505:
33:
922:
144:
due to practical staffing considerations. Similarly, many of the
Article XV squadrons contained few airmen from their nominal air force when they were first formed. However, by the end of the war this had generally been rectified. Canada made a greater insistence on its airmen going specifically to RCAF operational units overseas, ensuring that the identity of its national squadrons was preserved. In January 1943 Canada was also able to form their bomber squadrons into a separate wholly RCAF formation within Bomber Command (
641:
865:
operational command and administration control of the New
Zealand Article XV squadrons. As a consequence, these units have become widely regarded in New Zealand as "RAF" squadrons and are usually referred to by names following the style "4__ (NZ) Squadron RAF". Nevertheless, the official emblems of the six New Zealand Article XV squadrons refer to them as "4__ Squadron, Royal New Zealand Air Force", and some historians, such as
136:
UK government would be responsible for the pay and entitlements of aircrews trained under the BCATP. Nevertheless, these personnel and any squadrons formed for service with the RAF, under
Article XV, would belong to the three Dominion air forces. This was largely an initiative of the Canadian Prime Minister,
151:
Several other RAAF and RCAF units, which were not covered by
Article XV, were also under RAF operational control (see below). Initially, there was no cross-posting of personnel to or from these squadrons by the RAF and other Dominion air forces, although this requirement was relaxed later in the war.
627:
Following the end of the war and termination of the BCATP, the RCAF squadrons covered by
Article XV retained their numbers. Furthermore, home-based, non-Article XV squadrons were renumbered in the 400-series. During an expansion of the RCAF in the early 1950s the numbers 444 to 449 were used, and –
135:
air forces were to be assigned to squadrons either formed by their own air forces, or with a specific national designation, under the operational control of a local air force, in most cases the RAF. These became known as "Article XV squadrons." In addition, Articles XVI and XVII stipulated that the
143:
During the war, 44 Canadian, 17 Australian and six New
Zealand Article XV squadrons were formed. In practice – and technically in contravention of Article XV – most personnel from Dominion air forces, while they were under RAF operational control, were assigned to British units. This was generally
864:
The New
Zealand Article XV squadrons and individual RNZAF personnel in RAF units (like their RAAF and RCAF counterparts) were equipped, supplied and funded by the UK government (see above). However, as a rule, the New Zealand government and RNZAF allowed the UK government and RAF to exercise
1124:
was gloomy, pointing out to the War
Cabinet that he had sent no congratulatory telegrams after the signing of the agreement. He had not agreed that Canada could insist on unlimited units of the RCAF being provided at the expense of the United Kingdom taxpayer (p
36:
A bomber crew from No. 462 Squadron RAAF in
September 1942. While the squadron was officially a unit of the Royal Australian Air Force, only the man third from the right was Australian; the others are from Britain, Newfoundland and New
203:
had a status similar to the
Rhodesian squadrons, and was not officially an Article XV squadron, although it was staffed primarily by RNZAF aircrew during the war and was officially transferred to the RNZAF in late 1945.
869:
have referred to them similarly. As Gerard S. Morris explains: "although the squadron badges carried the name Royal New Zealand Air Force ... 485 Squadron was referred to informally as 485 (New Zealand) or 485 (NZ) and
888:, a heavy bomber unit, was not officially an Article XV squadron although it was composed mainly of RNZAF aircrew and the entire unit was transferred from the RAF to the RNZAF following the end of World War II.
656:
Australia formed 17 Article XV squadrons, out of a total of 79 RAAF squadrons, during World War II. While 18 squadrons had been originally planned for service with the RAF, No. 465 Squadron was never formed.
1326:
674:
All the Australian Article XV squadrons were disbanded after the end of the war. Since 2005 four of the squadrons have been re-formed by re-designating RAAF intelligence and air traffic control units.
1160:
207:
While RAF units were not covered by Article XV, four British squadrons had a similar status: they were stationed in Australia, under RAAF operational control, for part of the war. These units were:
861:
On 17 April 1941, a secondary agreement was signed by the British and New Zealand governments, to form a total of six Article XV squadrons for service with the RAF, from RNZAF personnel.
1296:
1331:
124:, Canada during late 1939. The Air Training Agreement (sometimes known as the "Ottawa Agreement" or the "Riverdale Agreement", after the UK representative at the negotiations,
181:(later Zimbabwe) was not technically a Dominion and was therefore not a signatory to the BCATP, although aircrews from other dominions were trained there. In 1940, the small
175:. Furthermore, as the war progressed, personnel from other Dominion air forces were transferred to SAAF units and vice versa, in North Africa, the Mediterranean and Italy.
163:(SAAF) did not form any Article XV squadrons. However, South Africa provided training facilities for some Article XV personnel, and many SAAF units took part in the
982:
1164:
987:
346:
559:
Some non-Article XV RCAF squadrons were re-numbered to become Article XV squadrons when they were transferred from North America to Europe. These were:
1118:, Montreal/Ithaca, McGill-Queen's University Press (2005), pp47–51. Bryce quotes J. L. Granatstein, regarding British reactions to the Agreement: "The
298:
671:
When some Article XV squadrons and RAF units were transferred to RAAF operational control, from 1943 onwards, they retained their original numbers.
328:
108:
The RAAF, RCAF and RNZAF also formed non-Article XV squadrons, which performed home defence duties and saw active service in various parts of the
1011:
both having joined the British Army's Royal Flying Corps during the First World War and had been officers in the RAF from its inception in 1918
621:
1321:
442:
256:
1194:
1062:
262:
977:
665:
274:
1085:
400:
102:
352:
63:
1038:
878:(italics added)." In New Zealand, only units controlled directly by the New Zealand government and operating entirely in the
94:
809:
164:
17:
125:
1279:
1092:. Australian War Memorial 2003 History Conference – Air War Europe. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from
591:
490:
448:
382:
316:
891:
Many individual New Zealanders also joined the RAF itself before and during the war. Several became aces (including
504:
148:), commanded by a Canadian air vice-marshal. This was something the Australians and New Zealanders did not achieve.
613:
605:
573:
496:
466:
418:
376:
286:
238:
98:
90:
1216:
394:
172:
1122:
992:
912:
280:
268:
1116:
Canada and the Cost of World War II: the International Operations of Canada's Department of Finance, 1939–1947
661:
609:
563:
484:
436:
388:
334:
292:
244:
1119:
581:
472:
340:
137:
86:
424:
78:
599:
182:
784:
Five other RAAF squadrons were also under RAF operational control for the whole or part of the war:
595:
541:
521:
82:
160:
624:
of the RCAF, which consisted of Eastern and Western Air Commands, had at its peak 37 squadrons.
1186:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
896:
587:
478:
460:
454:
412:
310:
168:
1059:
1290:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
553:
549:
545:
517:
430:
406:
370:
364:
358:
322:
304:
632:
helicopter squadron became known as 450 Squadron (a name that overlapped the RAAF numbers).
826:
800:
220:
216:
212:
194:
186:
8:
1093:
900:
885:
842:
821:
816:
525:
208:
200:
190:
59:
120:
Negotiations regarding the BCATP, between the four governments concerned, took place in
89:(RNZAF) were placed in a common pool, and assigned to Article XV and RAF squadrons – in
537:
620:
However, most of the RCAF Article XV squadrons were formed overseas. Domestically the
73:
These units complemented another feature of the BCATP, under which personnel from the
32:
1300:
1275:
567:
178:
921:
660:
The remaining 57 RAAF squadrons served under the operational control of the RAAF or
1030:
835:
145:
1066:
793:
74:
509:
584:(later 439 Sqn), which were Army Co-operation Squadrons while still in Canada;
1315:
1304:
926:
904:
629:
1135:
866:
649:
645:
577:
250:
156:
67:
879:
109:
53:
1220:
908:
892:
640:
197:
were also formed; both had significant numbers of Rhodesian personnel.
1153:
516:
A further four squadrons served outside North America during the war:
56:
45:
1327:
Aircraft squadrons of the Royal Australian Air Force in World War II
533:
132:
628:
following the 1968 unification of the three service branches – a
529:
1297:
Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45
121:
49:
644:
Members of No. 460 Squadron posing with the Lancaster bomber
1247:
616:(later 443 Sqn), who had been part of Eastern Air Command.
540:(AOP; artillery spotter) squadrons, composed of RCAF and
1332:
Air force units and formations of Canada in World War II
925:
Hurricane night fighter pilots from No. 486 Squadron at
1163:. Royal Canadian Air Force. 18 May 2012. Archived from
993:
List of Royal New Zealand Air Force aircraft squadrons
907:) and/or senior commanders (such as Air Chief Marshal
983:
List of Royal Australian Air Force aircraft squadrons
988:
List of Royal Canadian Air Force aircraft squadrons
508:Aircrew and groundcrew of a No. 428 Squadron RCAF
131:Under Article XV of the Agreement, graduates from
1313:
1299:. Vol. I. Wellington: War History Branch.
918:The six New Zealand Article XV squadrons were:
226:
1060:Squadron information from Government of Canada
856:
128:) was officially signed on 17 December 1939.
1217:"History of squadrons 485 till 490 on rafweb"
635:
231:
159:, was not a signatory to the BCATP and the
1114:See, for example: Robert Broughton Bryce,
1025:
1023:
978:List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons
140:, during the negotiations with Riverdale.
1191:Royal Australian Air Force Museum website
1161:"450 Tactical Helicopter Squadron reborn"
961:(Coastal Command: torpedo, anti-shipping)
1288:
1253:
920:
639:
503:
31:
1292:New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force
1079:
1077:
1075:
1020:
14:
1314:
1269:
1241:
594:(later 442 Sqn), who had been part of
64:British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
1274:. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed Books.
1197:from the original on 26 December 2007
1083:
1041:from the original on 17 December 2007
566:(later 401 Sqn), which fought in the
520:, which in 1944 was transferred from
1322:Article XV squadrons of World War II
1072:
1035:Australian War Memorial Encyclopedia
787:
680:
677:The RAAF Article XV squadrons were:
598:and had already seen action in the
24:
1031:"Empire Air Training Scheme, 2007"
105:– according to operational needs.
25:
1343:
886:No. 75 (New Zealand) Squadron RAF
201:No. 75 (New Zealand) Squadron RAF
1086:"The Empire Air Training Scheme"
27:World War II air force squadrons
1272:Spitfire: The New Zealand Story
1263:
1140:Australian War Memorial website
1005:
882:are regarded as "RNZAF" units.
195:No. 266 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF
187:No. 237 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF
1235:
1209:
1179:
1128:
1108:
1053:
967:(Coastal Command: flying boat)
191:No. 44 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF
13:
1:
1069:Access date: 13 October 2007.
998:
662:United States Army Air Forces
62:formed from graduates of the
227:List of Article XV squadrons
7:
1120:Chancellor of the Exchequer
971:
857:Royal New Zealand Air Force
481:(City of Ottawa and Beaver)
189:. Two other RAF squadrons,
183:Southern Rhodesia Air Force
87:Royal New Zealand Air Force
10:
1348:
1270:Morris, Gerard S. (2000).
666:South West Pacific Theatre
636:Royal Australian Air Force
115:
79:Royal Australian Air Force
943:(fighter-bomber, fighter)
937:(fighter, fighter-bomber)
600:Aleutian Islands Campaign
1289:Thompson, H. L. (1953).
596:RCAF Western Air Command
542:Royal Canadian Artillery
522:RCAF Eastern Air Command
232:Royal Canadian Air Force
155:The remaining dominion,
83:Royal Canadian Air Force
1065:6 December 2010 at the
955:(fighter/night Fighter)
161:South African Air Force
1136:"Article XV Squadrons"
930:
653:
622:Home War Establishment
513:
38:
1084:Clark, Chris (2003).
924:
771:No. 467 Squadron RAAF
766:No. 466 Squadron RAAF
761:No. 464 Squadron RAAF
756:No. 463 Squadron RAAF
751:No. 462 Squadron RAAF
746:No. 461 Squadron RAAF
741:No. 460 Squadron RAAF
736:No. 459 Squadron RAAF
727:No. 458 Squadron RAAF
722:No. 457 Squadron RAAF
717:No. 456 Squadron RAAF
712:No. 455 Squadron RAAF
707:No. 454 Squadron RAAF
702:No. 453 Squadron RAAF
697:No. 452 Squadron RAAF
692:No. 451 Squadron RAAF
687:No. 450 Squadron RAAF
668:during World War II.
643:
580:(later 402 Sqn), and
554:No. 666 Squadron RCAF
550:No. 665 Squadron RCAF
546:No. 664 Squadron RCAF
518:No. 162 Squadron RCAF
507:
95:Mediterranean Theatre
35:
913:Sir Arthur Coningham
827:No. 21 Squadron RAAF
801:No. 10 Squadron RAAF
612:(later 441 Sqn) and
590:(later 440 Sqn) and
538:air observation post
528:, from airfields in
221:No. 618 Squadron RAF
217:No. 549 Squadron RAF
213:No. 548 Squadron RAF
42:Article XV squadrons
18:Article XV Squadrons
1256:, pp. 210–216.
1223:on 28 November 2012
876:485 Squadron, RNZAF
843:No. 3 Squadron RAAF
822:No. 8 Squadron RAAF
817:No. 1 Squadron RAAF
526:RAF Coastal Command
209:No. 54 Squadron RAF
1090:Conference website
931:
810:Far East Air Force
654:
514:
373:(Flying Yachtsman)
349:(City of Edmonton)
325:(Sarnia Imperials)
253:(City of Winnipeg)
39:
965:490 (NZ) Squadron
959:489 (NZ) Squadron
953:488 (NZ) Squadron
947:487 (NZ) Squadron
941:486 (NZ) Squadron
935:485 (NZ) Squadron
853:
852:
781:
780:
608:(later 438 Sqn),
576:(later 400 Sqn),
568:Battle of Britain
421:(City of Sudbury)
343:(City of Windsor)
241:(City of Toronto)
179:Southern Rhodesia
173:Italian Campaigns
16:(Redirected from
1339:
1308:
1285:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1219:. Archived from
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1132:
1126:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1096:on 10 March 2008
1081:
1070:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1027:
1012:
1009:
949:(fighter-bomber)
911:and Air Marshal
836:Desert Air Force
788:
681:
614:No. 127 Squadron
610:No. 125 Squadron
606:No. 118 Squadron
588:No. 111 Squadron
582:No. 123 Squadron
578:No. 112 Squadron
574:No. 110 Squadron
337:(City of Oshawa)
21:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1312:
1311:
1282:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1167:on 4 March 2016
1159:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1082:
1073:
1067:Wayback Machine
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
974:
880:Pacific Theatre
859:
854:
794:Coastal Command
782:
638:
592:No. 14 Squadron
502:
234:
229:
185:was designated
122:Ottawa, Ontario
118:
110:Pacific Theatre
103:South-East Asia
75:Royal Air Force
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1345:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1310:
1309:
1286:
1280:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1208:
1178:
1152:
1127:
1107:
1071:
1052:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1003:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
990:
985:
980:
973:
970:
969:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
909:Sir Keith Park
858:
855:
851:
850:
846:
845:
839:
838:
831:
830:
829:
824:
819:
813:
812:
805:
804:
803:
797:
796:
786:
779:
778:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
731:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
679:
652:in August 1943
637:
634:
618:
617:
603:
585:
571:
564:No. 1 Squadron
501:
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
440:
434:
428:
422:
416:
410:
404:
398:
392:
386:
380:
374:
368:
362:
356:
350:
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
308:
307:(Grizzly Bear)
302:
296:
290:
284:
278:
272:
266:
260:
254:
248:
242:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
138:Mackenzie King
126:Lord Riverdale
117:
114:
66:(1939) during
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1344:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1281:0-7900-0696-0
1277:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1255:
1254:Thompson 1953
1250:
1244:, p. 20.
1243:
1238:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1008:
1004:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
932:
928:
927:RAF Wittering
923:
919:
916:
914:
910:
906:
905:Brian Carbury
902:
898:
894:
893:"Cobber" Kain
889:
887:
883:
881:
877:
873:
868:
862:
849:
844:
841:
840:
837:
834:
833:
832:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
811:
808:
807:
806:
802:
799:
798:
795:
792:
791:
790:
789:
785:
777:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
732:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
683:
682:
678:
675:
672:
669:
667:
663:
658:
651:
647:
642:
633:
631:
630:Canadian Army
625:
623:
615:
611:
607:
604:
601:
597:
593:
589:
586:
583:
579:
575:
572:
569:
565:
562:
561:
560:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
511:
506:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
397:(Thunderbird)
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
202:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
174:
170:
169:North African
166:
162:
158:
153:
149:
147:
141:
139:
134:
129:
127:
123:
113:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
1291:
1271:
1264:Bibliography
1249:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:the original
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1190:
1187:"RAAF Units"
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1165:the original
1155:
1143:. Retrieved
1139:
1130:
1115:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:the original
1089:
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1034:
1007:
917:
890:
884:
875:
871:
867:Bill Gunston
863:
860:
847:
783:
775:
676:
673:
670:
659:
655:
650:RAF Binbrook
646:G for George
626:
619:
558:
515:
487:(Silver Fox)
379:(Bald Eagle)
367:(Red Indian)
206:
199:
177:
165:East African
157:South Africa
154:
150:
142:
130:
119:
107:
72:
68:World War II
41:
40:
29:
1242:Morris 2000
1201:22 December
1145:22 December
1100:22 December
1045:23 December
544:personnel:
536:and; three
475:(Westmount)
439:(Porcupine)
361:(Snowy Owl)
331:(Swordfish)
295:(Nighthawk)
271:(Vancouver)
146:No. 6 Group
85:(RCAF) and
54:New Zealand
1316:Categories
1227:25 October
1171:2 December
999:References
901:Colin Gray
457:(Elephant)
445:(Bluenose)
427:(Iroquois)
391:(Alouette)
46:Australian
1305:270919916
664:, in the
510:Lancaster
493:(Caribou)
469:(Wildcat)
451:(Chinthe)
433:(Leaside)
265:(Buffalo)
60:squadrons
57:air force
1195:Archived
1063:Archived
1039:Archived
972:See also
897:Al Deere
534:Scotland
499:(Hornet)
319:(Tusker)
313:(Falcon)
301:(Cougar)
133:Dominion
81:(RAAF),
50:Canadian
929:in 1942
530:Iceland
512:bomber.
463:(Husky)
415:(Bison)
409:(Ghost)
385:(Tiger)
355:(Moose)
289:(Goose)
283:(Demon)
116:History
77:(RAF),
37:Zealand
1303:
1278:
848:
776:
403:(Lion)
277:(Lynx)
259:(Wolf)
99:Africa
93:, the
91:Europe
52:, and
1125:50)."
872:never
602:; and
552:and;
247:(Ram)
44:were
1301:OCLC
1276:ISBN
1229:2013
1203:2007
1173:2014
1147:2007
1102:2007
1047:2007
903:and
532:and
219:and
193:and
171:and
101:and
915:).
874:as
648:at
524:to
497:443
491:442
485:441
479:440
473:439
467:438
461:437
455:436
449:435
443:434
437:433
431:432
425:431
419:430
413:429
407:428
401:427
395:426
389:425
383:424
377:423
371:422
365:421
359:420
353:419
347:418
341:417
335:416
329:415
323:414
317:413
311:412
305:411
299:410
293:409
287:408
281:407
275:406
269:405
263:404
257:403
251:402
245:401
239:400
1318::
1295:.
1193:.
1189:.
1138:.
1088:.
1074:^
1037:.
1033:.
1022:^
899:,
895:,
556:.
548:;
223:.
215:,
211:,
167:,
112:.
97:,
70:.
48:,
1307:.
1284:.
1231:.
1205:.
1175:.
1149:.
1104:.
1049:.
570:;
20:)
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