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of the
Habsburg Empire was created in 1720, there were 19 diplomatic missions, of which the oldest one was in Constantinople established in 1547. Over time, new diplomatic missions were established and some were closed down, mostly due to the end of the receiving state. The last diplomatic mission
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of 1815. Until the mid-20th century, most diplomatic representations were still legations as embassies were reserved for a few of the major world powers or close allies. The division between legations and embassies changed after World War II when it was no longer considered appropriate to treat
155:. As the name indicates a Minister also had plenipotentiary powers (i.e. full authority to represent the head of state), but was ranking below an Ambassador. While the rank of Minister now is effectively obsolete, it was the most common title at the time of the Dual Monarchy.
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The title of ambassador had been used before the
Congress of Vienna by the Habsburg Empire, but all relations at ambassadorial level, whether permanent or temporary, were downgraded in 1849 following the revolution. In 1856, the diplomatic mission at the
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In 1914, Austria-Hungary had thirty-four diplomatic missions of which ten were embassies, twenty-two were legations and two were diplomatic agencies. Of the ten embassies, only two, the ones in the
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It can also be noted that in 1914, there were twenty-two ministers who were accredited to thirty-nine countries, most of them side accreditations to various German principalities.
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The ranks and titles of the heads of mission were subject to constant changes over time until the
Congress of Vienna for the first time established a general system.
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in Vienna and the consular service. In 1914, the diplomatic corps numbered approximately 123 members, of which the absolute majority manned the diplomatic missions.
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It should first be noted that diplomatic relations overall were more limited at this time as there were much fewer sovereign states. In 1914, only
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The staff of the foreign service belonged to a different branch than both the staff at the central office at the
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were outside Europe and these had also been the last missions that had been raised to an embassy.
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With the
Congress of Vienna, the diplomatic representative in charge of an embassy was styled
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Aristocratic
Redoubt: The Austro-Hungarian Foreign Office on the Eve of the First World War
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Aristocratic
Redoubt: The Austro-Hungarian Foreign Office on the Eve of the First World War
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134:), usually referred to as an Ambassador, while the one in charge of a legation was styled
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in 1874. Between 1867 and 1909, six legations were raised from legations to embassies:
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36:) was the diplomatic service carrying out the foreign policy of the Emperor of the
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from the formation of the Dual
Monarchy in 1867 until it was dissolved in 1918.
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principle of equality of sovereign states, enshrined in the UN Charter.
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Geschichte des Auswärtigen
Dienstes von Ă–sterreich-Ungarn 1720-1920
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could be considered as sovereign (compared to some 190 today).
340:, 22 vols., Vienna, K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1897–1918.
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based on the system of diplomatic ranks established by the
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265:, West Lafayette, Purdue University Press, 1999, p. 13f.
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auĂźerordentlicher
Gesandte und bevollmächtiger Minister
345:
Der Auswärtige Dienst von Österreich-Ungarn 1720-1920
250:
Der Auswärtige Dienst von Österreich-Ungarn 1720-1920
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Furthermore, it needs to be highlighted that before
132:außerordentlicher und bevollmächtiger Botschafter
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334:, West Lafayette, Purdue University Press, 1999.
136:Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
230:List of diplomatic missions of Austria-Hungary
104:List of diplomatic missions of Austria-Hungary
225:List of foreign ministers of Austria-Hungary
167:were again raised to embassies, followed by
119:Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
60:was established in 1917 in Christiania (now
388:1918 disestablishments in Austria-Hungary
338:Jahrbuch des k.u.k. Auswärtigen Dienstes
102:For a list of diplomatic missions, see
383:1867 establishments in Austria-Hungary
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373:Foreign relations of Austria-Hungary
84:states differently in line with the
16:Diplomatic service from 1867 to 1918
220:Foreign Ministry of Austria-Hungary
201:
109:
13:
14:
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21:Austro-Hungarian Foreign Service
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252:, Vienna, Böhlau, 1986, p. 105.
368:Diplomats from Austria-Hungary
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1:
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151:), normally referred to as a
71:there was a division between
55:When the centrally organised
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34:k. u. k. Auswärtige Dienst
354:, Vienna, Böhlau, 1980.
347:, Vienna, Böhlau, 1986.
38:Austro-Hungarian Empire
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378:Diplomatic services
330:William D. Godsey,
261:William D. Godsey,
44:Diplomatic missions
81:Congress of Vienna
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110:Heads of mission
57:Foreign Ministry
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189:Washington D.C.
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274:Erwin Matsch,
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248:Erwin Matsch,
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177:Constantinople
173:St. Petersburg
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86:United Nations
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171:in 1860 and
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69:World War II
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191:(1903) and
362:Categories
236:References
278:, p. 108.
141:‹See Tfd›
124:‹See Tfd›
77:legations
73:embassies
50:57 states
26:‹See Tfd›
317:, p. 13.
315:op. cit.
313:Godsey,
304:, p. 10.
302:op. cit.
300:Godsey,
291:, p. 13.
289:op. cit.
287:Godsey,
276:op. cit.
214:See also
195:(1908).
187:(1877),
183:(1871),
179:(1867),
161:Holy See
153:Minister
181:Berlin
169:London
145:German
128:German
30:German
193:Tokyo
165:Paris
97:Japan
185:Rome
163:and
95:and
75:and
62:Oslo
19:The
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23:(
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