louisiana 8044:1663–1759 8039:1608–1662 8034:1534–1607 7845:In French 7799:152109936 7656:ignored ( 7646:cite book 7198:ignored ( 7188:cite book 7151:ignored ( 7141:cite book 6986:26 August 5627:0226-5044 5336:0317-0594 5253:162329527 5001:3 October 4878:Richelieu 4826:26 August 4404:26 August 4326:147651557 4073:"History" 3722:Los Adaes 3546:home rule 3415:in yellow 3385:Aftermath 3195:Allegheny 3047:Penobscot 2878:In 1688, 2679:Louisiana 2675:huissiers 2594:Provostry 2304:Huguenots 2253:Kaskaskia 2238:. Father 2187:Christian 2176:Catholics 1964:in 1701. 1942:Algonquin 1899:voyageurs 1892:fur trade 1805:fur trade 1793:fur trade 1767:fur trade 1758:commodity 1651:(French: 1508:Louis XIV 1452:seigneurs 1433:Intendant 1407:Louis XIV 1323:Recollets 1312:Catholics 1220:Algonquin 1148:Tadoussac 1136:Iroquoian 1077:In 1534, 1060:New Spain 1052:Francesca 1048:Angoulême 1025:Carolinas 1009:Francis I 890:The 1715 801:Louisiana 793:James Bay 676:Louisiana 655:Canadiens 652:, 55,000 603:Louisiana 528:territory 352:Louis XIV 236:Francis I 206:Religion 75:1534–1763 43:Québécois 11731:Category 11354:Carolina 11329:Saybrook 11317:Carolana 11299:Plymouth 11217:New York 11205:Delaware 11187:Maryland 11175:Virginia 11063:Scottish 10998:Curonian 10686:Overseas 10646:Overseas 10504:Damascus 10453:Vietnam 10444:Cambodia 10421:Karaikal 10238:Dominica 10033:Togoland 9832:Category 9791:Research 9775:Winnipeg 9725:Montreal 9705:Hamilton 9690:Edmonton 9680:Brampton 9605:Manitoba 9538:Military 9494:Economic 9489:Cultural 9407:Timeline 9337:Category 9259:Victoria 9214:Stickeen 9048:American 8993:Scottish 8907:Montreal 8722:Category 8573:Currency 8533:Acadians 8367:Governor 8357:Governor 8347:Governor 8170:Montreal 8139:villages 8075:Colonies 7960:Archived 7932:Archived 7589:97041889 7226:13 March 5880:14 April 5814:Archived 4150:24 March 4101:(2018). 4083:23 April 3603:See also 3503:Yorktown 3482:, under 3449:Acadiens 3421:Acadians 3146:Acadians 3055:Medoctec 3035:Catholic 2849:Iroquois 2828:Iroquois 2798:Iroquois 2794:Montreal 2790:Iroquois 2469:Montreal 2370:sénéchal 2300:Catholic 2249:Illinois 2203:Iroquois 2195:Montreal 2156:Religion 2134:Louis XV 2071:Canadian 2018:Iroquois 1986:sauvages 1958:arquebus 1930:Iroquois 1874:Iroquois 1857:Montreal 1841:Radisson 1813:Montreal 1731:Montreal 1719:Atlantic 1325:and the 1240:arquebus 1228:Iroquois 1197:Henry IV 1171:Acadians 1130:nomadic 964:Normandy 960:Brittany 882:; area, 849:; areas 847:Montreal 811:—(areas 650:Acadians 583:Montreal 486:Currency 413:Montreal 410:captures 318:Colonial 249:Louis XV 11275:Roanoke 11247:Georgia 11073:Swedish 11068:Spanish 11058:Russian 10993:Belgian 10988:British 10919:Comoros 10676:Réunion 10671:Mayotte 10589:Present 10547:Vanuatu 10535:Oceania 10307:Berbice 10243:Grenada 10099:Anjouan 10091:Comoros 10043:Albreda 10016:Senegal 9984:Dahomey 9961:Tunisia 9956:Morocco 9951:Algeria 9813:Surveys 9765:Toronto 9720:Moncton 9715:Markham 9700:Halifax 9635:Nunavut 9610:Ontario 9595:Alberta 9296:Related 9254:Halifax 9098:British 9093:English 9026:Russian 8941:Spanish 8798:Vinland 8568:Alcohol 8558:Plaçage 8553:Slavery 8499:Society 8446:Economy 8425:Bailiff 8343:Acadie 8308:Canada 8175:Détroit 8156:Canada 8146:Acadie 8007:History 7705:4 March 7571:394–418 7514:1832882 6269:30 June 5820:14 June 4729:31 July 4465:25 July 4435:8 March 4382:23 June 4353:23 June 4318:1171305 4283:1171305 4216:8 March 3876:1 March 3484:Spanish 3472:Ontario 3470:(today 3361:at the 3249:in the 3150:Mi'kmaq 3138:Halifax 3006:during 3002:priest 2870:Map of 2839:on the 2574:Jesuits 2550:fiefdom 2427:on the 2421:bailiff 2180:Jesuits 1817:British 1771:economy 1497:engagés 1399:militia 1327:Jesuits 1073:in 1612 1029:Narrows 1021:caravel 990:History 561:A vast 446:, King 429:• 405:• 383:to the 350:• 238:(first) 186:Capital 171:of the 11713:(1676) 11705:(1638) 11689:(1622) 11681:(1620) 11673:(1584) 11643:(1698) 11396:Quebec 11295:(1619) 11281:Popham 11018:French 11008:German 11003:Danish 10499:Aleppo 10467:Tonkin 10426:Yanaon 10406:Madras 10284:Tobago 10205:Canada 10195:Acadia 10109:Mohéli 9994:Guinea 9896:Former 9750:Regina 9735:Ottawa 9672:Cities 9640:Quebec 9565:Sports 9461:Topics 9282:Claims 9159:Canada 9147:Quebec 9106:Claims 9078:Claims 9070:Danish 9055:Claims 9034:Claims 9001:Claims 8949:Claims 8897:Quebec 8853:Canada 8838:Acadia 8826:Claims 8818:French 8803:Sites: 8200:Biloxi 8195:Mobile 8088:Canada 8082:Acadia 7902:about 7882: 7863: 7797: 7787: 7696: 7675: 7638:Canada 7606: 7587: 7577: 7531: 7512: 7468: 7449: 7428: 7383: 7362: 7341: 7316: 7295: 7274: 7176: 7129: 7095: 7065: 7038: 7011: 6962: 6933:. 1755 6907: 6861:9 June 6833: 6806: 6778: 6709: 6678: 6623: 6596: 6569: 6542: 6472: 6241: 6032: 6005: 5973: 5947: 5917: 5852: 5781: 5756: 5729: 5702: 5675: 5625: 5523: 5440: 5415: 5334: 5251: 5182:139461 5180: 5143: 5116: 5089: 5062: 4973: 4946: 4909: 4884: 4854: 4802: 4777: 4752: 4705: 4669: 4642: 4615: 4585: 4520: 4493: 4324: 4316: 4281: 4241: 4207: 4175: 4057: 4047: 3991: 3951: 3872:. 2019 3777:France 3478:. 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