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Metspalu, Ene; Nielsen, Kasper; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Muller, Craig; Dortch, Joe; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Lund, Ole; Wesolowska, Agata; Karmin, Monika; Weinert, Lucy A.; Wang, Bo; Li, Jun; Tai, Shuaishuai; Xiao, Fei; Hanihara, Tsunehiko; van Driem, George; Jha, Aashish R.; Ricaut, François-Xavier; de Knijff, Peter; Migliano, Andrea B; Gallego Romero, Irene; Kristiansen, Karsten; Lambert, David M.; Brunak, Søren; Forster, Peter; Brinkmann, Bernd; Nehlich, Olaf; Bunce, Michael; Richards, Michael; Gupta, Ramneek; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Krogh, Anders; Foley, Robert A.; Lahr, Marta M.; Balloux, Francois; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Villems, Richard; Nielsen, Rasmus; Wang, Jun; Willerslev, Eske (7 October 2011).
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4717:), is considered to be the domain of deities and spirits. It is essentially a raised granary built into the structure of the house itself and functioning as a second floor. It is commonly used to store sacred objects (like effigies of granary idols or deceased ancestors), heirlooms, and other important objects. These areas are usually not part of the regular living space and may only be accessible to certain members of the family or after performing a specific ritual. Other parts of the house may also be associated with certain deities, and thus certain activities like receiving guests or conducting marriage ceremonies can only be performed in specific areas.
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6507:-era Australo-Melanesian cave paintings by their motifs, color, and composition, though they can often be found in the same locality. The most recognizable motifs of APT (like boats) do not occur in cave paintings (or engravings) that definitely pre-date the Austronesian arrival—the sole exception being the stenciled hand motif. Some APT examples are also characteristically found in relatively inaccessible locations, including very high up in cliffsides overlooking the sea. No traces of APT have been found in Taiwan or the Philippines, though there is continuity in the motifs of spirals and concentric circles found in ancestral petroglyphs.
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3690:, which have found that all ISEA populations had genes originating from aboriginal Taiwanese. Contrary to the claim of a south-to-north migration in the "Out of Sundaland" hypothesis, the new whole genome analysis strongly confirms the north-to-south dispersal of the Austronesian peoples in the prevailing "Out of Taiwan" hypothesis. Researchers have further pointed out that while humans have been living in Sundaland for at least 40,000 years, the Austronesian people were recent arrivals. The results of the previous studies failed to take into account admixture with the more ancient but unrelated
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Melanesians, Polynesians, and two inhabitants from the Torres Strait
Islands, all of which are Austronesian sources. As expected, hspMāori showed greatest genetic diversity in Taiwan, while all non-Taiwanese hspMāori populations belonged to a single lineage they called the "Pacific clade". They also calculated the isolation-with-migration model (IMa), which showed that the divergence of the Pacific clade of hspMāori was unidirectional from Taiwan to the Pacific. This is consistent with the Out-of-Taiwan model of Austronesian expansion.
1432:
distinct from each other. This last variety includes the islanders of the
Pacific Ocean, together with the inhabitants of the Marianas, the Philippine, the Molucca and the Sunda Islands, and of the Malayan peninsula. I wish to call it the Malay, because the majority of the men of this variety, especially those who inhabit the Indian islands close to the Malacca peninsula, as well as the Sandwich, the Society, and the Friendly Islanders, and also the Malambi of Madagascar down to the inhabitants of Easter Island, use the Malay idiom.
4295:
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6534:(2015) proposes that APT developed during the initial rapid southward Austronesian expansion, and not before, possibly as a response to the communication challenges brought about by the new maritime mode of living. Along with AES, these material symbols and associated rituals and technologies may have been manifestations of "powerful ideologies" spread by Austronesian settlers that were central to the "Neolithization" and rapid assimilation of the various non-Austronesian indigenous populations of ISEA and Melanesia.
627:
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4639:. The raised design has multiple advantages, including mitigating damage during flooding and (in very tall examples) acting as defensive structures during conflicts. The house posts are also distinctively capped with larger-diameter discs at the top, to prevent vermin and pests from entering the structures by climbing them. Austronesian houses and other structures are usually built in wetlands and alongside bodies of water but can also be constructed in the highlands or even directly on shallow water.
4250:
4232:
3316:, first proposed in 1990. It argues for a north–south linguistic genetic relationship between Chinese and Austronesian. This is based on sound correspondences in basic vocabulary and morphological parallels. Sagart places special significance in shared vocabulary on cereal crops, citing them as evidence of shared linguistic origin. However, this has largely been rejected by other linguists. The sound correspondences between Old Chinese and Proto-Austronesian can also be explained as a result of the
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7862:(East-Eurasian) ancestry originated in Mainland Southeast Asia at ~50,000 BCE and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards, respectively. Basal-East Asian ancestry as well as later Austroasiatic ancestry from Mainland Southeast Asia, arrived into the Philippines prior to the Austronesian expansion. Austronesian speakers themselves are suggested to have arrived in Taiwan and the northern Philippines between 10,000 BCE to 7,000 BCE from coastal
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5303:(2012), on the other hand, dismissed the similarities as being generic rather than specific to the region. This is from both analysis of the microscopic structure of the shards (indicating manufacturing techniques) and the impossibility of drift voyaging from Luzon, due to the prevailing wind and currents. Instead of a voyage directly from Luzon, they instead proposed an origin either from a direct single voyage from
4683:, the ridge itself is carved into a representation of a boat. Furthermore, elements of Austronesian structures (as well as society in general) are often referred to in terminologies used for boats and sailing. These include calling elements of structures "masts", "sails", or "rudders", or calling the village leaders "captains" or "steersmen". In the case of the Philippines, the villages themselves are referred to as
1383:. The other varieties Blumenbach identified were the "Caucasians" (white), "Mongolians" (yellow), "Ethiopians" (black), and "Americans" (red). Blumenbach's definition of the "Malay" race is largely identical to the modern distribution of the Austronesian peoples, including not only Islander Southeast Asians but also the people of Madagascar and the Pacific Islands. Although Blumenbach's work was later used in
5098:
4241:
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5288:, securely dated to 1500 BCE–1300 BCE from multiple archaeological sites. It predates the earliest Lapita culture pottery assemblages (c. 1350 –1300 BCE) and bears closest resemblance to a subset of the more diverse Nagsabaran pottery of the northern Philippines. It is currently disputed whether this is indicative of a direct ancient voyage from the northern Philippines to the Marianas. Hung
4777:). But these are limited to the recent centuries. They can also be reconstructed linguistically from shared terms for architectural elements, like ridge poles, thatch, rafters, house posts, hearths, notched log ladders, storage racks, public buildings, and so on. Linguistic evidence also makes it clear that stilt houses were already present among Austronesian groups since at least the
6753:
4259:
6576:
stencils, faces, turtles and fish, concentric circles, and characteristic four-pointed stars. Petroglyphs are rare and mainly consist of human forms with triangular bodies without heads or arms. This is believed to be connected to the funerary rite of removing the heads from the bodies of deceased relatives. A notable megalithic tradition in western
Micronesia are the
3343:
groups. The surviving
Austronesian populations in Taiwan should rather be considered as the result of various Neolithic migration waves from the mainland and back-migration from the Philippines. These incoming migrants almost certainly spoke languages related to Austronesian or pre-Austronesian, although their phonology and grammar would have been quite diverse.
19161:
Sockell, Alexandra; Homburger, Julian R.; Wojcik, Genevieve L.; Barnes, Kathleen C.; Herrera, Luisa; Berríos, Soledad; Acuña, Mónica; Llop, Elena; Eng, Celeste; Huntsman, Scott; Burchard, Esteban G.; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Cifuentes, Lucía; Verdugo, Ricardo A.; Moraga, Mauricio; Mentzer, Alexander J.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés (July 2020).
7866:. The authors concluded that the Austronesian expansion into Island Southeast Asia and Polynesia was outgoing from the Philippines rather than Taiwan and that modern Austronesian-speaking people mostly have ancestry from the earliest Basal-East Asians, Austroasiatic migrants from Mainland Southeast Asia, and Austronesian-speaking seafarers from the Philippines.
9701:: "I emphasize again, as I have done in many other articles, that 'Austronesian' is a linguistic term and is the name of a super language family. It should never be used as a name for a people, genetically speaking, or a culture. To refer to people who speak an Austronesian language, the phrase 'Austronesian-speaking people' should be used."
1539:. Codrington coined and used the term "Ocean" language family rather than "Malayo-Polynesian" in 1891, in opposition to the exclusion of Melanesian and Micronesian languages. This was adopted by Ray, who defined the "Oceanic" language family as encompassing the languages of Southeast Asia and Madagascar, Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.
6222:
3637:. Estimates for when this occurred vary, from the 5th to 7th centuries CE. It is likely that the Austronesians that settled Madagascar followed a coastal route through South Asia and East Africa, rather than directly across the Indian Ocean. Genetic evidence suggests that some individuals of Austronesian descent reached Africa and the
1593:
cultural shared ancestry between all
Austronesian-speaking groups. This is especially true for authors who reject the prevailing "Out of Taiwan" hypothesis and instead offer scenarios where the Austronesian languages spread among preexisting static populations through borrowing or convergence, with little or no population movements.
3159:
Under that view, there was an east–west genetic alignment, resulting from a rice-based population expansion, in the southern part of East Asia: Austroasiatic-Kra-Dai-Austronesian, with unrelated Sino-Tibetan occupying a more northerly tier. Depending on the author, other hypotheses have also included other language families like
1565:, "island") to refer to the language family. Schmidt had the same motivations as Codrington: he proposed the term as a replacement to "Malayo-Polynesian", because he also opposed the implied exclusion of the languages of Melanesia and Micronesia in the latter name. It became the accepted name for the language family, with
6491:
motifs include hand stencils, "sun-ray" designs, boats, and active human figures with headdresses or weapons and other paraphernalia. They also feature geometric motifs similar to those of the
Austronesian Engraving Style. Some paintings are also associated with traces of human burials and funerary rites, including
5330:(2012) pointed out in response that no pottery assemblages older than 2,000 years old have been found in Morotai, which also has a Papuan-speaking population. They also mentioned that present-day data on wind and currents is not a reliable way of ascertaining migration routes, and that the voyages settling
10891:
Posth, Cosimo; Nägele, Kathrin; Colleran, Heidi; Valentin, Frédérique; Bedford, Stuart; Kami, Kaitip W.; Shing, Richard; Buckley, Hallie; Kinaston, Rebecca; Walworth, Mary; Clark, Geoffrey R.; Reepmeyer, Christian; Flexner, James; Maric, Tamara; Moser, Johannes; Gresky, Julia; Kiko, Lawrence; Robson,
6472:
The
Megalithic Culture is mostly limited to western Island Southeast Asia, with the greatest concentration being western Indonesia. While most sites are not dated, the age ranges of dating sites are between the 2nd to 16th century CE. They are divided into two phases: The first is an older megalithic
4131:
at around 1500 BCE, a distance of more than 2,500 km (1,600 mi), is likely the world's first and longest ocean crossing of that time. These maritime technologies enabled them to colonize the Indo-Pacific in prehistoric times. Austronesian groups continue to be the primary users of outrigger
7514:
or through knowledge of
European writing acquired elsewhere. They cite various reasons, including the lack of attestation of rongorongo prior to the 1860s, the clearly more recent provenance of some of the tablets, the lack of antecedents, and the lack of additional archaeological evidence since its
6575:
In western
Micronesia (Palau, Yap, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands), rock art primarily consists of paintings on high cave ceilings and sea-facing cliffs. It is very similar to APT in terms of its motifs as well as its placement in relatively inaccessible locations. Common motifs include hand
4642:
Building structures on pilings is believed to be derived from the design of raised granaries and storehouses, which are highly important status symbols among the ancestrally rice-cultivating
Austronesians. The rice granary shrine was also the archetypal religious building among Austronesian cultures
3962:
The native culture of Austronesia varies from region to region. The early Austronesian peoples considered the sea as the basic feature of their life. Following their diaspora to Southeast Asia and Oceania, they migrated by boat to other islands. Boats of different sizes and shapes have been found in
3382:
that gave rise to present-day Austronesian languages. Instead, multiple migrations of various pre-Austronesian peoples and languages from the Chinese mainland that were related but distinct came together to form what we now know as Austronesian in Taiwan. Hence, Blench considers the single-migration
2889:
of Sulawesi (c. 8,000–1,500 BP), it is even more accurate to say that the densely populated indigenous hunter-gatherer groups absorbed the incoming Austronesian farmers, rather than the other way around. Mahdi (2016) further asserts that Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tau-mata ("person") is derived from a
11962:
Rasmussen, Morten; Guo, Xiaosen; Wang, Yong; Lohmueller, Kirk E.; Rasmussen, Simon; Albrechtsen, Anders; Skotte, Line; Lindgreen, Stinus; Metspalu, Mait; Jombart, Thibaut; Kivisild, Toomas; Zhai, Weiwei; Eriksson, Anders; Manica, Andrea; Orlando, Ludovic; De La Vega, Francisco M.; Tridico, Silvana;
6685:
On the Hawaiian islands, the abundant petroglyphs are remarkably all similar in execution. Their common subjects include stick-like human figures, dogs, boats, sails, paddles, footprints, and ceremonial headdresses. Depictions of marine life, however, are rare, unlike in the rest of Polynesia. They
6502:
and was found to be around 3,000 BP, corresponding to the initial migration wave of the Austronesians. These early sites are largely characterized by face motifs and hand stencils. Later sites, from 1,500 BP onwards, however, begin to show regional divergence in their art styles. APT can be readily
5457:
cultures of Mainland Southeast Asia. It spread to the Austronesian islands initially through trade as prestige goods. However, mainland Asian gongs were never used in ensembles; the innovation of using gong sets is uniquely Austronesian. Gong ensembles are found in western Malayo-Polynesian groups,
4628:" among the different linguistic subgroups of Austronesians include *rumaq ("house"); *balay ("public building", "community house", or "guest house"); *lepaw ("hut", "field hut", or "granary"); *kamaliR ("bachelor's house", or "men's house"); and *banua ("inhabited land", or "community territory").
4438:
The ancestral rig was the mastless triangular crab claw sail, which had two booms that could be tilted to the wind. These were built in the double-canoe configuration or had a single outrigger on the windward side. In Island Southeast Asia, these developed into double outriggers on each side, which
4150:
Two canoes bound together developed directly from minimal raft technologies of two logs tied together. Over time, the double-hulled canoe form developed into the asymmetric double canoe, where one hull is smaller than the other. Eventually the smaller hull became the prototype outrigger, giving way
3265:
due to contact with the nearby tonal languages of Mainland Southeast Asia and Hainan. Although the populations of the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and neighboring islands are Austronesian-speaking, they have significantly high admixture from Mainland Southeast Asian populations. These areas were
1672:
Regardless, certain disagreements still exist among researchers with regards to chronology, origin, dispersal, adaptations to the island environments, interactions with preexisting populations in areas they settled, and cultural developments over time. The mainstream accepted hypothesis is the "Out
1431:
Malay variety. Tawny-coloured; hair black, soft, curly, thick and plentiful; head moderately narrowed; forehead slightly swelling; nose full, rather wide, as it were diffuse, end thick; mouth large, upper jaw somewhat prominent with parts of the face when seen in profile, sufficiently prominent and
6490:
and Island Melanesia, although a few examples can be found in the rest of Island Southeast Asia. Their occurrence has a high correlation to Austronesian-speaking areas, further evidenced by the appearance of bronze artifacts in the paintings. They are mostly found near the coastlines. Their common
3158:
connects the lower Yangtze Neolithic Austro-Tai entity with the rice-cultivating Austroasiatic cultures, assuming the center of East Asian rice domestication, and putative Austric homeland, to be located in the Yunnan/Burma border area, instead of the Yangtze River basin, as is currently accepted.
2998:
These Neolithic pre-Austronesians from the coast of southeastern China are believed to have migrated to Taiwan between approximately 10,000 and 6000 BCE. Other research has suggested that, according to radiocarbon dates, Austronesians may have migrated from mainland China to Taiwan as late as 4000
6215:
of East Timor, which have an age range of 6,300 to 26,000 BP. Conversely, others are more recent and can be dated indirectly by their subjects. The depictions of pottery, ships, and metal objects, for example, put certain rock art sites at a range of 2,000 to 4,000 BP. Some hunter-gatherer groups
10187:
Hudjashov, Georgi; Endicott, Phillip; Post, Helen; Nagle, Nano; Ho, Simon Y. W.; Lawson, Daniel J.; Reidla, Maere; Karmin, Monika; Rootsi, Siiri; Metspalu, Ene; Saag, Lauri; Villems, Richard; Cox, Murray P.; Mitchell, R. John; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph L.; Metspalu, Mait; Herrera, Rene J. (December
7625:
adopted the Arabic script in the 14th century. Abjads, however, have an even greater inherent problem with encoding Austronesian languages than abugidas, because Austronesian languages have more varied and salient vowels that the Arabic script usually cannot encode. As a result, the Austronesian
1644:
groups after the Austronesian expansion (estimated to have started at around 500 BCE) also resulted in gradual population turnover. These secondary migrations were incremental and happened gradually enough that the culture and language of these groups remained Austronesian, even though in modern
19160:
Ioannidis, Alexander G.; Blanco-Portillo, Javier; Sandoval, Karla; Hagelberg, Erika; Miquel-Poblete, Juan Francisco; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Juan Esteban; Quinto-Cortés, Consuelo D.; Auckland, Kathryn; Parks, Tom; Robson, Kathryn; Hill, Adrian V. S.; Avila-Arcos, María C.;
7830:
substratum in Island Southeast Asia and New Guinea. hspMāori, on the other hand, is a subpopulation of hpEastAsia, previously isolated from Polynesians (Māori, Tongans, Samoans) in New Zealand, and three individuals from the Philippines and Japan. The study found hspMāori from Native Taiwanese,
6734:
is unique in that it is the only Polynesian island where there are more paintings than engravings. New Zealand rock paintings are done in red and black pigments and can sometimes be found at inaccessible heights. They typically depict human figures (particularly a front-facing human figure with
2864:
These populations are genetically distinct from later Austronesians, but through fairly extensive population admixture, most modern Austronesians have varying levels of ancestry from these groups. The same is true for some populations historically considered "non-Austronesians", due to physical
7509:
Oral tradition holds that the ruling classes were the only ones who could read the tablets, and the ability to decipher the tablets was lost along with them. Numerous attempts have been made to read the tablets, starting from a few years after their discovery. But to this day, none have proven
4819:
cultural influence to the islands. Rice cultivation is also believed to have been introduced to Japan from a para-Austronesian group from coastal eastern China. Waterson (2009) has also argued that the architectural tradition of stilt houses is originally Austronesian and that similar building
3342:
In relation to Sino-Austronesian models and the Longshan interaction sphere, Roger Blench (2014) suggests that the single migration model for the spread of the Neolithic into Taiwan is problematic, pointing out the genetic and linguistic inconsistencies between different Taiwanese Austronesian
1592:
The term "Austronesian", or more accurately "Austronesian-speaking peoples", came to refer to people who speak the languages of the Austronesian language family. Some authors, however, object to the use of the term to refer to people, as they question whether there really is any biological or
4222:
and fibres that would expand when wet, further tightening joints and making the hull watertight. They formed the shell of the boat, which was then reinforced by horizontal ribs. Shipwrecks of Austronesian ships can be identified from this construction as well as the absence of metal nails.
7781:. Several studies have shown that it is shared by Polynesians and Island Southeast Asians, with a sub-branch also identified in Madagascar, indicating shared maternal ancestry among Austronesians. Austronesian-speaking regions also have high-to-moderate frequencies of Haplogroup O1 of the
6560:. While their art traditions show a clear continuation of the APT and AES traditions, they also feature innovations unique to each island group, like the increasing use of black charcoal, rectilinear motifs, and being more commonly found inside sacred caves rather than on open cliffsides.
4443:, which, like crab claw sails, had distinctive booms spanning the upper and lower edges. Fixed masts also developed later in both Southeast Asia (usually as bipod or tripod masts) and Oceania. Austronesians traditionally made their sails from woven mats of the resilient and salt-resistant
6140:(2011) has suggested that the reappearance of these motifs might be evidence of a preserved tradition of Southeast Asian jade motifs (perhaps carved in perishable wood, bone, or shell by Polynesians prior to the reacquisition of a jade source), or they might even be the result of later
7471:(including the royal family and the religious caste) and the majority of the island's population were kidnapped or killed in the slave raids. Most of those taken died after only one or two years in captivity from harsh working conditions and European diseases. Succeeding epidemics of
6419:
14161:
Heiske, Margit; Alva, Omar; Pereda-Loth, Veronica; Van Schalkwyk, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Letellier, Thierry; Rakotarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Pierron, Denis (26 April 2021). "Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population".
11579:
7415:. They consist of around 120 glyphs, ranging from representations of plants to animals, celestial objects, and geometric shapes. They were inscribed into wooden tablets about 12 to 20 in (30 to 51 cm) long using shark teeth and obsidian flakes. The wood allegedly came from
6735:
flexed arms), birds, lizards, dogs, fish, and what has been identified as "birdmen". Engravings in open spaces like cliffsides are generally of spirals and curvilinear shapes, while engravings in enclosed caves and shelters depict faces and boats. The same motifs can also be seen in
2884:
The high degree of assimilation among Austronesian, Negrito, and Papuan groups indicates that the Austronesian expansion was largely peaceful. Rather than violent displacement, the settlers and the indigenous groups absorbed each other. It is believed that in some cases, like in the
9897:
5338:
led to his erroneous conclusion that Polynesia was settled from the Americas. Pottery manufacturing techniques are also diverse, even within a single community. Thus, analysis of manufacturing methods is less significant than comparison of decorative systems. Nevertheless, Hung
4753:
The majority of Austronesian structures are not permanent. They are made from perishable materials like wood, bamboo, plant fibre, and leaves. Similar to traditional Austronesian boats, they do not use nails but are traditionally constructed solely by joints, weaving, ties, and
6519:. The common motif of this tradition is curvilinear geometric engravings like spirals, concentric circles, and face-like forms. These resemble the geometric motifs in APT, though they are considered to be two separate artistic traditions. AES is particularly dominant in the
17973:
Moodley, Yoshan; Linz, Bodo; Yamaoka, Yoshio; Windsor, Helen M.; Breurec, Sebastien; Wu, Jeng-Yih; Maady, Ayas; Bernhöft, Steffie; Thiberge, Jean-Michel; Phuanukoonnon, Suparat; Jobb, Gangolf; Siba, Peter; Graham, David Y.; Marshall, Barry J; Achtman, Mark (January 2009).
6477:
of Vietnam. Prasetyo (2006) suggests that the megalithic traditions are not originally Austronesian but rather innovations acquired through trade with India and China, but this has little to no evidence in the intervening regions in Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines.
1677:. But there are multiple rival models that create a sort of "pseudo-competition" among their supporters due to narrow focus on data from limited geographic areas or disciplines. The most notable of which is the "Out of Sundaland" (or "Out of Island Southeast Asia") model.
10038:
Pierron, Denis; Heiske, Margit; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Rakoto, Ignace; Rabetokotany, Nelly; Ravololomanga, Bodo; Rakotozafy, Lucien M.-A.; Rakotomalala, Mireille Mialy; Razafiarivony, Michel; Rasoarifetra, Bako; Raharijesy, Miakabola Andriamampianina (8 August 2017).
7817:
that accompanied human migrations into Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, called hpSahul and hspMāori. The study sampled Native Australians, Native Taiwanese, highlanders in New Guinea, and Melanesians and Polynesians in New Caledonia, which were then compared with other
7774:. Haplogroup O1 was absent in other archaeological sites inland. The authors of the study suggest that this may be evidence of two different human migration routes during the peopling of Eastern Asia; one coastal and the other inland, with little gene flow between them.
3550:
by 1000 CE; and New Zealand by 1200 CE. For a few centuries, the Polynesian islands were connected by bidirectional long-distance sailing, with the exception of Rapa Nui, which had limited further contact due to its isolated geographical location. Island groups like the
10865:
Bellwood, Peter; Chambers, Geoffrey; Ross, Malcolm; Hung, Hsiao-chun (2011). "Are 'Cultures' Inherited? Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Origins and Migrations of Austronesian-Speaking Peoples Prior to 1000 BC". In Roberts, Benjamin W.; Linden, Marc Vander (eds.).
4758:. Elements of the structures are repaired and replaced regularly or as they get damaged. Because of this, archaeological records of prehistoric Austronesian structures are usually limited to traces of house posts, with no way of determining the original building plans.
7460:. He brought the tablets to the world's attention and instructed the Rapa Nui mission to gather more information about them. But by then, most of the tablets were allegedly already destroyed, presumed to have been used as fuel by the natives on the deforested island.
6678:, petroglyphs are more numerous. They show the archetypal Polynesian motifs of turtles, faces, cup-like depressions (cupules), stick-like human figures, boats, fish, curvilinear shapes, and concentric circles. Like in western Polynesia, they are typically carved into
1500:(1836–1847), his work had become more racialized due to the influence of polygenism. He classified the peoples of Austronesia into two groups: the "Malayo-Polynesians" (roughly equivalent to the Austronesian peoples) and the "Kelænonesians" (roughly equivalent to the
16452:
5359:
within only two centuries before abruptly disappearing completely by around 400 BCE. The reasons for this are still unknown. Pottery was absent in subsequent migrations to the rest of Remote Oceania, being replaced instead with carved wooden or bamboo containers,
3949:
Meanwhile, the British, Germans, French, Americans, and Japanese began establishing spheres of influence within the Pacific islands during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Japanese later invaded most of Southeast Asia and some parts of the Pacific during
1619:
Despite these objections, the general consensus is that the archeological, cultural, genetic, and especially linguistic evidence all separately indicate varying degrees of shared ancestry among Austronesian-speaking peoples that justifies their treatment as a
18930:
Thomson, Vicki A.; Lebrasseur, Ophélie; Austin, Jeremy J.; Hunt, Terry L.; Burney, David A.; Denham, Tim; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Wood, Jamie R.; Gongora, Jaime; Girdland Flink, Linus; Linderholm, Anna; Dobney, Keith; Larson, Greger; Cooper, Alan (April 2014).
3963:
every Austronesian culture, from Madagascar, Maritime Southeast Asia, to Polynesia, and have different names. In Southeast Asia, head-hunting was restricted to the highlands as a result of warfare. Mummification is only found among the highland Austronesian
7712:, especially between travelers and ethnic groups that do not speak the same language. The sand drawings consist of around 300 different designs and seem to be shared across language groups. In the 1990s, elements of the drawings were adapted into a modern
7922:
in the hypothetical pre-Austronesian homelands in mainland China, as well as other plants and animals believed to have been first domesticated from within Taiwan, Maritime Southeast Asia, and New Guinea. Some of these plants are sometimes also known as
6609:), in contrast, is dominated by rock engravings with motifs tying it to the rock art traditions of Island Melanesia. They include curvilinear shapes like spirals and concentric circles, tree-like shapes, and the distinctive "enveloped cross" motif. The
4146:
Early researchers like Heine-Geldern (1932) and Hornell (1943) once believed that catamarans evolved from outrigger canoes, but modern authors specializing in Austronesian cultures, like Doran (1981) and Mahdi (1988), now believe it to be the opposite.
14101:
Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Antao, Tiago; Capredon, Mélanie; Sambo, Clément; Radimilahy, Chantal; Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Blench, Roger M.; Letellier, Thierry; Kivisild, Toomas (21 January 2014).
5350:
The dentate-stamped pottery of the Lapita culture (c. 1350–1300 BCE) retained elements also found in the Nagsabaran pottery in the Philippines, including stamped circles as well as the cross-in-circle motif. They carried pottery technology as far as
7310:
18999:
Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole; Castillo, Cristina Cobo; Hoogervorst, Tom; Allaby, Robin G. (2015). "The archaeobiology of Indian Ocean translocations: Current outlines of cultural exchanges by proto-historic seafarers". In Tripati, Sila (ed.).
17129:
1523:, due to the perceived physical differences between the inhabitants of these regions from Malayo-Polynesian speakers. However, there was growing evidence of their linguistic relationship to Malayo-Polynesian languages, notably from studies on the
6481:
The Austronesian Painting Traditions are the most common types of rock art in Island Southeast Asia. They consist of scenes and pictograms typically found in rock shelters and caves near coastal areas. They are characteristically rendered in red
1645:
times, they are genetically more Papuan. In the vast majority of cases, the language and material culture of Austronesian-speaking groups descend directly through generational continuity, especially in islands that were previously uninhabited.
18297:
Kitalong, Ann Hillmann; Ballick, MichaelJ.; Rehuher, Faustina; Besebes, Meked; Hanser, Sholeh; Soaladaob, Kiblas; Ngirchobong, Gemma; Wasisang, Flora; Law, Wayne; Lee, Roberta; Tadeo, Van Ray; Kitalong, Clarence; Kitalong, Christopher (2011).
6018:
of Vietnam, mostly with raw jade material sourced from eastern Taiwan. These typically depicted two-headed animals or were ring-shaped with side projections. They were indicative of a very active ancient maritime trading region, known as the
7693:
in the early 20th century. Approximately 20% of the script's letterforms were borrowed from Latin letters; the remaining characters seem to have been derived from indigenous iconography. Despite this heavy Latin influence, the script was a
4520:, estimated to have occurred around 1000 to 600 BCE and onwards. This may have possibly included limited colonization by people who have since been assimilated. This is still evident in Sri Lankan and South Indian languages. For example,
9885:
7842:
added the category "Filipino & Austronesian" after customers with no known Filipino ancestors were getting false positives for 5% or more "Filipino" ancestry in their ancestry composition report (the proportion was as high as 75% in
7602:-like angles, as a result of the difference in writing mediums, with the former being ideal for writing on soft leaves and the latter on bamboo panels. The use of the scripts ranged from mundane records to encoding esoteric knowledge on
6632:
In Polynesia, rock art is dominated by petroglyphs, rather than paintings, and they show less variation than the rock art of Near Oceania and ISEA. In the western Polynesian islands nearest to Island Melanesia, rock art is rare (like in
18838:
Greig, K.; Gosling, A.; Collins, C. J.; Boocock, J.; McDonald, K.; Addison, D. J.; Allen, M. S.; David, B.; Gibbs, M.; Higham, C. F. W.; Liu, F.; McNiven, I. J.; O'Connor, S.; Tsang, C. H.; Walter, R.; Matisoo-Smith, E. (14 June 2018).
10480:
6666:
On Tonga and Samoa, the existing rock art sites consist mostly of engravings with motifs including curvilinear shapes, human figures, "jellyfish", turtles, birds, and footprints. These are typically carved in natural rock formations or
13987:
Tofanelli, S.; Bertoncini, S.; Castri, L.; Luiselli, D.; Calafell, F.; Donati, G.; Paoli, G. (1 September 2009). "On the Origins and Admixture of Malagasy: New Evidence from High-Resolution Analyses of Paternal and Maternal Lineages".
5237:
Outside of Taiwan, assemblages of red-slipped pottery, plainware, and incised and stamped pottery associated with Austronesian migrations are first documented from around 2000 to 1800 BCE in the northern Philippines, from sites in the
19109:
6874:, facial tattoos were dominant. They indicated maturity and skill in weaving and farming for women and skill in hunting and battle for men. As in most of Austronesia, tattooing traditions in Taiwan have largely disappeared due to the
6073:, due to the lack of deposits. However, there is putative evidence that Polynesians may have remained familiar with jade and may acquired it through prehistoric trade contacts with New Caledonia, Island Melanesia, and/or New Zealand.
1648:
Serious research into the Austronesian languages and its speakers has been ongoing since the 19th century. Modern scholarship on Austronesian dispersion models is generally credited to two influential papers in the late 20th century:
9769:
Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Antao, Tiago; Capredon, Mélanie; Sambo, Clément; Radimilahy, Chantal; Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Blench, Roger M.; Letellier, Thierry (21 January 2014).
5150:
5966:
carving. Jade was spread to Taiwan by around 3,000 BCE, then further into the Philippines at 2,000 BCE and Vietnam at 1,800–1,500 BCE. All of them began to produce various tools and ornaments in indigenous jade workshops, including
6280:
3921:
Western Europeans in search of spices and gold later colonized most of the Austronesian-speaking countries of the Asia-Pacific region, beginning in the 16th century, with the Portuguese and Spanish colonization of the Philippines,
2010:
Some authors also propose further settlements and contacts in the past in areas that are not inhabited by Austronesian speakers today. These range from likely hypotheses to very controversial claims with minimal evidence. In 2009,
6510:
AES, which consists of petroglyphs carved into rock surfaces, is far less common than APT. The majority of these sites are in coastal New Guinea and Island Melanesia. AES sites, which can be tentatively traced back to the similar
2776:", though the terminology is problematic, as they are genetically diverse, and most groups within Austronesia have significant Austronesian admixture and culture. The unmixed descendants of these groups today include the interior
19351:
5391:
in the southeast. However, these didn't comprise a single tradition but can be grouped into at least fourteen different traditions scattered across the islands. In most cases, the earliest burial jars used were large indigenous
13711:
12981:
Blench, Roger (2008). "Stratification in the peopling of China: How far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology?". In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (eds.).
10892:
Kathryn J.; Auckland, Kathryn; Oppenheimer, Stephen J.; Hill, Adrian V. S.; Mentzer, Alexander J.; Zech, Jana; Petchey, Fiona; Roberts, Patrick; Jeong, Choongwon; Gray, Russell D.; Krause, Johannes; Powell, Adam (April 2018).
3170:
16493:
6586:. These are capped stone pillars that are believed to have served as supports for raised buildings. They are associated with the Latte period (900 to 1700 CE), when a new wave of migrants from Southeast Asia reintroduced
7400:, Austronesians did not have an indigenous writing system but rather adopted or developed writing systems after contact with various non-Austronesian cultures. There existed various forms of symbolic communication using
1746:
Languages of the Austronesian family are today spoken by about 386 million people (4.9% of the global population), making it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers. Major Austronesian languages include
5586:
4658:
used for village meetings or ceremonies. The overall effect of this is reminiscent of a boat, underlining the strong maritime connections of Austronesian cultures. The boat motif is common throughout, particularly in
2675:, long before the development of Austronesian cultures. These populations are typified by having dark skin, curly hair, and short statures, leading Europeans to believe, in the 19th century, that they were related to
1624:
unit". This has led to the use of the term "Austronesian" in academic literature to refer not only to the Austronesian languages but also the Austronesian-speaking peoples, their societies, and the geographic area of
20526:
9283:
2991:. They are believed to have descended from ancestral populations in coastal mainland southern China, which are generally referred to as the "pre‑Austronesians". Through these pre-Austronesians, Austronesians
6571:
in 3,500 BP; a Lapita culture back-migration from Island Melanesia into central and eastern Micronesia around 2,200 BP; and finally, a back-migration from western Polynesia into eastern Micronesia around 1,000 BP.
1394:
6023:, that imported and exported raw jade and finished jade ornaments. They were produced during a period from 500 BCE to as late as 1000 CE, although later examples were replaced with metal, wood, bone, clay, green
2074:
7452:, who said they were found "in all the houses". However, he paid them little attention, and they remained unnoticed by the outside world. It wasn't until 1869 that one of the tablets came into the possession of
6613:
are the largest assemblage of rock engravings in the region, with motifs dominated by footprints, enveloped crosses, and outlined "sword-paddles". Central Micronesia also hosts the ruins of the stone cities of
3324:, around the 4th to 3rd millennia BCE. This corresponded with the widespread introduction of rice cultivation to Proto-Sinitic speakers and conversely, millet cultivation to Pre-Austronesians. An Austronesian
18062:
Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (30 March 2021).
8114:
The absence of Denisovan admixture in western Southeast Asian populations seems to indicate that interbreeding between modern humans and Denisovans happened within Southeast Asia itself, possibly east of the
7370:
4193:
The simplest form of all ancestral Austronesian boats had five parts. The bottom consisted of a single piece of hollowed-out log. At the sides were two planks, and two horseshoe-shaped wood pieces formed the
19278:
6473:
tradition associated with the Neolithic Austronesian rectangular axe culture (2,500 to 1,500 BCE), while the second is the 3rd- or 4th-century BCE megalithic tradition associated with the (non-Austronesian)
7445:. Although some rongorongo glyphs may have been derived from these petroglyphs, rongorongo does not appear in any of the abundant rock carvings in Rapa Nui and seems to be restricted to the wooden tablets.
7003:. However, it was absent in Polynesia. It also existed in non-Austronesian populations in Mainland Southeast Asia and Japan. The practice was primarily preventative, as it reduced the chances of developing
7340:
3459:
population who had inhabited the islands since about 23,000 years earlier. Over the next thousand years, Austronesian peoples migrated southeast to the rest of the Philippines, and into the islands of the
15873:
Uncovering Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 10th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists: the British Museum, London, 14th–17th September 2004
6933:. Philippine tattoos were usually geometric patterns or stylized depictions of animals, plants, and human figures. Some of the few remaining traditional tattoos in the Philippines are among elders of the
4126:
technologies were the most important innovations of the Austronesian peoples. They were the first humans with vessels capable of crossing vast distances of water. The crossing from the Philippines to the
20672:
18284:
17880:
Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Ricaut, François-X; Cox, Murray P; Mormina, Maru; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Randriamarolaza, Louis P; Guitard, Evelyne; Tonasso, Laure; Ludes, Bertrand; Crubézy, Eric (May 2010).
13684:
Kakubayashi, Fumio. 隼人 : オーストロネシア系の古代日本部族' Hayato : An Austronesian speaking tribe in southern Japan.'. The bulletin of the Institute for Japanese Culture, Kyoto Sangyo University, 3, pp.15–31
20637:
17485:
5261:(c. 1000 BCE), showing dentate-stamped, circle-stamped, and cross-in-circle decorations. The latter two are shared elements of Neolithic red-slipped pottery from the Nagsabaran Site in the Philippines.
6296:
9594:
6563:
In Micronesia, the rock art traditions can be divided into three general regions: western, central, and eastern. The divisions reflect the various major migration waves from the Philippines into the
6512:
3954:. The latter half of the 20th century initiated independence of modern-day Indonesia, Malaysia, East Timor, and many of the Pacific island nations, as well as the re-independence of the Philippines.
14563:
21299:
17117:
7994:
may also be evidence of prehistoric Austronesian contact with the Americas, though this remains disputed. The domesticated animals carried in Austronesian voyages include dogs, pigs, and chickens.
10468:
7235:
3530:
by around 900 to 800 BCE. This remained the furthest extent of the Austronesian expansion into Polynesia until around 700 CE, when there was another surge of island colonization. It reached the
5912:
5296:, which would make it the longest sea crossing undertaken by that time in human history. This has also been proposed by earlier authors like Blust (2000) and Reid (2002), based on linguistics.
1461:
populations of Southeast Asia and Melanesia (whom Blumenbach initially classified as a "subrace" of the "Malay" race) were also now being treated as a separate "Ethiopian" race by authors like
1247:(1778), he posited that the ultimate origins of the Polynesians might have been the lowland regions of the Philippines and proposed that they arrived to the islands via long-distance voyaging.
11174:
Hung, Hsiao-Chun (2022). "Early Maritime Navigation and Cultures in Coastal Southern China, Taiwan, and Island Southeast Asia 6000–500 B.C.E.". In Jones, Ryan Tucker; Matsuda, Matt K. (eds.).
2565:. Austronesians also mixed with other preexisting populations as well as later migrant populations among the islands they settled, resulting in further genetic input. The most notable are the
14197:
Allibert, Claude (May 2008). "Austronesian Migration and the Establishment of the Malagasy Civilization: Contrasted Readings in Linguistics, Archaeology, Genetics and Cultural Anthropology".
12203:
O'Connor, Sue; Kealy, Shimona; Reepmeyer, Christian; Samper Carro, Sofia C.; Shipton, Ceri (15 March 2022). "Terminal Pleistocene emergence of maritime interaction networks across Wallacea".
7077:. Many Austronesian religious beliefs have been incorporated into foreign religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, which Austronesian peoples were introduced to later.
17702:
13925:
Herrera, Michael B.; Thomson, Vicki A.; Wadley, Jessica J.; Piper, Philip J.; Sulandari, Sri; Dharmayanthi, Anik Budhi; Kraitsek, Spiridoula; Gongora, Jaime; Austin, Jeremy J. (March 2017).
13875:
20956:
19081:
Olivera, Baldomero; Hall, Zach; Granberg, Bertrand (31 March 2024). "Reconstructing Philippine history before 1521: the Kalaga Putuan Crescent and the Austronesian maritime trade network".
9495:
6999:-rich plant dyes. It was practiced throughout almost the entire range of Austronesia, including Island Southeast Asia, Madagascar, Micronesia, and Island Melanesia, reaching as far east as
5894:
5117:
16254:
7855:, 18% in Hawaii, and 34% in Madagascar). The company's scientists surmised that this was due to the shared Austronesian genetic heritage being incorrectly identified as Filipino ancestry.
7259:
5347:
as a likely point of origin. Sources south of the Philippines remain unlikely without further archaeological findings due to their related pottery assemblages being younger than 1500 BCE.
2729:
by crossing an expanse of water at least 100 km (62 mi) wide, even during the low sea levels of the Pleistocene. Other evidence of early maritime transport are the appearance of
2717:, North Sulawesi, dated to 32,000–35,000 years ago, is possible evidence for the longest sea voyage by Paleolithic humans ever recorded. The island was previously uninhabited by humans or
20677:
20541:
7777:
An important breakthrough in studies in Austronesian genetics was the identification of the "Polynesian motif" (haplogroup B4a1a1) in 1989, a specific nine-base-pair deletion mutation in
18488:
Seelenfreund, Daniela; Clarke, Andrew C.; Oyanedel-Giaverini, Naria Factina; Piña-Muñoz, Ricardo; Lobos, Sergio; Matisoo-Smith, Lisa; Seelenfreund, A. (September 2010). "Paper mulberry (
17314:
10658:
8766:
8649:
7083:
6703:
On Rapa Nui, the engravings are distinctive but still show similarities to the techniques and motifs of the Marquesas. Their motifs commonly include disembodied parts of the human body (
1391:
and did not believe the human "varieties" were inherently inferior to each other. Rather, he believed that the Malay race was a combination of the "Ethiopian" and "Caucasian" varieties.
23082:
11515:
7123:
3266:
already populated (most probably by speakers of Austroasiatic languages) before they were reached by the Austronesian expansion, roughly 3,000 years ago. Currently, only the indigenous
8994:
4861:
1359:(1781). He initially grouped them by geography and thus called Austronesians the "people from the southern world". In the third edition, published in 1795, he named Austronesians the "
6245:
4902:
1508:
and western Polynesians). Despite this, he acknowledges that "Malayo-Polynesians" and "Pelagian Negroes" had "remarkable characters in common", particularly in terms of language and
20687:
6261:
2881:, the admixture is around 50% Austronesian and 50% Papuan. Similarly, in the Philippines, the groups traditionally considered to be "Negrito" vary between 30 and 50% Austronesian.
20647:
20632:
8535:
7546:, from Vietnam. There are numerous other Brahmic-derived writing systems among Southeast Asian Austronesians, usually specific to a certain ethnic group. Notable examples include
5753:
1669:, 1991). The topic is particularly interesting to scientists for the remarkably unique characteristics of the Austronesian speakers: their extent, diversity, and rapid dispersal.
14716:
Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques
6657:
site on Hawaii has the largest number of petroglyphs in a single site, at over 21,000 engravings. Polynesia also features megalithic sacred ceremonial centres generally known as
22783:
20571:
11145:
9388:
2916:
1770:
The geographic region that encompasses native Austronesian-speaking populations is sometimes referred to as "Austronesia". Other geographic names for various subregions include
19108:
Glover, Ian C.; Bellina, Bérénice (2011). "Ban Don Ta Phet and Khao Sam Kaeo: The Earliest Indian Contacts Re-assessed". In Manguin, Pierre-Yves; Mani, A.; Wade, Geoff (eds.).
16299:
11798:
7510:
successful. Some authors have proposed that rongorongo may have been an attempt to imitate European script after the idea of writing was introduced during the "signing" of the
20951:
20667:
20627:
6315:
14985:
13820:
11081:
7463:
At the time of discovery of the tablets, Rapa Nui had undergone severe depopulation. This was largely due to the loss of the island's last trees and the Peruvian and Chilean
1636:, but this is believed to have happened only in a few instances, since the Austronesian expansion was too rapid for language shifts to have occurred fast enough. In parts of
20642:
16089:
Harlow GE, Summerhayes GR, Davies HL, Matisoo-Smith L (1 March 2012). "jade gouge from Emirau Island, Papua New Guinea (Early Lapita context, 3300 BP): a unique jadeitite".
13554:
5737:
11214:
Hung, Hsiao-chun; Carson, Mike T.; Bellwood, Peter; Campos, Fredeliza Z.; Piper, Philip J.; Dizon, Eusebio; Bolunia, Mary Jane Louise A.; Oxenham, Marc; Chi, Zhang (2011).
9281:
8796:
7479:
further decimated the island's population to the point that there were not enough people to bury the dead. The last remnants of the Rapa Nui people were assimilated by the
7291:
1695:
Austronesians were the first humans with seafaring vessels that could cross large distances on the open ocean; this technology allowed them to colonize a large part of the
3245:
shared by the indigenous Taiwanese and Kra-Dai-speakers. However, archaeological evidence for this is still sparse. This is believed to be similar to what happened to the
10576:
Blust, Robert A. (1999). "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics". In Zeitoun, Elizabeth; Li, Paul Jen-kuei (eds.).
21304:
4881:
9747:
7104:
5364:, and baskets. However, the geometric designs and stylized figures used in the pottery are still present in other surviving art forms, such as tattooing, weaving, and
16143:
Sand, Christophe (2016). "Prestige Stone Items in Island Melanesia: assessment of the enigmatic biconical picks, drilled plaques and stone clubs from New Caledonia".
15842:
15416:
9558:
4702:
as a "ritual attractor". These are specific posts, beams, platforms, altars, and so on that embody the house as a whole, usually consecrated at the time of building.
21417:
15538:
Winter, Olaf; Clark, Geoffrey; Anderson, Atholl; Lindahl, Anders (September 2012). "Austronesian sailing to the northern Marianas, a comment on Hung et al. (2011)".
13330:
4846:
17560:
20536:
15159:"Śāstric and Austronesian Comparative Perspectives: Parallel Frameworks on Indic Architectural and Cultural Translations among Western Malayo-Polynesian Societies"
14551:
14487:
13106:
9001:
8965:
7708:, in which images are created by a single continuous line drawn in the sand. It is believed to have functioned as a means of symbolic communication in pre-contact
13746:
13643:
6654:
20682:
6938:
6723:
megaliths. A few paintings, mostly of birds and boats, have also been discovered, which are associated with the engravings, rather than being separate artforms.
5657:
4447:
leaves. These sails allowed them to embark on long-distance voyaging. In some cases, however, they were one-way voyages. The failure to establish populations in
17042:
9204:
9057:
5693:
5458:
though they never penetrated much further east. There are roughly two gong ensemble traditions among Austronesians, which also produced gongs in ancient times.
4921:
4151:
to the single outrigger canoe, then to the reversible single outrigger canoe. Finally, the single outrigger types developed into the double outrigger canoe (or
20581:
16124:
Summerhayes G, Matisoo-Smith E, Mandui H, Allen J, Specht J, Hogg N, McPherson S (2010). "Tamuarawai (EQS): An Early Lapita Site on Emirau, New Ireland, PNG".
12439:
8874:
6610:
4941:
3447:
The Austronesian expansion (also called the "Out of Taiwan" model) is a large-scale migration of Austronesians from Taiwan, occurring around 3000 to 1500 BCE.
11542:"An Integrated Perspective on the Austronesian Diaspora: The Switch from Cereal Agriculture to Maritime Foraging in the Colonisation of Island Southeast Asia"
4815:. They propose significant Neolithic contact between the people of southern Japan and Austronesians or pre-Austronesians that occurred prior to the spread of
2679:. However, despite these physical similarities, genetic studies have shown that they are more closely related to other Eurasian populations than to Africans.
22006:
20556:
20546:
18666:
14296:
8040:
There is also indirect evidence of very early Austronesian contacts with Africa, based on the presence and spread of Austronesian domesticates like bananas,
4166:. However, there are small regions where catamarans and single-outrigger canoes are still used. In contrast, more distant outlying descendant populations in
1504:). He further subdivided the latter into the "Alfourous" (also "Haraforas" or "Alfoërs", the Native Australians), and the "Pelagian or Oceanic Negroes" (the
15958:
Hung, Hsiao-chun; Nguyen, Kim Dung; Bellwood, Peter; Carson, Mike T. (2013). "Coastal Connectivity: Long-Term Trading Networks Across the South China Sea".
11641:
9590:
5265:
This type of pottery dispersed south and southwest to the rest of Island Southeast Asia. The eastward and southward branches of the migrations converged in
20652:
2059:
Map showing the distribution of the Austronesian language family (light rose pink). It roughly corresponds to the distribution of all Austronesian peoples.
8831:
About 13.5% of Singapore Residents are of Malay descent. In addition to these, many Chinese Singaporeans are also of mixed Austronesian descent. See also
6825:
in his explorations of the Pacific in the 18th century. Cook introduced the word "tattoo" (archaic: "tattaow", "tattow") into the English vocabulary from
4182:
retained the double-hull and the single-outrigger canoe types, but the technology for double outriggers never reached them (although it exists in western
3026:. The politicization of archaeology is also problematic, particularly erroneous reconstructions among some Chinese archaeologists of non-Sinitic sites as
23492:
23408:
3650:
3151:, respectively). These are still not widely accepted, as evidence of these relationships are still tenuous, and the methods used are highly contentious.
9499:
9083:
7427:. Of the surviving two dozen tablets, a few were made from trees introduced after European contact, as well as wood originating from European ships and
7411:("lines of inscriptions for chanting out"), is the only pre-contact indigenous Austronesian system of glyphs that appear to be true writing or at least
6958:) rather than through puncturing, as in usual practice. In addition to being pigmented, the skin was also left raised into ridges of swirling patterns.
12230:
O'Connor, Sue (2015). "Crossing the Wallace Line The Maritime Skills of the Earliest Colonists in the Wallacean Archipelago". In Kaifu, Yousuke (ed.).
8559:
7184:
3367:
18706:
17199:
17160:
11937:
11668:"Cranio-morphometric and aDNA corroboration of the Austronesian dispersal model in ancient Island Southeast Asia: Support from Gua Harimau, Indonesia"
1337:). The connections between Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and the Pacific Islands were also noted by other European explorers, including the Orientalist
23286:
17376:
16982:
16408:
15176:
6707:
in particular), animals, plants, ceremonial objects, and boats. A prominent motif is also that of the "birdman" figure, which is associated with the
2861:(2017) also proposed the term "First Sundaland People" in place of "Negrito", as a more accurate name for the original population of Southeast Asia.
1243:
16572:
14889:
14808:
13787:
7193:
6396:
3582:. They also established early long-distance contacts with Africa, possibly as early as before 500 BCE, based on archaeological evidence like banana
16799:
16171:
15660:
13867:
13064:
12377:
5611:
15320:"Cultural Resource and Heritage Issues of Historic Champa States in Vietnam: Champa Origins, Reconfirmed Nomenclatures, and Preservation of Sites"
14472:
Philippine History by Maria Christine N. Halili. "Chapter 3: Precolonial Philippines" (Published by Rex Bookstore; Manila, Sampaloc St. Year 2004)
6172:. Within Southeast Asia, the sites associated with Austronesians can be divided into three general rock art traditions: the Megalithic Culture of
3194:. These peoples were assimilated linguistically and culturally by incoming Austronesian peoples in what is now modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia.
2890:
composite protoform *Cau ma-qata, combining "Tau" and "Qata" and indicative of the mixing of the two ancestral population types in these regions.
20281:
18782:
8013:
by around 1500 to 600 BCE. These early contacts resulted in the introduction of Austronesian crops and material culture to South Asia, including
6336:
3887:
by the 10th century. This was established as the dominant religion in the Malay archipelago by the 16th century. The Austronesian inhabitants of
3683:
in Southeast Asian populations, pre-dating the Austronesian expansion, as proof that Austronesians originated from within Island Southeast Asia.
3209:
Several authors have also proposed that Kra-Dai speakers may actually be an ancient daughter subgroup of Austronesians that migrated back to the
3127:
that are relevant to the identity of the pre-Austronesian populations. The most notable are the connections of Austronesians to the neighboring
1163:
23635:
23497:
22810:
22758:
21188:
10637:
9979:
8770:
8085:
7895:
7875:
5453:
ensembles are also a common musical heritage of Island Southeast Asia. The casting of gong instruments is believed to have originated from the
4750:, supported by a single tall post, also had ritual importance and was used to isolate high-born children during their training for leadership.
1134:
18040:
17094:
16441:"First record of painted rock art near Kupang, West Timor, Indonesia, and the origins and distribution of the Austronesian Painting Tradition"
11494:
3623:
2015:
compiled an expanded map of Austronesia that encompassed these claims based on a variety of evidence, such as historical accounts, loanwords,
21410:
10518:
9348:
6686:
are typically carved into boulders, lava rock formations, and cliffsides. Red paintings of dogs on cliffsides and caves can also be found on
6495:. The representations of boats themselves are believed to be connected to the widespread "ship of the dead" Austronesian funerary practices.
6486:
pigments for the earlier forms, later sometimes superseded by paintings done in black charcoal pigments. Their sites are mostly clustered in
6455:
5873:
5791:
1730:
island in the Tuamotus, French Polynesia; a typical island landscape in Austronesia. Coconuts are native to tropical Asia and were spread as
16531:
11284:
Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ (August 2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar".
6556:, as they are beyond the inter-island visibility threshold. These island groups begin to show divergence from the APT and AES traditions of
4834:
4761:
Indirect evidence of traditional Austronesian architecture, however, can be gleaned from their contemporary representations in art, such as
4497:
4210:
or fibre) wrapped around protruding lugs on the planks. This characteristic and ancient Austronesian boatbuilding practice is known as the "
19483:
10294:
Douglas, Bronwen (2008). "'Novus Orbis Australis': Oceania in the science of race, 1750-1850". In Douglas, Bronwen; Ballard, Chris (eds.).
9536:
8929:
8705:
3041:
Nevertheless, based on linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence, Austronesians are most strongly associated with the early farming
1113:
Aside from language, Austronesian peoples widely share cultural characteristics, including such traditions and traditional technologies as
14451:
12611:
10402:
7523:
or a true indigenous Austronesian writing system (and one of the few independent inventions of writing in human history) remains unknown.
7011:. It also had cultural significance and was seen as beautiful. A common sentiment was that blackened teeth separated humans from animals.
5447:
are indigenous Austronesian musical instruments invented and used by Southeast Asian-Austronesian and Oceanic-Austronesian ethnic groups.
4491:
23502:
21563:
20762:
19438:
18385:
Perrier, Xavier; Bakry, Frédéric; Carreel, Françoise; Jenny, Christophe; Horry, Jean-Pierre; Lebot, Vincent; Hippolyte, Isabelle (2009).
8057:
7801:, assimilating Papuan men from outside the community by marriage in Near Oceania, prior to the Polynesian expansion into Remote Oceania.
7542:
through early maritime trading. The oldest use of abugida scripts in Austronesian cultures are 4th-century stone inscriptions written in
7172:
5343:(2012) emphasized that they also did not discount other sources (yet undiscovered) from the southern Philippines. They also proposed the
3491:
migration was also unique in that it was the only Austronesian migration to the Pacific Islands to successfully retain rice cultivation.
19443:
5772:
1040:. The nations and territories predominantly populated by Austronesian-speaking peoples are sometimes known collectively as Austronesia.
24320:
24045:
24025:
19318:
18171:. The Human Journey: A Concise Introduction to World History. Vol. 1. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. pp. 207–209.
16729:
14686:
12714:
9418:
9120:
8818:
8516:
8189:
Sometimes confusingly also as "early Austronesians" or "proto-Austronesians". The latter should not be confused with the reconstructed
6890:
21961:
17822:
17766:
14729:
Heng, Derek (2018). "Ships, Shipwrecks, and Archaeological Recoveries as Sources of Southeast Asian History". In Ludden, David (ed.).
11817:
11137:
9380:
8833:
7927:", especially in the context of Polynesian migrations. They provide another source of evidence for Austronesian population movements.
3938:); the Dutch colonization of the Indonesian archipelago; the British colonization of Malaysia and Oceania; the French colonization of
24113:
23158:
21485:
20427:
11802:
7030:
The religious traditions of the Austronesian people focus mostly on ancestral spirits, nature spirits, and gods, making it a complex
5632:
3270:
still speak Austroasiatic languages. However, some of the languages in the region show signs of underlying Austroasiatic substrates.
2865:
differences—like Philippine Negritos, Orang Asli, and Austronesian-speaking Melanesians, all of whom have Austronesian admixture. In
15523:
Reid, L. (2002). "Morphosyntactic evidence for the position of Chamorro in the Austronesian language family". In Bauer, R.S. (ed.).
13817:
13533:
12785:
Gray RD, Drummond AJ, Greenhill SJ (January 2009). "Language phylogenies reveal expansion pulses and pauses in Pacific settlement".
6843:
raids. In head-hunting societies, tattoos were records of how many heads the warrior had taken in battle, and they were part of the
24325:
23291:
21403:
21334:
20392:
14967:
11060:
6645:). However, petroglyphs are abundant on the islands in the further reaches of the Polynesian triangle, particularly on Hawaii, the
3776:
18903:"The Origins and Arrival of the Earliest Domestic Animals in Mainland and Island Southeast Asia: A Developing Story of Complexity"
13587:
5379:
and flourished in the first millennium CE. They are characteristic of a region bordered by the Philippines to the north, southern
3233:) was the result of linguistic restructuring due to contact with Hmong-Mien and Sinitic cultures. Aside from linguistic evidence,
2063:
23701:
23195:
21160:
20498:
20253:
16202:
14226:"Evidence of Austronesian Genetic Lineages in East Africa and South Arabia: Complex Dispersal from Madagascar and Southeast Asia"
9672:
8792:
8734:
7997:
Austronesians also introduced these crops and domesticated animals westward via trade links. Island Southeast Asians established
7858:
A study about the ancestral composition of modern ethnic groups in the Philippines from 2021 similarly suggests that distinctive
7014:
Teeth blackening was often done in conjunction with other modifications to the teeth associated with beauty standards, including
6682:
sites or in rocks beside streams. The existing rock paintings also display the same motifs but are rendered in different styles.
6355:
4797:(2013) have also noted the striking similarities between Austronesian architecture and Japanese traditional raised architecture (
3748:
19451:
15801:
6629:
of eastern Micronesia, rock art is rare-to-nonexistent, due to the absence of suitable rock surfaces for painting or engraving.
6062:. It was dated to around 3,300 BCE, but the origin of the jade material is unknown. Similar stone tools have also been found in
5833:
4186:). To deal with the problem of the boat's instability when the outrigger faces leeward when tacking, they instead developed the
2651:
Map of Sunda and Sahul, showing the lowest sea level that occurred when island southeast Asia was first settled by modern humans
24315:
24035:
20210:
20151:
6839:
Tattoos had various functions among Austronesian societies. Among men, they were strongly linked to the widespread practice of
3336:
3011:
1453:
By the 19th century, however, a classification of Austronesians as being a subset of the "Mongolian" race was favoured, as was
12635:"Genetic evidence for the proto-Austronesian homeland in Asia: mtDNA and nuclear DNA variation in Taiwanese aboriginal tribes"
9472:
9445:
8581:
8062:
A genomic analysis in 2020 showed Austronesian contact with South America around 1150–1200 CE, the earliest one being between
6800:) on the lips and chin (c. 1860–1879). These were symbols of status and rank as well as being considered marks of beauty.
5675:
3378:. Thus, Blench believes that there is in fact no "apical" ancestor of Austronesian in the sense that there was no true single
23562:
23281:
21373:
20910:
20794:
19361:
19328:
19307:
19288:
19267:
19246:
17696:
17629:
17523:
17370:
17193:
17073:
17013:
16976:
16937:
16896:
16857:
16830:
16793:
16760:
16487:
16402:
16373:
16248:
16073:
16014:
15880:
15836:
15654:
15410:
15366:
15302:
15234:
15170:
14979:
14883:
14854:
14802:
14746:
14680:
14529:
14358:
14330:
13850:
13781:
13548:
13361:
13214:
13105:. Presented at the 12th EURASEAA meeting Leiden, 1–5 September 2008. European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists.
12991:
12965:
12940:
12845:
12477:
12371:
12239:
12187:
12147:
11864:
11767:
11509:
11075:
11026:
10996:
10875:
10834:
10823:"Stylochronology of Early Pottery in the Islands of Southeast Asia: A Reassessment of Archaeological Evidence of Austronesia"
10793:
10726:
10701:
10652:
10605:
10308:
10156:
9963:
9865:
9741:
9731:
8718:
8529:
7991:
7457:
5814:
3729:
3563:
were also formerly settled by Austronesians but later abandoned. There is also putative evidence, based in the spread of the
1979:
Additionally, modern-era migration has brought Austronesian-speaking people to the United States, Canada, Australia, the UK,
16943:
16902:
16863:
16751:
Kirch, Patrick V. (1998). "Lapita and Its Aftermath: the Austronesian Settlement of Oceania". In Goodenough, Ward H. (ed.).
16689:
Rainbird P, Wilson M (2 January 2015). "Crossing the line: the enveloped cross in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia".
15824:
15372:
12153:
12039:
11032:
10840:
10799:
10611:
10162:
8675:
6836:("to tap"). However, tattoos existed prominently in various other Austronesian groups prior to contact with other cultures.
6374:
4961:
3755:
1841:
23983:
21036:
20885:
18287:
National Tropical Botanical Garden c/o Botany Department University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. Retrieved March 2022.
15398:
9565:
8701:
7826:
populations approximately 31,000 to 37,000 years ago and have remained isolated for 23,000 to 32,000 years, confirming the
7054:
2955:
1314:
19380:"A predominantly indigenous paternal heritage for the Austronesian-speaking peoples of insular Southeast Asia and Oceania"
15399:"Enter the Ceramic Matrix: Identifying the Nature of the Early Austronesian Settlement in the Cagayan Valley, Philippines"
15036:
13039:
12530:
11018:
Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago: Proceedings of the International Symposium
10827:
Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago: Proceedings of the International Symposium
9234:
7754:
and people of the northern Philippines as well as some people in Indonesia, Malaysia, and non-Austronesian populations in
5077:
3383:
model into Taiwan by pre-Austronesians to be inconsistent with both the archaeological and linguistic (lexical) evidence.
24310:
24030:
23934:
23173:
21515:
17545:
15443:
Carson MT, Hung Hc, Summerhayes G, Bellwood P (January 2013). "The Pottery Trail From Southeast Asia to Remote Oceania".
15330:
15080:
12903:
12755:
11259:
7538:
from South India. Various forms of abugidas spread throughout Austronesian cultures in Southeast Asia as kingdoms became
6020:
4636:
4000:
3575:
3297:
were of Austronesian origin. Until today, local traditions and festivals show similarities to Malayo-Polynesian culture.
13097:
4276:
2925:
19776:
15573:
Hung, Hsiao-chun; Carson, Mike T.; Bellwood, Peter (September 2012). "Earliest settlement in the Marianas—a response".
14483:
13647:
7822:
haplotypes from Europeans, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and others. They found that hpSahul diverged from mainland Asian
6204:) as well as the interior highlands of New Guinea, indicating the borders of the extent of the Austronesian expansion.
3568:
3366:(with Longshan-type cultures found in southern Taiwan), the fishing-based Dapenkeng culture of coastal Fujian, and the
2691:
17338:""Ny vazana tsy aseho vahiny" – "Don't show your molars to strangers" – Expressions of teeth blackening in Madagascar"
17256:"To Strengthen the Teeth and Harden the Gums – Teeth blackening as medical practice in Asia, Micronesia and Melanesia"
15111:
Arbi E, Rao SP, Omar S (21 November 2013). "Austronesian Architectural Heritage and the Grand Shrines at Ise, Japan".
14104:"Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar"
9772:"Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar"
9620:
3762:
3118:
2500:, Singapore, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, parts of Sri Lanka, southern Myanmar, and much of western and central Indonesia)
24330:
24040:
23430:
20432:
20296:
19144:
19119:
19065:
19038:
19011:
18914:
18841:"Complex history of dog (Canis familiaris) origins and translocations in the Pacific revealed by ancient mitogenomes"
18721:
18689:
18472:
18311:
18218:
18176:
18149:
14085:
13909:
13841:
Pawley A (2002). "The Austronesian dispersal: languages, technologies and people". In Bellwood PS, Renfrew C (eds.).
12033:
11183:
9196:
9050:
7511:
7483:
who were later brought to the island in an effort to repopulate it, further resulting in the loss of most of the Old
3795:
2634:
19057:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 3, Agro-Industries and Forestry
17883:"Complete mitochondrial DNA sequences provide new insights into the Polynesian motif and the peopling of Madagascar"
12400:
11666:
Matsumura H, Shinoda KI, Shimanjuntak T, Oktaviana AA, Noerwidi S, Octavianus Sofian H, et al. (22 June 2018).
9023:
8866:
5410:
jars acquired from the burgeoning maritime trade with China and Mainland Southeast Asia around the 14th century CE.
3409:
3006:
The identity of the Neolithic pre-Austronesian cultures in China is contentious. Tracing Austronesian prehistory in
2853:*Cau) for the later settlers from Taiwan and mainland China. Both are based on proto-forms for the word "person" in
24065:
23972:
22932:
21339:
21203:
20171:
19771:
19744:
19476:
18756:
18636:
18543:
González-Lorca, J.; Rivera-Hutinel, A.; Moncada, X.; Lobos, S.; Seelenfreund, D.; Seelenfreund, A. (2 April 2015).
15999:
8628:
7758:. A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in archaeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the
6821:
In modern times, tattoos are usually associated with Polynesian culture, due to the highly influential accounts of
3943:
2216:
1632:
Some Austronesian-speaking groups are not direct descendants of Austronesians and acquired their languages through
16323:"Rock Art: A Potential Source of Information about Past Maritime Technology in the South-East Asia-Pacific Region"
14281:
11602:
8995:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"
6847:
into adulthood. The number and location of tattoos, therefore, were indicative of a warrior's status and prowess.
5019:
4135:
3197:
3123:
Based on linguistic evidence, there have been proposals linking Austronesians with other linguistic families into
24335:
23792:
23143:
21910:
21556:
21061:
20870:
19691:
18239:
Denham, Tim (October 2011). "Early Agriculture and Plant Domestication in New Guinea and Island Southeast Asia".
17030:
4613:
Austronesian architecture is diverse but often shares certain characteristics that indicate a common origin. The
3744:
1641:
21831:
9166:
7526:
In Southeast Asia, the first true writing systems of pre-modern Austronesian cultures were all derived from the
5717:
1375:. Blumenbach used the term "Malay" due to his belief that most Austronesians spoke the "Malay idiom" (i.e., the
23782:
23189:
23168:
21510:
21480:
21470:
20604:
20561:
20442:
19833:
19492:
14520:
Mahdi W (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench R, Spriggs M (eds.).
13620:ユハ・ヤンフネン 「A Framework for the Study of Japanese Language Origins」「日本語系統論の現在」(pdf) 国際日本文化センター、京都、2003年、477–490頁.
13588:"The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond"
11106:
Solheim, Wilhelm G. II (1984–1985). "The Nusantao Hypothesis: The Origin and Spread of Austronesian Speakers".
9259:
7747:
3733:
569:
24083:
18492:) as a commensal model for human mobility in Oceania: Anthropological, botanical and genetic considerations".
12500:"The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cereal—from the Yangzi to the Equator"
7539:
3320:, when pre-Austronesians from the Yangtze region came into regular contact with Proto-Sinitic speakers in the
24305:
24300:
24126:
24108:
23756:
22788:
21500:
21349:
20712:
20460:
20402:
20387:
20359:
20316:
18350:
L.) DNA studies support the hypothesis of an ancient Austronesian migration from Southeast Asia to America".
9087:
6216:
have also continued to produce rock art well into the present period, as evidenced by their modern subjects.
3285:, and influenced or created the Japanese hierarchical society. It is suggested that Japanese tribes like the
1364:
1338:
19668:
10124:
Langdon, Robert. The Bamboo Raft as a Key to the Introduction of the Sweet Potato in Prehistoric Polynesia,
9145:
5097:
4698:
Austronesian buildings have spiritual significance, often containing what has been coined by anthropologist
3464:
and Borneo. From southwestern Borneo, Austronesians spread further west in a single migration event to both
24050:
23647:
23266:
23205:
23035:
22845:
21455:
21309:
21294:
21266:
21223:
20707:
20326:
19879:
18727:
18134:
17152:
15069:"Menghuni Lumbung: Beberapa Pertimbangan Mengenai Asal-Usul Konstruksi Rumah Panggung di Kepulauan Pasifik"
11888:
10555:
10543:
8487:
7751:
7737:
7150:
4439:
provided greater stability. The triangular crab claw sails also later developed into square or rectangular
4223:
Austronesian ships traditionally had no central rudders but were instead steered using an oar on one side.
3680:
2959:
Suggested early migration route of early Austronesians into and out of Taiwan, based on ancient and modern
2834:, and Indigenous Australians display Denisovan admixture, while Malaysian and western Indonesian Negritos (
2827:
2116:
1861:
1086:. During the initial part of the migrations, they encountered and assimilated (or were assimilated by) the
18933:"Using ancient DNA to study the origins and dispersal of ancestral Polynesian chickens across the Pacific"
8603:
7453:
4999:
4454:
3567:, that Austronesians may have reached South America from Polynesia, where they might have traded with the
1241:, also recognized the similarities of Polynesian languages to those of Island Southeast Asia. In his book
24103:
23480:
23383:
22922:
22681:
21385:
21233:
21153:
20662:
20491:
20422:
20382:
20246:
19843:
19818:
19469:
16557:
13509:
Tai-Kadai and Austronesian are Related at Multiple Levels and their Archaeological Interpretation (draft)
8190:
8090:
7885:
7043:
6038:, and other implements, some of which are made from jade-like stone, have also been recorded in areas of
6005:
5037:
3379:
3309:
3277:
and Ann Kumar, Austronesians may have also settled parts of southern Japan, especially on the islands of
3148:
2964:
2854:
2123:
1849:
Austronesian regions are almost exclusively islands in the Pacific and Indian oceans, with predominantly
1570:
1437:
1407:
1352:
1348:
1255:
1238:
1138:
17:
19823:
17850:
Kirch, Patrick V. (21 October 2010). "Peopling of the Pacific: A Holistic Anthropological Perspective".
16163:
13704:"Sino-Austronesian vs. Sino-Caucasian, Sino-Bodic vs. Sino-Tibetan, and Tibeto-Burman as default theory"
10190:"Investigating the origins of eastern Polynesians using genome-wide data from the Leeward Society Isles"
7034:
religion. Mythologies vary by culture and geographical location but share common basic aspects, such as
6164:
sites. The sites specifically associated with the Austronesian expansion contain examples of indigenous
6050:. These were considered valuable currency and were primarily used to trade for goods. In 2012, a Lapita
1325:), and the language family came to be known as "Malayo-Polynesian", first coined by the German linguist
23959:
23222:
23065:
22937:
22827:
21585:
21549:
21531:
21377:
21329:
21289:
20935:
20417:
20397:
19979:
19686:
18193:
14642:
Hornell, James (1932). "Was the Double-Outrigger Known in Polynesia and Micronesia? A Critical Study".
12074:"Discerning the Origins of the Negritos, First Sundaland People: Deep Divergence and Archaic Admixture"
8653:
8560:"2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) Population Counts Declared Official by the President"
7785:(including Madagascar), indicating shared paternal ancestry, with the exception of Polynesia where the
7283:
7214:
5057:
4948:
3828:
3392:
3374:. Based on geography and cultural vocabulary, Blench believes that the Yuanshan people may have spoken
2948:
2873:, for example, the admixture is around 20 to 30% Papuan and 70 to 80% Austronesian. The Melanesians in
2656:
2626:
2497:
1703:, the Austronesian language family was the most widespread in the world, spanning half the planet from
1543:
1372:
19704:
18902:
9349:"Census 2010 News | U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Population Counts for American Samoa"
6552:
The easternmost islands of Island Melanesia (Vanuatu, Fiji, and New Caledonia) are considered part of
24192:
24121:
23696:
23552:
23485:
22711:
22654:
21381:
21324:
20875:
20804:
20722:
20551:
20178:
20107:
19520:
19135:
Beaujard, Philippe (2013). "Madagascar and Africa, Austronesian migration". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.).
10295:
9886:"The timing of arrival of humans and their commensal animals on Western Indian Ocean oceanic islands"
9353:
9326:
7889:
7047:
6619:
6309:, with the concentric circles and swirling designs characteristic of the Austronesian Engraving Style
3237:
has also noted cultural similarities between the two groups, like facial tattooing, tooth removal or
3178:
While the Austric hypothesis remains contentious, there is genetic evidence that at least in western
1403:
23613:
19959:
19378:
Capelli C, Wilson JF, Richards M, Stumpf MP, Gratrix F, Oppenheimer S, et al. (February 2001).
18386:
17398:
Watts J, Sheehan O, Greenhill SJ, Gomes-Ng S, Atkinson QD, Bulbulia J, Gray RD (23 September 2015).
12860:
Jiao, Tianlong. 2013. "The Neolithic Archaeology of Southeast China." In Underhill, Anne P., et al.
6969:
5246:
of Northern Luzon. From there, pottery technology rapidly spread to the east, south, and southwest.
3895:
were unaffected by this cultural trade and retained their indigenous culture in the Pacific region.
24233:
23953:
23738:
23445:
22972:
22967:
22773:
22504:
22054:
21707:
21572:
21495:
21465:
20824:
20306:
20203:
20122:
20032:
18032:
17090:
11742:
11738:
8080:
7520:
7424:
6981:
3480:
3124:
2761:, ca.22,000 BP). However, the method of crossing remains unknown and could have ranged from simple
2086:
Austronesian peoples include the following groupings by name and geographic location (incomplete):
1218:, who recognized a "common language" from Madagascar to western Polynesia, although Dutch explorer
745:
23840:
16626:"New precise dates for the ancient and sacred coral pyramidal tombs of Leluh (Kosrae, Micronesia)"
12072:
Jinam TA, Phipps ME, Aghakhanian F, Majumder PP, Datar F, Stoneking M, et al. (August 2017).
10503:
9358:
6889:
One of the earliest descriptions of Austronesian tattoos by Europeans was during the 16th-century
3769:
2733:
tools with the same source on neighboring islands. These include the Philippine obsidian network (
1561:
1055:, by around 2200 BCE. They used sails some time before 2000 BCE. In conjunction with their use of
24182:
24055:
23711:
23659:
23362:
23153:
23060:
22947:
22582:
21933:
21450:
21213:
21116:
20521:
20166:
19919:
19027:
Bellina, Bérénice (2014). "Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road". In Guy, John (ed.).
16516:
10559:
10451:
9685:
Approximately 60% of the population of total population of Rapa Nui (3,765) is of native descent.
9642:
9073:
Approximately 87.7% of the total population (275,918) are of unmixed or mixed Polynesian descent.
7767:
6704:
5991:
5934:
4621:
3824:
3722:
3687:
3672:
3375:
3218:
3179:
2960:
2846:
1984:
1921:
1831:
1795:
1532:
1528:
1342:
1321:. Multiple other authors corroborated this classification (except for the erroneous inclusion of
1230:
985:
981:
24098:
22522:
19456:
13690:
13673:
13379:"Early mixed farming of millet and rice 7800 years ago in the Middle Yellow River region, China"
12304:
Cooper A, Stringer CB (October 2013). "Paleontology. Did the Denisovans cross Wallace's Line?".
9532:
8922:
7705:
6196:
and Island Melanesia. Despite proximity, these traditions can be distinguished readily from the
4981:
3339:
is also another explanation for the correspondences that do not require a genetic relationship.
2713:
necessitated crossing bodies of water. Remains of stone tools and marine shells in Liang Sarru,
24220:
24088:
23733:
23542:
23537:
23467:
23357:
23200:
23072:
22805:
22235:
22186:
22129:
22074:
21928:
21395:
21369:
21146:
20972:
20772:
20727:
20484:
20276:
20239:
19868:
19791:
19663:
18714:
Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley
18549:([L.] Vent.; Moraceae) into the Pacific: genetic, geographical and historical evidence"
17183:
15899:
Hung HC, Iizuka Y, Bellwood P, Nguyen KD, Bellina B, Silapanth P, et al. (December 2007).
14443:
12875:
The Neolithic of Southeast China: Cultural Transformation and Regional Interaction on the Coast
12605:
12255:
Reich D, Patterson N, Kircher M, Delfin F, Nandineni MR, Pugach I, et al. (October 2011).
10409:
7638:
that encode sounds, both vowels and consonants, native to Austronesian languages but absent in
7347:
7269:
6879:
4705:
The Austronesian house itself also often symbolizes various aspects of indigenous Austronesian
3174:
Proposed routes of Austroasiatic and Austronesian migrations into Indonesia (Simanjuntak, 2017)
3042:
3015:
2815:
2781:
2638:
1686:
1581:
1493:
1423:
1376:
1051:, circa 3000 to 1500 BCE. Austronesians reached the northernmost Philippines, specifically the
1044:
1009:
918:
17360:
16966:
16597:
Liston J, Rieth TM (2010). "Palau's Petroglyphs: Archaeology, Oral History, and Iconography".
16390:
15158:
10719:
Building Outrigger Sailing Canoes: Modern Construction Methods for Three Fast, Beautiful Boats
10434:
10020:
10003:
7906:
that enabled early Austronesians to thrive in their mostly island environments. These include
7046:
and powerful deities. There is also a great amount of shared mythology and a common belief in
4477:
of Vietnam also uniquely developed basket-hulled boats whose hulls were composed of woven and
4267:
1211:
by European authors. The first formal publication on these relationships was in 1708 by Dutch
24211:
24093:
23767:
23743:
23598:
23077:
22962:
22860:
22835:
22427:
22306:
22260:
22191:
22156:
21183:
21111:
20905:
20586:
20507:
20291:
20092:
19939:
19863:
19858:
19737:
19577:
18660:
18637:"Neolithic Human Movement to Island Southeast Asia: The Search for Archaeobotanical Evidence"
18456:
18299:
14871:
14792:
13845:. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. pp. 251–273.
13769:
13058:
11848:
11449:
Embong, Abdul Mutalib; Jusoh, Juhari Sham; Hussein, Juliani; Mohammad, Razita (31 May 2016).
9300:
7201:
6201:
6181:
5427:
5371:
A common practice among Austronesians in a large area of Island Southeast Asia is the use of
4159:
3433:
3325:
3230:
3187:
2642:
2550:
1897:
1845:
Extent of contemporary Austronesia and possible further migrations and contact (Blench, 2009)
1787:
1775:
1690:
1489:
1204:
1037:
701:
22392:
21900:
19999:
19560:
19334:
19055:
18596:
Zerega, N. J. C.; Ragone, D. & Motley, T.J. (2004). "The complex origins of breadfruit (
17031:"Batek: Traditional Tattoos and Identities in Contemporary Kalinga, North Luzon Philippines"
16777:
16725:
15642:
14738:
14665:
12683:
12361:
12025:
Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas
10376:
9410:
9109:
8037:
were also present in Southeast Asia by 400–100 BCE, indicating the exchange was reciprocal.
6096:(treasure). They include various tools and weapons like adzes, scrapers, fishing hooks, and
2806:
In modern literature, descendants of these groups, located in Island Southeast Asia west of
24187:
24060:
24000:
23853:
23787:
23618:
23462:
23271:
23030:
23025:
22927:
22887:
22691:
22587:
22570:
22124:
21198:
21101:
20915:
20895:
20880:
20777:
20657:
20437:
20341:
20262:
19174:
19111:
Early Interactions between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-Cultural Exchange
18944:
18560:
18501:
18076:
17987:
17939:
17815:
17760:
17411:
16637:
16098:
15695:
14763:
14390:
14115:
13457:
13390:
12794:
12313:
11903:
11825:
11679:
11335:
10953:
10201:
10052:
9783:
9411:"3238.0.55.001 – Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2016"
8896:
8840:
8494:
7911:
6867:
6859:
6185:
6059:
6015:
5900:
5274:
5228:
4451:
and New Zealand is believed to have isolated their settlements from the rest of Polynesia.
4304:
4004:
3899:
3468:
and the coastal regions of southern Vietnam, becoming the ancestors of the speakers of the
2903:
2878:
2773:
2477:
2091:
1779:
1524:
1501:
1380:
1201:
1056:
23217:
17645:
Wieczorek, Rafal (31 August 2016). "Putative duplication glyph in the rongorongo script".
15278:
14377:
Lipson M, Loh PR, Patterson N, Moorjani P, Ko YC, Stoneking M, et al. (August 2014).
13534:"Ethnographic and archaeological correlates for a mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area"
12257:"Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania"
11887:
Lipson M, Loh PR, Patterson N, Moorjani P, Ko YC, Stoneking M, et al. (August 2014).
10329:"The beautiful skull and Blumenbach's errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race"
9919:
Ku, Kun-Hui; Gibson, Thomas (3 July 2019). "Hierarchy and Egalitarianism in Austronesia".
7053:
Many of these beliefs have gradually been replaced. Examples of native religions include:
6653:. Rapa Nui has the densest concentration of engravings in Polynesia as a whole, while the
4742:. These were used to store implements, weapons, ships, and other valuables; while smaller
3671:. For various reasons, they have proposed that the homelands of Austronesians were within
3186:
overland migrations (pre-4,000 BP) by Austroasiatic-speaking peoples into what is now the
1767:). The family contains 1,257 languages, the second-largest number of any language family.
8:
24249:
24177:
24005:
23995:
23966:
23834:
23667:
23608:
23178:
23087:
22987:
22977:
22917:
22912:
22907:
22897:
22892:
22877:
22872:
22793:
22649:
22527:
22472:
22397:
21821:
21785:
21344:
21248:
21169:
20757:
20576:
20566:
20472:
20412:
20336:
19873:
19766:
17930:
Matisoo-Smith, E; Daugherty, C (June 2012). "Africa to Aotearoa: the longest migration".
17863:
16110:
14346:
14066:
Beaujard, Philippe (2019). "The Austronesian Expansion and the First Malagasy Cultures".
7907:
7827:
7813:
7771:
7646:, almost all of these writing systems have been replaced with alphabets adapted from the
7378:
6894:
6197:
4542:
3844:
3808:
3676:
3664:
3456:
3217:, shortly after the Austronesian expansion, later migrating further westwards to Hainan,
3078:
2823:
2570:
1752:
1700:
1478:
1458:
1219:
1208:
1126:
19178:
18948:
18564:
18505:
18080:
17991:
17943:
17415:
16641:
16102:
15699:
14839:ʻIke Ulana Lau Hala: The Vitality and Vibrancy of Lau Hala Weaving Traditions in Hawaiʻi
14394:
14225:
14119:
13461:
13394:
12798:
12466:"Origins of Southeast Asian Shipping and Maritime Communication across the Indian Ocean"
12317:
11907:
11683:
11339:
11324:"Independent origins of cultivated coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in the old world tropics"
10957:
10205:
10056:
9787:
9173:. Ministry of Finance & Economic Development, Government of Kiribati. Archived from
7519:
list of symbols meant to guide incantations. Whether rongorongo is merely an example of
4285:
3354:
that had been migrating to Taiwan by 4000 BP. These immigrants included people from the
2545:
The broad consensus on Austronesian origins is the "two-layer model", where an original
2527:
23946:
23603:
23403:
23388:
23183:
23138:
23133:
22982:
22532:
22144:
21426:
21319:
21243:
20930:
20920:
20854:
20809:
20752:
20609:
20531:
20331:
20321:
20311:
20301:
19853:
19808:
19658:
19404:
19379:
19208:
19195:
19162:
18967:
18932:
18875:
18840:
18778:
18578:
18525:
18441:
18367:
18266:
18107:
18064:
18008:
17975:
17955:
17907:
17882:
17741:
17662:
17618:
17602:
17447:
17434:
17399:
16706:
16671:
16658:
16625:
16606:
16344:
16042:
15975:
15935:
15922:
15900:
15774:
15766:
15731:
15718:
15683:
15590:
15555:
15505:
15470:
15207:
15128:
15028:
14928:
14624:
14611:
14586:
14424:
14411:
14378:
14250:
14138:
14103:
13961:
13926:
13599:
13480:
13445:
13426:
13413:
13378:
13291:
13256:
13180:
13099:
The Prehistory of the Daic (Tai-Kadai) Speaking Peoples and the Austronesian Connection
12997:
12818:
12659:
12634:
12581:
12556:
12522:
12431:
12337:
12281:
12256:
12111:
12098:
12073:
11999:
11964:
11924:
11773:
11715:
11702:
11667:
11633:
11571:
11416:
11371:
11358:
11323:
11115:
10969:
10918:
10893:
10759:
10353:
10328:
10267:
10222:
10189:
10083:
10040:
9973:
9936:
9814:
9771:
9698:
8404:
8095:
7881:
7713:
7420:
6898:
6287:
6132:(bird leg ring) bear remarkably strong resemblances to the double-headed and ring-type
6008:(in the form of an incomplete circle) and double-headed earrings and pendants known as
5857:
5258:
5249:
5089:
5044:
4736:
are elaborately adorned with carvings and are often the tallest buildings in the Māori
4617:
4614:
4546:
4512:
is due to the result of very early Austronesian contact with the region, including the
4463:
4187:
3915:
3832:
3599:
3427:
3321:
3226:
3106:
3050:
2850:
2849:*qata) to distinguish the indigenous populations of Southeast Asia, versus "Tau" (from
2687:
2664:
2383:
2202:
2055:
2016:
1973:
1901:
1536:
1322:
20890:
17185:
Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 3: Southeast Asia
16194:
14911:
Pham C, Blue L, Palmer C (May 2010). "The Traditional Boats of Vietnam, an Overview".
10965:
10868:
Investigating Archaeological Cultures: Material Culture, Variability, and Transmission
9664:
8741:
7490:
6430:
1379:), though he inadvertently caused the later confusion of his racial category with the
23866:
23527:
23475:
23457:
23398:
23020:
22957:
22952:
22882:
22778:
22738:
22733:
22716:
22686:
22352:
22296:
22290:
22139:
22116:
21938:
21868:
21826:
21365:
21238:
21228:
21218:
21208:
21056:
20742:
20407:
20364:
20286:
20220:
20198:
20186:
20102:
20072:
19786:
19726:
19409:
19357:
19324:
19303:
19284:
19263:
19242:
19212:
19200:
19140:
19115:
19061:
19034:
19028:
19007:
19001:
18972:
18910:
18880:
18717:
18685:
18617:
18468:
18307:
18300:"Plants, people and culture in the villages of Oikull and Ibobang, Republic of Palau"
18214:
18172:
18145:
18112:
18094:
18013:
17959:
17912:
17745:
17737:
17692:
17625:
17519:
17439:
17366:
17189:
17069:
17009:
16972:
16933:
16892:
16853:
16826:
16789:
16756:
16710:
16663:
16483:
16475:
16440:
16398:
16369:
16339:
16322:
16277:
16244:
16069:
16010:
15979:
15940:
15876:
15868:
15832:
15793:
15778:
15723:
15650:
15594:
15559:
15509:
15474:
15406:
15362:
15298:
15230:
15166:
15132:
15032:
14975:
14932:
14924:
14879:
14850:
14798:
14742:
14676:
14616:
14525:
14428:
14416:
14354:
14326:
14255:
14179:
14143:
14081:
14026:
Adelaar, Alexander (June 2012). "Malagasy Phonological History and Bantu Influence".
14005:
13966:
13905:
13868:"'Game-changing' study suggests first Polynesians voyaged all the way from East Asia"
13846:
13777:
13703:
13686:
13669:
13544:
13485:
13418:
13357:
13310:
13295:
13260:
13210:
13202:
13172:
12987:
12961:
12936:
12841:
12810:
12706:
12664:
12586:
12473:
12472:. Palgrave Series in Indian Ocean World Studies. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 25–49.
12367:
12341:
12329:
12286:
12235:
12183:
12143:
12103:
12029:
12004:
11929:
11860:
11763:
11707:
11637:
11575:
11541:
11505:
11472:
11363:
11301:
11179:
11071:
11022:
11014:
10992:
10923:
10871:
10830:
10789:
10722:
10697:
10648:
10601:
10358:
10304:
10227:
10152:
10088:
10070:
9959:
9940:
9861:
9819:
9801:
9737:
9253:
9146:"2020 United States Census Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics"
8812:
8714:
8525:
8322:
8308:
8272:
8258:
8244:
8175:
8014:
7919:
7859:
7835:
7790:
7778:
7743:
7690:
7655:
7651:
7639:
7621:
started replacing the earlier abugidas at around the 13th century in Southeast Asia.
7484:
6985:
6826:
6487:
5778:
5198:
5156:
The B5 structure, a stone storehouse with distinctive boat-shaped roofs exemplifying
5049:
4852:
4675:, the roofs of houses are shaped like an upside-down boat; while among the people of
4660:
4592:
4553:
4517:
4504:
The acquisition of catamaran and outrigger technology by non-Austronesian peoples in
4163:
3880:
3823:
By the beginning of the first millennium CE, most of the Austronesian inhabitants in
3817:
3679:
by rising sea levels. Proponents of these hypotheses point to the ancient origins of
3638:
3469:
3448:
3300:
3210:
3164:
3090:
3000:
2899:
2839:
2523:
2418:
2403:
2340:
1953:
1945:
1791:
1760:
1756:
1658:
1654:
1566:
1496:
as being descendants of the same stock as Austronesians. But by his third edition of
1466:
1384:
1223:
1193:
787:
19716:
18582:
18529:
18371:
18270:
17666:
16675:
16348:
16000:"Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction"
13430:
13149:
Li H, Huang Y, Mustavich LF, Zhang F, Tan JZ, Wang LE, et al. (November 2007).
13001:
12822:
12526:
12435:
12115:
11719:
11420:
11375:
10578:
Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics
10436:
The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature
8329:
7074:
6921:) have mostly been lost as the natives of the islands converted to Christianity and
4599:
4206:
inserted into holes in between, and then lashed to each other with ropes (made from
3370:
of northernmost Taiwan, which Blench suggests may have originated from the coast of
1278:
24172:
23907:
23623:
23367:
23276:
22997:
22992:
22800:
22743:
22726:
22696:
22627:
22402:
22181:
22059:
21986:
21806:
21682:
21314:
21271:
21193:
21106:
21006:
20925:
20849:
20834:
20037:
19838:
19781:
19758:
19721:
19399:
19391:
19190:
19182:
19090:
18962:
18952:
18870:
18860:
18852:
18648:
18609:
18568:
18517:
18509:
18437:
18408:
18398:
18359:
18256:
18248:
18204:
18102:
18084:
18003:
17995:
17947:
17902:
17894:
17859:
17797:
17733:
17654:
17598:
17451:
17429:
17419:
17277:
17267:
17234:
16698:
16653:
16645:
16334:
16289:
16106:
15967:
15930:
15912:
15758:
15735:
15713:
15703:
15582:
15547:
15497:
15460:
15452:
15273:
15263:
15120:
15020:
14920:
14842:
14734:
14628:
14606:
14598:
14406:
14398:
14245:
14237:
14206:
14171:
14133:
14123:
14073:
14043:
14035:
13997:
13956:
13946:
13938:
13644:"The Azumi Basin in Japan and Its Ancient People – Yahoo Voices – voices.yahoo.com"
13475:
13465:
13408:
13398:
13326:
13322:
13283:
13248:
13184:
13162:
13031:
12802:
12698:
12654:
12646:
12576:
12568:
12514:
12423:
12415:
12321:
12276:
12268:
12212:
12093:
12085:
11994:
11984:
11976:
11919:
11911:
11753:
11697:
11687:
11625:
11617:
11561:
11557:
11553:
11462:
11406:
11398:
11353:
11343:
11293:
11227:
10961:
10913:
10905:
10751:
10348:
10340:
10259:
10217:
10209:
10078:
10060:
10015:
9928:
9853:
9809:
9791:
9468:
9441:
8431:
8345:
8297:
8288:
7763:
7725:
7709:
7667:
7603:
7591:
7571:
7448:
The tablets were first described by an outsider in 1864 by the Catholic missionary
7442:
7416:
7331:
7035:
6992:
6714:
6474:
6406:
6402:
6193:
6157:
6039:
5952:
5861:
5700:
5623:
5537:
5435:
5431:
5419:
5285:
5266:
4804:
4766:
4672:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4535:
4363:
4098:
4068:
3939:
3556:
3515:
3473:
3359:
3317:
3238:
3105:
cultures that occupied the coastal regions between the Yangtze River delta and the
3098:
3062:
2481:
2379:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2236:
2160:
2019:, genetics, archeological sites, and material culture. They include areas like the
1913:
1783:
1764:
1637:
1212:
997:
632:
443:
212:
23859:
23728:
19944:
19796:
19653:
19452:
Books, some online, on Austronesian subjects by the Australian National University
19030:
Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century
18809:
18573:
18544:
18387:"Combining Biological Approaches to Shed Light on the Evolution of Edible Bananas"
17658:
15749:
Burley, David V. (1998). "Tongan Archaeology and the Tongan Past, 2850–150 B.P.".
14872:"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships"
13207:
Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics
12984:
Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics
12216:
11252:"Archaeologists say migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history"
10991:. Research Monographs on Human Population Biology No. 7. Oxford University Press.
10944:
Bellwood, Peter (1991). "The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages".
10439:. Vol. 15 (9th ed.). Henry G. Allen and Company. 1888. pp. 323–326.
9932:
8679:
8573:
7789:-derived Haplogroup C2a1 predominates (although lower frequencies of Austronesian
7449:
6515:
of Taiwan, are believed to be largely correlated to the prehistoric extent of the
5355:
in Polynesia. Pottery technology in Tonga, however, became reduced to undecorated
4987:
4828:-speaking groups) correspond to contacts with a prehistoric Austronesian network.
4631:
Austronesian structures commonly have raised floors. The structures are raised on
4327:
3813:
3422:
3397:
23588:
22942:
22902:
22840:
21943:
21878:
21732:
21076:
20987:
20844:
20829:
20161:
20127:
20097:
19964:
19731:
19555:
19515:
19257:
19235:
18513:
18166:
17951:
17482:"The continuity of Austronesian on Islamic and early colonial period in Maluku 1"
17424:
16925:
16886:
16847:
15971:
15708:
15684:"Early cessation of ceramic production for ancestral Polynesian society in Tonga"
15456:
15356:
15227:
Arkitekturang Filipino: A History of Architecture and Urbanism in the Philippines
13824:
13403:
13287:
12135:
12023:
11743:"The Western Route Migration: A Second Probable Neolithic Diffusion to Indonesia"
11692:
11467:
11450:
11348:
11297:
11016:
10822:
10783:
10595:
10580:. Institute of Linguistics (Preparatory Office), Academia Sinica. pp. 31–94.
10146:
9287:
9272:
Approximately 90.4% of the total population (113,131) is native Pacific Islander.
8453:
8438:
8352:
8315:
8223:
8168:
8161:
8147:
8140:
7899:
7595:
7567:
7547:
7480:
7468:
7384:
7265:
7095:
7015:
6977:
6844:
6830:
6675:
6583:
6564:
6520:
6235:, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, usually found near megalithic stone vats known as
6208:
5759:
5476:
5423:
5344:
5239:
5069:
4953:
4585:
4528:
4417:
4386:
4294:
4140:
4128:
4123:
3996:
3976:
3931:
3860:
3668:
3660:
3611:
3560:
3511:
3488:
3436:
3222:
3058:
3035:
2907:
2886:
2795:
2726:
2676:
2598:
2515:
2489:
2485:
2463:
2444:
2344:
2326:
2280:
2180:
2079:
2024:
1980:
1917:
1815:
1771:
1735:
1608:
1445:
1414:" is shown enclosed in dotted lines. Like in most 19th-century sources, Islander
1330:
1290:
1286:
1263:
1227:
1151:
1068:
359:
23640:
21031:
19461:
16237:"Rock art as an indication of (Austronesian) migration in Island Southeast Asia"
13927:"East African origins for Madagascan chickens as indicated by mitochondrial DNA"
12610:. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
12555:
Ko AM, Chen CY, Fu Q, Delfin F, Li M, Chiu HL, Stoneking M, Ko YC (March 2014).
11176:
The Cambridge History of the Pacific Ocean: Volume I – The Pacific Ocean to 1800
10344:
9521:
Approximately 92.2% of the total population (18,024) is of Austronesian descent.
9512:
Approximately 34.9% of the total population (53,883) are native Pacific Islander
6945:
6937:
peoples. Most of these were records of war exploits against the Japanese during
6791:
6077:
5918:
5729:
4729:
4671:, a woven representation of a boat is added to the ridge of the roof; among the
4407:
3003:). They continued to maintain regular contact with the mainland until 1500 BCE.
2877:
are roughly around 20% Austronesian and 80% Papuan, while in the natives of the
2857:
that referred to darker-skinned and lighter-skinned groups, respectively. Jinam
2440:
1909:
23894:
23828:
23583:
23342:
23210:
23015:
23010:
22721:
22674:
22592:
22537:
22265:
22171:
22134:
21981:
21843:
21677:
21091:
21011:
20839:
20814:
20799:
20767:
20132:
19969:
19924:
19828:
19648:
19230:
18856:
18069:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
15905:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
15008:
13450:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
13209:. Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia. Routledge. pp. 161–181.
13016:
12986:. Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia. Routledge. pp. 105–132.
12572:
12499:
12272:
11777:
10213:
9226:
8265:
8251:
8237:
8230:
8010:
7947:
7915:
7755:
7659:
7647:
7587:
7575:
7563:
7531:
7527:
7494:
7362:
7250:
7008:
6902:
6674:
In the central-eastern Polynesian islands, which include the Marquesas and the
6553:
6516:
6212:
6070:
6047:
5763:
5577:
5439:
5388:
5376:
5335:
5334:
would have been deliberate, not uncontrolled drifting. Similar presumptions by
5331:
5270:
5254:
5243:
5175:
5129:
4973:
4912:
4799:
4778:
4721:
4521:
4509:
4392:
4346:
4340:
4219:
4081:
4014:
3988:
3918:
kingdom in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, with its first king named Lorenzo.
3911:
3892:
3852:
3503:
3484:
3355:
3313:
3254:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3054:
2988:
2870:
2668:
2602:
2562:
2519:
2511:
2459:
2414:
2391:
2262:
1937:
1819:
1751:(around 250–270 million in Indonesia alone in its own literary standard, named
1748:
1674:
1666:
1633:
1612:
1462:
1215:
1197:
1189:
1159:
1072:
1064:
653:
20782:
19893:
19186:
18652:
18487:
18363:
17801:
16702:
16395:
Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago
15762:
15586:
15551:
15319:
15295:
Architecture in the Philippines: Filipino Building in a Cross-cultural Context
15268:
15251:
15068:
14846:
14077:
13252:
13167:
13150:
13035:
12888:
12836:
Kun HC (2006). "On the Origins of Taiwan Austronesians". In K. R. Howe (ed.).
12740:
12518:
11251:
11232:
11215:
10909:
10755:
5356:
4249:
1515:
In linguistics, the Malayo-Polynesian language family also initially excluded
1482:
24294:
24242:
23927:
23887:
23873:
23532:
23347:
23122:
22669:
22664:
22637:
22565:
22462:
21996:
21918:
21667:
21647:
21610:
21021:
20789:
20737:
20732:
19540:
19434:
19429:
19163:"Native American gene flow into Polynesia predating Easter Island settlement"
18403:
18285:"Islands, Plants, and Polynesians—An Introduction to Polynesian Ethnobotany."
18098:
17685:"The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar: A Historical Perspective"
17239:
17222:
16482:. BAR International Series 1818. Vol. 10. Archaeopress. pp. 65–74.
15825:"Traditions of Jars as Mortuary Containers in the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago"
15124:
14210:
11965:"An Aboriginal Australian Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia"
11857:
Japanese diasporas: Unsung pasts, conflicting presents, and uncertain futures
11758:
11476:
10547:
10074:
9805:
9027:
8424:
8397:
8379:
8363:
8154:
7967:
7794:
7759:
7721:
7686:
7627:
7618:
7607:
7598:. They vary from having letters with rounded shapes to characters with sharp
7583:
7423:
trees, which is notable given that Rapa Nui was completely deforested at the
7412:
7226:
7141:
7062:
6774:
6761:
6700:
sacred sites, which can range from simple earth terraces to standing stones.
6524:
6099:
6063:
6055:
5979:
5956:
5879:
5520:
5461:
In western Island Southeast Asia, these traditions are collectively known as
5211:
5011:
4933:
4893:
4872:
4825:
4314:
4013:
Traditional Austronesian generalized sail types. C, D, E, and F are types of
3879:
were established as the main religion in the region. Muslim traders from the
3695:
3675:(ISEA), particularly in the Sundaland landmass drowned during the end of the
3630:
3629:, either directly from Southeast Asia or from preexisting mixed Austronesian-
3598:. By the end of the first millennium BCE, Austronesians were already sailing
3351:
3286:
3274:
3128:
3046:
3038:, reject the southern Chinese mainland origin of pre-Austronesians entirely.
3019:
2606:
2586:
2566:
2469:
2422:
2395:
2387:
2228:
2206:
2198:
2134:
2112:
2104:
2020:
1925:
1708:
1704:
1621:
1318:
1302:
1095:
957:
877:
871:
548:
170:
23880:
22203:
18957:
18089:
17999:
17272:
17255:
15917:
15198:
Kendall, Stephen H. (1976). "The barangay as community in the Philippines".
14841:. Hawaiʻinuiakea School of Hawaiian Knowledge; University of Hawaiʻi Press.
14794:
A Shark Going Inland Is My Chief: The Island Civilization of Ancient Hawaiʻi
14128:
14067:
14001:
13470:
12806:
12684:"Ascertaining the role of Taiwan as a source for the Austronesian expansion"
12325:
11980:
10065:
9796:
6915:(Spanish for "the painted ones"). However, Philippine tattooing traditions (
6777:
man from the Philippines (c. 1908) with tattoos on the chest and arms (
5974:
5161:
4713:. In the majority of cases, the loft of the house (usually placed above the
2928:(ca. 5,500–2,500 BP). The approximate coastlines during the early
1250:
23988:
23678:
23672:
23578:
23573:
23512:
23393:
22748:
22622:
22597:
22549:
22542:
22467:
22382:
22018:
21953:
21811:
21749:
21672:
21630:
21046:
20087:
20082:
19994:
19643:
19572:
19530:
19507:
19413:
19237:
Man's conquest of the Pacific: The prehistory of Southeast Asia and Oceania
19204:
19094:
18976:
18884:
18621:
18428:
Daniels, John; Daniels, Christian (April 1993). "Sugarcane in Prehistory".
18209:
18116:
18017:
17916:
17443:
17153:"Moko and Mokamokai – Chapter I – How Moko First Became Known to Europeans"
16667:
16649:
15944:
15727:
14620:
14602:
14420:
14259:
14183:
14147:
14009:
13970:
13489:
13422:
13203:"The integrity of the Austronesian language family: From Taiwan to Oceania"
13176:
12933:
The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age
12814:
12710:
12590:
12333:
12290:
12107:
12008:
11933:
11711:
11367:
11305:
10927:
10362:
10231:
10092:
9823:
9616:
9246:
8390:
8207:
8116:
7924:
7809:
7643:
7631:
7559:
7551:
7476:
7464:
7437:
7326:
7019:
6973:
6883:
6875:
6871:
6855:
6840:
6731:
6727:
6709:
6642:
6594:, massive doughnut-shaped discs of rock that were used as currency on Yap.
6557:
6441:
5865:
5402:
5361:
5133:
5109:
5084:
5029:
4812:
4699:
4647:
4467:
4402:
3951:
3888:
3868:
3836:
3659:" hypothesis, favored by a minority of authors. Notable proponents include
3607:
3564:
3531:
3294:
3234:
3155:
2874:
2766:
2706:
2531:
2493:
2399:
2332:
2318:
2232:
2188:
2150:
2138:
2108:
2036:
2032:
2012:
1835:
1807:
1731:
1716:
1696:
1585:
1368:
1118:
1076:
938:
850:
23913:
19003:
Maritime Contacts of the Past: Deciphering Connections Amongst Communities
18135:"The origins and dispersals of agricultural communities in Southeast Asia"
17898:
16624:
Richards ZT, Shen CC, Hobbs JP, Wu CC, Jiang X, Beardsley F (March 2015).
16558:"Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity?"
14175:
13774:
Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses
12668:
12633:
Melton T, Clifford S, Martinson J, Batzer M, Stoneking M (December 1998).
12419:
11061:"Splitting up Proto-Malayopolynesian: New Models of Dispersal from Taiwan"
6537:
4231:
4009:
3451:
primarily fueled this migration. These first settlers settled in northern
24227:
23810:
23749:
23568:
23522:
23507:
23435:
23163:
22642:
22447:
22342:
22149:
21885:
21816:
21722:
21640:
21625:
21126:
21066:
21041:
20747:
20191:
20042:
19567:
19159:
18613:
15901:"Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia"
15501:
15024:
14379:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia"
14241:
14039:
13377:
Zhang J, Lu H, Gu W, Wu N, Zhou K, Hu Y, et al. (17 December 2012).
13235:
Sagart, Laurent; Hsu, Tze-Fu; Tsai, Yuan-Ching; Hsing, Yue-Ie C. (2017).
12089:
11889:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia"
11621:
11411:
11216:"The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Philippines to the Marianas"
7998:
7543:
7114:
7004:
6925:, though they are still practiced in isolated groups in the highlands of
6850:
6782:
6736:
6598:
6587:
6578:
6504:
6492:
6327:
6322:
6232:
6004:
The most notable jade products of these regions were the vast amounts of
5393:
5372:
5219:
5104:
5006:
4816:
4668:
4663:. In some ethnic groups, the houses are built on platforms that resemble
4632:
4459:
4427:
4162:
tend to favor double outrigger canoes, as it keeps the boats stable when
4036:
3634:
3603:
3461:
3402:
3347:
3246:
3074:
3070:
3027:
2940:
2866:
2831:
2791:
2758:
2698:
2660:
2647:
2614:
2610:
2546:
2432:
2371:
2367:
2306:
2184:
2142:
2044:
2040:
1957:
1905:
1889:
1854:
1626:
1509:
1505:
1415:
1310:
1103:
1087:
296:
107:
47:
24265:
22322:
20022:
19597:
19353:
Origins, Ancestry and Alliance: Explorations in Austronesian Ethnography
19054:
Daniels, Christian; Menzies, Nicholas K. (1996). Needham, Joseph (ed.).
18542:
18521:
16610:
16294:
16046:
15926:
15770:
15211:
14968:"Comparative Perspectives on Austronesian Houses: An Introductory Essay"
14048:
13942:
13668:角林, 文雄「隼人 : オーストロネシア系の古代日本部族」、「京都産業大学日本文化研究所紀要」第3号、京都産業大学、1998年3月、
12180:
First islanders: prehistory and human migration in Island Southeast Asia
11119:
11015:
Simanjuntak, Truman; Pojoh, Ingrid H.E.; Hisyam, Mohammad, eds. (2006).
10973:
10763:
9493:
8867:"Taiwan's President Apologizes to Aborigines for Centuries of Injustice"
6290:
of Sarawak, Malaysia; an example of the Austronesian Painting Traditions
4654:. The most notable of these are saddlebacked roofs, a design common for
4190:
technique in sailing, in conjunction with reversible single-outriggers.
3455:, in the archipelago of the Philippines, intermingling with the earlier
3417:
1555:
23762:
23593:
23452:
23440:
23352:
23261:
22850:
22602:
22270:
22245:
22224:
22166:
22028:
22001:
21717:
21597:
20982:
19848:
19602:
18865:
18413:
17282:
16391:"Austronesian Prehistory from the Perspective of Comparative Megaliths"
14972:
Inside Austronesian Houses: Perspectives on Domestic Designs for Living
14402:
13951:
13446:"Support for linguistic macrofamilies from weighted sequence alignment"
12840:(3rd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 92–93.
12702:
12427:
11989:
11915:
11629:
11402:
11066:. In Prasetyo, Bagyo; Nastiti, Tito Surti; Simanjuntak, Truman (eds.).
10825:. In Simanjuntak, Truman; Pojoh, Ingrid H.E.; Hisyam, Mohammad (eds.).
10785:
Austronesian Soundscapes: Performing Arts in Oceania and Southeast Asia
10597:
Ancient Religions of the Austronesian World: From Australasia to Taiwan
10271:
8767:"Population movement in the Pacific: A perspective on future prospects"
8650:"Population movement in the Pacific: A perspective on future prospects"
8292:
8045:
8018:
8002:
7959:
7951:
7798:
7762:
in China also shows high frequencies of Haplogroup O1 in the Neolithic
7635:
7622:
7432:
7393:
7317:
7298:
7070:
6822:
6591:
6541:
6302:
6252:
6189:
6169:
6043:
6010:
5983:
5903:
5884:
5843:
5708:
5504:
5454:
5444:
5215:
5064:
4968:
4808:
4786:
4440:
4396:
4310:
4211:
4175:
4167:
4077:
3992:
3935:
3907:
3848:
3736: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3626:
3615:
3579:
3507:
3267:
3253:) to southern Vietnam around 2100–1900 BP and had languages similar to
3160:
3144:
3081:, and the domestication of dogs, pigs, and chickens. These include the
3057:. They display typical Austronesian technological hallmarks, including
2835:
2590:
2336:
2322:
2300:
2284:
2154:
2100:
2028:
1933:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1803:
1739:
1712:
1520:
1454:
1411:
1388:
1360:
1326:
1267:
1234:
1181:
1175:
1142:
1106:
to the south. At the furthest extent, they might have also reached the
1099:
1091:
1090:
populations that had migrated earlier into Maritime Southeast Asia and
1005:
993:
989:
233:
128:
42:
23517:
19587:
18595:
18261:
17589:
tablets from Easter Island: botanical identification and 14C dating".
15465:
14587:"Inheritance, ecology and the evolution of the canoes of east Oceania"
13706:. In Yadava YP, Bhattarai G, Lohani RR, Prasain B, Parajuli K (eds.).
12889:"The Neolithic of Southern China – Origin, Development, and Dispersal"
12202:
11566:
11502:
Discovering History Through Language: Papers in Honour of Malcolm Ross
10986:
10894:"Language continuity despite population replacement in Remote Oceania"
10643:. In Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin; Reinecke, Andreas; Bonatz, Dominik (eds.).
9857:
8707:"Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census"
6950:
6796:
6622:(1,200–1,800 CE), on the islands of Pohnpei and Kosrae, respectively.
6192:, and Island Melanesia; and the Austronesian Engraving Style (AES) of
4643:
and was used to store carvings of ancestor spirits and local deities.
3241:, teeth blackening, snake (or dragon) cults, and the multiple-tongued
3018:(1683 CE). Today, the only Austronesian language in southern China is
2705:
accessible via land bridges. However, the spread of humans across the
2682:
1949:
1596:
1576:
23772:
23685:
22701:
22659:
22632:
22442:
22387:
22371:
22229:
22069:
22023:
21948:
21923:
21890:
21744:
21687:
21662:
21434:
21096:
20957:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
20819:
20067:
19813:
19633:
18065:"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years"
17400:"Pulotu: Database of Austronesian Supernatural Beliefs and Practices"
13631:
Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan: Language, Genes and Civilization
11665:
9174:
8518:
Proyeksi penduduk Indonesia/Indonesia Population Projection 2010–2035
8063:
8034:
8030:
8006:
7979:
7963:
7943:
7903:
7695:
7599:
7428:
7358:
7351:
7039:
6646:
6615:
6362:
6343:
6165:
6115:
5987:
5960:
5942:
5801:
5798:
5782:
5724:
5648:
5618:
5602:
5565:
5528:
5407:
5397:
5365:
4888:
4774:
4770:
4706:
4664:
4655:
4505:
4410:
4376:
4368:
4332:
4319:
4183:
4171:
4119:
4085:
4054:
4032:
4023:
3980:
3964:
3864:
3856:
3656:
3583:
3552:
3539:
3440:
3430:
3371:
3329:
3262:
3183:
3102:
2980:
2807:
2702:
2554:
2436:
2310:
2274:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1929:
1893:
1873:
1823:
1799:
1722:
1516:
1298:
1275:
1185:
1147:
1114:
1060:
1001:
695:
674:
317:
86:
21541:
17620:
The Rock Art of Easter Island: Symbols of Power, Prayers to the Gods
17481:
16968:
History's Great Untold Stories: Obscure Events of Lasting Importance
16363:
16236:
16088:
16061:
14524:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179.
13507:
13236:
12681:
12465:
12232:
Emergence and Diversity of Modern Human Behavior in Paleolithic Asia
10263:
8700:
3711:
2787:
23920:
22422:
22417:
22285:
22240:
22161:
22049:
22044:
22013:
21770:
21727:
21692:
21657:
21605:
21121:
21081:
20900:
19929:
19900:
19803:
19752:
19617:
19545:
19395:
18905:. In Piper, Philip J.; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Bulbeck, David (eds.).
18252:
17684:
17337:
17298:
16123:
15647:
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art
14947:
13776:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 29. Routledge. pp. 67–102.
13734:
12682:
Mirabal S, Cadenas AM, Garcia-Bertrand R, Herrera RJ (April 2013).
12650:
12234:(First ed.). College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
11603:"Placing Movers: An Overview of the Asian-Pacific Migration System"
10638:"Almost Everything You Believed about the Austronesians Isn't True"
8067:
7983:
7975:
7671:
7579:
7555:
7516:
7502:
7472:
7397:
7302:
6930:
6911:
6813:, which is one of the most well-known pan-Austronesian traditions.
6806:
6717:. The best-known rock art assemblage of Rapa Nui, however, are the
6650:
6446:
6271:
6177:
6161:
6153:
6141:
6107:
6028:
5595:
5557:
5533:
5304:
4928:
4691:
4685:
4676:
4513:
4448:
4444:
4350:
4152:
4107:
4094:
3984:
3876:
3872:
3655:
A competing hypothesis to the "Out of Taiwan" model is the "Out of
3619:
3595:
3587:
3547:
3405:
warrior from Taiwan wearing traditional clothing (pre-World War II)
3363:
3333:
3304:
Early waves of migration to Taiwan, proposed by Roger Blench (2014)
3242:
3191:
2976:
2929:
2921:
2742:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2503:
2473:
2375:
2362:
2348:
2296:
2288:
2246:
2220:
2164:
1992:
1965:
1881:
1850:
1827:
1727:
1306:
1294:
1130:
1107:
1025:
1017:
948:
943:
611:
527:
401:
191:
149:
22367:
19612:
19428:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
14323:
Archaeology and culture in Southeast Asia: Unraveling the Nusantao
14160:
9051:"Frontières ethniques et redéfinition du cadre politique à Tahiti"
8193:(PAN), which the pre-Austronesians did not speak. (Bellwood, 1988)
7770:
peoples. The Liangzhu culture existed in coastal areas around the
4720:
While rice cultivation wasn't among the technologies carried into
4580:
3506:, which rapidly spread into the islands off the coast of northern
2814:", while descendants of these groups east of Halmahera (excluding
1075:), this enabled phases of rapid dispersal into the islands of the
24205:
23652:
23148:
23040:
22437:
22407:
22362:
22347:
22332:
22327:
22280:
22250:
21973:
21780:
21775:
21712:
21652:
21615:
21086:
21051:
21001:
20992:
20117:
20052:
19954:
19887:
19582:
18783:"When did sweet potatoes arrive in the Pacific – Expert Reaction"
18061:
17181:
14100:
13986:
13818:
Suppose we are wrong about the Austronesian settlement of Taiwan?
13205:. In Sanchez-Mazas A, Blench R, Ross MD, Peiros I, Lin M (eds.).
12136:"Pre-Austronesian Origins of Seafaring in Insular Southeast Asia"
11389:
Dewar RE, Wright HT (1993). "The culture history of Madagascar".
10037:
9768:
9110:"The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2010"
8961:
8219:
8136:
8120:
7931:
7896:
domesticated, semi-domesticated, and commensal plants and animals
7839:
7786:
7717:
7701:
7535:
7245:
7206:
7179:
7163:
7066:
7031:
7000:
6906:
6602:
6499:
6387:
6347:
6306:
6207:
Dating rock art is difficult, but some of the sites subjected to
6083:
6051:
5921:
5805:
5683:
5667:
5549:
5512:
5484:
5463:
5380:
5308:
5281:
5179:
5124:
4821:
4762:
4710:
4625:
4486:
4381:
4179:
4111:
3691:
3479:
Soon after reaching the Philippines, Austronesians colonized the
3465:
3282:
3202:
3140:
3136:
3132:
2819:
2811:
2777:
2738:
2734:
2718:
2630:
2594:
2574:
2507:
2452:
2448:
2314:
2270:
2146:
2067:
1961:
1941:
1811:
1604:
1470:
1052:
1033:
1021:
1013:
954:
724:
422:
254:
21425:
17516:
Rongorongo: The Easter Island Script: History, Traditions, Texts
13354:
The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia
10742:
Horridge, Adrian (1986). "The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs".
10511:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
10250:
Ross M (1996). "On the Origin of the Term 'Malayo-Polynesian'".
6694:. The megalithic traditions of Hawaii can be exemplified by the
6251:
Hand stencils in the "Tree of Life" cave painting in Gua Tewet,
5986:) sourced from Taiwan and the Philippines and transported via a
5526:
In eastern Island Southeast Asia, these traditions are known as
5189:
3483:
by 1500 BCE or even earlier, becoming the first humans to reach
2772:
These early settlers are generally historically referred to as "
2175:
kingdom, which covered central and southern Vietnam) as well as
24256:
23901:
23722:
22706:
22612:
22457:
22412:
22357:
22317:
22301:
22275:
22219:
22064:
21991:
21895:
21863:
21853:
21801:
21702:
21635:
21016:
20112:
20062:
19607:
19501:
List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania
18998:
18302:. In Liston, Jolie; Clark, Geoffrey; Alexander, Dwight (eds.).
16476:"Aesthetics and Function: A Composite Role in Borneo Rock Art?"
15527:. Pacific Linguistics 530. Pacific Linguistics. pp. 63–94.
15252:"Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese"
8026:
7987:
7971:
7935:
7863:
7682:
7675:
7663:
7321:
7241:
7090:
6996:
6934:
6810:
6606:
6267:
6173:
6091:
6035:
5744:
5157:
4714:
4680:
4557:
4482:
4474:
4422:
4207:
4045:
3903:
3840:
3591:
3543:
3535:
3290:
3278:
3258:
3250:
3023:
3007:
2984:
2944:
2911:
2750:
2672:
2578:
2558:
2426:
2292:
2250:
2224:
2212:
2192:
2172:
2168:
2130:
2096:
1969:
1865:
1419:
1048:
1029:
977:
829:
506:
380:
338:
51:
20952:
Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium
18306:. Terra Australis. Vol. 35. ANU E Press. pp. 63–84.
18304:
Pacific Island Heritage: Archaeology, Identity & Community
17879:
14876:
Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World
12470:
Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World
12138:. In Acri, Andrea; Blench, Roger; Landmann, Alexandra (eds.).
12071:
11752:. terra australis. Vol. 45. ANU Press. pp. 201–212.
4784:
In modern Indonesia, varying styles are collectively known as
4481:-caulked bamboo, either entirely or in conjunction with plank
4158:
This would also explain why older Austronesian populations in
3574:
In the Indian Ocean, Austronesians in Maritime Southeast Asia
2553:
were assimilated to varying degrees by incoming migrations of
22617:
22607:
22452:
22432:
22377:
22337:
22311:
22255:
21754:
21430:
21071:
21026:
20006:
19989:
19974:
19592:
19277:
Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell, eds. (2006).
18296:
17397:
16438:
16397:. Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). pp. 163–174.
15442:
15009:"The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress"
14282:"On the improbability of Austronesian origins in South China"
14072:. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–642.
13151:"Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River"
12632:
12401:"Culture History of the Toalean of South Sulawesi, Indonesia"
9381:"A2: Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012"
8022:
7848:
7844:
7782:
7742:
Genetic studies have been conducted on Austronesian peoples.
7614:
7498:
7354:
7136:
7130:
7058:
6926:
6922:
6917:
6886:. Most of the remaining tattoos are only found among elders.
6726:
The rock art in New Zealand can be divided into two regions.
6696:
6687:
6659:
6638:
6634:
6626:
6568:
6527:, where engravings are far more abundant than painted sites.
6483:
6463:
6426:
6382:
5839:
5820:
5639:
5569:
5545:
5384:
5352:
5316:
5293:
4755:
4651:
4635:, usually with space underneath also utilized for storage or
4478:
4355:
4240:
4215:
4203:
4199:
3923:
3884:
3527:
3523:
3492:
3452:
3214:
2936:
2799:
2754:
2746:
2710:
2410:
2358:
2354:
2242:
2000:
1600:
1551:
933:
808:
766:
590:
464:
18600:, Moraceae): Implications for human migrations in Oceania".
16786:
Tattoo: Bodies, Art and Exchange in the Pacific and the West
14837:) in Hawaii". In Keawe LO, MacDowell M, Dewhurst CK (eds.).
14522:
Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts
10647:. National University of Singapore Press. pp. 128–148.
9852:. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Australian National University.
9227:"Recensement de la population en Nouvelle-Calédonie en 2009"
6882:
of the island in the 17th century, as well as conversion to
6590:
to the islands. Another megalithic tradition is that of the
4896:, with the distinctive saddleback roofs reminiscent of boats
4738:
3346:
Blench considers the Austronesians in Taiwan to have been a
3257:. Their languages underwent several restructuring events to
1442:
The anthropological treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
1266:
skull labelled "O-taheitae" represented what he called the "
22214:
21873:
21858:
21838:
21739:
21620:
20077:
20057:
20047:
20027:
19984:
19949:
19934:
19638:
19550:
19535:
19447:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
19377:
18929:
15869:"Taiwan Jade in the Context of Southeast Asian Archaeology"
15163:
Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in Early Monsoon Asia
13541:
Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in Early Monsoon Asia
12254:
12140:
Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in Early Monsoon Asia
10890:
10542:
10453:
The Melanesians: Studies in their Anthropology and Folklore
8203:
8041:
7955:
7939:
7852:
7221:
7158:
6954:) were originally carved into the skin using bone chisels (
6809:
among Austronesian peoples is common, especially elaborate
6719:
6691:
6435:
6024:
5968:
5963:
5824:
5644:
5468:
5450:
5312:
5137:
4303:
Typical Austronesian ship designs, left to right (also see
4195:
3927:
3606:
of China with the western Indian Ocean trade in India, the
3519:
3443:, another of the early sailing innovations of Austronesians
3066:
2822:". They can also be divided into two broad groups based on
2762:
2582:
2176:
1155:
1122:
900:
485:
275:
19280:
The Austronesians: historical and comparative perspectives
18907:
New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory
18837:
18346:
Baudouin, Luc; Lebrun, Patricia (26 July 2008). "Coconut (
17976:"The Peopling of the Pacific from a Bacterial Perspective"
16726:"Return of the Headhunters: The Philippine Tattoo Revival"
16320:
15829:
New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory
15537:
15403:
New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory
14376:
13770:"Neolithic correlates of ancient Tibeto-Burman migrations"
11961:
11886:
11750:
New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory
11448:
11283:
10186:
9956:
The Austronesians: historical and comparative perspectives
9733:
The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives
8051:
7662:. However, several Formosan languages had been written in
3413:
Map showing the migration of the Austronesians from Taiwan
3225:. They propose that the distinctiveness of Kra-Dai (it is
3154:
In support of both the Austric and Austro-Tai hypothesis,
21848:
19710:
18467:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 43–72.
18455:
Paterson, Andrew H.; Moore, Paul H.; Tom L., Tew (2012).
17972:
17063:
15525:
Collected papers on Southeast Asian and Pacific Languages
13924:
13735:"The comparative method and ventures beyond Sino-Tibetan"
12363:
Paths and Rivers: Sa'dan Toraja Society in Transformation
10297:
Foreign Bodies: Oceania and the Science of Race 1750–1940
9341:
9024:"La population légale au 17 août 2017: 275 918 habitants"
8604:"Demographic Statistics Malaysia - First Quarter of 2023"
7894:
The Austronesian migrations were accompanied by a set of
7334:. Rongorongo does not appear in any of these petroglyphs.
6870:, tattoos were present for both men and women. Among the
6752:
6545:
6366:
6080:
of New Zealand. These were produced from locally sourced
5320:
3610:, and Africa. An Austronesian group, originally from the
3496:
3249:, who were originally Austronesian settlers (likely from
18384:
16753:
Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5
15957:
15898:
13274:
Normile D (1997). "Yangtze seen as earliest rice site".
13133:
Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5
12607:
Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies
11213:
10980:
10864:
10041:"Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar"
9197:"La Nouvelle-Calédonie compte 271 407 habitants en 2019"
9002:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
8966:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
6995:
was the custom of dyeing one's teeth black with various
5292:(2011) proposed a direct deliberate voyage from eastern
5284:
are circle- and punctate/dentate-stamped pottery in the
4695:, a type of sailboat used for trading and colonization.
4258:
4202:. These were fitted tightly together edge-to-edge, with
3827:
began trading with India and China. The adoption of the
18716:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 339–352.
17223:"The Ethnobotany of Teeth Blackening in Southeast Asia"
15682:
Burley DV, Connaughton SP, Clark G (23 February 2018).
11799:"Japanese Filipinos – Ethnic Groups of the Philippines"
10987:
Hill, Adrian V.S.; Serjeantson, Susan W., eds. (1989).
7467:
in the early 1860s. The literate ruling classes of the
6330:
of Guam. These served as supports for raised buildings.
6144:
contact between eastern Polynesia and the Philippines.
4855:
villages are typically built directly on shallow water.
3312:, on the other hand, is a relatively new hypothesis by
2082:
of Indonesia are the largest Austronesian ethnic group.
1492:
originally followed Blumenbach by treating Papuans and
1137:
that were carried along with the migrations, including
17929:
17762:
Indigenous Use of Scripts as a Response to Colonialism
16926:"Reviving Tribal Tattoo Traditions of the Philippines"
16849:
Tattooing the World: Pacific Designs in Print and Skin
15681:
15643:"Rock Art of the Pacific: Context and Intertextuality"
15000:
14666:"Origins and Relationships of Pacific Canoes and Rigs"
13091:
13089:
10033:
10031:
1663:
The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages
22105:
18757:"Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region"
18712:. In Siegel, Jeff; Lynch, John; Eades, Diana (eds.).
18199:. In Bourke, Richard Michael; Harwood, Tracy (eds.).
17788:
Peterson, John A. (2009). "The Austronesian Moment".
16321:
Lape PV, O'Connor S, Burningham N (31 January 2007).
13527:
13525:
13523:
13521:
13519:
13148:
12784:
12398:
9533:"Les populations légales de Wallis et Futuna en 2018"
6781:). These indicate that the man was a warrior who had
4820:
traditions in Japan and mainland Asia (notably among
3967:
and in some Indonesian groups in Celebes and Borneo.
3686:
However, these have been repudiated by studies using
2995:
with neighboring groups in Neolithic southern China.
1838:, is also popularly used for the Indonesian islands.
1222:
observed linguistic links between Madagascar and the
17150:
16434:
16432:
16430:
16428:
16426:
15993:
15991:
15989:
15396:
10820:
9201:
Institut de la statistique et des études économiques
8839:. Singapore Department of Statistics. Archived from
4624:
forms of various terms for "house", "building", or "
4545:*padaw, "sailboat", with Austronesian cognates like
3328:
in formerly Austronesian territories that have been
3205:
and their relation with Austronesians (Blench, 2018)
3119:
Austronesian languages § Hypothesized relations
2979:(homeland) of Austronesian languages as well as the
2569:-speaking peoples in western Island Southeast Asia (
1012:. They also include indigenous ethnic minorities in
19080:
19047:
18761:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
18641:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
18454:
16623:
16365:
Indonesian Megaliths: A forgotten cultural heritage
16355:
16239:. In Prasetyo B, Nastiti TS, Simanjuntak T (eds.).
15488:Blust, R. (2000). "Chamorro historical phonology".
13843:
Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis
13543:. ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. pp. 207–238.
13135:. American Philosophical Society. pp. 127–128.
13086:
12142:. ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. pp. 325–440.
10860:
10858:
10104:
10102:
10028:
9671:. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.
9387:. Department of Census& Statistics, Sri Lanka.
9319:
7797:, the direct ancestors of Polynesians, were likely
6231:("the entertainer stone"), one of the megaliths in
6184:; the Austronesian Painting Tradition (APT) of the
3651:
Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network
1615:
are hallmarks of the Austronesian maritime culture.
19234:
18777:
17923:
17875:
17873:
17617:
17539:
17537:
17535:
16932:. University of Washington Press. pp. 56–61.
16278:"Rock Art Research in Southeast Asia: A Synthesis"
15997:
15866:
15572:
14797:. University of California Press. pp. 25–26.
13516:
13234:
13230:
13228:
13226:
12780:
12778:
12776:
11733:
11731:
11729:
11488:
11486:
11010:
11008:
10403:"Five Principal Varieties of Mankind, One Species"
7808:(2009) identified two distinct populations of the
6286:Boats and human figures in a cave painting in the
5222:of Palawan, Philippines (c. 890–710 BCE)
2690:, with the indication of the later development of
1410:'s five human races. The region inhabited by the "
19491:
18665:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
18481:
17689:The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar
17303:to make them firm" – Teeth blackening in Oceania"
17182:Lach, Donald F. & Van Kley, Edwin J. (1998).
17003:
16750:
16723:
16423:
15986:
14833:Gallaher T (2014). "The Past and Future of Hala (
13710:. Linguistic Society of Nepal. pp. 285–338.
13581:
13579:
13577:
13575:
12355:
12353:
12351:
12173:
12171:
12028:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 168–171.
11321:
11021:. Indonesian Institute of Sciences. p. 107.
10829:. Indonesian Institute of Sciences. p. 107.
10289:
10287:
10285:
10283:
10281:
4746:were used to store provisions. A special type of
3350:of immigrants from various parts of the coast of
1952:. Austronesians are also found in the regions of
1351:added Austronesians as the fifth category to his
1244:Observations Made during a Voyage round the World
24292:
19316:
19276:
19060:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–185.
18750:
18748:
18327:Theroux, Paul (December 2002). "The Hawaiians".
18128:
18126:
17724:Zagala, Stephen (2004). "Vanuatu Sand Drawing".
17358:
17118:"The Uhi-Maori, or Native Tattooing Instruments"
16117:
15152:
15150:
15148:
15146:
15144:
15142:
14828:
14826:
14659:
14657:
14339:
14069:The Worlds of the Indian Ocean: A Global History
14061:
14059:
13351:
13308:
13302:
13237:"Austronesian and Chinese words for the millets"
12493:
12491:
12489:
10989:The Colonization of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail
10939:
10937:
10855:
10575:
10144:
10110:Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology and Culture.
10099:
9954:Horridge, Adrian (2006). Bellwood, Peter (ed.).
9729:
9000:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)").
8676:"2015 Census shows population growth moderating"
8202:The boat is symmetrical front and back, and the
7407:Rongorongo, said to have originally been called
6014:, primarily produced in the Philippines and the
5743:Traditional song and dance at a funeral in Tana
4385:with a forward-mounted crab claw sail, from the
4218:with pastes made from various plants as well as
2992:
1651:The Colonisation of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail
19457:Encyclopædia Britannica: Austronesian Languages
19114:. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. pp. 17–46.
18937:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
18536:
17870:
17691:. Routledge Language Family Series. Routledge.
17678:
17676:
17532:
17509:
17507:
17505:
17503:
17247:
17214:
17028:
16964:
16820:
15636:
15634:
15632:
15630:
15628:
15626:
15624:
14675:. BAR International Series 1802. Archaeopress.
14435:
14108:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
13223:
12773:
11726:
11483:
11005:
10045:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
9776:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
9725:
9723:
9721:
9719:
9717:
9715:
9713:
9711:
9290:. Tonga 2016 Census Results (11 November 2016).
9084:"Population & Demography Indicator Summary"
6901:. The Spanish encountered the heavily tattooed
6730:features more engravings than paintings, while
2967:grouping, a minority view among linguists. (Ko
2617:traders and migrants in more recent centuries.
2050:
1542:In 1899, the Austrian linguist and ethnologist
1079:, culminating in the settlement of New Zealand
19053:
18994:
18992:
18990:
18988:
18986:
18427:
18345:
18234:
18232:
18230:
18031:Esselmann, Samantha Ancona (16 January 2020).
17638:
17546:"Rongorongo and the Rock Art of Easter Island"
17329:
17290:
16755:. American Philosophical Society. p. 70.
16688:
16439:O'Connor S, Louys J, Kealy S, Mahirta (2015).
16393:. In Simanjuntak T, Pojoh I, Hisyam M (eds.).
16361:
16059:
15827:. In Piper PJ, Matsumara H, Bulbeck D (eds.).
15622:
15620:
15618:
15616:
15614:
15612:
15610:
15608:
15606:
15604:
15438:
15436:
15434:
15401:. In Piper PJ, Matsumara H, Bulbeck D (eds.).
14910:
14441:
13836:
13834:
13811:
13809:
13807:
13805:
13761:
13585:
13572:
13501:
13499:
12554:
12348:
12303:
12168:
12129:
12127:
12125:
11748:. In Piper PJ, Matsumura H, Bulbeck D (eds.).
11322:Gunn BF, Baudouin L, Olsen KM (22 June 2011).
10788:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 16–21.
10427:
10377:"Pseudo-theory on origins of the 'Malay race'"
10278:
10112:Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press
9693:
9691:
9494:Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS).
8989:
8987:
8985:
8983:
8596:
8086:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
7876:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
6031:, or shell materials, rather than green jade.
5540:of the southern Philippines. They include the
5231:of central Vietnam (1000 BCE-200 CE)
4139:Succession of forms in the development of the
3502:Another important migration branch was by the
3499:were settled by separate voyages by 1000 BCE.
3476:branches of the Austronesian language family.
3112:
2557:Austronesian-speaking peoples from Taiwan and
2027:, the Australian coast, Sri Lanka and coastal
1857:climates with considerable seasonal rainfall.
21557:
21411:
21154:
20492:
20247:
19477:
19107:
18745:
18705:Kikusawa, Ritsuko; Reid, Lawrence A. (2007).
18698:
18448:
18339:
18290:
18123:
17845:
17843:
17362:Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Human Health
17188:. University of Chicago Press. p. 1499.
16617:
16549:
16382:
16327:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
16028:
16026:
15649:. Oxford University Press. pp. 221–252.
15640:
15445:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology
15392:
15390:
15243:
15139:
14949:Cham Maritime Technology: Basket-Hulled Boats
14913:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
14823:
14786:
14784:
14731:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History
14654:
14545:
14543:
14541:
14515:
14513:
14511:
14509:
14507:
14505:
14056:
13982:
13980:
13071:
12732:
12557:"Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan"
12486:
12196:
12133:
12067:
12065:
12063:
12061:
12059:
12057:
11882:
11880:
11878:
11876:
11659:
11600:
11492:
11279:
11277:
11058:
11054:
11052:
11050:
10934:
10635:
10631:
10629:
10120:
10118:
9947:
7515:discovery. Others argue that it was merely a
6346:, a stone city built on artificial islets in
6200:rock art traditions of Australia (except the
6152:There are approximately six to seven hundred
6076:Jade-carving traditions reappeared among the
4495:) to large oceangoing trading ships like the
3190:when the sea levels were lower, in the early
2983:early Austronesian peoples is accepted to be
2845:Mahdi (2017) also uses the term "Qata" (from
2070:man carrying two containers over his shoulder
19349:
19259:Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago
19020:
18909:. terra australis. Vol. 45. ANU Press.
18831:
18704:
18421:
18378:
18320:
18194:"History of agriculture in Papua New Guinea"
17673:
17500:
17221:Zumbroich, Thomas Josef (16 November 2009).
17088:
16888:Inked: Tattoos and Body Art around the World
16878:
16823:Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago
16769:
16467:
16053:
15894:
15892:
15871:. In Bacus EA, Glover IC, Pigott VC (eds.).
15862:
15860:
15831:. terra australis. Vol. 45. ANU Press.
15816:
15405:. terra australis. Vol. 45. ANU Press.
15191:
15156:
15106:
15104:
15102:
15100:
15098:
15062:
15060:
15058:
15056:
15054:
15006:
14863:
14635:
14279:
14273:
13196:
13194:
13063:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
13024:Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin
13008:
12675:
12392:
12229:
12182:(First ed.). Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell.
11250:Zotomayor, Alexie Villegas (12 March 2013).
11245:
11243:
11105:
10814:
10735:
10710:
10687:
10685:
10683:
10681:
10679:
10571:
10569:
10182:
10180:
9997:
9995:
9993:
9991:
9989:
9879:
9877:
9843:
9841:
9839:
9837:
9835:
9833:
9708:
9703:Origins of the Filipinos and Their Languages
9564:. Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Archived from
9551:
9086:. Samoa Bureau of Statistics. Archived from
8923:"Ethnic Minorities, Census of Cambodia 2019"
8210:and vice versa when sailing against the wind
7869:
4331:, a modern replica of a Polynesian voyaging
2561:, in southern China, from around 4,000
1047:, known as the Austronesian expansion, from
19101:
18983:
18227:
18185:
18158:
17932:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
17790:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society
17717:
17578:
17467:Ancient Religions of the Austronesian World
17365:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 448–450.
17066:The World of Tattoo: An Illustrated History
16917:
16891:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 272–274.
16596:
16508:
16473:
16230:
16228:
16226:
16224:
16222:
16220:
16082:
16033:White, Taylor (1892). "Notes and queries".
16007:Paths of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage
15960:Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology
15742:
15675:
15601:
15431:
15348:
15311:
15110:
14961:
14959:
14709:
14707:
14345:
14021:
14019:
13895:
13893:
13831:
13802:
13726:
13708:Contemporary Issues in Nepalese Linguistics
13496:
13376:
12974:
12926:
12924:
12626:
12297:
12122:
11737:
11533:
11388:
11317:
11315:
11209:
11207:
11205:
11203:
11201:
11199:
11197:
11195:
11169:
11167:
11165:
11163:
11138:"Austronesians were first to sail the seas"
11099:
9688:
9524:
9042:
8980:
8834:"Key Indicators of the Resident Population"
8678:. Government of Timor-Leste. Archived from
8058:Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories
6127:
6121:
6113:
6105:
6097:
6089:
6081:
4541:, all meaning "ship", are all derived from
3934:, and some parts of Indonesia (present-day
2810:, are usually collectively referred to as "
2496:(geographically includes Malaysia, Brunei,
1498:Researches into the Physical History of Man
24099:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
24046:International Congress of Maritime Museums
24026:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
23318:
22768:
21564:
21550:
21418:
21404:
21161:
21147:
20499:
20485:
20254:
20240:
19484:
19470:
19137:The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration
18801:
18673:
18142:Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History
18140:. In Glover, Ian; Bellwood, Peter (eds.).
18024:
17840:
17543:
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16839:
16778:"'Cureous Figures': European Voyagers and
16186:
16023:
15481:
15387:
15161:. In Acri A, Blench R, Landmann A (eds.).
14781:
14584:
14538:
14502:
14372:
14370:
13977:
13370:
13130:
12949:
12880:
12457:
12054:
11955:
11873:
11274:
11131:
11129:
11047:
10626:
10589:
10587:
10449:
10443:
10140:
10138:
10136:
10134:
10115:
9978:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9559:"National Report on Population ad Housing"
9466:
9439:
9076:
8713:. Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam).
8609:. Department of Statistics, Malaysia. 2023
7992:cultivation of sweet potatoes in Polynesia
3594:and remains of Neolithic chicken bones in
3514:and other parts of coastal New Guinea and
1680:
24159:
24114:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
20506:
19403:
19317:Benitez-Johannot, Purissima, ed. (2009).
19194:
19033:. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25.
18966:
18956:
18896:
18894:
18874:
18864:
18572:
18412:
18402:
18260:
18208:
18106:
18088:
18030:
18007:
17906:
17644:
17433:
17423:
17335:
17296:
17281:
17271:
17254:Zumbroich, Thomas Josef (23 March 2011).
17253:
17238:
17220:
16930:Ancient Ink: The Archaeology of Tattooing
16814:
16784:. In Thomas N, Cole A, Douglas B (eds.).
16657:
16517:"An overview of latte period archaeology"
16338:
16314:
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15889:
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15717:
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15297:. University of San Carlos. p. 151.
15277:
15267:
15218:
15095:
15051:
14610:
14481:
14444:"'Out of Sundaland' Assumption Disproved"
14410:
14249:
14137:
14127:
14047:
13960:
13950:
13767:
13701:
13695:
13539:. In Acri A, Blench R, Landman A (eds.).
13479:
13469:
13412:
13402:
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12886:
12691:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
12658:
12580:
12280:
12097:
12015:
11998:
11988:
11923:
11801:. ethnicgroupsphilippines. Archived from
11757:
11701:
11691:
11565:
11466:
11455:Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences
11427:
11410:
11382:
11357:
11347:
11249:
11240:
11231:
10917:
10676:
10566:
10552:Official Oxford English Dictionary (OED2)
10504:"The Comparison of the Oceanic Languages"
10352:
10322:
10320:
10221:
10177:
10082:
10064:
10021:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-012440
10019:
10004:"The Austronesian Homeland and Dispersal"
9986:
9874:
9830:
9813:
9795:
9403:
8956:
8954:
8952:
8950:
7431:. Rapa Nui also has a rich assemblage of
6054:gouge used for wood carving was found on
5396:jars, followed by indigenous or imported
4724:, raised storehouses still survived. The
3831:statecraft model allowed the creation of
3796:Learn how and when to remove this message
3518:by 1200 BCE. They reached the islands of
3010:and Taiwan has been difficult due to the
2171:, Cham areas of Vietnam (remnants of the
1640:, migrations and paternal admixture from
21532:Indigenous peoples by geographic regions
20261:
19433:
19255:
19229:
19134:
19074:
18923:
18807:
18628:
18201:Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea
18132:
17966:
17787:
17609:
17464:
16958:
16555:
16388:
16269:
16241:Austronesian Diaspora: A New Perspective
16217:
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15286:
15249:
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14832:
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14314:
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13918:
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13890:
13859:
13267:
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12359:
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11160:
11068:Austronesian Diaspora: A New Perspective
10943:
10777:
10775:
10773:
10741:
10716:
10469:"The common origin of Oceanic languages"
9953:
9918:
9736:. Australian National University Press.
8903:. Central Intelligence Agency. July 2018
7930:Notable examples of these crops include
7489:
7301:, an undeciphered system of glyphs from
6968:
6849:
6536:
6365:, large stone discs used as currency in
6270:megaliths memorializing the deceased in
6211:pre-date Austronesian arrival, like the
5973:
5959:delta was one of the ancient centres of
5280:The oldest known pottery assemblages in
5269:, resulting in what is now known as the
5248:
4453:
4134:
4008:
3871:. Between the 5th and the 15th century,
3807:
3416:
3408:
3396:
3386:
3299:
3196:
3169:
2954:
2935:
2915:
2786:
2681:
2646:
2073:
2062:
2054:
1840:
1721:
1595:
1575:
1546:coined the term "Austronesian" (German:
1393:
1249:
1192:, particularly the similarities between
24084:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
21168:
19297:
19026:
18707:"Proto who utilized turmeric, and how?"
18589:
18391:Ethnobotany Research & Applications
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18055:
17758:
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17585:Orliac, Catherine (October 2005). "The
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17342:Ethnobotany Research & Applications
17159:. Chapman and Hall Limited. p. 5.
16884:
16775:
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15822:
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15361:. Parkstone International. p. 28.
15292:
15229:. University of the Philippines Press.
15197:
14869:
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14578:
14367:
14351:Eden in the east: the drowned continent
14325:. University of the Philippines Press.
14320:
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13899:
13345:
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12930:
12741:"A Hypothesis for Austronesian Origins"
12548:
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10131:
9593:. world-statistics.org. 11 April 2012.
9385:Census of Population& Housing, 2011
9016:
8052:Pre-Columbian contact with the Americas
8048:in Africa in the first millennium BCE.
6156:sites discovered in Southeast Asia and
6126:(double-headed animal pendant) and the
5315:; or two voyages, with way stations in
5257:red-slipped earthenware shard from the
2701:made some of the modern-day islands of
1830:. In Indonesia, the nationalistic term
1573:being retained as names for subgroups.
14:
24293:
24036:European Association of Archaeologists
19262:(3rd, revised ed.). ANU E Press.
19006:. Delhi: Kaveri Books. pp. 1–23.
18891:
18767:(The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31–50.
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17723:
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17584:
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17317:from the original on 24 September 2020
17022:
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16923:
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16455:from the original on 24 September 2020
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16257:from the original on 24 September 2020
15998:Bellwood P, Hung HC, Iizuka Y (2011).
15867:Hung HC, Iizuka Y, Bellwood P (2006).
15748:
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13311:"The evolving story of rice evolution"
13144:
13142:
13095:
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12561:The American Journal of Human Genetics
11815:
11582:from the original on 24 September 2020
11495:"Remapping the Austronesian expansion"
11451:"Tracing the Malays in the Malay Land"
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10326:
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9912:
9609:
9583:
8947:
8889:
8817:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
6964:
6891:Spanish expeditions to the Philippines
6088:(greenstone) and were used to produce
4430:set on a V-shaped arrangement of spars
3012:southward expansion of the Han dynasty
2476:language and ethnic groups, including
1426:in the 17th century, is also excluded.
1285:(1778–1787) to the establishment of a
1169:
24158:
23317:
23292:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
23250:
23120:
23119:
22502:
22104:
21583:
21571:
21545:
21399:
21142:
20480:
20235:
19639:"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)
19465:
18900:
18682:Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices
18679:
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17849:
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17687:. In Adelaar A, Himmelman NP (eds.).
17260:Ethnobotany Research and Applications
17227:Ethnobotany Research and Applications
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17122:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
17109:
17091:"The Kalinga Batok (Tattoo) Festival"
17082:
17057:
17045:from the original on 4 September 2012
16997:
16845:
16599:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
16480:Aesthetics and Rock Art III Symposium
16195:"Story: Pounamu – jade or greenstone"
16192:
16035:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
16032:
15951:
15487:
15336:from the original on 29 November 2015
15327:Asia Research Institute Working Paper
14790:
14739:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.97
14722:
14644:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
14556:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
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14454:from the original on 25 December 2018
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13732:
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13045:from the original on 27 February 2019
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11436:History of the Austronesian Languages
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10473:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
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9847:
9635:
9617:"Population of communities in Tuvalu"
9591:"Population of communities in Tuvalu"
9421:from the original on 29 February 2020
9327:"Australia-Oceania: Marshall Islands"
9237:from the original on 29 February 2020
9207:from the original on 13 November 2014
8864:
8799:from the original on 27 November 2007
8694:
8584:from the original on 25 December 2018
7914:believed to have originated from the
7793:also exist). This indicates that the
7404:, but these did not encode language.
5164:, southern Vietnam. (c. 10th century)
4803:). Particularly the buildings of the
3393:Austronesian languages § History
3031:
1860:Inhabitants of these regions include
54:performing a traditional tribal dance
21364:For other topics including Oceanian
19772:French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands
18545:"Ancient and modern introduction of
18352:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
17864:10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104936
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17064:Van Dinter; Maarten Hesselt (2005).
16928:. In Krutak L, Deter-Wolf A (eds.).
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16161:
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15522:
15224:
15113:Journal of Asian and African Studies
15066:
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14728:
14566:from the original on 18 January 2020
14475:
14302:from the original on 9 November 2019
13560:from the original on 27 January 2019
13200:
12909:from the original on 25 January 2019
12838:Vaka Moana: Voyages of the Ancestors
12536:from the original on 24 January 2019
12021:
11943:from the original on 21 January 2019
11846:
11262:from the original on 21 October 2022
11173:
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10483:from the original on 30 January 2019
10249:
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9730:Bellwood P, Fox JJ, Tryon D (2006).
9675:from the original on 24 October 2019
9498:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from
9475:from the original on 16 October 2019
9448:from the original on 16 October 2019
9048:Most recent ethnic census, in 1988.
8702:General Statistics Office of Vietnam
8127:, 2011; Cooper & Stringer, 2013)
7634:have been modified with a system of
7613:In regions that converted to Islam,
7055:Indigenous Philippine folk religions
6498:The earliest APT site dated is from
3970:
3816:, the last sovereign monarch of the
3734:adding citations to reliable sources
3705:
3701:
3644:
3167:into the larger Austric hypothesis.
2721:and can only be reached from either
2667:, presumably starting before 70,000
73:Regions with significant populations
24031:Archaeological Institute of America
18818:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
18634:
18144:. RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 21–40.
17624:. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.
17615:
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10501:
10495:
10466:
10460:
10145:Crowley T, Lynch J, Ross M (2013).
9619:. Thomas Brinkhoff. 11 April 2012.
9245:39.1% if the population are native
9171:Kiribati National Statistics Office
8021:, domesticated bananas, sugarcane,
7766:, linking them to Austronesian and
7249:(wooden statue of the deceased) in
6021:Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere
4915:, with colourfully decorated gables
4001:Austronesian maritime trade network
3906:, East Nusa Tenggara, was the only
1673:of Taiwan" model first proposed by
1355:of humans in the second edition of
1226:a century earlier, in 1603. German
1180:The linguistic connections between
24:
20708:Austral Islands (French Polynesia)
19384:American Journal of Human Genetics
19283:. Australian National University.
18781:; Knapp, Michael (13 April 2018).
18684:. University of California Press.
18442:10.1002/j.1834-4453.1993.tb00309.x
17887:European Journal of Human Genetics
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16537:from the original on 12 April 2019
15804:from the original on 26 April 2019
15083:from the original on 27 April 2019
15039:from the original on 27 April 2019
14988:from the original on 27 April 2019
14764:"Working Watercraft of Madagascar"
14484:"Lima Abad Semana Santa Larantuka"
13878:from the original on 13 April 2019
13646:. 31 December 2013. Archived from
13586:Zumbroich, Thomas J. (2007–2008).
13112:from the original on 29 April 2019
12862:A Companion to Chinese Archaeology
12720:from the original on 23 March 2019
12639:American Journal of Human Genetics
12614:from the original on 23 March 2019
12445:from the original on 27 April 2019
12261:American Journal of Human Genetics
11521:from the original on 20 April 2020
10696:. Texas A&M University Press.
10694:Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins
9900:from the original on 21 April 2017
9623:from the original on 24 March 2016
9597:from the original on 23 March 2016
9539:from the original on 14 April 2019
9391:from the original on 10 March 2018
9063:from the original on 26 March 2009
8562:. Philippine Statistics Authority.
8541:from the original on 30 April 2020
7731:
7534:Brahmic scripts, all of which are
6641:) or absent entirely (like in the
5906:double-headed pendant from Vietnam
5413:
4769:stone temples (like in reliefs at
3944:American governance of the Pacific
3569:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2963:data. This hypothesis assumes the
2893:
1699:region. Prior to the 16th-century
1357:De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa
1281:later devoted a large part of his
1260:De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa
976:, are a large group of peoples in
27:Speakers of Austronesian languages
25:
24347:
24321:Indigenous peoples of East Africa
24041:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
23431:Coastal defence and fortification
22806:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
22106:Navigation, and ports and harbors
19371:
18808:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen.
18647:(Melaka Papers Vol. 2): 151–158.
17566:from the original on 11 July 2019
17379:from the original on 26 July 2020
17359:Lewis WH, Elvin-Lewis MP (2003).
17097:from the original on 6 April 2018
17068:. Centraal Boekhuis. p. 64.
16985:from the original on 26 July 2020
16946:from the original on 26 July 2020
16905:from the original on 26 July 2020
16866:from the original on 26 July 2020
16802:from the original on 26 July 2020
16782:/Tattoo in Polynesia (1595–1800)"
16411:from the original on 26 July 2020
16174:from the original on 26 July 2020
15845:from the original on 6 April 2018
15663:from the original on 26 July 2020
15645:. In David B, McNiven IJ (eds.).
15419:from the original on 6 April 2018
15375:from the original on 26 July 2020
15179:from the original on 26 July 2020
15165:. ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute.
14892:from the original on 26 July 2020
14811:from the original on 26 July 2020
14692:from the original on 26 July 2020
14482:Oktora S, Ama KK (3 April 2010).
13790:from the original on 26 July 2020
13772:. In Blench R, Spriggs M (eds.).
13356:. Psychology Press. p. 565.
12380:from the original on 26 July 2020
12156:from the original on 26 July 2020
12042:from the original on 26 July 2020
11816:Agnote, Dario (11 October 2017).
11148:from the original on 26 July 2020
11087:from the original on 26 July 2018
11035:from the original on 15 July 2020
10966:10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88
10843:from the original on 15 July 2020
10802:from the original on 26 July 2020
10614:from the original on 26 July 2020
10524:from the original on 3 April 2020
10450:Codrington, Robert Henry (1891).
10165:from the original on 26 July 2020
10002:Blust, Robert (14 January 2019).
9750:from the original on 2 April 2020
9643:"Australia-Oceania: Cook Islands"
9530:
9469:"Moken, Salon in Myanmar (Burma)"
9126:from the original on 24 July 2017
8962:"World Population Prospects 2022"
8935:from the original on 3 March 2024
8629:"2020 Census Demographic Profile"
7512:1770 Spanish Treaty of Annexation
6034:Polished and ground stone adzes,
5762:, traditional theatre dance from
5467:, being centred on the island of
4840:Aboriginal Taiwanese architecture
3016:Qing dynasty annexation of Taiwan
3014:(2nd century BCE) and the recent
2635:History of Indigenous Australians
2458:Southern Luzon lowlanders (e.g.,
24275:
24141:
24066:Society for American Archaeology
23300:
23233:
23102:
22485:
22087:
21509:
21494:
21479:
21464:
21449:
20172:World Invitational Hula Festival
19421:
19153:
19128:
18771:
18463:. In Paterson, Andrew H. (ed.).
18277:
18192:Bourke, Richard Michael (2009).
18033:"What is Austronesian ancestry?"
17808:
17781:
17752:
17738:10.1111/j.1350-0775.2004.00455.x
17473:
17458:
17391:
17144:
16732:from the original on 6 June 2018
16682:
16590:
16340:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00135.x
16243:. Gadjah Mada University Press.
16111:10.1127/0935-1221/2012/0024-2175
15531:
14939:
14925:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2010.00266.x
14904:
14755:
14591:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
14466:
14217:
13678:
13662:
13636:
13623:
13614:
13437:
13124:
12867:
12854:
12829:
12248:
12223:
11818:"A glimmer of hope for castoffs"
11540:Bulbeck, David (December 2008).
11438:. University of Hawaii at Manoa.
11070:. Gadjah Mada University Press.
10327:Bhopal, Raj (22 December 2007).
10303:. ANU E Press. pp. 99–156.
9697:According to the anthropologist
8877:from the original on 5 June 2020
8413:
8372:
8338:
8281:
8213:
8196:
8183:
8130:
8108:
7369:
7339:
7324:, Rapa Nui, associated with the
7309:
7290:
7268:small familial house shrines to
7258:
7234:
7213:
7192:
7171:
7149:
7122:
7103:
7082:
6895:first voyage of circumnavigation
6794:woman with traditional tattoos (
6760:
6751:
6597:Rock art in central Micronesia (
6454:
6418:
6395:
6373:
6354:
6335:
6314:
6295:
6279:
6260:
6244:
6221:
6160:, as well as over eight hundred
6104:, as well as ornaments like the
5933:
5911:
5893:
5872:
5832:
5813:
5790:
5771:
5752:
5736:
5716:
5692:
5674:
5656:
5631:
5610:
5585:
5197:
5188:
5149:
5116:
5096:
5076:
5056:
5036:
5018:
4998:
4980:
4960:
4940:
4920:
4901:
4880:
4860:
4845:
4833:
4293:
4284:
4275:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4230:
4214:" technique. They were commonly
3710:
2993:may also share a common ancestry
2741:, ca.33,000-28,000 BP), and the
2510:and neighbouring islands (e.g.,
893:
864:
843:
822:
801:
780:
759:
738:
717:
688:
667:
646:
625:
604:
583:
562:
541:
520:
499:
478:
457:
436:
415:
394:
373:
352:
331:
310:
289:
268:
247:
226:
205:
184:
163:
142:
121:
100:
79:
41:
24326:Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia
23498:Phoenician discovery of America
19692:Australian Aboriginal astronomy
18203:. ANU E Press. pp. 10–26.
17769:from the original on 1 May 2019
16164:"Stone Implements of the Maori"
16066:When the Universe Was an Island
16062:"The Origin of the Polynesians"
16005:. In Benitez-Johannof P (ed.).
15875:. NUS Press. pp. 203–215.
14945:
14321:Solheim, Wilhelm G. II (2006).
13990:Molecular Biology and Evolution
12761:from the original on 1 May 2019
11840:
11809:
11791:
11442:
11256:Marianas Variety News and Views
10536:
10395:
9762:
9657:
9515:
9496:"American FactFinder – Results"
9487:
9460:
9433:
9415:Australian Bureau of Statistics
9373:
9293:
9275:
9266:
9219:
9189:
9159:
9138:
9102:
8915:
8865:Ramzy, Austin (1 August 2016).
8858:
8825:
8785:
8759:
8727:
8524:, Badan Pusat Statistik, 2013,
7392:With the possible exception of
7361:written in a derivative of the
7270:honor the households' ancestors
5971:, bracelets, beads, and rings.
5951:The ancestral pre-Austronesian
5851:
5471:in Indonesia. They include the
4608:
3721:needs additional citations for
1207:, were recognized early in the
1135:domesticated plants and animals
23190:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
21189:Federated States of Micronesia
21072:Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)
20763:Federated States of Micronesia
20527:Federated States of Micronesia
20282:Federated States of Micronesia
19777:Federated States of Micronesia
19139:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
18461:Species and Their Improvement"
16145:Journal of Pacific Archaeology
16126:Journal of Pacific Archaeology
16091:European Journal of Mineralogy
15798:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
15355:Hubert, Jean-François (2012).
15279:11858/00-001M-0000-002E-8635-7
14791:Kirch, Patrick Vinton (2012).
14280:Meacham, William (1984–1985).
13739:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
13327:10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.016
13131:Goodenough, Ward Hunt (1996).
12935:. Cambridge University Press.
11558:10.1080/03122417.2008.11681877
11178:. Cambridge University Press.
10898:Nature Ecology & Evolution
10870:. Springer. pp. 321–354.
10744:The Journal of Pacific History
10126:The Journal of Pacific History
8668:
8642:
8621:
8566:
8552:
8509:
8480:
4466:maritime trade network in the
4062:: Oceanic sprit (Philippines)
2697:The lowered sea levels of the
2620:
1045:prehistoric seaborne migration
570:Federated States of Micronesia
13:
1:
24316:Indigenous peoples of Oceania
24109:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
22784:Phoenician maritime expansion
19493:Culture of indigenous Oceania
18655:(inactive 18 September 2024).
18574:10.1080/0028825X.2015.1010546
18553:New Zealand Journal of Botany
18494:New Zealand Journal of Botany
17852:Annual Review of Anthropology
17659:10.1080/01611194.2016.1196052
17336:Zumbroich, Thomas J. (2012).
17151:Major-General Robley (1896).
17008:. Asiatype, Inc. p. 64.
16852:. Columbia University Press.
16478:. In Heyd T, Clegg J (eds.).
16362:Steimer-Herbet, Tara (2018).
16193:Keane, Basil (12 June 2006).
16060:Edwards E, Edwards A (2013).
12217:10.1080/00438243.2023.2172072
10821:Wibisono, Sonny Chr. (2006).
9933:10.1080/00664677.2019.1626216
9307:. Central Intelligence Agency
8473:
8029:. South Asian crops like the
7401:
6120:. Certain ornaments like the
5995:
5882:gold double-headed pendants (
5227:: Capped burial jar from the
3883:were thought to have brought
3030:. Some authors, favoring the
2769:by the terminal Pleistocene.
2540:
2179:, in northern Sumatra (e.g.,
2017:introduced plants and animals
1367:", after correspondence with
1080:
974:Austronesian-speaking peoples
905:
884:
855:
834:
813:
792:
771:
750:
729:
708:
679:
658:
637:
616:
595:
574:
553:
532:
511:
490:
469:
448:
427:
406:
385:
364:
343:
322:
301:
280:
259:
238:
217:
196:
175:
154:
133:
112:
91:
65:
24051:Nautical Archaeology Society
20911:Oceanian legendary creatures
19699:
18787:www.sciencemediacentre.co.nz
18514:10.1080/0028825X.2010.520323
18168:Volume I: Prehistory to 1450
17952:10.1080/03036758.2012.673495
17816:"臺灣原住民族的Y 染色體多樣性與華南史前文化的關連性"
17425:10.1371/journal.pone.0136783
17299:""We blacken our teeth with
16825:. ANU E Press. p. 151.
15972:10.1080/15564894.2013.781085
15709:10.1371/journal.pone.0193166
15641:Wilson M, Ballard C (2018).
15457:10.1080/15564894.2012.726941
15256:Language Dynamics and Change
14974:. ANU Press. pp. 1–29.
14230:Genome Biology and Evolution
13404:10.1371/journal.pone.0052146
13288:10.1126/science.275.5298.309
13241:Language Dynamics and Change
12078:Genome Biology and Evolution
11849:"The Intermarried issei and
11693:10.1371/journal.pone.0198689
11601:Goss J, Lindquist B (2000).
11468:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.011
11349:10.1371/journal.pone.0021143
11298:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005
10502:Fox, Charles Elliot (1906).
10108:Van Tilburg, Jo Anne. 1994.
10008:Annual Review of Linguistics
9357:. census.gov. Archived from
9167:"Kiribati Stats at a Glance"
8497:. 21 January 2021. p. 9
8488:"Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020"
7750:, is frequently detected in
7738:Genetic studies on Filipinos
7435:largely associated with the
7387:alongside the Latin alphabet
6878:of native peoples after the
6816:
5132:, with decorative wing-like
4689:, from an alternate form of
4395:with two canted rectangular
3376:Northeast Formosan languages
3310:Sino-Austronesian hypothesis
3053:from around 13,500 to 8,200
2117:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
2051:List of Austronesian peoples
2023:of the Americas, Japan, the
1862:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
1469:(who first coined the term "
7:
24104:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
23481:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
23287:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
23144:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
22503:
21584:
21386:Category:Culture of Oceania
19241:. Oxford University Press.
18465:Genomics of the Saccharinae
18283:W. Arthur Whistler (1991).
17518:. Oxford University Press.
17514:Fischer, Steven R. (1997).
17029:Salvador-Amores AI (2002).
15751:Journal of World Prehistory
15293:Klassen, Winand W. (1986).
15007:Blust R, Trussel S (2013).
14718:(PhD). Flinders University.
13900:Freeman, Donald B. (2013).
13592:eJournal of Indian Medicine
12864:, 599–611. Wiley-Blackwell.
12178:Bellwood, Peter S. (2017).
11855:. In Adachi, Nobuko (ed.).
11500:. In Evans, Bethwyn (ed.).
11391:Journal of World Prehistory
10345:10.1136/bmj.39413.463958.80
8191:Proto-Austronesian language
8091:Malayo-Polynesian languages
8073:
7966:(including the practice of
7886:History of rice cultivation
7685:and surrounding islands, a
7316:An example of the abundant
7025:
6742:
6449:, North Island, New Zealand
6147:
6069:Jade was absent in most of
5808:, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
5706:from Hawaii performing the
5375:, which emerged during the
4732:is an example. The largest
4646:Another common feature are
3380:Proto-Austronesian language
3318:Longshan interaction sphere
3113:Relations with other groups
2975:The broad consensus on the
2855:Malayo-Polynesian languages
1571:Malayo-Polynesian languages
1438:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
1424:annexed by the Qing dynasty
1408:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
1402:map (1889), printed by the
1349:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
1256:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
1057:other maritime technologies
972:, sometimes referred to as
10:
24352:
24311:Indigenous peoples of Asia
23960:Phoenician Ship Expedition
23251:
22801:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
22794:Circumnavigation of Africa
20993:Chatham Islander (Moriori
20717:
19901:Weriyeng navigation school
19298:Diamond, Jared M. (1998).
18857:10.1038/s41598-018-27363-8
18602:American Journal of Botany
17544:McLaughlin, Shawn (2004).
17297:Zumbroich, Thomas (2016).
17004:Masferré, Eduardo (1999).
16724:Krutak, Lars (2005–2006).
16556:Peterson, John A. (2012).
16276:Tan, Noel Hidalgo (2014).
16201:. New Zealand Government.
15792:Wagelie, Jennifer (2002).
13931:Royal Society Open Science
13017:"Defining the Hundred Yue"
12956:Major JS, Cook CA (2016).
12573:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.02.003
12273:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005
11286:Journal of Human Evolution
10456:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
10214:10.1038/s41598-018-20026-8
9850:The Austronesian languages
9442:"Malay in Myanmar (Burma)"
9258:: CS1 maint: postscript (
8580:. World Bank Group. 2017.
8055:
7879:
7873:
7735:
7722:Turaga indigenous movement
7704:has a unique tradition of
7402:pictograms and petroglyphs
7284:Decipherment of rongorongo
7281:
7277:
7140:ancestor spirits from the
5855:
5417:
5307:(southern Philippines) or
5173:
5169:
4807:, which contrast with the
3974:
3957:
3648:
3401:Colorized photograph of a
3390:
3116:
2949:Zhejiang Provincial Museum
2932:are shown in lighter blue.
2897:
2692:mitochondrial haplogroups.
2655:Island Southeast Asia was
2627:Peopling of Southeast Asia
2624:
1684:
1559:, "south wind"; and Greek
1404:Fowler & Wells Company
1373:first voyage of James Cook
1173:
24273:
24165:
24154:
24139:
24074:
24016:
23819:
23803:
23551:
23486:Samothrace temple complex
23421:
23376:
23335:
23328:
23324:
23313:
23298:
23257:
23246:
23231:
23129:
23115:
23100:
23053:
23006:
22859:
22826:
22819:
22757:
22558:
22515:
22511:
22498:
22483:
22202:
22115:
22111:
22100:
22085:
22037:
21972:
21909:
21794:
21763:
21596:
21592:
21579:
21528:
21441:
21362:
21280:
21257:
21176:
21135:
20965:
20944:
20863:
20700:
20618:
20595:
20514:
20471:
20455:
20373:
20350:
20269:
20228:
20219:
20141:
20015:
19912:
19745:traditions and ceremonies
19677:
19626:
19525:
19506:
19499:
19187:10.1038/s41586-020-2487-2
18901:Piper, Philip J. (2017).
18653:10.7152/bippa.v18i0.11710
18364:10.1007/s10722-008-9362-6
17802:10.29910/TJIS.200912.0002
16703:10.1017/S0003598X00091018
15587:10.1017/s0003598x00048006
15552:10.1017/S0003598X00047992
15269:10.1163/22105832-00702005
14847:10.13140/RG.2.1.2571.4648
14673:Canoes of the Grand Ocean
14550:Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974).
14486:(in Indonesian). Kompas.
14078:10.1017/9781108341004.020
13733:Vovin, Alexander (1997).
13352:Harris, David R. (1996).
13253:10.1163/22105832-00702002
13168:10.1007/s00439-007-0407-2
13038:(inactive 25 July 2024).
13036:10.7152/bippa.v15i0.11537
13015:Meacham, William (1996).
12887:Zhang C, Hung HC (2008).
12519:10.1007/s12284-011-9068-9
12360:Waterson, Roxana (2009).
12022:Jett, Stephen C. (2017).
11859:. Routledge. p. 97.
11853:nisei in the Philippines"
11233:10.1017/S0003598X00068393
11142:The Sydney Morning Herald
10910:10.1038/s41559-018-0498-2
10756:10.1080/00223348608572530
9848:Blust, Robert A. (2013).
9354:2010 United States Census
8419:Cognates include Cebuano
7890:Genomics of domestication
7870:Evidence from agriculture
7642:. With the advent of the
7454:Florentin-Étienne Jaussen
7113:ancestor carvings of the
6948:of New Zealand, tattoos (
6503:distinguished from older
6461:A 1782 illustration of a
5994:, starting from at least
5842:, traditional dance from
5781:, traditional dance from
5666:, wooden slit drums from
4875:, with capped house posts
4811:typical of the Neolithic
4485:. They ranged from small
3182:, there had been earlier
3073:, advanced boatbuilding,
2922:language family homelands
2549:indigenous population in
1948:and Shibushi speakers of
1094:. They reached as far as
929:
924:
917:
912:
891:
862:
841:
820:
799:
778:
757:
736:
715:
686:
665:
644:
623:
602:
581:
560:
539:
518:
497:
476:
455:
434:
413:
392:
371:
350:
329:
308:
287:
266:
245:
224:
203:
182:
161:
140:
119:
98:
77:
72:
64:
59:
40:
24331:Ethnic groups in Oceania
22774:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
21335:Northern Mariana Islands
20795:Northern Mariana Islands
20673:Northern Mariana Islands
20428:Northern Mariana Islands
20204:Festival of Pacific Arts
19256:Bellwood, Peter (2007).
19223:
18404:10.17348/era.7.0.199-216
18133:Bellwood, Peter (2004).
17240:10.17348/era.7.0.381-398
17157:Moko; or Maori Tattooing
17093:. The Vanishing Tattoo.
16965:Cummins, Joseph (2006).
16821:Bellwood, Peter (2007).
16728:. The Vanishing Tattoo.
16515:Carson, Mike T. (2012).
16168:Dominion Museum Bulletin
15318:Phương, Trần Kỳ (2006).
15125:10.1177/0021909613510245
14714:Lacsina, Ligaya (2016).
14211:10.1177/0392192108090734
14164:Human Molecular Genetics
13598:: 87–140. Archived from
13444:Jäger G (October 2015).
12960:. Taylor & Francis.
12958:Ancient China: A History
12739:Bellwood, Peter (1988).
11759:10.22459/TA45.03.2017.11
11610:The Contemporary Pacific
10692:Doran, Edwin B. (1981).
10594:Baldick, Julian (2013).
9645:. CIA The World Factbook
9329:. CIA The World Factbook
9286:27 February 2018 at the
8735:"Fiji Today 2005 / 2006"
8206:alternately becomes the
8102:
8081:Ancient maritime history
7834:On 16 January 2020, the
7626:adaptations such as the
7521:trans-cultural diffusion
7425:time of European contact
7409:kohau motu mo rongorongo
5406:), and finally imported
3481:Northern Mariana Islands
3426:, a modern replica of a
3125:linguistic macrofamilies
2926:rice into Southeast Asia
2665:coastal migration routes
2657:settled by modern humans
2115:, collectively known as
1896:. Also included are the
1864:, most ethnic groups in
1133:motifs. They also share
746:Northern Mariana Islands
24056:RPM Nautical Foundation
23793:Surviving ancient ships
23712:Marsala Punic shipwreck
21300:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
20638:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
20393:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
20167:Merrie Monarch Festival
19444:Encyclopædia Britannica
18958:10.1073/pnas.1320412111
18635:Paz, Victor J. (1999).
18547:Broussonetia papyrifera
18490:Broussonetia papyrifera
18090:10.1073/pnas.2026132118
18000:10.1126/science.1166083
17273:10.17348/era.9.0.97-113
16971:. Pier 9. p. 133.
16885:DeMello, Margo (2014).
16846:Ellis, Juniper (2008).
15918:10.1073/pnas.0707304104
15763:10.1023/A:1022322303769
15157:bin Tajudeen I (2017).
14874:. In Campbell G (ed.).
14129:10.1073/pnas.1321860111
13823:9 December 2018 at the
13471:10.1073/pnas.1500331112
12807:10.1126/science.1166858
12468:. In Campbell G (ed.).
12326:10.1126/science.1244869
11981:10.1126/science.1211177
11504:. Pacific Linguistics.
10717:Dierking, Gary (2007).
10560:Oxford University Press
10467:Ray, Sidney H. (1896).
10066:10.1073/pnas.1704906114
9884:Cheke, Anthony (2010).
9797:10.1073/pnas.1321860111
7205:from the Ruato tomb of
6405:petroglyph depicting a
5955:(3400–2250 BCE) of the
5924:double-headed pendant (
4622:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
3825:Maritime Southeast Asia
3688:whole genome sequencing
3576:established trade links
3219:Mainland Southeast Asia
2847:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
2802:, Philippines (c. 1899)
2688:coastal migration model
1985:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1922:Torres Strait Islanders
1796:Maritime Southeast Asia
1681:Geographic distribution
1533:Robert Henry Codrington
1529:Georg von der Gabelentz
1488:The British naturalist
1343:Johann Reinhold Forster
1231:Johann Reinhold Forster
1043:They originated from a
986:Mainland Southeast Asia
982:Maritime Southeast Asia
24336:Prehistoric migrations
24089:Giza Solar boat museum
23543:Underwater exploration
23538:Underwater archaeology
23503:Pre-Columbian theories
23358:John Sinclair Morrison
23319:Research and education
22769:Austronesian Expansion
21117:Torres Strait Islander
20508:Literature of Oceania
19869:Micronesian Navigation
19300:Guns, Germs, and Steel
19095:10.54645/2024171ZAK-61
18789:. Science Media Centre
18755:Blench, Roger (2004).
18680:Dalby, Andrew (2002).
18430:Archaeology in Oceania
18210:10.22459/FAPNG.08.2009
18165:Reilly, Kevin (2012).
17591:Archaeology in Oceania
16650:10.1126/sciadv.1400060
16474:Jean-Michel C (2008).
14603:10.1098/rspb.2011.0060
13506:Blench, Roger (2018).
13096:Blench, Roger (2009).
12931:Liu L, Chen X (2012).
12873:Jiao, Tianlong. 2007.
12604:Fox, James J. (2004).
12134:Mahdi, Waruno (2017).
11546:Australian Archaeology
11493:Blench, Roger (2009).
11059:Blench, Roger (2016).
10782:Abels, Birgit (2011).
10636:Blench, Roger (2012).
10128:, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2001
9026:. ISPF. Archived from
8119:, and not in mainland
7689:was developed for the
7674:has experimented with
7506:
7348:Talang Tuo inscription
7057:(including beliefs in
7042:, and the belief in a
6989:
6909:, whom they named the
6863:
6549:
6128:
6122:
6114:
6106:
6098:
6090:
6082:
6001:
5992:maritime trade network
5888:) from the Philippines
5383:in the southwest, and
5273:, centered around the
5262:
4765:on the walls of later
4470:
4143:
4141:Austronesian boat
4115:
3820:
3745:"Austronesian peoples"
3444:
3414:
3406:
3305:
3206:
3175:
2972:
2952:
2933:
2818:) are referred to as "
2816:Indigenous Australians
2803:
2782:Indigenous Australians
2694:
2686:Representation of the
2652:
2639:Indigenous Australians
2083:
2071:
2060:
1924:of Australia; the non-
1846:
1743:
1687:Micronesian navigation
1616:
1589:
1582:Austronesian languages
1494:Indigenous Australians
1451:
1427:
1377:Austronesian languages
1371:, who was part of the
1271:
1162:, chickens, pigs, and
1010:Austronesian languages
919:Austronesian languages
24160:Legend and literature
24118:Viking ship museums:
24094:Grand Egyptian Museum
23854:Austronesian replicas
23829:Heyerdahl expeditions
23739:Caligula's Giant Ship
23599:Dover Bronze Age Boat
22261:Berenice Troglodytica
21283:and other territories
21087:Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)
20973:Indigenous Australian
20871:Australian Aboriginal
20621:and other territories
20376:and other territories
20263:Languages of Oceania
19864:Polynesian Navigation
19844:Torres Strait Islands
19350:James J. Fox (2006).
19323:. ArtPostAsia Books.
17899:10.1038/ejhg.2009.222
17616:Lee, Georgia (1992).
17469:. London: I.B.Tauris.
17089:Krutak, Lars (2009).
16162:Best, Elsdon (1912).
15225:Lico, Gerard (2008).
15073:Antropologi Indonesia
14383:Nature Communications
14002:10.1093/molbev/msp120
13815:Blench, Roger. 2014.
12420:10.1353/asi.2000.0004
11896:Nature Communications
10148:The Oceanic Languages
9921:Anthropological Forum
9004:, Population Division
8968:, Population Division
7746:, marked by the M119
7493:
7383:(1593) featuring the
7094:funerary pole of the
6972:
6893:, beginning with the
6862:, with facial tattoos
6853:
6618:(1,180–1,200 CE) and
6582:stone pillars of the
6540:
6202:Torres Strait Islands
6182:Greater Sunda Islands
5977:
5747:, Sulawesi, Indonesia
5495:of southern Sumatra,
5428:Philippine folk music
5418:Further information:
5252:
4911:meeting house of the
4457:
4413:propelled by paddling
4372:with a crab claw sail
4359:with a crab claw sail
4160:Island Southeast Asia
4138:
4012:
3811:
3673:Island Southeast Asia
3600:maritime trade routes
3439:, is an example of a
3420:
3412:
3400:
3391:Further information:
3387:Migration from Taiwan
3303:
3200:
3188:Greater Sunda Islands
3180:Island Southeast Asia
3173:
2958:
2943:statue of a tattooed
2939:
2919:
2790:
2685:
2650:
2643:Australian Aborigines
2551:Island Southeast Asia
2077:
2066:
2058:
1844:
1788:Island Southeast Asia
1776:Greater Sunda Islands
1725:
1691:Polynesian navigation
1599:
1579:
1490:James Cowles Prichard
1429:
1397:
1335:malayisch-polynesisch
1253:
1141:, bananas, coconuts,
1038:Torres Strait Islands
702:Torres Strait Islands
24306:Austronesian culture
24301:Austronesian peoples
24061:Sea Research Society
23463:Maritime archaeology
23272:Ameinias the Phocian
23267:Mediterranean piracy
21170:Religion in Oceania
21102:Taiwanese aborigines
20461:Languages of Oceania
18614:10.3732/ajb.91.5.760
18241:Current Anthropology
17726:Museum International
15502:10.1353/ol.2000.0002
15025:10.1353/ol.2013.0016
14224:Brucato, N. (2019).
14040:10.1353/ol.2012.0003
13768:van Driem G (1998).
13702:van Driem G (2005).
13633:. Oxford: Routledge.
11622:10.1353/cp.2000.0053
10415:on 10 September 2006
9571:on 24 September 2015
9119:. US Census Bureau.
8495:Statistics Indonesia
7772:mouth of the Yangtze
7441:("birdman") cult of
7185:Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau
7117:of western Indonesia
7007:, similar to modern
6880:Chinese colonization
6868:Indigenous Taiwanese
6611:Pohnpaid petroglyphs
6186:Lesser Sunda Islands
6060:Bismarck Archipelago
6046:associated with the
5605:from the Philippines
5491:of central Sumatra,
5311:(Maluku Islands) to
5275:Bismarck Archipelago
4305:Austronesian vessels
4078:Rectangular boom lug
4005:Austronesian vessels
3900:Kingdom of Larantuka
3730:improve this article
3201:Proposed genesis of
3069:carving, tattooing,
2951:(c. 3rd century BCE)
2904:Neolithic Revolution
2879:Lesser Sunda Islands
2840:Andamanese islanders
2774:Australo-Melanesians
2043:, South Africa, and
2005:West Asian countries
1780:Lesser Sunda Islands
1580:Distribution of the
1525:Melanesian languages
1502:Australo-Melanesians
1254:Skulls representing
1233:, who traveled with
970:Austronesian peoples
115:109.3 million (2020)
23154:Maritime Jade Route
22307:Kaveri Poompattinam
21370:indigenous currency
19664:Sāmoa 'ava ceremony
19179:2020Natur.583..572I
18949:2014PNAS..111.4826T
18779:Matisoo-Smith, Lisa
18733:on 25 November 2021
18565:2015NZJB...53...75G
18506:2010NZJB...48..231S
18329:National Geographic
18081:2021PNAS..11826132L
18075:(13): e2026132118.
17992:2009Sci...323..527M
17944:2012JRSNZ..42...87M
17759:Osborne HS (2017).
17465:Baldwick J (2013).
17416:2015PLoSO..1036783W
16642:2015SciA....1E0060R
16389:Prasetyo B (2006).
16295:10.3390/arts3010073
16103:2012EJMin..24..391H
15700:2018PLoSO..1393166B
15490:Oceanic Linguistics
15250:Robbeets M (2017).
15067:Sato, Koji (1991).
15013:Oceanic Linguistics
14970:. In Fox JJ (ed.).
14870:Manguin PY (2016).
14664:Horridge A (2008).
14650:(2 (162)): 131–143.
14395:2014NatCo...5.4689L
14176:10.1093/hmg/ddab018
14120:2014PNAS..111..936P
14028:Oceanic Linguistics
13943:10.1098/rsos.160787
13650:on 31 December 2013
13629:Kumar, Ann (2009).
13462:2015PNAS..11212752J
13395:2012PLoSO...752146Z
13078:Bellwood P (2014).
12799:2009Sci...323..479G
12318:2013Sci...342..321C
11908:2014NatCo...5.4689L
11847:Ohno, Shun (2006).
11684:2018PLoSO..1398689M
11340:2011PLoSO...621143G
10958:1991SciAm.265a..88B
10946:Scientific American
10339:(7633): 1308–1309.
10252:Oceanic Linguistics
10206:2018NatSR...8.1823H
10057:2017PNAS..114E6498P
10051:(32): E6498–E6506.
9788:2014PNAS..111..936P
9502:on 12 February 2020
8574:"Population, total"
7828:Australo-Melanesian
7814:Helicobacter pylori
6965:Dental modification
6655:Puʻuloa petroglyphs
6548:islands, Micronesia
6513:Wanshan petroglyphs
6213:Lene Hara paintings
6198:Australo-Melanesian
5532:and are centred in
4543:Proto-Hesperonesian
3833:Indianized kingdoms
3677:Last Glacial Period
3665:Stephen Oppenheimer
3457:Australo-Melanesian
3213:from Taiwan and/or
3079:wetland agriculture
2828:Philippine Negritos
2824:Denisovan admixture
2571:peninsular Malaysia
2155:Lun Bawang/Lundayeh
1479:Julien-Joseph Virey
1459:Australo-Melanesian
1387:, Blumenbach was a
1341:and the naturalist
1258:'s "five races" in
1220:Cornelis de Houtman
1170:History of research
1127:wetland agriculture
157:21.3 million (2023)
37:
36:Austronesian people
23702:Bajo de la Campana
23404:Peter Throckmorton
23389:Jean-Yves Empereur
23363:William L. Rodgers
23184:Maritime Silk Road
21427:Indigenous peoples
19980:Polynesian sailing
19337:on 16 October 2011
19231:Bellwood, Peter S.
18845:Scientific Reports
18598:Artocarpus altilis
18457:"The Gene Pool of
17683:Adelaar A (2005).
17035:Humanities Diliman
16788:. Reaktion Books.
16776:Douglas B (2005).
16068:. Hangaroa Press.
15823:Bulbeck D (2017).
14835:Pandanus tectorius
14403:10.1038/ncomms5689
14242:10.1093/gbe/evz028
12896:Asian Perspectives
12748:Asian Perspectives
12703:10.1002/ajpa.22226
12408:Asian Perspectives
12090:10.1093/gbe/evx118
11916:10.1038/ncomms5689
11805:on 2 January 2013.
11403:10.1007/BF00997802
11108:Asian Perspectives
10194:Scientific Reports
9699:Wilhelm Solheim II
9665:"Rapa Nui IW 2019"
9471:. Joshua Project.
9444:. Joshua Project.
9417:. 31 August 2018.
9305:The World Factbook
9030:on 9 February 2018
8901:The World Factbook
8871:The New York Times
8773:on 7 February 2013
8682:on 7 February 2016
8656:on 7 February 2013
8096:Maritime Silk Road
8003:Dravidian-speaking
7920:Majiabang cultures
7882:Maritime Silk Road
7714:constructed script
7507:
7379:Doctrina Cristiana
6990:
6899:Ferdinand Magellan
6864:
6550:
6390:, French Polynesia
6288:Niah National Park
6002:
5928:) from New Zealand
5858:Maritime Jade Road
5651:people of Malaysia
5263:
5259:Santa Cruz Islands
5090:Minangkabau people
4618:Proto-Austronesian
4471:
4144:
4116:
4108:Trapezial boom lug
3821:
3445:
3415:
3407:
3322:Shandong Peninsula
3306:
3207:
3176:
3032:"Out of Sundaland"
2973:
2953:
2934:
2924:and the spread of
2851:Proto-Austronesian
2804:
2745:obsidian network (
2695:
2653:
2413:lowlanders (e.g.,
2084:
2072:
2061:
1974:Mergui Archipelago
1847:
1744:
1661:, eds., 1989) and
1617:
1590:
1537:Sidney Herbert Ray
1428:
1381:Malay ethnic group
1283:Idea dell'universo
1272:
262:1.2 million (2019)
241:1.2 million (2015)
94:270 million (2020)
35:
24288:
24287:
24284:
24283:
24150:
24149:
24137:
24136:
23757:Madrague de Giens
23476:Temple of Isthmia
23472:Maritime temples
23458:Marine navigation
23417:
23416:
23409:Shelley Wachsmann
23399:J. Richard Steffy
23309:
23308:
23242:
23241:
23111:
23110:
23098:
23097:
23049:
23048:
22779:Ocean exploration
22494:
22493:
22481:
22480:
22140:Rutter (nautical)
22096:
22095:
22083:
22082:
21939:Mortise and tenon
21573:Ancient seafaring
21539:
21538:
21523:
21522:
21393:
21392:
21358:
21357:
21350:Wallis and Futuna
21258:Associated states
20855:Wallis and Futuna
20696:
20695:
20688:Wallis and Futuna
20596:Associated states
20467:
20466:
20451:
20450:
20443:Wallis and Futuna
20351:Associated states
20199:Pacific Community
20187:Pasifika Festival
19920:Aboriginal dugout
19859:Wallis and Futuna
19363:978-1-920942-87-8
19330:978-971-94292-0-3
19309:978-84-8306-667-6
19290:978-1-920942-85-4
19269:978-1-921313-12-7
19248:978-0-19-520103-1
19173:(7817): 572–577.
18943:(13): 4826–4831.
18247:(S4): S379–S395.
17986:(5913): 527–530.
17698:978-0-7007-1286-1
17631:978-0-917956-74-4
17525:978-0-19-823710-5
17372:978-0-471-62882-8
17195:978-0-226-46768-9
17075:978-90-6832-192-0
17015:978-971-91712-0-1
16978:978-1-74045-808-5
16939:978-0-295-74284-7
16924:Krutak L (2017).
16898:978-1-61069-076-8
16859:978-0-231-51310-4
16832:978-1-921313-12-7
16795:978-1-86189-823-4
16762:978-0-87169-865-0
16489:978-1-4073-0304-8
16445:Rock Art Research
16404:978-979-26-2436-6
16375:978-1-78491-844-6
16250:978-602-386-202-3
16075:978-956-353-131-2
16016:978-971-94292-0-3
15882:978-9971-69-351-0
15838:978-1-76046-095-2
15656:978-0-19-084495-0
15412:978-1-76046-095-2
15368:978-1-78042-964-9
15358:The Art of Champa
15304:978-971-10-0049-3
15236:978-971-542-579-7
15172:978-981-4762-76-2
14981:978-1-920942-84-7
14885:978-3-319-33822-4
14856:978-0-8248-4093-8
14804:978-0-520-95383-3
14748:978-0-19-027772-7
14682:978-1-4073-0289-8
14597:(1721): 3089–95.
14531:978-0-415-10054-0
14360:978-0-297-81816-8
14332:978-971-542-508-7
14289:Asian Perspective
13852:978-1-902937-20-5
13783:978-0-415-11761-6
13550:978-981-4762-75-5
13532:Blench R (2017).
13363:978-1-85728-538-3
13282:(5298): 309–310.
13216:978-1-134-14962-9
12993:978-1-134-14962-9
12967:978-1-317-50366-8
12942:978-0-521-64310-8
12847:978-0-8248-3213-1
12479:978-3-319-33822-4
12373:978-90-04-25385-8
12241:978-1-62349-277-9
12205:World Archaeology
12189:978-1-119-25155-2
12149:978-981-4762-75-5
11866:978-1-135-98723-7
11769:978-1-76046-095-2
11511:978-0-85883-605-1
11077:978-602-386-202-3
11028:978-979-26-2436-6
10998:978-0-19-857695-2
10877:978-1-4419-6970-5
10836:978-979-26-2436-6
10795:978-90-8964-085-7
10728:978-0-07-159456-1
10703:978-0-89096-107-0
10654:978-9971-69-642-9
10607:978-0-85773-357-3
10383:. 19 January 2014
10310:978-1-921536-00-7
10158:978-1-136-74984-1
9965:978-0-7315-2132-6
9958:. Canberra, ACT.
9867:978-1-922185-07-5
9743:978-1-920942-85-4
9177:on 8 January 2017
8720:978-604-75-1532-5
8531:978-979-064-606-3
8493:(in Indonesian).
8378:Cognates include
8344:Cognates include
8287:Cognates include
8015:betel nut chewing
7836:personal genomics
7791:Haplogroup O-M122
7779:mitochondrial DNA
7691:Woleaian language
7617:derived from the
7501:on the island of
7485:Rapa Nui language
7381:Española Y Tagala
6986:Dutch East Indies
6739:on living trees.
6625:In the low-lying
6488:Eastern Indonesia
6326:pillars from the
6134:lingling‑o
5779:Gending Sriwijaya
5622:jaw harps of the
5105:Rumah limas Kedah
5050:Toba Batak people
4661:Eastern Indonesia
4518:Laccadive Islands
4420:single-outrigger
4379:single-outrigger
4366:single-outrigger
4053:: Oceanic sprit (
4044:: Oceanic sprit (
3971:Ships and sailing
3942:; and later, the
3881:Arabian Peninsula
3818:Kingdom of Hawaii
3806:
3805:
3798:
3780:
3702:Historical period
3645:Alternative views
3639:Arabian Peninsula
3633:populations from
3449:Population growth
3211:Pearl River Delta
3165:Japanese-Ryukyuan
3149:Sino-Austronesian
3051:domesticated rice
3001:Dapenkeng culture
2987:, as well as the
2965:Sino-Austronesian
2900:Dapenkeng culture
2124:Malayo-Polynesian
1954:Southern Thailand
1792:Malay Archipelago
1742:by Austronesians.
1467:Conrad Malte-Brun
1385:scientific racism
1239:his second voyage
1224:Malay Archipelago
1102:to the west, and
966:
965:
881:
788:Wallis and Futuna
705:
136:24 million (2016)
16:(Redirected from
24343:
24279:
24278:
24173:Ark of bulrushes
24156:
24155:
24145:
24144:
23783:Oldest surviving
23493:Nusantao network
23368:Chester G. Starr
23333:
23332:
23326:
23325:
23315:
23314:
23304:
23303:
23277:Cilician pirates
23248:
23247:
23237:
23236:
23174:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
23169:Iron Age Britain
23117:
23116:
23106:
23105:
22824:
22823:
22513:
22512:
22500:
22499:
22489:
22488:
22403:Ptolemais Theron
22113:
22112:
22102:
22101:
22091:
22090:
21683:Single-outrigger
21594:
21593:
21581:
21580:
21566:
21559:
21552:
21543:
21542:
21513:
21498:
21483:
21468:
21453:
21444:
21443:
21420:
21413:
21406:
21397:
21396:
21340:Pitcairn Islands
21310:French Polynesia
21295:Christmas Island
21224:Papua New Guinea
21204:Marshall Islands
21177:Sovereign states
21163:
21156:
21149:
21140:
21139:
21057:Norfolk Islander
21002:Fijian (iTaukei)
20805:Papua New Guinea
20678:Pitcairn Islands
20648:French Polynesia
20633:Christmas Island
20562:Papua New Guinea
20542:Marshall Islands
20515:Sovereign states
20501:
20494:
20487:
20478:
20477:
20433:Pitcairn Islands
20403:French Polynesia
20388:Christmas Island
20317:Papua New Guinea
20297:Marshall Islands
20270:Sovereign states
20256:
20249:
20242:
20233:
20232:
20226:
20225:
20211:Papua New Guinea
19874:Marshall Islands
19824:Pitcairn Islands
19819:Papua New Guinea
19759:Lomilomi massage
19705:Caroline Islands
19578:Papua New Guinea
19486:
19479:
19472:
19463:
19462:
19448:
19427:
19425:
19424:
19417:
19407:
19367:
19346:
19344:
19342:
19333:. Archived from
19320:Paths of Origins
19313:
19294:
19273:
19252:
19240:
19217:
19216:
19198:
19157:
19151:
19150:
19132:
19126:
19125:
19105:
19099:
19098:
19078:
19072:
19071:
19051:
19045:
19044:
19024:
19018:
19017:
18996:
18981:
18980:
18970:
18960:
18927:
18921:
18920:
18898:
18889:
18888:
18878:
18868:
18835:
18829:
18828:
18826:
18824:
18805:
18799:
18798:
18796:
18794:
18775:
18769:
18768:
18752:
18743:
18742:
18740:
18738:
18732:
18726:. Archived from
18711:
18702:
18696:
18695:
18677:
18671:
18670:
18664:
18656:
18632:
18626:
18625:
18593:
18587:
18586:
18576:
18540:
18534:
18533:
18500:(3–4): 231–247.
18485:
18479:
18478:
18452:
18446:
18445:
18425:
18419:
18418:
18416:
18406:
18382:
18376:
18375:
18343:
18337:
18336:
18324:
18318:
18317:
18294:
18288:
18281:
18275:
18274:
18264:
18236:
18225:
18224:
18212:
18198:
18189:
18183:
18182:
18162:
18156:
18155:
18139:
18130:
18121:
18120:
18110:
18092:
18059:
18053:
18052:
18050:
18048:
18028:
18022:
18021:
18011:
17970:
17964:
17963:
17927:
17921:
17920:
17910:
17877:
17868:
17867:
17847:
17838:
17837:
17835:
17833:
17827:
17820:
17812:
17806:
17805:
17796:(2/3): 136–158.
17785:
17779:
17778:
17776:
17774:
17756:
17750:
17749:
17721:
17715:
17714:
17712:
17710:
17680:
17671:
17670:
17642:
17636:
17635:
17623:
17613:
17607:
17606:
17582:
17576:
17575:
17573:
17571:
17565:
17553:Rapa Nui Journal
17550:
17541:
17530:
17529:
17511:
17498:
17497:
17495:
17493:
17477:
17471:
17470:
17462:
17456:
17455:
17437:
17427:
17395:
17389:
17388:
17386:
17384:
17356:
17350:
17349:
17333:
17327:
17326:
17324:
17322:
17294:
17288:
17287:
17285:
17275:
17251:
17245:
17244:
17242:
17218:
17212:
17211:
17209:
17207:
17179:
17173:
17172:
17170:
17168:
17148:
17142:
17141:
17139:
17137:
17113:
17107:
17106:
17104:
17102:
17086:
17080:
17079:
17061:
17055:
17054:
17052:
17050:
17026:
17020:
17019:
17001:
16995:
16994:
16992:
16990:
16962:
16956:
16955:
16953:
16951:
16921:
16915:
16914:
16912:
16910:
16882:
16876:
16875:
16873:
16871:
16843:
16837:
16836:
16818:
16812:
16811:
16809:
16807:
16773:
16767:
16766:
16748:
16742:
16741:
16739:
16737:
16721:
16715:
16714:
16697:(293): 635–636.
16686:
16680:
16679:
16661:
16630:Science Advances
16621:
16615:
16614:
16594:
16588:
16587:
16585:
16583:
16577:
16562:
16553:
16547:
16546:
16544:
16542:
16536:
16521:
16512:
16506:
16505:
16503:
16501:
16471:
16465:
16464:
16462:
16460:
16436:
16421:
16420:
16418:
16416:
16386:
16380:
16379:
16368:. Archaeopress.
16359:
16353:
16352:
16342:
16318:
16312:
16311:
16309:
16307:
16297:
16273:
16267:
16266:
16264:
16262:
16232:
16215:
16214:
16212:
16210:
16190:
16184:
16183:
16181:
16179:
16159:
16153:
16152:
16140:
16134:
16133:
16121:
16115:
16114:
16086:
16080:
16079:
16057:
16051:
16050:
16030:
16021:
16020:
16004:
15995:
15984:
15983:
15955:
15949:
15948:
15938:
15920:
15911:(50): 19745–50.
15896:
15887:
15886:
15864:
15855:
15854:
15852:
15850:
15820:
15814:
15813:
15811:
15809:
15789:
15783:
15782:
15746:
15740:
15739:
15721:
15711:
15679:
15673:
15672:
15670:
15668:
15638:
15599:
15598:
15581:(333): 910–914.
15570:
15564:
15563:
15546:(333): 898–910.
15535:
15529:
15528:
15520:
15514:
15513:
15485:
15479:
15478:
15468:
15440:
15429:
15428:
15426:
15424:
15394:
15385:
15384:
15382:
15380:
15352:
15346:
15345:
15343:
15341:
15335:
15324:
15315:
15309:
15308:
15290:
15284:
15283:
15281:
15271:
15247:
15241:
15240:
15222:
15216:
15215:
15195:
15189:
15188:
15186:
15184:
15154:
15137:
15136:
15108:
15093:
15092:
15090:
15088:
15064:
15049:
15048:
15046:
15044:
15004:
14998:
14997:
14995:
14993:
14963:
14954:
14953:
14952:. pp. 1–12.
14943:
14937:
14936:
14908:
14902:
14901:
14899:
14897:
14867:
14861:
14860:
14830:
14821:
14820:
14818:
14816:
14788:
14779:
14778:
14776:
14774:
14759:
14753:
14752:
14726:
14720:
14719:
14711:
14702:
14701:
14699:
14697:
14691:
14670:
14661:
14652:
14651:
14639:
14633:
14632:
14614:
14582:
14576:
14575:
14573:
14571:
14552:"Outrigger Ages"
14547:
14536:
14535:
14517:
14500:
14499:
14497:
14495:
14479:
14473:
14470:
14464:
14463:
14461:
14459:
14439:
14433:
14432:
14414:
14374:
14365:
14364:
14343:
14337:
14336:
14318:
14312:
14311:
14309:
14307:
14301:
14286:
14277:
14271:
14270:
14268:
14266:
14253:
14221:
14215:
14214:
14194:
14188:
14187:
14158:
14152:
14151:
14141:
14131:
14098:
14092:
14091:
14063:
14054:
14053:
14051:
14023:
14014:
14013:
13996:(9): 2109–2124.
13984:
13975:
13974:
13964:
13954:
13922:
13916:
13915:
13897:
13888:
13887:
13885:
13883:
13863:
13857:
13856:
13838:
13829:
13813:
13800:
13799:
13797:
13795:
13765:
13759:
13758:
13756:
13754:
13730:
13724:
13723:
13721:
13719:
13699:
13693:
13682:
13676:
13666:
13660:
13659:
13657:
13655:
13640:
13634:
13627:
13621:
13618:
13612:
13611:
13609:
13607:
13602:on 23 March 2019
13583:
13570:
13569:
13567:
13565:
13559:
13538:
13529:
13514:
13513:
13503:
13494:
13493:
13483:
13473:
13441:
13435:
13434:
13416:
13406:
13374:
13368:
13367:
13349:
13343:
13342:
13340:
13338:
13306:
13300:
13299:
13271:
13265:
13264:
13232:
13221:
13220:
13201:Ross MD (2008).
13198:
13189:
13188:
13170:
13146:
13137:
13136:
13128:
13122:
13121:
13119:
13117:
13111:
13104:
13093:
13084:
13083:
13075:
13069:
13068:
13062:
13054:
13052:
13050:
13044:
13021:
13012:
13006:
13005:
12978:
12972:
12971:
12953:
12947:
12946:
12928:
12919:
12918:
12916:
12914:
12908:
12893:
12884:
12878:
12877:. Cambria Press.
12871:
12865:
12858:
12852:
12851:
12833:
12827:
12826:
12793:(5913): 479–83.
12782:
12771:
12770:
12768:
12766:
12760:
12745:
12736:
12730:
12729:
12727:
12725:
12719:
12688:
12679:
12673:
12672:
12662:
12630:
12624:
12623:
12621:
12619:
12601:
12595:
12594:
12584:
12552:
12546:
12545:
12543:
12541:
12535:
12504:
12495:
12484:
12483:
12464:Mahdi W (2016).
12461:
12455:
12454:
12452:
12450:
12444:
12405:
12396:
12390:
12389:
12387:
12385:
12357:
12346:
12345:
12301:
12295:
12294:
12284:
12252:
12246:
12245:
12227:
12221:
12220:
12200:
12194:
12193:
12175:
12166:
12165:
12163:
12161:
12131:
12120:
12119:
12101:
12084:(8): 2013–2022.
12069:
12052:
12051:
12049:
12047:
12019:
12013:
12012:
12002:
11992:
11959:
11953:
11952:
11950:
11948:
11942:
11927:
11893:
11884:
11871:
11870:
11844:
11838:
11837:
11835:
11833:
11824:. Archived from
11813:
11807:
11806:
11795:
11789:
11788:
11786:
11784:
11761:
11747:
11735:
11724:
11723:
11705:
11695:
11663:
11657:
11656:
11654:
11652:
11646:
11607:
11598:
11592:
11591:
11589:
11587:
11569:
11537:
11531:
11530:
11528:
11526:
11520:
11499:
11490:
11481:
11480:
11470:
11446:
11440:
11439:
11434:Blust R (2016).
11431:
11425:
11424:
11414:
11386:
11380:
11379:
11361:
11351:
11319:
11310:
11309:
11281:
11272:
11271:
11269:
11267:
11247:
11238:
11237:
11235:
11226:(329): 909–926.
11211:
11190:
11189:
11171:
11158:
11157:
11155:
11153:
11133:
11124:
11123:
11103:
11097:
11096:
11094:
11092:
11086:
11065:
11056:
11045:
11044:
11042:
11040:
11012:
11003:
11002:
10984:
10978:
10977:
10941:
10932:
10931:
10921:
10888:
10882:
10881:
10862:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10848:
10818:
10812:
10811:
10809:
10807:
10779:
10768:
10767:
10739:
10733:
10732:
10714:
10708:
10707:
10689:
10674:
10673:
10671:
10669:
10663:
10645:Crossing Borders
10642:
10633:
10624:
10623:
10621:
10619:
10591:
10582:
10581:
10573:
10564:
10563:
10562:. p. 22000.
10540:
10534:
10533:
10531:
10529:
10523:
10508:
10499:
10493:
10492:
10490:
10488:
10464:
10458:
10457:
10447:
10441:
10440:
10431:
10425:
10424:
10422:
10420:
10414:
10408:. Archived from
10407:
10399:
10393:
10392:
10390:
10388:
10373:
10367:
10366:
10356:
10324:
10315:
10314:
10302:
10291:
10276:
10275:
10247:
10236:
10235:
10225:
10184:
10175:
10174:
10172:
10170:
10142:
10129:
10122:
10113:
10106:
10097:
10096:
10086:
10068:
10035:
10026:
10025:
10023:
9999:
9984:
9983:
9977:
9969:
9951:
9945:
9944:
9916:
9910:
9909:
9907:
9905:
9881:
9872:
9871:
9845:
9828:
9827:
9817:
9799:
9766:
9760:
9759:
9757:
9755:
9727:
9706:
9695:
9686:
9684:
9682:
9680:
9661:
9655:
9654:
9652:
9650:
9639:
9633:
9632:
9630:
9628:
9613:
9607:
9606:
9604:
9602:
9587:
9581:
9580:
9578:
9576:
9570:
9563:
9555:
9549:
9548:
9546:
9544:
9528:
9522:
9519:
9513:
9511:
9509:
9507:
9491:
9485:
9484:
9482:
9480:
9467:Joshua Project.
9464:
9458:
9457:
9455:
9453:
9440:Joshua Project.
9437:
9431:
9430:
9428:
9426:
9407:
9401:
9400:
9398:
9396:
9377:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9366:
9345:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9334:
9323:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9297:
9291:
9279:
9273:
9270:
9264:
9263:
9257:
9249:
9244:
9242:
9223:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9193:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9163:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9142:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9131:
9125:
9114:
9106:
9100:
9099:
9097:
9095:
9080:
9074:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9062:
9055:
9046:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9035:
9020:
9014:
9013:
9011:
9009:
8999:
8991:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8958:
8945:
8944:
8942:
8940:
8934:
8927:
8919:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8908:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8884:
8882:
8862:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8845:
8838:
8829:
8823:
8822:
8816:
8808:
8806:
8804:
8789:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8769:. Archived from
8763:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8752:
8746:
8740:. Archived from
8739:
8731:
8725:
8724:
8712:
8698:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8687:
8672:
8666:
8665:
8663:
8661:
8652:. Archived from
8646:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8625:
8619:
8618:
8616:
8614:
8608:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8570:
8564:
8563:
8556:
8550:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8540:
8523:
8513:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8502:
8492:
8484:
8468:
8417:
8411:
8376:
8370:
8342:
8336:
8285:
8279:
8217:
8211:
8200:
8194:
8187:
8181:
8134:
8128:
8112:
8044:, chickens, and
7898:transported via
7860:Basal-East Asian
7764:Liangzhu culture
7752:Native Taiwanese
7726:Pentecost Island
7710:Island Melanesia
7604:magico-religious
7458:Bishop of Tahiti
7373:
7350:, a 7th-century
7343:
7313:
7294:
7262:
7238:
7217:
7196:
7175:
7153:
7126:
7107:
7086:
7036:ancestor worship
6993:Teeth blackening
6982:Mentawai Islands
6845:initiation rites
6764:
6755:
6588:rice cultivation
6475:Dong Son culture
6467:temple in Hawaii
6458:
6422:
6399:
6377:
6358:
6339:
6318:
6299:
6283:
6264:
6248:
6225:
6194:Papua New Guinea
6158:Island Melanesia
6131:
6125:
6119:
6111:
6103:
6095:
6087:
6040:Island Melanesia
6016:Sa Huỳnh culture
6000:
5997:
5978:Distribution of
5953:Liangzhu culture
5937:
5915:
5897:
5876:
5862:Sa Huynh culture
5836:
5817:
5804:war dancer from
5794:
5775:
5756:
5740:
5720:
5696:
5678:
5660:
5635:
5624:Sundanese people
5614:
5598:, flutes, and a
5589:
5576:of the southern
5538:Sulu archipelago
5436:Melanesian music
5432:Polynesian music
5420:Indonesian music
5286:Marianas Islands
5267:Island Melanesia
5229:Sa Huỳnh culture
5201:
5192:
5160:architecture in
5153:
5120:
5100:
5080:
5060:
5040:
5022:
5002:
4984:
4964:
4944:
4924:
4905:
4884:
4864:
4849:
4837:
4805:Ise Grand Shrine
4673:Manggarai people
4650:with ornamented
4637:domestic animals
4347:double-outrigger
4297:
4288:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4099:Gulf of Thailand
4069:Marshall Islands
4022:: Double sprit (
3940:French Polynesia
3801:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3738:
3714:
3706:
3557:Kermadec Islands
3516:Island Melanesia
3368:Yuanshan culture
3360:Longshan culture
3063:teeth blackening
2794:fishermen in an
2445:Native Hawaiians
2380:Sulu Archipelago
2215:(Cordillerans):
1987:, South Africa,
1940:speakers of the
1784:Island Melanesia
1638:Island Melanesia
1609:Outrigger canoes
1449:
1444:, translated by
1085:
1082:
1069:lashed-lug boats
998:Island Melanesia
907:
899:
897:
896:
886:
875:
870:
868:
867:
857:
849:
847:
846:
836:
828:
826:
825:
815:
807:
805:
804:
794:
786:
784:
783:
773:
765:
763:
762:
752:
744:
742:
741:
731:
723:
721:
720:
710:
699:
694:
692:
691:
681:
673:
671:
670:
660:
652:
650:
649:
639:
633:Marshall Islands
631:
629:
628:
618:
610:
608:
607:
597:
589:
587:
586:
576:
568:
566:
565:
555:
547:
545:
544:
534:
526:
524:
523:
513:
505:
503:
502:
492:
484:
482:
481:
471:
463:
461:
460:
450:
444:French Polynesia
442:
440:
439:
429:
421:
419:
418:
408:
400:
398:
397:
387:
379:
377:
376:
366:
358:
356:
355:
345:
337:
335:
334:
324:
316:
314:
313:
303:
295:
293:
292:
282:
274:
272:
271:
261:
253:
251:
250:
240:
232:
230:
229:
219:
213:Papua New Guinea
211:
209:
208:
198:
190:
188:
187:
177:
169:
167:
166:
156:
148:
146:
145:
135:
127:
125:
124:
114:
106:
104:
103:
93:
85:
83:
82:
67:
60:Total population
45:
38:
34:
21:
24351:
24350:
24346:
24345:
24344:
24342:
24341:
24340:
24291:
24290:
24289:
24280:
24276:
24271:
24161:
24146:
24142:
24133:
24076:
24070:
24018:
24017:Institutes and
24012:
23967:Viking replicas
23908:Balangay Voyage
23821:
23815:
23799:
23554:
23547:
23423:
23413:
23372:
23320:
23305:
23301:
23296:
23253:
23238:
23234:
23229:
23125:
23107:
23103:
23094:
23045:
23002:
22855:
22815:
22760:
22753:
22554:
22507:
22490:
22486:
22477:
22353:Mueang Phra Rot
22207:
22198:
22107:
22092:
22088:
22079:
22033:
22007:Triangular sail
21968:
21905:
21879:Sail components
21790:
21759:
21733:Tessarakonteres
21588:
21575:
21570:
21540:
21535:
21524:
21519:
21514:
21504:
21499:
21489:
21484:
21474:
21469:
21459:
21454:
21437:
21424:
21394:
21389:
21354:
21282:
21276:
21259:
21253:
21234:Solomon Islands
21172:
21167:
21131:
20961:
20940:
20859:
20825:Solomon Islands
20692:
20620:
20614:
20597:
20591:
20572:Solomon Islands
20510:
20505:
20463:
20447:
20375:
20369:
20352:
20346:
20327:Solomon Islands
20265:
20260:
20215:
20162:Aloha Festivals
20137:
20011:
19970:Paopao (Tuvalu)
19960:Māori migration
19908:
19880:Stick charts of
19834:Solomon Islands
19717:Chatham Islands
19679:
19673:
19622:
19502:
19495:
19490:
19437:, ed. (1911). "
19422:
19420:
19374:
19364:
19356:. ANU E Press.
19340:
19338:
19331:
19310:
19291:
19270:
19249:
19226:
19221:
19220:
19158:
19154:
19147:
19133:
19129:
19122:
19106:
19102:
19079:
19075:
19068:
19052:
19048:
19041:
19025:
19021:
19014:
18997:
18984:
18928:
18924:
18917:
18899:
18892:
18836:
18832:
18822:
18820:
18813:
18806:
18802:
18792:
18790:
18776:
18772:
18753:
18746:
18736:
18734:
18730:
18724:
18709:
18703:
18699:
18692:
18678:
18674:
18658:
18657:
18633:
18629:
18594:
18590:
18541:
18537:
18486:
18482:
18475:
18453:
18449:
18426:
18422:
18383:
18379:
18344:
18340:
18325:
18321:
18314:
18295:
18291:
18282:
18278:
18237:
18228:
18221:
18196:
18190:
18186:
18179:
18163:
18159:
18152:
18137:
18131:
18124:
18060:
18056:
18046:
18044:
18029:
18025:
17971:
17967:
17928:
17924:
17878:
17871:
17848:
17841:
17831:
17829:
17825:
17818:
17814:
17813:
17809:
17786:
17782:
17772:
17770:
17757:
17753:
17722:
17718:
17708:
17706:
17699:
17681:
17674:
17643:
17639:
17632:
17614:
17610:
17583:
17579:
17569:
17567:
17563:
17548:
17542:
17533:
17526:
17512:
17501:
17491:
17489:
17478:
17474:
17463:
17459:
17410:(9): e0136783.
17396:
17392:
17382:
17380:
17373:
17357:
17353:
17334:
17330:
17320:
17318:
17295:
17291:
17252:
17248:
17219:
17215:
17205:
17203:
17196:
17180:
17176:
17166:
17164:
17149:
17145:
17135:
17133:
17116:Best E (1904).
17114:
17110:
17100:
17098:
17087:
17083:
17076:
17062:
17058:
17048:
17046:
17027:
17023:
17016:
17002:
16998:
16988:
16986:
16979:
16963:
16959:
16949:
16947:
16940:
16922:
16918:
16908:
16906:
16899:
16883:
16879:
16869:
16867:
16860:
16844:
16840:
16833:
16819:
16815:
16805:
16803:
16796:
16774:
16770:
16763:
16749:
16745:
16735:
16733:
16722:
16718:
16687:
16683:
16636:(2): e1400060.
16622:
16618:
16595:
16591:
16581:
16579:
16575:
16571:(1/2): 183–08.
16560:
16554:
16550:
16540:
16538:
16534:
16519:
16513:
16509:
16499:
16497:
16490:
16472:
16468:
16458:
16456:
16437:
16424:
16414:
16412:
16405:
16387:
16383:
16376:
16360:
16356:
16319:
16315:
16305:
16303:
16274:
16270:
16260:
16258:
16251:
16235:Tan NH (2016).
16233:
16218:
16208:
16206:
16191:
16187:
16177:
16175:
16160:
16156:
16141:
16137:
16122:
16118:
16087:
16083:
16076:
16058:
16054:
16031:
16024:
16017:
16002:
15996:
15987:
15956:
15952:
15897:
15890:
15883:
15865:
15858:
15848:
15846:
15839:
15821:
15817:
15807:
15805:
15790:
15786:
15747:
15743:
15694:(2): e0193166.
15680:
15676:
15666:
15664:
15657:
15639:
15602:
15571:
15567:
15536:
15532:
15521:
15517:
15486:
15482:
15441:
15432:
15422:
15420:
15413:
15395:
15388:
15378:
15376:
15369:
15353:
15349:
15339:
15337:
15333:
15322:
15316:
15312:
15305:
15291:
15287:
15248:
15244:
15237:
15223:
15219:
15196:
15192:
15182:
15180:
15173:
15155:
15140:
15109:
15096:
15086:
15084:
15065:
15052:
15042:
15040:
15005:
15001:
14991:
14989:
14982:
14966:Fox JJ (1993).
14964:
14957:
14944:
14940:
14909:
14905:
14895:
14893:
14886:
14868:
14864:
14857:
14831:
14824:
14814:
14812:
14805:
14789:
14782:
14772:
14770:
14762:Polachek, Tom.
14760:
14756:
14749:
14727:
14723:
14712:
14705:
14695:
14693:
14689:
14683:
14668:
14662:
14655:
14640:
14636:
14583:
14579:
14569:
14567:
14548:
14539:
14532:
14518:
14503:
14493:
14491:
14480:
14476:
14471:
14467:
14457:
14455:
14440:
14436:
14375:
14368:
14361:
14344:
14340:
14333:
14319:
14315:
14305:
14303:
14299:
14284:
14278:
14274:
14264:
14262:
14222:
14218:
14195:
14191:
14170:(R1): R72–R78.
14159:
14155:
14099:
14095:
14088:
14064:
14057:
14024:
14017:
13985:
13978:
13923:
13919:
13912:
13898:
13891:
13881:
13879:
13864:
13860:
13853:
13839:
13832:
13825:Wayback Machine
13814:
13803:
13793:
13791:
13784:
13766:
13762:
13752:
13750:
13731:
13727:
13717:
13715:
13700:
13696:
13683:
13679:
13667:
13663:
13653:
13651:
13642:
13641:
13637:
13628:
13624:
13619:
13615:
13605:
13603:
13584:
13573:
13563:
13561:
13557:
13551:
13536:
13530:
13517:
13504:
13497:
13456:(41): 12752–7.
13442:
13438:
13375:
13371:
13364:
13350:
13346:
13336:
13334:
13307:
13303:
13272:
13268:
13233:
13224:
13217:
13199:
13192:
13147:
13140:
13129:
13125:
13115:
13113:
13109:
13102:
13094:
13087:
13076:
13072:
13056:
13055:
13048:
13046:
13042:
13019:
13013:
13009:
12994:
12979:
12975:
12968:
12954:
12950:
12943:
12929:
12922:
12912:
12910:
12906:
12891:
12885:
12881:
12872:
12868:
12859:
12855:
12848:
12834:
12830:
12783:
12774:
12764:
12762:
12758:
12743:
12737:
12733:
12723:
12721:
12717:
12686:
12680:
12676:
12631:
12627:
12617:
12615:
12602:
12598:
12553:
12549:
12539:
12537:
12533:
12513:(3–4): 93–103.
12502:
12496:
12487:
12480:
12462:
12458:
12448:
12446:
12442:
12414:(1/2): 71–108.
12403:
12397:
12393:
12383:
12381:
12374:
12366:. KITLV Press.
12358:
12349:
12312:(6156): 321–3.
12302:
12298:
12253:
12249:
12242:
12228:
12224:
12201:
12197:
12190:
12176:
12169:
12159:
12157:
12150:
12132:
12123:
12070:
12055:
12045:
12043:
12036:
12020:
12016:
11975:(6052): 94–98.
11960:
11956:
11946:
11944:
11940:
11891:
11885:
11874:
11867:
11845:
11841:
11831:
11829:
11822:The Japan Times
11814:
11810:
11797:
11796:
11792:
11782:
11780:
11778:j.ctt1pwtd26.18
11770:
11745:
11736:
11727:
11678:(6): e0198689.
11664:
11660:
11650:
11648:
11644:
11605:
11599:
11595:
11585:
11583:
11538:
11534:
11524:
11522:
11518:
11512:
11497:
11491:
11484:
11447:
11443:
11432:
11428:
11387:
11383:
11320:
11313:
11282:
11275:
11265:
11263:
11248:
11241:
11212:
11193:
11186:
11172:
11161:
11151:
11149:
11134:
11127:
11104:
11100:
11090:
11088:
11084:
11078:
11063:
11057:
11048:
11038:
11036:
11029:
11013:
11006:
10999:
10985:
10981:
10942:
10935:
10889:
10885:
10878:
10863:
10856:
10846:
10844:
10837:
10819:
10815:
10805:
10803:
10796:
10780:
10771:
10740:
10736:
10729:
10715:
10711:
10704:
10690:
10677:
10667:
10665:
10661:
10655:
10640:
10634:
10627:
10617:
10615:
10608:
10592:
10585:
10574:
10567:
10550:, eds. (1989).
10541:
10537:
10527:
10525:
10521:
10506:
10500:
10496:
10486:
10484:
10465:
10461:
10448:
10444:
10433:
10432:
10428:
10418:
10416:
10412:
10405:
10401:
10400:
10396:
10386:
10384:
10375:
10374:
10370:
10325:
10318:
10311:
10300:
10292:
10279:
10264:10.2307/3623036
10248:
10239:
10185:
10178:
10168:
10166:
10159:
10143:
10132:
10123:
10116:
10107:
10100:
10036:
10029:
10000:
9987:
9971:
9970:
9966:
9952:
9948:
9917:
9913:
9903:
9901:
9896:(2010): 38–69.
9882:
9875:
9868:
9846:
9831:
9767:
9763:
9753:
9751:
9744:
9728:
9709:
9696:
9689:
9678:
9676:
9663:
9662:
9658:
9648:
9646:
9641:
9640:
9636:
9626:
9624:
9615:
9614:
9610:
9600:
9598:
9589:
9588:
9584:
9574:
9572:
9568:
9561:
9557:
9556:
9552:
9542:
9540:
9529:
9525:
9520:
9516:
9505:
9503:
9492:
9488:
9478:
9476:
9465:
9461:
9451:
9449:
9438:
9434:
9424:
9422:
9409:
9408:
9404:
9394:
9392:
9379:
9378:
9374:
9364:
9362:
9361:on 23 July 2012
9347:
9346:
9342:
9332:
9330:
9325:
9324:
9320:
9310:
9308:
9299:
9298:
9294:
9288:Wayback Machine
9280:
9276:
9271:
9267:
9251:
9250:
9240:
9238:
9225:
9224:
9220:
9210:
9208:
9195:
9194:
9190:
9180:
9178:
9165:
9164:
9160:
9150:
9148:
9144:
9143:
9139:
9129:
9127:
9123:
9112:
9108:
9107:
9103:
9093:
9091:
9090:on 3 April 2019
9082:
9081:
9077:
9066:
9064:
9060:
9053:
9049:
9047:
9043:
9033:
9031:
9022:
9021:
9017:
9007:
9005:
8997:
8993:
8992:
8981:
8971:
8969:
8960:
8959:
8948:
8938:
8936:
8932:
8925:
8921:
8920:
8916:
8906:
8904:
8895:
8894:
8890:
8880:
8878:
8863:
8859:
8849:
8847:
8843:
8836:
8832:
8830:
8826:
8810:
8809:
8802:
8800:
8793:"Archived copy"
8791:
8790:
8786:
8776:
8774:
8765:
8764:
8760:
8750:
8748:
8747:on 3 April 2007
8744:
8737:
8733:
8732:
8728:
8721:
8710:
8699:
8695:
8685:
8683:
8674:
8673:
8669:
8659:
8657:
8648:
8647:
8643:
8633:
8631:
8627:
8626:
8622:
8612:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8601:
8597:
8587:
8585:
8572:
8571:
8567:
8558:
8557:
8553:
8544:
8542:
8538:
8532:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8510:
8500:
8498:
8490:
8486:
8485:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8418:
8414:
8377:
8373:
8343:
8339:
8286:
8282:
8218:
8214:
8201:
8197:
8188:
8184:
8135:
8131:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8100:
8076:
8060:
8054:
8001:links with the
7900:outrigger ships
7892:
7878:
7872:
7740:
7734:
7732:Genetic studies
7469:Rapa Nui people
7388:
7385:Baybayin script
7374:
7365:
7344:
7335:
7314:
7305:
7295:
7286:
7280:
7273:
7263:
7254:
7239:
7230:
7218:
7209:
7197:
7188:
7176:
7167:
7154:
7145:
7127:
7118:
7108:
7099:
7096:Sakalava people
7087:
7028:
7016:dental evulsion
7009:dental sealants
6967:
6961:
6907:Visayas Islands
6819:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6786:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6757:
6756:
6745:
6676:Society Islands
6584:Chamorro people
6565:Mariana Islands
6521:Solomon Islands
6468:
6459:
6450:
6423:
6414:
6400:
6391:
6386:sacred site in
6378:
6369:
6359:
6350:
6340:
6331:
6319:
6310:
6300:
6291:
6284:
6275:
6265:
6256:
6249:
6240:
6226:
6150:
5999: 2000 BCE
5998:
5947:
5938:
5929:
5916:
5907:
5898:
5889:
5877:
5868:
5854:
5847:
5837:
5828:
5818:
5809:
5795:
5786:
5776:
5767:
5760:Ramayana Ballet
5757:
5748:
5741:
5732:
5721:
5712:
5697:
5688:
5679:
5670:
5661:
5652:
5636:
5627:
5615:
5606:
5590:
5477:Malay Peninsula
5442:
5424:Malaysian music
5416:
5414:Music and dance
5345:Eastern Visayas
5240:Batanes Islands
5235:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5223:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5194:
5193:
5182:
5172:
5165:
5154:
5145:
5121:
5112:
5101:
5092:
5081:
5072:
5070:Acehnese people
5061:
5052:
5041:
5032:
5023:
5014:
5003:
4994:
4985:
4976:
4965:
4956:
4954:Balinese people
4945:
4936:
4925:
4916:
4906:
4897:
4885:
4876:
4865:
4856:
4850:
4841:
4838:
4611:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4387:Solomon Islands
4341:crab claw sails
4317:carrying their
4300:
4299:
4298:
4290:
4289:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4271:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4253:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4235:
4129:Mariana Islands
4102:
4095:Square boom lug
4089:
4072:
4067:: Crane sprit (
4063:
4058:
4049:
4040:
4027:
4018:
4015:crab claw sails
4007:
3997:Lashed-lug boat
3977:Outrigger canoe
3973:
3960:
3932:Mariana Islands
3802:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3739:
3737:
3727:
3715:
3704:
3669:Wilhelm Solheim
3661:William Meacham
3653:
3647:
3612:Makassar Strait
3561:Norfolk Islands
3512:Solomon Islands
3395:
3389:
3223:Northeast India
3121:
3115:
3036:William Meacham
2914:
2908:Neolithic China
2896:
2894:Neolithic China
2887:Toalean culture
2796:outrigger canoe
2727:Sangihe Islands
2715:Salibabu Island
2677:African Pygmies
2645:
2623:
2543:
2327:Solomon Islands
2080:Javanese people
2053:
2025:Yaeyama Islands
1981:mainland Europe
1816:Pacific Islands
1772:Malay Peninsula
1736:Pacific Islands
1715:in the western
1707:in the eastern
1693:
1683:
1613:crab claw sails
1607:, Philippines.
1603:sailboats from
1544:Wilhelm Schmidt
1450:
1446:Thomas Bendyshe
1436:
1400:New Physiognomy
1339:William Marsden
1315:Pacific Islands
1291:Malay Peninsula
1287:language family
1178:
1172:
1083:
1065:outrigger boats
1053:Batanes Islands
962:
894:
892:
874:
865:
863:
844:
842:
823:
821:
802:
800:
781:
779:
760:
758:
739:
737:
718:
716:
698:
689:
687:
668:
666:
647:
645:
626:
624:
605:
603:
584:
582:
563:
561:
542:
540:
521:
519:
500:
498:
479:
477:
458:
456:
437:
435:
416:
414:
395:
393:
374:
372:
360:Solomon Islands
353:
351:
332:
330:
311:
309:
290:
288:
269:
267:
248:
246:
227:
225:
206:
204:
185:
183:
164:
162:
143:
141:
122:
120:
101:
99:
80:
78:
55:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
24349:
24339:
24338:
24333:
24328:
24323:
24318:
24313:
24308:
24303:
24286:
24285:
24282:
24281:
24274:
24272:
24270:
24269:
24262:
24261:
24260:
24253:
24246:
24239:
24231:
24224:
24217:
24209:
24199:
24198:
24197:
24196:
24195:
24190:
24185:
24175:
24166:
24163:
24162:
24152:
24151:
24148:
24147:
24140:
24138:
24135:
24134:
24132:
24131:
24130:
24129:
24124:
24116:
24111:
24106:
24101:
24096:
24091:
24086:
24080:
24078:
24072:
24071:
24069:
24068:
24063:
24058:
24053:
24048:
24043:
24038:
24033:
24028:
24022:
24020:
24014:
24013:
24011:
24010:
24009:
24008:
24003:
23998:
23993:
23986:
23978:
23977:
23976:
23964:
23963:
23962:
23957:
23950:
23942:Mediterranean
23940:
23939:
23938:
23931:
23924:
23917:
23910:
23905:
23898:
23895:Alingano Maisu
23891:
23884:
23877:
23870:
23863:
23851:
23850:
23849:
23838:
23825:
23823:
23817:
23816:
23814:
23813:
23807:
23805:
23801:
23800:
23798:
23797:
23796:
23795:
23790:
23785:
23777:
23776:
23775:
23770:
23765:
23760:
23753:
23746:
23744:De Meern ships
23741:
23736:
23731:
23726:
23716:
23715:
23714:
23706:
23705:
23704:
23699:
23691:
23690:
23689:
23682:
23675:
23670:
23662:
23657:
23656:
23655:
23645:
23644:
23643:
23638:
23628:
23627:
23626:
23621:
23616:
23614:Cape Gelidonya
23611:
23606:
23601:
23596:
23591:
23586:
23581:
23576:
23571:
23559:
23557:
23549:
23548:
23546:
23545:
23540:
23535:
23530:
23525:
23520:
23515:
23510:
23505:
23500:
23495:
23490:
23489:
23488:
23483:
23478:
23470:
23465:
23460:
23455:
23450:
23449:
23448:
23438:
23433:
23427:
23425:
23419:
23418:
23415:
23414:
23412:
23411:
23406:
23401:
23396:
23391:
23386:
23380:
23378:
23377:Archaeologists
23374:
23373:
23371:
23370:
23365:
23360:
23355:
23350:
23345:
23343:David Blackman
23339:
23337:
23330:
23322:
23321:
23311:
23310:
23307:
23306:
23299:
23297:
23295:
23294:
23289:
23284:
23282:Jewish pirates
23279:
23274:
23269:
23264:
23258:
23255:
23254:
23244:
23243:
23240:
23239:
23232:
23230:
23228:
23227:
23226:
23225:
23215:
23214:
23213:
23203:
23198:
23193:
23186:
23181:
23176:
23171:
23166:
23161:
23156:
23151:
23146:
23141:
23136:
23130:
23127:
23126:
23113:
23112:
23109:
23108:
23101:
23099:
23096:
23095:
23093:
23092:
23091:
23090:
23080:
23075:
23070:
23069:
23068:
23057:
23055:
23051:
23050:
23047:
23046:
23044:
23043:
23038:
23033:
23028:
23023:
23018:
23013:
23007:
23004:
23003:
23001:
23000:
22995:
22990:
22985:
22980:
22975:
22970:
22968:Lake Trasimene
22965:
22960:
22955:
22950:
22945:
22940:
22935:
22930:
22925:
22920:
22915:
22910:
22905:
22900:
22895:
22890:
22885:
22880:
22875:
22869:Mediterranean:
22865:
22863:
22857:
22856:
22854:
22853:
22848:
22843:
22838:
22832:
22830:
22821:
22817:
22816:
22814:
22813:
22808:
22803:
22798:
22797:
22796:
22791:
22781:
22776:
22771:
22765:
22763:
22755:
22754:
22752:
22751:
22746:
22741:
22736:
22731:
22730:
22729:
22724:
22714:
22709:
22704:
22699:
22694:
22689:
22684:
22679:
22678:
22677:
22672:
22667:
22657:
22652:
22647:
22646:
22645:
22640:
22635:
22630:
22625:
22620:
22615:
22610:
22605:
22600:
22595:
22590:
22585:
22575:
22574:
22573:
22562:
22560:
22556:
22555:
22553:
22552:
22547:
22546:
22545:
22540:
22530:
22525:
22519:
22517:
22509:
22508:
22496:
22495:
22492:
22491:
22484:
22482:
22479:
22478:
22476:
22475:
22470:
22465:
22460:
22455:
22450:
22445:
22440:
22435:
22430:
22425:
22420:
22415:
22410:
22405:
22400:
22395:
22390:
22385:
22380:
22375:
22365:
22360:
22355:
22350:
22345:
22340:
22335:
22330:
22325:
22320:
22315:
22309:
22304:
22299:
22294:
22288:
22283:
22278:
22273:
22268:
22263:
22258:
22253:
22248:
22243:
22238:
22233:
22227:
22222:
22217:
22211:
22209:
22200:
22199:
22197:
22196:
22195:
22194:
22189:
22184:
22176:
22175:
22174:
22172:Maritime pilot
22169:
22159:
22154:
22153:
22152:
22142:
22137:
22135:Portolan chart
22132:
22127:
22121:
22119:
22109:
22108:
22098:
22097:
22094:
22093:
22086:
22084:
22081:
22080:
22078:
22077:
22072:
22067:
22062:
22057:
22052:
22047:
22041:
22039:
22035:
22034:
22032:
22031:
22026:
22021:
22016:
22011:
22010:
22009:
22004:
21999:
21994:
21984:
21978:
21976:
21970:
21969:
21967:
21966:
21965:
21964:
21956:
21951:
21946:
21941:
21936:
21931:
21926:
21921:
21915:
21913:
21907:
21906:
21904:
21903:
21898:
21893:
21888:
21883:
21882:
21881:
21871:
21866:
21861:
21856:
21851:
21846:
21841:
21836:
21835:
21834:
21824:
21819:
21814:
21809:
21804:
21798:
21796:
21792:
21791:
21789:
21788:
21783:
21778:
21773:
21767:
21765:
21761:
21760:
21758:
21757:
21752:
21747:
21742:
21737:
21736:
21735:
21730:
21725:
21720:
21715:
21710:
21708:Oared warships
21705:
21697:
21696:
21695:
21690:
21685:
21675:
21670:
21665:
21660:
21655:
21650:
21645:
21644:
21643:
21633:
21628:
21623:
21618:
21613:
21608:
21602:
21600:
21590:
21589:
21577:
21576:
21569:
21568:
21561:
21554:
21546:
21537:
21536:
21529:
21526:
21525:
21521:
21520:
21507:
21505:
21492:
21490:
21477:
21475:
21462:
21460:
21447:
21442:
21439:
21438:
21423:
21422:
21415:
21408:
21400:
21391:
21390:
21363:
21360:
21359:
21356:
21355:
21353:
21352:
21347:
21342:
21337:
21332:
21330:Norfolk Island
21327:
21322:
21317:
21312:
21307:
21302:
21297:
21292:
21290:American Samoa
21286:
21284:
21278:
21277:
21275:
21274:
21269:
21263:
21261:
21260:of New Zealand
21255:
21254:
21252:
21251:
21246:
21241:
21236:
21231:
21226:
21221:
21216:
21211:
21206:
21201:
21196:
21191:
21186:
21180:
21178:
21174:
21173:
21166:
21165:
21158:
21151:
21143:
21137:
21133:
21132:
21130:
21129:
21124:
21119:
21114:
21109:
21104:
21099:
21094:
21089:
21084:
21079:
21074:
21069:
21064:
21059:
21054:
21049:
21044:
21039:
21034:
21029:
21024:
21019:
21014:
21009:
21004:
20999:
20996:
20990:
20985:
20980:
20975:
20969:
20967:
20963:
20962:
20960:
20959:
20954:
20948:
20946:
20942:
20941:
20939:
20938:
20933:
20928:
20923:
20918:
20913:
20908:
20903:
20898:
20893:
20888:
20883:
20878:
20873:
20867:
20865:
20861:
20860:
20858:
20857:
20852:
20847:
20842:
20837:
20832:
20827:
20822:
20817:
20812:
20807:
20802:
20797:
20792:
20787:
20786:
20785:
20775:
20770:
20765:
20760:
20755:
20750:
20745:
20740:
20735:
20730:
20725:
20720:
20715:
20710:
20704:
20702:
20698:
20697:
20694:
20693:
20691:
20690:
20685:
20680:
20675:
20670:
20668:Norfolk Island
20665:
20660:
20655:
20650:
20645:
20640:
20635:
20630:
20628:American Samoa
20624:
20622:
20616:
20615:
20613:
20612:
20607:
20601:
20599:
20598:of New Zealand
20593:
20592:
20590:
20589:
20584:
20579:
20574:
20569:
20564:
20559:
20554:
20549:
20544:
20539:
20534:
20529:
20524:
20518:
20516:
20512:
20511:
20504:
20503:
20496:
20489:
20481:
20475:
20469:
20468:
20465:
20464:
20459:
20457:
20453:
20452:
20449:
20448:
20446:
20445:
20440:
20435:
20430:
20425:
20423:Norfolk Island
20420:
20415:
20410:
20405:
20400:
20395:
20390:
20385:
20383:American Samoa
20379:
20377:
20371:
20370:
20368:
20367:
20362:
20356:
20354:
20353:of New Zealand
20348:
20347:
20345:
20344:
20339:
20334:
20329:
20324:
20319:
20314:
20309:
20304:
20299:
20294:
20289:
20284:
20279:
20273:
20271:
20267:
20266:
20259:
20258:
20251:
20244:
20236:
20230:
20223:
20217:
20216:
20214:
20213:
20208:
20207:
20206:
20196:
20195:
20194:
20189:
20181:
20176:
20175:
20174:
20169:
20164:
20156:
20155:
20154:
20152:Garma Festival
20145:
20143:
20139:
20138:
20136:
20135:
20130:
20125:
20120:
20115:
20110:
20105:
20100:
20095:
20090:
20085:
20080:
20075:
20070:
20065:
20060:
20055:
20050:
20045:
20040:
20035:
20030:
20025:
20019:
20017:
20013:
20012:
20010:
20009:
20004:
20003:
20002:
19992:
19987:
19982:
19977:
19972:
19967:
19962:
19957:
19952:
19947:
19942:
19937:
19932:
19927:
19925:Alingano Maisu
19922:
19916:
19914:
19910:
19909:
19907:
19906:
19905:
19904:
19897:
19885:
19884:
19883:
19871:
19866:
19861:
19856:
19851:
19846:
19841:
19836:
19831:
19826:
19821:
19816:
19811:
19809:Norfolk Island
19806:
19801:
19800:
19799:
19789:
19784:
19779:
19774:
19769:
19764:
19763:
19762:
19750:
19749:
19748:
19741:
19729:
19724:
19719:
19714:
19702:
19697:
19696:
19695:
19683:
19681:
19675:
19674:
19672:
19671:
19666:
19661:
19656:
19651:
19646:
19641:
19636:
19630:
19628:
19624:
19623:
19621:
19620:
19615:
19610:
19605:
19600:
19595:
19590:
19585:
19580:
19575:
19570:
19565:
19564:
19563:
19553:
19548:
19543:
19538:
19536:kapa (Hawaiʻi)
19533:
19528:
19523:
19518:
19512:
19510:
19504:
19503:
19500:
19497:
19496:
19489:
19488:
19481:
19474:
19466:
19460:
19459:
19454:
19449:
19435:Chisholm, Hugh
19418:
19396:10.1086/318205
19373:
19372:External links
19370:
19369:
19368:
19362:
19347:
19329:
19314:
19308:
19295:
19289:
19274:
19268:
19253:
19247:
19225:
19222:
19219:
19218:
19152:
19145:
19127:
19120:
19100:
19073:
19066:
19046:
19039:
19019:
19012:
18982:
18922:
18915:
18890:
18830:
18811:
18800:
18770:
18744:
18722:
18697:
18690:
18672:
18627:
18608:(5): 760–766.
18588:
18535:
18480:
18473:
18447:
18420:
18377:
18358:(2): 257–262.
18348:Cocos nucifera
18338:
18319:
18312:
18289:
18276:
18253:10.1086/658682
18226:
18219:
18184:
18177:
18157:
18150:
18122:
18054:
18023:
17965:
17922:
17893:(5): 575–581.
17869:
17858:(1): 131–148.
17839:
17807:
17780:
17751:
17732:(1–2): 32–35.
17716:
17697:
17672:
17637:
17630:
17608:
17597:(3): 115–119.
17577:
17531:
17524:
17499:
17472:
17457:
17390:
17371:
17351:
17328:
17313:(2): 539–555.
17307:Anthropologica
17289:
17246:
17213:
17194:
17174:
17143:
17128:(3): 166–172.
17108:
17081:
17074:
17056:
17041:(1): 105–142.
17021:
17014:
16996:
16977:
16957:
16938:
16916:
16897:
16877:
16858:
16838:
16831:
16813:
16794:
16768:
16761:
16743:
16716:
16681:
16616:
16605:(4): 401–414.
16589:
16548:
16507:
16488:
16466:
16451:(2): 193–201.
16422:
16403:
16381:
16374:
16354:
16333:(2): 238–253.
16313:
16268:
16249:
16216:
16185:
16154:
16135:
16116:
16097:(2): 391–399.
16081:
16074:
16052:
16041:(4): 273–276.
16022:
16015:
15985:
15966:(3): 384–404.
15950:
15888:
15881:
15856:
15837:
15815:
15784:
15757:(3): 337–392.
15741:
15674:
15655:
15600:
15565:
15530:
15515:
15480:
15430:
15411:
15386:
15367:
15347:
15310:
15303:
15285:
15262:(2): 210–251.
15242:
15235:
15217:
15206:(242): 15–19.
15190:
15171:
15138:
15094:
15050:
15019:(2): 493–523.
14999:
14980:
14955:
14946:Sox, David G.
14938:
14919:(2): 258–277.
14903:
14884:
14862:
14855:
14822:
14803:
14780:
14754:
14747:
14721:
14703:
14681:
14653:
14634:
14577:
14562:(2): 130–140.
14537:
14530:
14501:
14474:
14465:
14434:
14366:
14359:
14338:
14331:
14313:
14272:
14236:(3): 748–758.
14216:
14189:
14153:
14114:(3): 936–941.
14093:
14086:
14055:
14034:(1): 123–159.
14015:
13976:
13917:
13910:
13889:
13866:Gibbons, Ann.
13858:
13851:
13830:
13801:
13782:
13760:
13745:(2): 308–336.
13725:
13694:
13677:
13661:
13635:
13622:
13613:
13571:
13549:
13515:
13495:
13436:
13389:(12): e52146.
13369:
13362:
13344:
13321:(4): 394–408.
13301:
13266:
13247:(2): 187–209.
13222:
13215:
13190:
13161:(3–4): 383–8.
13155:Human Genetics
13138:
13123:
13085:
13082:. p. 213.
13070:
13007:
12992:
12973:
12966:
12948:
12941:
12920:
12879:
12866:
12853:
12846:
12828:
12772:
12754:(1): 107–117.
12731:
12674:
12651:10.1086/302131
12645:(6): 1807–23.
12625:
12596:
12567:(3): 426–436.
12547:
12485:
12478:
12456:
12391:
12372:
12347:
12296:
12247:
12240:
12222:
12211:(2): 244–263.
12195:
12188:
12167:
12148:
12121:
12053:
12034:
12014:
11954:
11872:
11865:
11839:
11828:on 7 June 2011
11808:
11790:
11768:
11725:
11658:
11616:(2): 385–414.
11593:
11532:
11510:
11482:
11441:
11426:
11397:(4): 417–466.
11381:
11311:
11292:(1–2): 25–63.
11273:
11239:
11191:
11184:
11159:
11125:
11098:
11076:
11046:
11027:
11004:
10997:
10979:
10933:
10904:(4): 731–740.
10883:
10876:
10854:
10835:
10813:
10794:
10769:
10734:
10727:
10709:
10702:
10675:
10653:
10625:
10606:
10600:. I.B.Tauris.
10583:
10565:
10548:Weiner, Edmund
10535:
10494:
10459:
10442:
10426:
10394:
10368:
10316:
10309:
10277:
10258:(1): 143–145.
10237:
10176:
10157:
10130:
10114:
10098:
10027:
10014:(1): 417–434.
9985:
9964:
9946:
9927:(3): 205–215.
9911:
9873:
9866:
9829:
9782:(3): 936–941.
9761:
9742:
9707:
9705:(January 2006)
9687:
9656:
9634:
9608:
9582:
9550:
9523:
9514:
9486:
9459:
9432:
9402:
9372:
9340:
9318:
9292:
9274:
9265:
9218:
9188:
9158:
9137:
9101:
9075:
9041:
9015:
8979:
8946:
8914:
8888:
8857:
8846:on 4 July 2007
8824:
8784:
8758:
8726:
8719:
8693:
8667:
8641:
8620:
8595:
8565:
8551:
8530:
8508:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8469:
8412:
8371:
8337:
8280:
8212:
8195:
8182:
8129:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8053:
8050:
8011:Southern India
7948:paper mulberry
7874:Main article:
7871:
7868:
7756:southern China
7744:Haplogroup O1a
7733:
7730:
7660:Malay alphabet
7495:Lontara script
7390:
7389:
7375:
7368:
7366:
7363:Pallava script
7345:
7338:
7336:
7315:
7308:
7306:
7296:
7289:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7264:
7257:
7255:
7251:South Sulawesi
7240:
7233:
7231:
7219:
7212:
7210:
7198:
7191:
7189:
7177:
7170:
7168:
7155:
7148:
7146:
7128:
7121:
7119:
7109:
7102:
7100:
7088:
7081:
7075:Māori religion
7027:
7024:
6966:
6963:
6903:Visayan people
6818:
6815:
6785:during battle.
6769:
6768:
6759:
6758:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6554:Remote Oceania
6517:Lapita culture
6470:
6469:
6460:
6453:
6451:
6424:
6417:
6415:
6401:
6394:
6392:
6379:
6372:
6370:
6360:
6353:
6351:
6341:
6334:
6332:
6320:
6313:
6311:
6301:
6294:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6276:
6266:
6259:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6241:
6227:
6220:
6149:
6146:
6071:Remote Oceania
6048:Lapita culture
5949:
5948:
5939:
5932:
5930:
5917:
5910:
5908:
5899:
5892:
5890:
5878:
5871:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5838:
5831:
5829:
5819:
5812:
5810:
5796:
5789:
5787:
5777:
5770:
5768:
5758:
5751:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5733:
5722:
5715:
5713:
5698:
5691:
5689:
5681:An Indonesian
5680:
5673:
5671:
5662:
5655:
5653:
5643:, traditional
5637:
5630:
5628:
5616:
5609:
5607:
5591:
5584:
5578:Maluku Islands
5440:Malagasy music
5415:
5412:
5389:Maluku Islands
5377:Late Neolithic
5336:Thor Heyerdahl
5332:Remote Oceania
5271:Lapita culture
5244:Cagayan Valley
5214:, a secondary
5206:
5205:
5196:
5195:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5176:Lapita culture
5171:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5155:
5148:
5146:
5130:Maranao people
5122:
5115:
5113:
5102:
5095:
5093:
5082:
5075:
5073:
5062:
5055:
5053:
5042:
5035:
5033:
5024:
5017:
5015:
5004:
4997:
4995:
4986:
4979:
4977:
4974:Tagalog people
4966:
4959:
4957:
4946:
4939:
4937:
4926:
4919:
4917:
4913:Palauan people
4907:
4900:
4898:
4892:houses of the
4886:
4879:
4877:
4871:houses of the
4866:
4859:
4857:
4851:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4832:
4800:shinmei-zukuri
4779:Late Neolithic
4767:Hindu-Buddhist
4722:Remote Oceania
4610:
4607:
4510:southern India
4460:proto-historic
4432:
4431:
4414:
4399:
4393:Borobudur ship
4389:
4373:
4360:
4343:
4324:
4302:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4283:
4282:
4274:
4273:
4265:
4264:
4256:
4255:
4247:
4246:
4238:
4237:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4132:canoes today.
4124:outrigger ship
4082:Maluku Islands
3989:Crab claw sail
3972:
3969:
3959:
3956:
3912:Roman Catholic
3893:Remote Oceania
3804:
3803:
3718:
3716:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3646:
3643:
3614:region around
3504:Lapita culture
3485:Remote Oceania
3388:
3385:
3356:foxtail millet
3314:Laurent Sagart
3203:Daic languages
3114:
3111:
2989:Penghu Islands
2895:
2892:
2871:Remote Oceania
2622:
2619:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2501:
2467:
2456:
2430:
2407:
2365:
2352:
2330:
2304:
2278:
2240:
2210:
2201:group: (e.g.,
2196:
2158:
2133:groups (e.g.,
2120:
2052:
2049:
1926:Papuan peoples
1820:Remote Oceania
1682:
1679:
1675:Peter Bellwood
1634:language shift
1463:Georges Cuvier
1434:
1418:are excluded.
1297:, Madagascar,
1279:Lorenzo Hervás
1216:Adriaan Reland
1190:Southeast Asia
1171:
1168:
1160:paper mulberry
1129:, and various
1084: 1250 CE
1073:crab claw sail
964:
963:
961:
960:
958:folk religions
951:
946:
941:
936:
930:
927:
926:
922:
921:
915:
914:
910:
909:
903:
889:
888:
882:
860:
859:
853:
839:
838:
832:
818:
817:
811:
797:
796:
790:
776:
775:
769:
755:
754:
748:
734:
733:
727:
713:
712:
706:
684:
683:
677:
663:
662:
656:
654:American Samoa
642:
641:
635:
621:
620:
614:
600:
599:
598:100,000 (2016)
593:
579:
578:
572:
558:
557:
556:106,000 (2019)
551:
537:
536:
535:119,940 (2020)
530:
516:
515:
514:157,445 (2020)
509:
495:
494:
493:150,000 (2010)
488:
474:
473:
472:195,000 (2016)
467:
453:
452:
451:230,000 (2017)
446:
432:
431:
425:
411:
410:
409:302,000 (2019)
404:
390:
389:
388:450,000 (2006)
383:
369:
368:
367:478,000 (2005)
362:
348:
347:
346:600,303 (2024)
341:
327:
326:
320:
306:
305:
304:855,000 (2006)
299:
285:
284:
283:936,375 (2023)
278:
264:
263:
257:
243:
242:
236:
222:
221:
215:
201:
200:
194:
180:
179:
173:
159:
158:
152:
138:
137:
131:
117:
116:
110:
96:
95:
89:
75:
74:
70:
69:
62:
61:
57:
56:
46:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
24348:
24337:
24334:
24332:
24329:
24327:
24324:
24322:
24319:
24317:
24314:
24312:
24309:
24307:
24304:
24302:
24299:
24298:
24296:
24268:
24267:
24263:
24259:
24258:
24254:
24252:
24251:
24247:
24245:
24244:
24243:Metamorphoses
24240:
24238:
24236:
24235:The Histories
24232:
24230:
24229:
24225:
24223:
24222:
24218:
24216:
24214:
24213:The Histories
24210:
24208:
24207:
24203:
24202:
24200:
24194:
24191:
24189:
24186:
24184:
24181:
24180:
24179:
24176:
24174:
24171:
24170:
24168:
24167:
24164:
24157:
24153:
24128:
24125:
24123:
24120:
24119:
24117:
24115:
24112:
24110:
24107:
24105:
24102:
24100:
24097:
24095:
24092:
24090:
24087:
24085:
24082:
24081:
24079:
24073:
24067:
24064:
24062:
24059:
24057:
24054:
24052:
24049:
24047:
24044:
24042:
24039:
24037:
24034:
24032:
24029:
24027:
24024:
24023:
24021:
24015:
24007:
24004:
24002:
23999:
23997:
23994:
23992:
23991:
23987:
23985:
23982:
23981:
23979:
23975:
23974:
23970:
23969:
23968:
23965:
23961:
23958:
23956:
23955:
23951:
23949:
23948:
23944:
23943:
23941:
23937:
23936:
23932:
23930:
23929:
23928:Marumaru Atua
23925:
23923:
23922:
23918:
23916:
23915:
23911:
23909:
23906:
23904:
23903:
23899:
23897:
23896:
23892:
23890:
23889:
23888:Samudra Raksa
23885:
23883:
23882:
23878:
23876:
23875:
23874:Te Au o Tonga
23871:
23869:
23868:
23864:
23862:
23861:
23857:
23856:
23855:
23852:
23848:
23847:
23843:
23839:
23837:
23836:
23832:
23831:
23830:
23827:
23826:
23824:
23818:
23812:
23809:
23808:
23806:
23802:
23794:
23791:
23789:
23786:
23784:
23781:
23780:
23778:
23774:
23771:
23769:
23766:
23764:
23761:
23759:
23758:
23754:
23752:
23751:
23747:
23745:
23742:
23740:
23737:
23735:
23734:Blackfriars I
23732:
23730:
23729:Arles Rhône 3
23727:
23725:
23724:
23720:
23719:
23717:
23713:
23710:
23709:
23707:
23703:
23700:
23698:
23695:
23694:
23692:
23688:
23687:
23683:
23681:
23680:
23676:
23674:
23671:
23669:
23666:
23665:
23663:
23661:
23658:
23654:
23651:
23650:
23649:
23646:
23642:
23639:
23637:
23634:
23633:
23632:
23629:
23625:
23622:
23620:
23617:
23615:
23612:
23610:
23607:
23605:
23602:
23600:
23597:
23595:
23592:
23590:
23587:
23585:
23582:
23580:
23577:
23575:
23572:
23570:
23567:
23566:
23564:
23561:
23560:
23558:
23556:
23550:
23544:
23541:
23539:
23536:
23534:
23533:Thalassocracy
23531:
23529:
23526:
23524:
23521:
23519:
23518:Shell middens
23516:
23514:
23511:
23509:
23506:
23504:
23501:
23499:
23496:
23494:
23491:
23487:
23484:
23482:
23479:
23477:
23474:
23473:
23471:
23469:
23468:Naval warfare
23466:
23464:
23461:
23459:
23456:
23454:
23451:
23447:
23444:
23443:
23442:
23439:
23437:
23434:
23432:
23429:
23428:
23426:
23420:
23410:
23407:
23405:
23402:
23400:
23397:
23395:
23392:
23390:
23387:
23385:
23382:
23381:
23379:
23375:
23369:
23366:
23364:
23361:
23359:
23356:
23354:
23351:
23349:
23348:Lionel Casson
23346:
23344:
23341:
23340:
23338:
23334:
23331:
23327:
23323:
23316:
23312:
23293:
23290:
23288:
23285:
23283:
23280:
23278:
23275:
23273:
23270:
23268:
23265:
23263:
23260:
23259:
23256:
23249:
23245:
23224:
23221:
23220:
23219:
23216:
23212:
23209:
23208:
23207:
23204:
23202:
23199:
23197:
23194:
23192:
23191:
23187:
23185:
23182:
23180:
23179:Incense trade
23177:
23175:
23172:
23170:
23167:
23165:
23162:
23160:
23157:
23155:
23152:
23150:
23147:
23145:
23142:
23140:
23137:
23135:
23132:
23131:
23128:
23124:
23118:
23114:
23089:
23086:
23085:
23084:
23083:South America
23081:
23079:
23076:
23074:
23071:
23067:
23064:
23063:
23062:
23059:
23058:
23056:
23052:
23042:
23039:
23037:
23034:
23032:
23031:Sailing ships
23029:
23027:
23026:Oared vessels
23024:
23022:
23019:
23017:
23014:
23012:
23009:
23008:
23005:
22999:
22996:
22994:
22991:
22989:
22986:
22984:
22981:
22979:
22976:
22974:
22971:
22969:
22966:
22964:
22961:
22959:
22956:
22954:
22951:
22949:
22948:Cape Hermaeum
22946:
22944:
22941:
22939:
22936:
22934:
22931:
22929:
22926:
22924:
22921:
22919:
22916:
22914:
22911:
22909:
22906:
22904:
22901:
22899:
22896:
22894:
22891:
22889:
22886:
22884:
22881:
22879:
22876:
22874:
22870:
22867:
22866:
22864:
22862:
22858:
22852:
22849:
22847:
22844:
22842:
22839:
22837:
22834:
22833:
22831:
22829:
22825:
22822:
22818:
22812:
22809:
22807:
22804:
22802:
22799:
22795:
22792:
22790:
22787:
22786:
22785:
22782:
22780:
22777:
22775:
22772:
22770:
22767:
22766:
22764:
22762:
22759:Migration and
22756:
22750:
22747:
22745:
22742:
22740:
22737:
22735:
22732:
22728:
22725:
22723:
22720:
22719:
22718:
22715:
22713:
22710:
22708:
22705:
22703:
22700:
22698:
22695:
22693:
22690:
22688:
22685:
22683:
22680:
22676:
22673:
22671:
22668:
22666:
22663:
22662:
22661:
22658:
22656:
22653:
22651:
22648:
22644:
22641:
22639:
22636:
22634:
22631:
22629:
22626:
22624:
22621:
22619:
22616:
22614:
22611:
22609:
22606:
22604:
22601:
22599:
22596:
22594:
22591:
22589:
22586:
22584:
22581:
22580:
22579:
22576:
22572:
22569:
22568:
22567:
22566:Ancient Egypt
22564:
22563:
22561:
22559:Civilizations
22557:
22551:
22548:
22544:
22541:
22539:
22536:
22535:
22534:
22531:
22529:
22526:
22524:
22521:
22520:
22518:
22514:
22510:
22506:
22501:
22497:
22474:
22471:
22469:
22466:
22464:
22461:
22459:
22456:
22454:
22451:
22449:
22446:
22444:
22441:
22439:
22436:
22434:
22431:
22429:
22426:
22424:
22421:
22419:
22416:
22414:
22411:
22409:
22406:
22404:
22401:
22399:
22396:
22394:
22391:
22389:
22386:
22384:
22381:
22379:
22376:
22373:
22369:
22366:
22364:
22361:
22359:
22356:
22354:
22351:
22349:
22346:
22344:
22341:
22339:
22336:
22334:
22331:
22329:
22326:
22324:
22321:
22319:
22316:
22313:
22310:
22308:
22305:
22303:
22300:
22298:
22295:
22292:
22289:
22287:
22284:
22282:
22279:
22277:
22274:
22272:
22269:
22267:
22264:
22262:
22259:
22257:
22254:
22252:
22249:
22247:
22244:
22242:
22239:
22237:
22234:
22231:
22228:
22226:
22223:
22221:
22218:
22216:
22213:
22212:
22210:
22205:
22201:
22193:
22190:
22188:
22185:
22183:
22180:
22179:
22177:
22173:
22170:
22168:
22165:
22164:
22163:
22160:
22158:
22155:
22151:
22148:
22147:
22146:
22143:
22141:
22138:
22136:
22133:
22131:
22128:
22126:
22123:
22122:
22120:
22118:
22114:
22110:
22103:
22099:
22076:
22073:
22071:
22068:
22066:
22063:
22061:
22058:
22056:
22053:
22051:
22048:
22046:
22043:
22042:
22040:
22036:
22030:
22027:
22025:
22022:
22020:
22017:
22015:
22012:
22008:
22005:
22003:
22000:
21998:
21995:
21993:
21990:
21989:
21988:
21985:
21983:
21980:
21979:
21977:
21975:
21971:
21963:
21960:
21959:
21957:
21955:
21952:
21950:
21947:
21945:
21942:
21940:
21937:
21935:
21934:Clinker built
21932:
21930:
21927:
21925:
21922:
21920:
21919:Boat building
21917:
21916:
21914:
21912:
21908:
21902:
21899:
21897:
21894:
21892:
21889:
21887:
21884:
21880:
21877:
21876:
21875:
21872:
21870:
21867:
21865:
21862:
21860:
21857:
21855:
21852:
21850:
21847:
21845:
21842:
21840:
21837:
21833:
21830:
21829:
21828:
21825:
21823:
21820:
21818:
21815:
21813:
21810:
21808:
21805:
21803:
21800:
21799:
21797:
21793:
21787:
21784:
21782:
21779:
21777:
21774:
21772:
21769:
21768:
21766:
21762:
21756:
21753:
21751:
21748:
21746:
21743:
21741:
21738:
21734:
21731:
21729:
21726:
21724:
21721:
21719:
21716:
21714:
21711:
21709:
21706:
21704:
21701:
21700:
21698:
21694:
21691:
21689:
21686:
21684:
21681:
21680:
21679:
21676:
21674:
21671:
21669:
21668:Navis lusoria
21666:
21664:
21661:
21659:
21656:
21654:
21651:
21649:
21646:
21642:
21639:
21638:
21637:
21634:
21632:
21629:
21627:
21624:
21622:
21619:
21617:
21614:
21612:
21609:
21607:
21604:
21603:
21601:
21599:
21595:
21591:
21587:
21582:
21578:
21574:
21567:
21562:
21560:
21555:
21553:
21548:
21547:
21544:
21534:
21533:
21527:
21518:
21517:
21516:South America
21512:
21506:
21503:
21502:
21497:
21491:
21488:
21487:
21486:North America
21482:
21476:
21473:
21472:
21467:
21461:
21458:
21457:
21452:
21446:
21445:
21440:
21436:
21432:
21428:
21421:
21416:
21414:
21409:
21407:
21402:
21401:
21398:
21387:
21383:
21379:
21375:
21371:
21367:
21361:
21351:
21348:
21346:
21343:
21341:
21338:
21336:
21333:
21331:
21328:
21326:
21325:New Caledonia
21323:
21321:
21318:
21316:
21313:
21311:
21308:
21306:
21305:Easter Island
21303:
21301:
21298:
21296:
21293:
21291:
21288:
21287:
21285:
21279:
21273:
21270:
21268:
21265:
21264:
21262:
21256:
21250:
21247:
21245:
21242:
21240:
21237:
21235:
21232:
21230:
21227:
21225:
21222:
21220:
21217:
21215:
21212:
21210:
21207:
21205:
21202:
21200:
21197:
21195:
21192:
21190:
21187:
21185:
21182:
21181:
21179:
21175:
21171:
21164:
21159:
21157:
21152:
21150:
21145:
21144:
21141:
21138:
21134:
21128:
21125:
21123:
21120:
21118:
21115:
21113:
21110:
21108:
21105:
21103:
21100:
21098:
21095:
21093:
21090:
21088:
21085:
21083:
21080:
21078:
21075:
21073:
21070:
21068:
21065:
21063:
21060:
21058:
21055:
21053:
21050:
21048:
21045:
21043:
21040:
21038:
21035:
21033:
21030:
21028:
21025:
21023:
21020:
21018:
21015:
21013:
21010:
21008:
21005:
21003:
21000:
20998:
20994:
20991:
20989:
20986:
20984:
20981:
20979:
20976:
20974:
20971:
20970:
20968:
20964:
20958:
20955:
20953:
20950:
20949:
20947:
20943:
20937:
20934:
20932:
20929:
20927:
20924:
20922:
20919:
20917:
20914:
20912:
20909:
20907:
20904:
20902:
20899:
20897:
20894:
20892:
20889:
20887:
20884:
20882:
20879:
20877:
20874:
20872:
20869:
20868:
20866:
20862:
20856:
20853:
20851:
20848:
20846:
20843:
20841:
20838:
20836:
20833:
20831:
20828:
20826:
20823:
20821:
20818:
20816:
20813:
20811:
20808:
20806:
20803:
20801:
20798:
20796:
20793:
20791:
20788:
20784:
20781:
20780:
20779:
20776:
20774:
20773:New Caledonia
20771:
20769:
20766:
20764:
20761:
20759:
20756:
20754:
20751:
20749:
20746:
20744:
20741:
20739:
20736:
20734:
20731:
20729:
20728:Easter Island
20726:
20724:
20721:
20719:
20716:
20714:
20711:
20709:
20706:
20705:
20703:
20699:
20689:
20686:
20684:
20681:
20679:
20676:
20674:
20671:
20669:
20666:
20664:
20663:New Caledonia
20661:
20659:
20656:
20654:
20651:
20649:
20646:
20644:
20643:Easter Island
20641:
20639:
20636:
20634:
20631:
20629:
20626:
20625:
20623:
20617:
20611:
20608:
20606:
20603:
20602:
20600:
20594:
20588:
20585:
20583:
20580:
20578:
20575:
20573:
20570:
20568:
20565:
20563:
20560:
20558:
20555:
20553:
20550:
20548:
20545:
20543:
20540:
20538:
20535:
20533:
20530:
20528:
20525:
20523:
20520:
20519:
20517:
20513:
20509:
20502:
20497:
20495:
20490:
20488:
20483:
20482:
20479:
20476:
20474:
20470:
20462:
20458:
20454:
20444:
20441:
20439:
20436:
20434:
20431:
20429:
20426:
20424:
20421:
20419:
20418:New Caledonia
20416:
20414:
20411:
20409:
20406:
20404:
20401:
20399:
20398:Easter Island
20396:
20394:
20391:
20389:
20386:
20384:
20381:
20380:
20378:
20372:
20366:
20363:
20361:
20358:
20357:
20355:
20349:
20343:
20340:
20338:
20335:
20333:
20330:
20328:
20325:
20323:
20320:
20318:
20315:
20313:
20310:
20308:
20305:
20303:
20300:
20298:
20295:
20293:
20290:
20288:
20285:
20283:
20280:
20278:
20275:
20274:
20272:
20268:
20264:
20257:
20252:
20250:
20245:
20243:
20238:
20237:
20234:
20231:
20227:
20224:
20222:
20218:
20212:
20209:
20205:
20202:
20201:
20200:
20197:
20193:
20190:
20188:
20185:
20184:
20182:
20180:
20177:
20173:
20170:
20168:
20165:
20163:
20160:
20159:
20157:
20153:
20150:
20149:
20147:
20146:
20144:
20140:
20134:
20131:
20129:
20126:
20124:
20121:
20119:
20116:
20114:
20111:
20109:
20106:
20104:
20101:
20099:
20096:
20094:
20091:
20089:
20086:
20084:
20081:
20079:
20076:
20074:
20071:
20069:
20066:
20064:
20061:
20059:
20056:
20054:
20051:
20049:
20046:
20044:
20041:
20039:
20036:
20034:
20031:
20029:
20026:
20024:
20021:
20020:
20018:
20014:
20008:
20005:
20001:
19998:
19997:
19996:
19993:
19991:
19988:
19986:
19983:
19981:
19978:
19976:
19973:
19971:
19968:
19966:
19963:
19961:
19958:
19956:
19953:
19951:
19948:
19946:
19943:
19941:
19940:Dugout (boat)
19938:
19936:
19933:
19931:
19928:
19926:
19923:
19921:
19918:
19917:
19915:
19911:
19903:
19902:
19898:
19896:
19895:
19891:
19890:
19889:
19886:
19882:
19881:
19877:
19876:
19875:
19872:
19870:
19867:
19865:
19862:
19860:
19857:
19855:
19852:
19850:
19847:
19845:
19842:
19840:
19837:
19835:
19832:
19830:
19827:
19825:
19822:
19820:
19817:
19815:
19812:
19810:
19807:
19805:
19802:
19798:
19795:
19794:
19793:
19790:
19788:
19787:New Caledonia
19785:
19783:
19780:
19778:
19775:
19773:
19770:
19768:
19765:
19761:
19760:
19756:
19755:
19754:
19751:
19747:
19746:
19742:
19740:
19739:
19735:
19734:
19733:
19730:
19728:
19727:Easter Island
19725:
19723:
19720:
19718:
19715:
19713:
19712:
19706:
19703:
19701:
19698:
19693:
19690:
19689:
19688:
19685:
19684:
19682:
19678:Geo-specific,
19676:
19670:
19667:
19665:
19662:
19660:
19657:
19655:
19652:
19650:
19647:
19645:
19642:
19640:
19637:
19635:
19632:
19631:
19629:
19627:Broad culture
19625:
19619:
19616:
19614:
19611:
19609:
19606:
19604:
19601:
19599:
19596:
19594:
19591:
19589:
19586:
19584:
19581:
19579:
19576:
19574:
19571:
19569:
19566:
19562:
19559:
19558:
19557:
19554:
19552:
19549:
19547:
19544:
19542:
19539:
19537:
19534:
19532:
19529:
19527:
19524:
19522:
19519:
19517:
19514:
19513:
19511:
19509:
19505:
19498:
19494:
19487:
19482:
19480:
19475:
19473:
19468:
19467:
19464:
19458:
19455:
19453:
19450:
19446:
19445:
19440:
19436:
19431:
19430:public domain
19419:
19415:
19411:
19406:
19401:
19397:
19393:
19390:(2): 432–43.
19389:
19385:
19381:
19376:
19375:
19365:
19359:
19355:
19354:
19348:
19336:
19332:
19326:
19322:
19321:
19315:
19311:
19305:
19301:
19296:
19292:
19286:
19282:
19281:
19275:
19271:
19265:
19261:
19260:
19254:
19250:
19244:
19239:
19238:
19232:
19228:
19227:
19214:
19210:
19206:
19202:
19197:
19192:
19188:
19184:
19180:
19176:
19172:
19168:
19164:
19156:
19148:
19146:9781444351071
19142:
19138:
19131:
19123:
19121:9789814311175
19117:
19113:
19112:
19104:
19096:
19092:
19088:
19084:
19077:
19069:
19067:9780521419994
19063:
19059:
19058:
19050:
19042:
19040:9781588395245
19036:
19032:
19031:
19023:
19015:
19013:9788192624433
19009:
19005:
19004:
18995:
18993:
18991:
18989:
18987:
18978:
18974:
18969:
18964:
18959:
18954:
18950:
18946:
18942:
18938:
18934:
18926:
18918:
18916:9781760460945
18912:
18908:
18904:
18897:
18895:
18886:
18882:
18877:
18872:
18867:
18862:
18858:
18854:
18850:
18846:
18842:
18834:
18819:
18815:
18804:
18788:
18784:
18780:
18774:
18766:
18762:
18758:
18751:
18749:
18729:
18725:
18723:9789027292940
18719:
18715:
18708:
18701:
18693:
18691:9780520236745
18687:
18683:
18676:
18668:
18662:
18654:
18650:
18646:
18642:
18638:
18631:
18623:
18619:
18615:
18611:
18607:
18603:
18599:
18592:
18584:
18580:
18575:
18570:
18566:
18562:
18558:
18554:
18550:
18548:
18539:
18531:
18527:
18523:
18519:
18515:
18511:
18507:
18503:
18499:
18495:
18491:
18484:
18476:
18474:9781441959478
18470:
18466:
18462:
18460:
18451:
18443:
18439:
18435:
18431:
18424:
18415:
18410:
18405:
18400:
18396:
18392:
18388:
18381:
18373:
18369:
18365:
18361:
18357:
18353:
18349:
18342:
18334:
18330:
18323:
18315:
18313:9781921862489
18309:
18305:
18301:
18293:
18286:
18280:
18272:
18268:
18263:
18258:
18254:
18250:
18246:
18242:
18235:
18233:
18231:
18222:
18220:9781921536618
18216:
18211:
18206:
18202:
18195:
18188:
18180:
18178:9781442213869
18174:
18170:
18169:
18161:
18153:
18151:9780415297776
18147:
18143:
18136:
18129:
18127:
18118:
18114:
18109:
18104:
18100:
18096:
18091:
18086:
18082:
18078:
18074:
18070:
18066:
18058:
18042:
18038:
18034:
18027:
18019:
18015:
18010:
18005:
18001:
17997:
17993:
17989:
17985:
17981:
17977:
17969:
17961:
17957:
17953:
17949:
17945:
17941:
17937:
17933:
17926:
17918:
17914:
17909:
17904:
17900:
17896:
17892:
17888:
17884:
17876:
17874:
17865:
17861:
17857:
17853:
17846:
17844:
17824:
17817:
17811:
17803:
17799:
17795:
17791:
17784:
17768:
17764:
17763:
17755:
17747:
17743:
17739:
17735:
17731:
17727:
17720:
17704:
17700:
17694:
17690:
17686:
17679:
17677:
17668:
17664:
17660:
17656:
17652:
17648:
17641:
17633:
17627:
17622:
17621:
17612:
17604:
17600:
17596:
17592:
17588:
17581:
17562:
17558:
17554:
17547:
17540:
17538:
17536:
17527:
17521:
17517:
17510:
17508:
17506:
17504:
17487:
17483:
17476:
17468:
17461:
17453:
17449:
17445:
17441:
17436:
17431:
17426:
17421:
17417:
17413:
17409:
17405:
17401:
17394:
17378:
17374:
17368:
17364:
17363:
17355:
17347:
17343:
17339:
17332:
17316:
17312:
17308:
17304:
17302:
17293:
17284:
17279:
17274:
17269:
17265:
17261:
17257:
17250:
17241:
17236:
17232:
17228:
17224:
17217:
17201:
17197:
17191:
17187:
17186:
17178:
17162:
17158:
17154:
17147:
17131:
17127:
17123:
17119:
17112:
17096:
17092:
17085:
17077:
17071:
17067:
17060:
17044:
17040:
17036:
17032:
17025:
17017:
17011:
17007:
17000:
16984:
16980:
16974:
16970:
16969:
16961:
16945:
16941:
16935:
16931:
16927:
16920:
16904:
16900:
16894:
16890:
16889:
16881:
16865:
16861:
16855:
16851:
16850:
16842:
16834:
16828:
16824:
16817:
16801:
16797:
16791:
16787:
16783:
16781:
16772:
16764:
16758:
16754:
16747:
16731:
16727:
16720:
16712:
16708:
16704:
16700:
16696:
16692:
16685:
16677:
16673:
16669:
16665:
16660:
16655:
16651:
16647:
16643:
16639:
16635:
16631:
16627:
16620:
16612:
16608:
16604:
16600:
16593:
16574:
16570:
16566:
16559:
16552:
16533:
16530:(1/2): 1–79.
16529:
16525:
16518:
16511:
16495:
16491:
16485:
16481:
16477:
16470:
16454:
16450:
16446:
16442:
16435:
16433:
16431:
16429:
16427:
16410:
16406:
16400:
16396:
16392:
16385:
16377:
16371:
16367:
16366:
16358:
16350:
16346:
16341:
16336:
16332:
16328:
16324:
16317:
16301:
16296:
16291:
16287:
16283:
16279:
16272:
16256:
16252:
16246:
16242:
16238:
16231:
16229:
16227:
16225:
16223:
16221:
16204:
16200:
16196:
16189:
16173:
16169:
16165:
16158:
16150:
16146:
16139:
16131:
16127:
16120:
16112:
16108:
16104:
16100:
16096:
16092:
16085:
16077:
16071:
16067:
16063:
16056:
16048:
16044:
16040:
16036:
16029:
16027:
16018:
16012:
16008:
16001:
15994:
15992:
15990:
15981:
15977:
15973:
15969:
15965:
15961:
15954:
15946:
15942:
15937:
15932:
15928:
15924:
15919:
15914:
15910:
15906:
15902:
15895:
15893:
15884:
15878:
15874:
15870:
15863:
15861:
15844:
15840:
15834:
15830:
15826:
15819:
15803:
15799:
15795:
15788:
15780:
15776:
15772:
15768:
15764:
15760:
15756:
15752:
15745:
15737:
15733:
15729:
15725:
15720:
15715:
15710:
15705:
15701:
15697:
15693:
15689:
15685:
15678:
15662:
15658:
15652:
15648:
15644:
15637:
15635:
15633:
15631:
15629:
15627:
15625:
15623:
15621:
15619:
15617:
15615:
15613:
15611:
15609:
15607:
15605:
15596:
15592:
15588:
15584:
15580:
15576:
15569:
15561:
15557:
15553:
15549:
15545:
15541:
15534:
15526:
15519:
15511:
15507:
15503:
15499:
15495:
15491:
15484:
15476:
15472:
15467:
15462:
15458:
15454:
15450:
15446:
15439:
15437:
15435:
15418:
15414:
15408:
15404:
15400:
15393:
15391:
15374:
15370:
15364:
15360:
15359:
15351:
15332:
15328:
15321:
15314:
15306:
15300:
15296:
15289:
15280:
15275:
15270:
15265:
15261:
15257:
15253:
15246:
15238:
15232:
15228:
15221:
15213:
15209:
15205:
15201:
15194:
15178:
15174:
15168:
15164:
15160:
15153:
15151:
15149:
15147:
15145:
15143:
15134:
15130:
15126:
15122:
15118:
15114:
15107:
15105:
15103:
15101:
15099:
15082:
15078:
15074:
15070:
15063:
15061:
15059:
15057:
15055:
15038:
15034:
15030:
15026:
15022:
15018:
15014:
15010:
15003:
14987:
14983:
14977:
14973:
14969:
14962:
14960:
14951:
14950:
14942:
14934:
14930:
14926:
14922:
14918:
14914:
14907:
14891:
14887:
14881:
14877:
14873:
14866:
14858:
14852:
14848:
14844:
14840:
14836:
14829:
14827:
14810:
14806:
14800:
14796:
14795:
14787:
14785:
14769:
14765:
14758:
14750:
14744:
14740:
14736:
14732:
14725:
14717:
14710:
14708:
14688:
14684:
14678:
14674:
14667:
14660:
14658:
14649:
14645:
14638:
14630:
14626:
14622:
14618:
14613:
14608:
14604:
14600:
14596:
14592:
14588:
14581:
14565:
14561:
14557:
14553:
14546:
14544:
14542:
14533:
14527:
14523:
14516:
14514:
14512:
14510:
14508:
14506:
14489:
14485:
14478:
14469:
14453:
14449:
14448:Jakarta Globe
14445:
14438:
14430:
14426:
14422:
14418:
14413:
14408:
14404:
14400:
14396:
14392:
14388:
14384:
14380:
14373:
14371:
14362:
14356:
14352:
14348:
14347:Oppenheimer S
14342:
14334:
14328:
14324:
14317:
14298:
14294:
14290:
14283:
14276:
14261:
14257:
14252:
14247:
14243:
14239:
14235:
14231:
14227:
14220:
14212:
14208:
14204:
14200:
14193:
14185:
14181:
14177:
14173:
14169:
14165:
14157:
14149:
14145:
14140:
14135:
14130:
14125:
14121:
14117:
14113:
14109:
14105:
14097:
14089:
14087:9781108341004
14083:
14079:
14075:
14071:
14070:
14062:
14060:
14050:
14045:
14041:
14037:
14033:
14029:
14022:
14020:
14011:
14007:
14003:
13999:
13995:
13991:
13983:
13981:
13972:
13968:
13963:
13958:
13953:
13948:
13944:
13940:
13937:(3): 160787.
13936:
13932:
13928:
13921:
13913:
13911:9781136604157
13907:
13903:
13896:
13894:
13877:
13873:
13869:
13862:
13854:
13848:
13844:
13837:
13835:
13827:
13826:
13822:
13819:
13812:
13810:
13808:
13806:
13789:
13785:
13779:
13775:
13771:
13764:
13748:
13744:
13740:
13736:
13729:
13713:
13709:
13705:
13698:
13692:
13688:
13681:
13675:
13671:
13665:
13649:
13645:
13639:
13632:
13626:
13617:
13601:
13597:
13593:
13589:
13582:
13580:
13578:
13576:
13556:
13552:
13546:
13542:
13535:
13528:
13526:
13524:
13522:
13520:
13511:
13510:
13502:
13500:
13491:
13487:
13482:
13477:
13472:
13467:
13463:
13459:
13455:
13451:
13447:
13440:
13432:
13428:
13424:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13405:
13400:
13396:
13392:
13388:
13384:
13380:
13373:
13365:
13359:
13355:
13348:
13332:
13328:
13324:
13320:
13316:
13315:Plant Science
13312:
13305:
13297:
13293:
13289:
13285:
13281:
13277:
13270:
13262:
13258:
13254:
13250:
13246:
13242:
13238:
13231:
13229:
13227:
13218:
13212:
13208:
13204:
13197:
13195:
13186:
13182:
13178:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13160:
13156:
13152:
13145:
13143:
13134:
13127:
13108:
13101:
13100:
13092:
13090:
13081:
13074:
13066:
13060:
13041:
13037:
13033:
13030:(2): 93–100.
13029:
13025:
13018:
13011:
13003:
12999:
12995:
12989:
12985:
12977:
12969:
12963:
12959:
12952:
12944:
12938:
12934:
12927:
12925:
12905:
12901:
12897:
12890:
12883:
12876:
12870:
12863:
12857:
12849:
12843:
12839:
12832:
12824:
12820:
12816:
12812:
12808:
12804:
12800:
12796:
12792:
12788:
12781:
12779:
12777:
12757:
12753:
12749:
12742:
12735:
12716:
12712:
12708:
12704:
12700:
12697:(4): 551–64.
12696:
12692:
12685:
12678:
12670:
12666:
12661:
12656:
12652:
12648:
12644:
12640:
12636:
12629:
12613:
12609:
12608:
12600:
12592:
12588:
12583:
12578:
12574:
12570:
12566:
12562:
12558:
12551:
12532:
12528:
12524:
12520:
12516:
12512:
12508:
12501:
12494:
12492:
12490:
12481:
12475:
12471:
12467:
12460:
12441:
12437:
12433:
12429:
12425:
12421:
12417:
12413:
12409:
12402:
12395:
12379:
12375:
12369:
12365:
12364:
12356:
12354:
12352:
12343:
12339:
12335:
12331:
12327:
12323:
12319:
12315:
12311:
12307:
12300:
12292:
12288:
12283:
12278:
12274:
12270:
12267:(4): 516–28.
12266:
12262:
12258:
12251:
12243:
12237:
12233:
12226:
12218:
12214:
12210:
12206:
12199:
12191:
12185:
12181:
12174:
12172:
12155:
12151:
12145:
12141:
12137:
12130:
12128:
12126:
12117:
12113:
12109:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12091:
12087:
12083:
12079:
12075:
12068:
12066:
12064:
12062:
12060:
12058:
12041:
12037:
12035:9780817319397
12031:
12027:
12026:
12018:
12010:
12006:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11982:
11978:
11974:
11970:
11966:
11958:
11939:
11935:
11931:
11926:
11921:
11917:
11913:
11909:
11905:
11901:
11897:
11890:
11883:
11881:
11879:
11877:
11868:
11862:
11858:
11854:
11852:
11843:
11827:
11823:
11819:
11812:
11804:
11800:
11794:
11779:
11775:
11771:
11765:
11760:
11755:
11751:
11744:
11740:
11739:Simanjuntak T
11734:
11732:
11730:
11721:
11717:
11713:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11685:
11681:
11677:
11673:
11669:
11662:
11643:
11639:
11635:
11631:
11627:
11623:
11619:
11615:
11611:
11604:
11597:
11581:
11577:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11559:
11555:
11551:
11547:
11543:
11536:
11517:
11513:
11507:
11503:
11496:
11489:
11487:
11478:
11474:
11469:
11464:
11460:
11456:
11452:
11445:
11437:
11430:
11422:
11418:
11413:
11412:2027.42/45256
11408:
11404:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11385:
11377:
11373:
11369:
11365:
11360:
11355:
11350:
11345:
11341:
11337:
11334:(6): e21143.
11333:
11329:
11325:
11318:
11316:
11307:
11303:
11299:
11295:
11291:
11287:
11280:
11278:
11261:
11257:
11253:
11246:
11244:
11234:
11229:
11225:
11221:
11217:
11210:
11208:
11206:
11204:
11202:
11200:
11198:
11196:
11187:
11185:9781108334068
11181:
11177:
11170:
11168:
11166:
11164:
11147:
11143:
11139:
11132:
11130:
11121:
11117:
11113:
11109:
11102:
11083:
11079:
11073:
11069:
11062:
11055:
11053:
11051:
11034:
11030:
11024:
11020:
11019:
11011:
11009:
11000:
10994:
10990:
10983:
10975:
10971:
10967:
10963:
10959:
10955:
10951:
10947:
10940:
10938:
10929:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10911:
10907:
10903:
10899:
10895:
10887:
10879:
10873:
10869:
10861:
10859:
10842:
10838:
10832:
10828:
10824:
10817:
10801:
10797:
10791:
10787:
10786:
10778:
10776:
10774:
10765:
10761:
10757:
10753:
10749:
10745:
10738:
10730:
10724:
10720:
10713:
10705:
10699:
10695:
10688:
10686:
10684:
10682:
10680:
10660:
10656:
10650:
10646:
10639:
10632:
10630:
10613:
10609:
10603:
10599:
10598:
10590:
10588:
10579:
10572:
10570:
10561:
10557:
10553:
10549:
10545:
10544:Simpson, John
10539:
10520:
10516:
10512:
10505:
10498:
10482:
10478:
10474:
10470:
10463:
10455:
10454:
10446:
10438:
10437:
10430:
10411:
10404:
10398:
10382:
10378:
10372:
10364:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10346:
10342:
10338:
10334:
10330:
10323:
10321:
10312:
10306:
10299:
10298:
10290:
10288:
10286:
10284:
10282:
10273:
10269:
10265:
10261:
10257:
10253:
10246:
10244:
10242:
10233:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10215:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10199:
10195:
10191:
10183:
10181:
10164:
10160:
10154:
10151:. Routledge.
10150:
10149:
10141:
10139:
10137:
10135:
10127:
10121:
10119:
10111:
10105:
10103:
10094:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10076:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10046:
10042:
10034:
10032:
10022:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10005:
9998:
9996:
9994:
9992:
9990:
9981:
9975:
9967:
9961:
9957:
9950:
9942:
9938:
9934:
9930:
9926:
9922:
9915:
9899:
9895:
9891:
9887:
9880:
9878:
9869:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9844:
9842:
9840:
9838:
9836:
9834:
9825:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9781:
9777:
9773:
9765:
9749:
9745:
9739:
9735:
9734:
9726:
9724:
9722:
9720:
9718:
9716:
9714:
9712:
9704:
9700:
9694:
9692:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9660:
9644:
9638:
9622:
9618:
9612:
9596:
9592:
9586:
9567:
9560:
9554:
9538:
9534:
9527:
9518:
9501:
9497:
9490:
9474:
9470:
9463:
9447:
9443:
9436:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9406:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9376:
9360:
9356:
9355:
9350:
9344:
9328:
9322:
9306:
9302:
9296:
9289:
9285:
9282:
9278:
9269:
9261:
9255:
9248:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9222:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9192:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9162:
9147:
9141:
9122:
9118:
9111:
9105:
9089:
9085:
9079:
9059:
9052:
9045:
9029:
9025:
9019:
9003:
8996:
8990:
8988:
8986:
8984:
8967:
8963:
8957:
8955:
8953:
8951:
8931:
8924:
8918:
8902:
8898:
8892:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8861:
8842:
8835:
8828:
8820:
8814:
8798:
8794:
8788:
8772:
8768:
8762:
8743:
8736:
8730:
8722:
8716:
8709:
8708:
8703:
8697:
8681:
8677:
8671:
8655:
8651:
8645:
8630:
8624:
8605:
8599:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8569:
8561:
8555:
8537:
8533:
8527:
8520:
8519:
8512:
8496:
8489:
8483:
8479:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8440:
8436:
8433:
8429:
8426:
8422:
8416:
8409:
8406:
8402:
8399:
8395:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8381:
8375:
8368:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8354:
8350:
8347:
8341:
8334:
8331:
8327:
8324:
8320:
8317:
8313:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8299:
8295:
8294:
8290:
8284:
8277:
8274:
8270:
8267:
8263:
8260:
8256:
8253:
8249:
8246:
8242:
8239:
8235:
8232:
8228:
8225:
8221:
8216:
8209:
8205:
8199:
8192:
8186:
8180:
8177:
8173:
8170:
8166:
8163:
8159:
8156:
8152:
8149:
8145:
8142:
8138:
8133:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8111:
8107:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8078:
8071:
8069:
8065:
8059:
8049:
8047:
8043:
8038:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7995:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7968:betel chewing
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7950:(tapa tree),
7949:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7928:
7926:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7877:
7867:
7865:
7861:
7856:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7841:
7837:
7832:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7816:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7802:
7800:
7796:
7795:Lapita people
7792:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7775:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7760:Yangtze River
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7739:
7729:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7697:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7679:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7632:Pegon scripts
7629:
7624:
7620:
7619:Arabic script
7616:
7611:
7609:
7608:folk medicine
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7524:
7522:
7518:
7513:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7461:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7450:Eugène Eyraud
7446:
7444:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7413:proto-writing
7410:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7386:
7382:
7380:
7372:
7367:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7353:
7349:
7342:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7328:
7323:
7319:
7312:
7307:
7304:
7300:
7293:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7247:
7243:
7237:
7232:
7228:
7227:Ahu Tongariki
7224:
7223:
7216:
7211:
7208:
7204:
7203:
7195:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7181:
7174:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7152:
7147:
7144:, Philippines
7143:
7142:Ifugao people
7139:
7138:
7133:
7132:
7125:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7106:
7101:
7098:of Madagascar
7097:
7093:
7092:
7085:
7080:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7063:Sunda Wiwitan
7060:
7056:
7051:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7023:
7021:
7017:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6861:
6857:
6852:
6848:
6846:
6842:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6814:
6812:
6808:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6789:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6763:
6754:
6740:
6738:
6733:
6729:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6681:
6677:
6672:
6670:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6630:
6628:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6573:
6570:
6566:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6533:
6528:
6526:
6525:New Caledonia
6522:
6518:
6514:
6508:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6494:
6489:
6485:
6479:
6476:
6466:
6465:
6457:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6428:
6421:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6384:
6376:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6357:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6342:The ruins of
6338:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6317:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6293:
6289:
6282:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6209:direct dating
6205:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6145:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6130:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6110:
6109:
6102:
6101:
6094:
6093:
6086:
6085:
6079:
6074:
6072:
6067:
6065:
6064:New Caledonia
6061:
6057:
6056:Emirau Island
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6017:
6013:
6012:
6007:
5993:
5990:Austronesian
5989:
5985:
5981:
5980:nephrite jade
5976:
5972:
5970:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5957:Yangtze River
5954:
5945:
5944:
5936:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5896:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5875:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5845:
5841:
5835:
5830:
5826:
5823:dancers from
5822:
5816:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5793:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5739:
5734:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5719:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5703:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5677:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5664:Atingting kon
5659:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5613:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5588:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5521:Nusa Tenggara
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5446:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5362:bottle gourds
5358:
5354:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5230:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5212:Manunggul Jar
5209:
5200:
5191:
5181:
5177:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5119:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5099:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5079:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5039:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5016:
5013:
5012:Fijian people
5009:
5008:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4983:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4963:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4943:
4938:
4935:
4934:Merina people
4931:
4930:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4899:
4895:
4894:Toraja people
4891:
4890:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4873:Ifugao people
4870:
4863:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4843:
4836:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:Austroasiatic
4823:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4701:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4648:pitched roofs
4644:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4615:reconstructed
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4458:Austronesian
4456:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4315:Orchid Island
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4296:
4287:
4278:
4269:
4260:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3815:
3814:Liliʻuokalani
3810:
3800:
3797:
3789:
3786:February 2024
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747: –
3746:
3742:
3741:Find sources:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3719:This section
3717:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3699:
3698:populations.
3697:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3622:, eventually
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3510:and into the
3509:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3431:double-hulled
3429:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3358:-cultivating
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3337:Han expansion
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:Hayato people
3284:
3280:
3276:
3275:Juha Janhunen
3273:According to
3271:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3129:Austroasiatic
3126:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3059:tooth removal
3056:
3052:
3048:
3047:Yangtze River
3044:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2767:dugout canoes
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:; as well as
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:Bantu peoples
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2567:Austroasiatic
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2199:Central Luzon
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:Kadazan-Dusun
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:Pacific coast
2018:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:Pacific Ocean
1706:
1705:Easter Island
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:austronesisch
1545:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:Easter Island
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:Sunda Islands
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:to the east,
1097:
1096:Easter Island
1093:
1089:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
959:
956:
952:
950:
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883:
879:
873:
872:Easter Island
861:
854:
852:
840:
837:11,200 (2012)
833:
831:
819:
816:11,200 (2011)
812:
810:
798:
795:11,600 (2018)
791:
789:
777:
774:16,500 (2011)
770:
768:
756:
749:
747:
735:
732:31,600 (2019)
728:
726:
714:
711:38,700 (2016)
707:
703:
697:
685:
682:40,189 (2012)
678:
676:
664:
661:55,000 (2010)
657:
655:
643:
640:72,000 (2015)
636:
634:
622:
619:93,000 (2017)
615:
613:
601:
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559:
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549:New Caledonia
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24221:On the Ocean
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24204:
24201:Literature:
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23952:
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23935:Aotearoa One
23933:
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23845:
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23833:
23820:Experimental
23788:Museum ships
23755:
23748:
23721:
23693:Phoenician:
23684:
23679:Leontophoros
23677:
23641:Butuan boats
23636:Pontian boat
23630:
23574:Dufuna canoe
23513:Shipbuilding
23424:and theories
23394:Boris Rankov
23188:
23121:Economy and
23021:Incendiaries
22868:
22655:Indus Valley
22623:Tarumanagara
22577:
22550:Ubaid period
22468:Wadi al-Jarf
22383:Ostia Antica
21987:Fore-and-aft
21954:Shipbuilding
21929:Carvel built
21911:Construction
21869:Steering oar
21750:Sailing ship
21673:Obelisk ship
21631:Dugout canoe
21530:
21508:
21493:
21478:
21463:
21448:
21281:Dependencies
21267:Cook Islands
20978:Austronesian
20977:
20723:Cook Islands
20619:Dependencies
20605:Cook Islands
20374:Dependencies
20360:Cook Islands
20183:New Zealand
20038:fire dancing
19899:
19892:
19878:
19757:
19743:
19736:
19722:Cook Islands
19708:
19669:Wood carving
19644:Kava culture
19531:Cook Islands
19442:
19387:
19383:
19352:
19339:. Retrieved
19335:the original
19319:
19299:
19279:
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19130:
19110:
19103:
19089:(1): 71–85.
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18844:
18833:
18821:. Retrieved
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18791:. Retrieved
18786:
18773:
18764:
18760:
18735:. Retrieved
18728:the original
18713:
18700:
18681:
18675:
18661:cite journal
18644:
18640:
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18559:(2): 75–89.
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18068:
18057:
18045:. Retrieved
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18026:
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17979:
17968:
17938:(2): 87–92.
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17886:
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17851:
17830:. Retrieved
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17793:
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17707:. Retrieved
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17653:(1): 55–72.
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17568:. Retrieved
17559:(2): 87–94.
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17204:. Retrieved
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17177:
17167:26 September
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17134:. Retrieved
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17099:. Retrieved
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16304:. Retrieved
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15329:(75): 1–28.
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13564:24 September
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10479:(1): 58–68.
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10419:10 September
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9078:
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8761:
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8654:the original
8644:
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8623:
8611:. Retrieved
8598:
8586:. Retrieved
8577:
8568:
8554:
8543:, retrieved
8517:
8511:
8499:. Retrieved
8482:
8464:
8463:, and Māori
8460:
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8124:
8117:Wallace Line
8110:
8061:
8039:
8017:, coconuts,
7996:
7929:
7925:canoe plants
7893:
7857:
7833:
7823:
7819:
7812:
7810:gut bacteria
7805:
7803:
7776:
7741:
7706:sand drawing
7700:
7680:
7650:, as in the
7644:Colonial Era
7640:Semitic ones
7612:
7606:rituals and
7525:
7508:
7477:tuberculosis
7462:
7447:
7438:tangata manu
7436:
7408:
7406:
7391:
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7327:tangata manu
7325:
7297:Tablet B of
7272:in Indonesia
7244:
7220:
7200:
7178:
7157:
7135:
7134:carvings of
7129:
7110:
7089:
7052:
7044:spirit world
7029:
7013:
6991:
6974:Teeth filing
6960:
6955:
6949:
6943:
6939:World War II
6916:
6910:
6888:
6884:Christianity
6876:Sinicization
6865:
6841:head-hunting
6838:
6833:
6820:
6805:
6795:
6787:
6778:
6770:
6737:dendroglyphs
6732:South Island
6728:North Island
6725:
6718:
6710:tangata manu
6708:
6702:
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6684:
6679:
6673:
6668:
6665:
6658:
6643:Cook Islands
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6624:
6596:
6577:
6574:
6562:
6558:Near Oceania
6551:
6531:
6529:
6509:
6497:
6493:ship burials
6480:
6471:
6462:
6440:
6434:
6410:
6381:
6328:Latte period
6321:
6236:
6229:Watu Molindo
6228:
6206:
6151:
6137:
6133:
6078:Māori people
6075:
6068:
6042:and eastern
6033:
6009:
6003:
5950:
5946:jade pendant
5941:
5925:
5883:
5866:Kalanay Cave
5852:Jade carving
5730:Māori people
5723:
5707:
5702:kanaka maoli
5701:
5682:
5663:
5638:
5617:
5599:
5592:
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5556:of northern
5553:
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5480:
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5123:
5110:Malay people
5103:
5085:Rumah gadang
5083:
5063:
5043:
5030:Sumba people
5026:Uma mbatangu
5025:
5005:
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4967:
4947:
4927:
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4887:
4868:
4813:Yayoi period
4798:
4794:
4792:
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4783:
4760:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4733:
4730:Māori people
4725:
4719:
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4700:James J. Fox
4697:
4690:
4684:
4679:and eastern
4667:. Among the
4645:
4641:
4630:
4612:
4609:Architecture
4602:
4595:
4588:
4579:
4572:
4565:
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4549:
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4531:
4524:
4503:
4496:
4490:
4473:The ancient
4472:
4468:Indian Ocean
4437:
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4192:
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4073:
4064:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4033:Common sprit
4028:
4019:
3961:
3952:World War II
3948:
3920:
3897:
3889:Near Oceania
3837:Tarumanagara
3822:
3792:
3783:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3740:
3728:Please help
3723:verification
3720:
3685:
3654:
3608:Roman Empire
3602:linking the
3573:
3565:sweet potato
3532:Cook Islands
3501:
3478:
3446:
3421:
3345:
3341:
3307:
3272:
3235:Roger Blench
3231:monosyllabic
3208:
3177:
3156:Robert Blust
3153:
3139:peoples (as
3122:
3071:stilt houses
3040:
3034:model, like
3022:, spoken in
3005:
2997:
2974:
2968:
2883:
2875:Near Oceania
2863:
2858:
2844:
2805:
2771:
2707:Wallace line
2696:
2654:
2544:
2333:Micronesians
2122:
2090:
2085:
2037:Indian Ocean
2033:Persian Gulf
2013:Roger Blench
2009:
1978:
1976:of Myanmar.
1932:and coastal
1859:
1848:
1836:Old Javanese
1808:Near Oceania
1769:
1745:
1732:canoe plants
1726:Coconuts on
1717:Indian Ocean
1701:colonial era
1697:Indo-Pacific
1694:
1671:
1662:
1650:
1647:
1631:
1622:phylogenetic
1618:
1591:
1560:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1514:
1497:
1487:
1474:
1452:
1441:
1430:
1422:, which was
1406:, depicting
1399:
1369:Joseph Banks
1356:
1347:
1334:
1317:eastward to
1289:linking the
1282:
1274:The Spanish
1273:
1262:(1795). The
1259:
1242:
1209:colonial era
1179:
1146:
1119:stilt houses
1112:
1077:Indo-Pacific
1042:
973:
969:
967:
939:Christianity
887:2,290 (2002)
858:9,300 (2010)
851:Cook Islands
32:Ethnic group
29:
24228:Argonautica
24215:(Herodotus)
24178:Flood myths
24075:Museums and
24019:conferences
23984:Vital Alsar
23822:archaeology
23631:Austronesia
23624:Hjortspring
23619:Rochelongue
23569:Pesse canoe
23523:Ship burial
23508:Sea Peoples
23441:Lighthouses
23436:Grave goods
23384:George Bass
23164:Spice trade
22761:exploration
22583:Philippines
22578:Austronesia
22571:Old Kingdom
22448:Trincomalee
22398:Prosphorion
22343:Myos Hormos
22187:Micronesian
22178:By region:
22150:Lighthouses
21958:By region:
21723:Quinquereme
21648:Kunlun ship
21641:Penteconter
21626:Dragon boat
21214:New Zealand
21047:Micronesian
21037:Marshallese
20906:Micronesian
20778:New Zealand
20718:Austronesia
20552:New Zealand
20456:by category
20307:New Zealand
20192:Te Matatini
20043:firewalking
19792:New Zealand
19738:Lau Islands
19700:Austronesia
19568:nguzu nguzu
19556:New Zealand
19526:Austronesia
19302:. Vintage.
18866:1885/265530
18851:(1): 9130.
18414:10125/12515
18397:: 199–216.
18047:16 February
18039:. 23andMe.
18037:23andMeBlog
17647:Cryptologia
17480:Handoko W.
17283:10125/21020
16565:Micronesica
16524:Micronesica
16151:(1): 30–40.
16132:(1): 62–75.
15119:(1): 7–24.
14458:24 December
14389:(1): 4689.
14306:25 December
14205:(2): 7–16.
13952:2440/104470
13902:The Pacific
12428:10125/17135
11990:10072/43493
11902:(1): 4689.
11630:10125/13544
11461:: 235–240.
10517:: 464–475.
10387:30 November
10200:(1): 1823.
9425:27 December
9151:31 December
9034:16 February
8634:5 September
8459:, Hawaiian
8005:regions in
7999:spice trade
7505:, Indonesia
7465:slave raids
7433:petroglyphs
7318:petroglyphs
7253:, Indonesia
7183:carving at
7166:, Marquesas
7115:Nias people
7038:, animism,
7005:tooth decay
6980:man in the
6858:women from
6783:taken heads
6505:Pleistocene
6425:Carving of
6303:Petroglyphs
6274:, Indonesia
6255:, Indonesia
6233:Bada Valley
6170:petroglyphs
6136:. Bellwood
5982:artifacts (
5846:, Indonesia
5827:, Indonesia
5785:, Indonesia
5766:, Indonesia
5626:, Indonesia
5542:kulintangan
5519:of western
5503:of western
5394:earthenware
5373:burial jars
5220:Tabon Caves
4993:storehouses
4867:The raised
4817:Han Chinese
4669:Nage people
4441:tanja sails
4428:square sail
4397:tanja sails
4391:A Javanese
4345:A Filipino
4337:wa'a kaulua
4037:Philippines
3635:East Africa
3604:Han dynasty
3546:by 900 CE;
3542:by 700 CE;
3462:Celebes Sea
3348:melting pot
3247:Cham people
3075:aquaculture
3049:basin that
2947:man in the
2867:Polynesians
2832:Melanesians
2830:, Papuans,
2699:Pleistocene
2661:Paleolithic
2621:Paleolithic
2615:Han Chinese
2547:Paleolithic
2433:Polynesians
2384:Maguindanao
2307:Melanesians
2217:Cordilleras
2203:Kapampangan
2045:West Africa
2041:East Africa
1910:New Zealand
1906:Polynesians
1890:Philippines
1855:subtropical
1659:Serjeantson
1627:Austronesia
1510:craniometry
1506:Melanesians
1483:René Lesson
1416:Melanesians
1363:", or the "
1353:"varieties"
1311:Philippines
1276:philologist
1213:Orientalist
1104:New Zealand
1088:Paleolithic
1008:that speak
984:, parts of
953:Indigenous
297:New Zealand
220:1.3 million
199:1.9 million
178:4.7 million
108:Philippines
68:400 million
48:Amis people
18:Austronesia
24295:Categories
24237:(Polybius)
23881:Hawaiʻiloa
23763:Nemi ships
23648:Black Sea
23594:Khufu ship
23555:and relics
23453:Marine art
23446:Alexandria
23353:Fik Meijer
23336:Historians
23223:Indo-Roman
23036:Greek navy
22938:Salamis II
22928:Hellespont
22888:Artemisium
22878:Nile Delta
22841:Achaemenid
22734:Achaemenid
22603:Langkasuka
22598:Micronesia
22516:Prehistory
22443:Sounagoura
22271:Chittagong
22246:Barbarikon
22225:Alexandria
22167:Pilot boat
22117:Navigation
21949:Sewn-plank
21944:Lashed-lug
21822:Figurehead
21795:Components
21764:Propulsion
21718:Quadrireme
21699:Polyremes
21678:Outriggers
21067:Polynesian
21042:Melanesian
20983:Sama-Bajau
20916:Polynesian
20896:Melanesian
20881:Mangarevan
20758:Micronesia
20473:Literature
20148:Australia
19894:navigation
19341:14 October
18737:18 January
18436:(1): 1–7.
18335:(6): 2–41.
18262:1885/75070
17587:Rongorongo
17348:: 523–540.
17136:9 December
17101:9 December
17049:9 December
16736:9 December
16288:: 73–104.
15496:: 83–122.
15466:1885/72437
15340:4 November
14773:10 January
14768:WoodenBoat
14696:22 October
14295:: 89–106.
11947:21 January
11783:4 November
11651:21 January
11567:1885/36371
11266:22 January
10556:Dictionary
9904:21 January
9858:1885/10191
9679:17 January
9649:17 January
9506:17 January
9479:15 October
9452:15 October
9333:17 January
9301:"Suriname"
9241:17 January
9211:17 January
9181:17 January
9117:census.gov
8881:17 January
8501:21 January
8474:References
8385:, Tagalog
8056:See also:
8046:purple yam
8019:sandalwood
7952:breadfruit
7904:catamarans
7880:See also:
7799:matrilocal
7736:See also:
7636:diacritics
7623:Madagascar
7540:Indianized
7394:rongorongo
7376:Page from
7357:featuring
7299:rongorongo
7282:See also:
7229:, Rapa Nui
7071:Kaharingan
6944:Among the
6866:Among the
6823:James Cook
6790:: A young
6773:: A young
6592:rai stones
6542:Rai stones
6253:Kalimantan
6190:New Guinea
6188:, coastal
6180:, and the
6166:pictograms
6162:megalithic
6129:kākā pōria
6044:New Guinea
6011:lingling-o
6006:penannular
5984:lingling-o
5922:greenstone
5904:white jade
5885:lingling-o
5856:See also:
5844:Kalimantan
5509:engkromong
5505:Kalimantan
5493:chalempung
5489:caklempung
5455:Bronze Age
5445:Slit drums
5368:patterns.
5253:Cast of a
5216:burial jar
5174:See also:
4969:Bahay kubo
4949:Balé meten
4853:Sama-Bajau
4809:pit-houses
4787:rumah adat
4665:catamarans
4656:longhouses
4411:war canoes
4377:Melanesian
4364:Carolinian
4311:Tao people
4212:lashed-lug
4178:, and the
4176:Madagascar
4168:Micronesia
3993:Tanja sail
3975:See also:
3936:East Timor
3916:indigenous
3849:Langkasuka
3835:, such as
3756:newspapers
3649:See also:
3627:Madagascar
3616:Kalimantan
3584:phytoliths
3580:South Asia
3559:, and the
3538:, and the
3508:New Guinea
3428:Polynesian
3352:East China
3332:after the
3326:substratum
3293:, and the
3161:Hmong-Mien
3145:Austro-Tai
3117:See also:
2898:See also:
2836:Orang Asli
2663:following
2625:See also:
2591:Madagascar
2541:Prehistory
2524:Hiligaynon
2419:Pangasinan
2404:Sama-Bajau
2372:Bangsamoro
2341:Carolinian
2337:Micronesia
2323:Ni-Vanuatu
2301:Bezanozano
2285:Madagascar
2029:South Asia
1972:; and the
1944:, and the
1934:New Guinea
1886:Micronesia
1878:Madagascar
1870:East Timor
1804:Micronesia
1753:Indonesian
1740:Madagascar
1713:Madagascar
1685:See also:
1521:Micronesia
1455:polygenism
1412:Malay race
1389:monogenist
1365:brown race
1361:Malay race
1327:Franz Bopp
1313:, and the
1268:Malay race
1235:James Cook
1228:naturalist
1202:Polynesian
1182:Madagascar
1176:Malay race
1174:See also:
1143:breadfruit
1100:Madagascar
1092:New Guinea
1071:, and the
1061:catamarans
1036:, and the
1006:Madagascar
994:New Guinea
992:, coastal
990:Micronesia
234:East Timor
129:Madagascar
24250:Geography
24188:Gilgamesh
24077:memorials
24001:Viracocha
23914:Faʻafaite
23867:Sarimanok
23773:Yassi Ada
23686:Syracusia
23609:Canaanite
23584:Moor Sand
23054:By region
23016:Grappling
22988:Naulochus
22978:Myonessus
22933:Echinades
22918:Arginusae
22913:Cynossema
22898:Naupactus
22893:Eurymedon
22727:Classical
22702:Phoenicia
22697:Mycenaean
22660:Tamilakam
22643:Polynesia
22633:Srivijaya
22428:Satingpra
22388:Palembang
22372:Cattigara
22314:(Kadaram)
22297:Jambukola
22291:Guangzhou
22232:(Podouke)
22230:Arikamedu
22192:Polynesia
22125:Celestial
22038:Armaments
22024:Spritsail
21982:Crab claw
21924:Careening
21891:Sternpost
21745:Reed boat
21688:Catamaran
21663:Multihull
21435:continent
21184:Australia
21107:Tokelauan
20936:Vanuatuan
20864:Mythology
20820:Slit drum
20810:Polynesia
20753:Melanesia
20713:Australia
20522:Australia
20277:Australia
20221:Languages
20142:Festivals
20068:kapa haka
19965:Outrigger
19687:Australia
19659:Polynesia
19634:areca nut
19521:Australia
19213:220420232
18459:Saccharum
18099:0027-8424
17960:128987362
17746:162720504
16711:161654405
16691:Antiquity
15980:129020595
15779:160340278
15595:160158223
15575:Antiquity
15560:161735451
15540:Antiquity
15510:170236058
15475:128641903
15133:145591097
15079:: 31–47.
15033:146739541
14933:110546116
14494:19 August
14429:196651459
13691:1341-7207
13674:1341-7207
13296:140691699
13261:165587524
12342:206551893
11638:162451179
11576:141892739
11477:1877-0428
11220:Antiquity
10075:0027-8424
9974:cite book
9941:197705560
9806:0027-8424
9365:1 October
9130:11 August
8545:15 August
8448:, Fijian
8405:Papitalai
8064:Fatu Hiva
8035:horsegram
8031:mung bean
8007:Sri Lanka
7980:candlenut
7964:areca nut
7944:sugarcane
7851:, 68% in
7847:, 71% in
7824:H. pylori
7820:H. pylori
7768:Tai-Kadai
7696:syllabary
7600:cuneiform
7592:Sundanese
7499:Buginesse
7481:Tahitians
7429:driftwood
7359:Old Malay
7352:Srivijaya
7111:Adu zatua
7040:shamanism
7032:animistic
6988:, c. 1938
6817:Tattooing
6811:tattooing
6647:Marquesas
6616:Nan Madol
6544:from the
6530:O'Connor
6363:rai stone
6344:Nan Madol
6116:hei matau
5988:Neolithic
5961:Neolithic
5943:hei matau
5802:Kabasaran
5799:Minahasan
5783:Palembang
5725:Kapa haka
5649:Orang Ulu
5619:Karinding
5603:slit drum
5596:jaw harps
5574:totobuang
5566:Halmahera
5562:kulintang
5554:kolintang
5529:kulintang
5499:of Java,
5481:talempung
5473:celempung
5408:porcelain
5398:stoneware
5366:barkcloth
5357:plainware
5218:from the
4889:Tongkonan
4775:Prambanan
4771:Borobudur
4707:cosmology
4547:Sundanese
4506:Sri Lanka
4406:, narrow
4333:catamaran
4320:Ipanitika
4220:tapa bark
4184:Melanesia
4172:Polynesia
4153:trimarans
4120:catamaran
4118:Seagoing
4086:Indonesia
4055:Marquesas
4024:Sri Lanka
3981:Catamaran
3965:Filipinos
3908:Christian
3865:Majapahit
3857:Srivijaya
3657:Sundaland
3553:Pitcairns
3540:Marquesas
3441:catamaran
3372:Guangdong
3330:Sinicized
3263:phonology
3243:jaw harps
3184:Neolithic
3163:and even
3107:Min River
3103:Dapenkeng
3091:Majiabang
3083:Kuahuqiao
2981:Neolithic
2920:Possible
2808:Halmahera
2709:and into
2703:Sundaland
2555:Neolithic
2528:Masbateño
2482:Sundanese
2437:Polynesia
2409:Northern
2311:Melanesia
2237:Kankanaey
2039:islands,
1997:Hong Kong
1989:Sri Lanka
1960:areas in
1930:Melanesia
1902:Singapore
1894:Polynesia
1874:Indonesia
1832:Nusantara
1824:Polynesia
1800:Melanesia
1517:Melanesia
1475:Océanique
1329:in 1841 (
1323:Maldivian
1299:Indonesia
1186:Polynesia
1148:Dioscorea
1125:carving,
1115:tattooing
1059:(notably
1002:Polynesia
955:animistic
913:Languages
696:Australia
675:Sri Lanka
318:Singapore
87:Indonesia
24266:Tākitimu
24169:Legend:
24127:Roskilde
24006:Tangaroa
23947:Olympias
23921:Gaualofa
23860:Hōkūleʻa
23835:Kon-Tiki
23668:Ashkelon
23604:Uluburun
23563:Earliest
23329:Scholars
23211:shipping
23011:Boarding
22923:Mytilene
22908:Syracuse
22873:Alashiya
22836:Egyptian
22820:Military
22811:Timeline
22789:Sardinia
22712:Carthage
22628:Kalingga
22588:Sa Huỳnh
22523:Timeline
22473:Zanzibar
22423:Sarapion
22418:Rhacotis
22348:Martaban
22293:(Canton)
22286:Godavaya
22281:Giao Chỉ
22251:Barygaza
22241:Avalites
22162:Piloting
22050:Catapult
22045:Ballista
22019:Mast-aft
21832:Planking
21771:Paddling
21728:Hexareme
21693:Trimaran
21658:Longship
21606:Balangay
21378:folklore
21199:Kiribati
21136:Religion
21122:Visayans
21097:Tahitian
21077:Rapa Nui
21007:Hawaiian
20988:Chamorro
20945:Research
20931:Tuvaluan
20921:Rapa Nui
20901:Menehune
20743:Kiribati
20537:Kiribati
20292:Kiribati
20158:Hawaiʻi
20133:'upa'upa
20073:Kiribati
20023:ʻAparima
19945:Hōkūleʻa
19767:Kiribati
19618:tivaevae
19598:taʻovala
19546:magimagi
19414:11170891
19233:(1979).
19205:32641827
19083:SciEnggJ
18977:24639505
18885:29904060
18823:20 March
18793:30 March
18622:21653430
18583:54664583
18530:83993320
18372:19529408
18271:36818517
18117:33753512
18041:Archived
18018:19164753
17917:20029456
17823:Archived
17767:Archived
17709:28 April
17703:Archived
17667:22718446
17570:28 April
17561:Archived
17492:18 April
17486:Archived
17444:26398231
17404:PLOS ONE
17377:Archived
17315:Archived
17206:5 August
17200:Archived
17161:Archived
17130:Archived
17095:Archived
17043:Archived
16989:5 August
16983:Archived
16944:Archived
16903:Archived
16864:Archived
16800:Archived
16730:Archived
16676:14289693
16668:26601144
16611:23044947
16582:30 April
16573:Archived
16541:30 April
16532:Archived
16500:30 April
16494:Archived
16459:28 April
16453:Archived
16409:Archived
16349:28293144
16306:28 April
16300:Archived
16261:28 April
16255:Archived
16209:29 April
16203:Archived
16178:29 April
16172:Archived
16047:20701262
15945:18048347
15927:25450787
15849:26 April
15843:Archived
15808:26 April
15802:Archived
15771:25801130
15728:29474448
15688:PLOS ONE
15661:Archived
15423:26 April
15417:Archived
15373:Archived
15331:Archived
15212:43618621
15200:Ekistics
15177:Archived
15087:27 April
15081:Archived
15043:27 April
15037:Archived
14992:27 April
14986:Archived
14890:Archived
14809:Archived
14687:Archived
14621:21345865
14570:28 April
14564:Archived
14488:Archived
14452:Archived
14421:25137359
14349:(1998).
14297:Archived
14260:30715341
14199:Diogenes
14184:33481023
14148:24395773
14010:19535740
13971:28405364
13882:23 March
13876:Archived
13821:Archived
13788:Archived
13753:23 March
13747:Archived
13718:25 April
13712:Archived
13606:23 March
13555:Archived
13490:26403857
13431:18231757
13423:23284907
13383:PLOS ONE
13337:28 April
13331:Archived
13177:17657509
13116:23 March
13107:Archived
13040:Archived
13002:43110674
12913:23 March
12904:Archived
12823:29838345
12815:19164742
12756:Archived
12724:23 March
12715:Archived
12711:23440864
12618:23 March
12612:Archived
12591:24607387
12540:23 March
12531:Archived
12527:44675525
12449:27 April
12440:Archived
12436:59334219
12378:Archived
12334:24136958
12291:21944045
12154:Archived
12116:34661604
12108:28854687
12040:Archived
12009:21940856
11938:Archived
11934:25137359
11832:9 August
11741:(2017).
11720:49377747
11712:29933384
11672:PLOS ONE
11642:Archived
11580:Archived
11525:23 March
11516:Archived
11421:21753825
11376:14226647
11368:21731660
11328:PLOS ONE
11306:15288523
11260:Archived
11152:28 April
11146:Archived
11120:42928107
11091:23 March
11082:Archived
11033:Archived
10974:24936983
10928:29487365
10841:Archived
10800:Archived
10764:25168892
10668:23 March
10659:Archived
10612:Archived
10528:23 March
10519:Archived
10487:23 March
10481:Archived
10363:18156242
10232:29379068
10163:Archived
10093:28716916
9898:Archived
9890:Phelsuma
9824:24395773
9754:23 March
9748:Archived
9673:Archived
9627:20 March
9621:Archived
9601:20 March
9595:Archived
9537:Archived
9473:Archived
9446:Archived
9419:Archived
9395:25 April
9389:Archived
9311:29 April
9284:Archived
9254:cite web
9235:Archived
9231:insee.fr
9205:Archived
9203:. ISEE.
9121:Archived
9058:Archived
8930:Archived
8907:10 April
8897:"Brunei"
8875:Archived
8850:25 April
8813:cite web
8803:23 March
8797:Archived
8751:23 March
8704:(2019).
8588:29 April
8582:Archived
8536:archived
8444:, Sawai
8358:, Malay
8323:Hawaiian
8309:Balinese
8303:, Malay
8273:Chuukese
8259:Rotinese
8245:Acehnese
8222:include
8220:Cognates
8176:Hawaiian
8139:include
8137:Cognates
8074:See also
8068:Colombia
7988:citruses
7976:turmeric
7932:coconuts
7838:company
7804:Moodley
7672:Sulawesi
7656:Filipino
7652:Hawaiian
7630:and the
7596:Tagbanwa
7580:Old Kawi
7568:Javanese
7564:Hanunó'o
7556:Baybayin
7548:Balinese
7536:abugidas
7517:mnemonic
7503:Sulawesi
7497:used by
7473:smallpox
7443:Makemake
7417:toromiro
7398:Rapa Nui
7332:Makemake
7330:cult of
7303:Rapa Nui
7266:Balinese
7187:, Hawaii
7026:Religion
6978:Mentawai
6931:Mindanao
6912:Pintados
6827:Tahitian
6807:Body art
6743:Body art
6715:Makemake
6713:cult of
6651:Rapa Nui
6447:Taranaki
6403:Hawaiian
6272:Sulawesi
6178:Sulawesi
6154:rock art
6148:Rock art
6142:Iron Age
6123:pekapeka
6108:hei-tiki
6029:nephrite
6027:, black
5926:pekapeka
5901:Sa Huỳnh
5704:(native)
5687:ensemble
5558:Sulawesi
5536:and the
5534:Mindanao
5517:trompong
5403:martaban
5387:and the
5305:Mindanao
5242:and the
5142:panolong
4929:Besakana
4692:balangay
4686:barangay
4677:Tanimbar
4593:Hawaiian
4554:Javanese
4516:and the
4514:Maldives
4498:ghe mành
4487:coracles
4464:historic
4449:Rapa Nui
4445:pandanus
4418:Malagasy
4351:trimaran
4328:Hōkūleʻa
4188:shunting
3985:Trimaran
3877:Buddhism
3873:Hinduism
3620:Sulawesi
3596:Zanzibar
3588:Cameroon
3548:Rapa Nui
3489:Chamorro
3434:voyaging
3423:Hōkūleʻa
3364:Shandong
3334:Iron Age
3239:ablation
3192:Holocene
3099:Liangzhu
3043:cultures
2977:Urheimat
2971:., 2014)
2930:Holocene
2842:do not.
2812:Negritos
2743:Wallacea
2731:obsidian
2723:Mindanao
2719:hominins
2599:Japanese
2593:and the
2516:Boholano
2504:Visayans
2490:Balinese
2486:Javanese
2474:Sulawesi
2464:Bicolano
2382:, e.g.,
2376:Mindanao
2363:Thailand
2349:Palauans
2345:Chamorro
2297:Sihanaka
2289:Betsileo
2281:Malagasy
2247:Mindanao
2221:Balangao
2181:Acehnese
2165:Cambodia
2092:Formosan
1993:Suriname
1966:Cambodia
1946:Malagasy
1938:Shibushi
1882:Malaysia
1851:tropical
1828:Wallacea
1761:Filipino
1757:Javanese
1728:Rangiroa
1667:Bellwood
1435:—
1307:Moluccas
1295:Maldives
1264:Tahitian
1205:numerals
1194:Malagasy
1131:rock art
1108:Americas
1026:Thailand
1018:Cambodia
949:Buddhism
944:Hinduism
925:Religion
878:Rapa Nui
612:Suriname
528:Kiribati
430:272,000
402:Cambodia
192:Thailand
150:Malaysia
24206:Odyssey
24183:Genesis
23980:Others
23779:Lists:
23768:Marausa
23718:Roman:
23708:Punic:
23673:Kyrenia
23664:Greek:
23660:Marsala
23653:Sinop D
23528:Tacking
23262:History
23149:Meluhha
23139:Fishing
23134:Whaling
23041:Ramming
22963:Aegates
22958:Drepana
22953:Ecnomus
22883:Salamis
22871:
22861:Battles
22739:Nabatea
22722:Archaic
22692:Nuragic
22682:Somalia
22533:Oceania
22528:Britain
22505:History
22438:Socotra
22408:Qandala
22393:Piraeus
22363:Muziris
22333:Madurai
22328:Manthai
22266:Canopus
22236:Arsinoe
22208:harbors
22157:History
22145:Coastal
22075:Sambuca
22060:Dolphin
21974:Rigging
21786:Poling
21776:Sailing
21713:Trireme
21653:Liburna
21616:Coracle
21586:Vessels
21501:Oceania
21471:Eurasia
21429:of the
21382:cuisine
21345:Tokelau
21249:Vanuatu
21092:Tagalog
21082:Rotuman
21052:Negrito
21022:Ivatans
21012:Ilocano
20997:Rekohu)
20850:Vanuatu
20835:Tokelau
20683:Tokelau
20587:Vanuatu
20438:Tokelau
20342:Vanuatu
20229:by area
20118:tautoga
20053:hivinau
19955:Karakoa
19854:Vanuatu
19680:general
19588:tā moko
19583:reimiro
19573:Oceania
19432::
19405:1235276
19196:8939867
19175:Bibcode
18968:3977275
18945:Bibcode
18876:6002536
18561:Bibcode
18502:Bibcode
18108:8020671
18077:Bibcode
18009:2827536
17988:Bibcode
17980:Science
17940:Bibcode
17908:2987306
17832:18 July
17452:6469209
17435:4580586
17412:Bibcode
17266:: 097.
17233:: 381.
16659:4643814
16638:Bibcode
16099:Bibcode
15936:2148369
15736:3956094
15719:5825035
15696:Bibcode
14629:6179955
14612:3158936
14412:4143916
14391:Bibcode
14251:6423374
14139:3903192
14116:Bibcode
13962:5383821
13872:Science
13481:4611657
13458:Bibcode
13414:3524165
13391:Bibcode
13276:Science
13185:2533393
12795:Bibcode
12787:Science
12669:9837834
12660:1377653
12582:3951936
12314:Bibcode
12306:Science
12282:3188841
12099:5597900
12000:3991479
11969:Science
11925:4143916
11904:Bibcode
11851:mestizo
11703:6014653
11680:Bibcode
11359:3120816
11336:Bibcode
10954:Bibcode
10919:5868730
10354:2151154
10272:3623036
10223:5789021
10202:Bibcode
10188:2018).
10084:5559028
10053:Bibcode
9815:3903192
9784:Bibcode
9543:7 April
9531:INSEE.
9094:25 June
9008:17 July
8972:17 July
8939:3 March
8777:22 July
8686:24 July
8660:22 July
8432:Banggai
8394:kamalir
8387:kamálig
8383:kamalig
8346:Kavalan
8298:Cebuano
8289:Tagalog
8172:tangata
8151:tomotau
8144:taumata
8123:(Reich
8121:Eurasia
7936:bananas
7912:animals
7840:23andMe
7720:by the
7718:Avoiuli
7716:called
7702:Vanuatu
7668:Cia-Cia
7588:Rencong
7576:Lontara
7572:Kulitan
7532:Pallava
7528:Grantha
7278:Writing
7246:tau tau
7207:Rotorua
7164:Hiva Oa
7067:Kejawen
7001:Malaita
6905:in the
6779:chaklag
6671:sites.
6603:Pohnpei
6500:Vanuatu
6445:, from
6433:deity (
6407:poi dog
6388:Raiatea
6348:Pohnpei
6307:Vanuatu
6237:kalamba
6084:pounamu
6058:in the
6052:jadeite
5806:Tomohon
5728:of the
5684:gamelan
5668:Vanuatu
5647:of the
5550:Palawan
5513:Sarawak
5501:kromong
5485:Sumatra
5475:of the
5464:gamelan
5381:Sumatra
5309:Morotai
5299:Winter
5282:Oceania
5180:Tapayan
5170:Pottery
5128:of the
5125:Torogan
5108:of the
5088:of the
5068:of the
5048:of the
5028:of the
5010:of the
4972:of the
4952:of the
4932:of the
4822:Kra-Dai
4763:friezes
4728:of the
4711:animism
4626:granary
4577:Cebuano
4570:Maranao
4563:Kadazan
4536:Kannada
4492:o thúng
4483:strakes
4426:with a
4382:tepukei
4339:) with
4216:caulked
4180:Comoros
4164:tacking
4112:Vietnam
3958:Culture
3861:Mataram
3770:scholar
3692:Negrito
3624:settled
3470:Malayic
3466:Sumatra
3283:Shikoku
3268:Aslians
3141:Austric
3137:Sinitic
3133:Kra-Dai
3109:delta.
3045:of the
2820:Papuans
2778:Papuans
2739:Palawan
2735:Mindoro
2725:or the
2659:in the
2631:Negrito
2603:Persian
2595:Comoros
2585:); the
2575:Sumatra
2520:Cebuano
2512:Aklanon
2508:Visayas
2498:Pattani
2460:Tagalog
2453:Tongans
2449:Samoans
2439:(e.g.,
2415:Ilocano
2392:Maranao
2339:(e.g.,
2315:Fijians
2313:(e.g.,
2287:(e.g.,
2271:Tasaday
2263:Kalagan
2259:Mansaka
2255:Mandaya
2249:(e.g.,
2219:(e.g.,
2163:group:
2147:Bidayuh
2099:(e.g.,
2035:, some
1962:Vietnam
1950:Réunion
1942:Comoros
1834:, from
1812:Oceania
1765:Tagalog
1734:to the
1605:Boracay
1588:, 1999)
1567:Oceanic
1550:, from
1471:Oceania
1448:, 1865.
1309:), the
1034:Comoros
1022:Myanmar
1014:Vietnam
725:Myanmar
577:102,000
423:Vanuatu
325:576,300
255:Vietnam
24257:Aeneid
23973:Viking
23954:Regina
23723:Alkedo
23579:Abydos
23553:Wrecks
23422:Topics
23252:Piracy
23206:Greece
23066:Odisha
22998:Actium
22993:Mycale
22828:Navies
22717:Greece
22707:Olmecs
22675:Pandya
22650:Minoan
22613:Champa
22593:Lapita
22538:Remote
22458:Tyndis
22413:Quilon
22358:Muscat
22323:Lothal
22318:Korkai
22302:Jeddah
22276:Essina
22220:Adulis
22130:Charts
22065:Harpax
22055:Corvus
22029:Square
21997:Settee
21992:Lateen
21901:Tiller
21896:Strake
21864:Rudder
21854:Paddle
21802:Anchor
21781:Towing
21703:Bireme
21636:Galley
21611:Bangka
21456:Africa
21384:, see
21366:cinema
21320:Hawaii
21244:Tuvalu
21112:Tongan
21062:Papuan
21017:Igorot
20966:People
20926:Samoan
20876:Fijian
20845:Tuvalu
20830:Tahiti
20658:Hawaii
20582:Tuvalu
20413:Hawaii
20337:Tuvalu
20128:Tuvalu
20113:tāmūrē
20108:Tahiti
20098:Rotuma
20088:pa'o'a
20083:'ote'a
20063:kailao
19930:Bangka
19913:Canoes
19849:Tuvalu
19649:Lapita
19608:tattoo
19439:Mundās
19426:
19412:
19402:
19360:
19327:
19306:
19287:
19266:
19245:
19211:
19203:
19193:
19167:Nature
19143:
19118:
19064:
19037:
19010:
18975:
18965:
18913:
18883:
18873:
18720:
18688:
18620:
18581:
18528:
18471:
18370:
18310:
18269:
18217:
18175:
18148:
18115:
18105:
18097:
18016:
18006:
17958:
17915:
17905:
17744:
17695:
17665:
17628:
17522:
17450:
17442:
17432:
17383:4 June
17369:
17192:
17072:
17012:
16975:
16950:4 June
16936:
16909:4 June
16895:
16870:4 June
16856:
16829:
16806:4 June
16792:
16759:
16709:
16674:
16666:
16656:
16609:
16486:
16415:4 June
16401:
16372:
16347:
16247:
16072:
16045:
16013:
15978:
15943:
15933:
15925:
15879:
15835:
15777:
15769:
15734:
15726:
15716:
15667:4 June
15653:
15593:
15558:
15508:
15473:
15409:
15379:4 June
15365:
15301:
15233:
15210:
15183:4 June
15169:
15131:
15031:
14978:
14931:
14896:4 June
14882:
14853:
14815:4 June
14801:
14745:
14679:
14627:
14619:
14609:
14528:
14427:
14419:
14409:
14357:
14329:
14265:23 May
14258:
14248:
14182:
14146:
14136:
14084:
14008:
13969:
13959:
13908:
13849:
13794:4 June
13780:
13689:
13672:
13547:
13488:
13478:
13429:
13421:
13411:
13360:
13294:
13259:
13213:
13183:
13175:
13000:
12990:
12964:
12939:
12844:
12821:
12813:
12709:
12667:
12657:
12589:
12579:
12525:
12476:
12434:
12384:4 June
12370:
12340:
12332:
12289:
12279:
12238:
12186:
12160:4 June
12146:
12114:
12106:
12096:
12046:4 June
12032:
12007:
11997:
11932:
11922:
11863:
11776:
11766:
11718:
11710:
11700:
11636:
11586:10 May
11574:
11508:
11475:
11419:
11374:
11366:
11356:
11304:
11182:
11118:
11074:
11039:4 June
11025:
10995:
10972:
10926:
10916:
10874:
10847:4 June
10833:
10806:4 June
10792:
10762:
10725:
10700:
10651:
10618:4 June
10604:
10381:Aliran
10361:
10351:
10307:
10270:
10230:
10220:
10169:4 June
10155:
10091:
10081:
10073:
9962:
9939:
9864:
9822:
9812:
9804:
9740:
9575:9 June
9067:31 May
8998:(XSLX)
8717:
8613:25 May
8528:
8465:whenua
8454:Samoan
8439:Selaru
8403:, and
8401:kemali
8362:, and
8353:Kenyah
8328:, and
8316:Fijian
8271:, and
8231:T'boli
8224:Paiwan
8179:kanaka
8174:, and
8169:Samoan
8165:tamata
8162:Fijian
8158:tamata
8148:Molima
8141:Sangir
8125:et al.
8027:nutmeg
8025:, and
8023:cloves
7990:. The
7986:, and
7984:pandan
7972:ginger
7916:Hemudu
7888:, and
7864:Fujian
7806:et al.
7787:Papuan
7687:script
7683:Woleai
7676:hangul
7666:, and
7664:zhuyin
7658:, and
7615:abjads
7594:, and
7584:Rejang
7456:, the
7421:makoʻi
7322:Orongo
7242:Toraja
7202:poupou
7199:Māori
7156:Stone
7131:Taotao
7091:Aloalo
7073:, and
7020:filing
6997:tannin
6935:Igorot
6860:Taiwan
6854:Elder
6831:Samoan
6775:Bontoc
6705:vulvae
6688:Kauʻai
6649:, and
6627:atolls
6607:Kosrae
6605:, and
6579:haligi
6532:et al.
6442:kūmara
6429:, the
6323:Haligi
6268:Toraja
6174:Borneo
6138:et al.
6092:taonga
6036:gouges
5940:Māori
5880:Igorot
5864:, and
5745:Toraja
5593:Kubing
5572:, and
5515:, and
5497:bonang
5438:, and
5400:jars (
5341:et al.
5328:et al.
5301:et al.
5290:et al.
5255:Lapita
5210:: The
5162:Mỹ Sơn
5158:Champa
4991:pātaka
4795:et al.
4756:dowels
4748:pātaka
4744:pātaka
4734:pātaka
4726:pātaka
4715:hearth
4681:Flores
4652:gables
4603:wharau
4598:, and
4586:Samoan
4558:perahu
4550:parahu
4539:paḍahu
4534:, and
4532:paḍava
4529:Telugu
4525:paṭavu
4475:Champa
4423:lakana
4208:rattan
4204:dowels
4046:Tahiti
4003:, and
3930:, the
3904:Flores
3867:, and
3853:Melayu
3845:Butuan
3841:Champa
3812:Queen
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3743:
3696:Papuan
3667:, and
3592:Uganda
3555:, the
3544:Hawaii
3536:Tahiti
3526:, and
3487:. The
3474:Chamic
3291:Kumaso
3289:, the
3279:Kyushu
3259:syntax
3251:Borneo
3221:, and
3147:, and
3135:, and
3101:, and
3095:Songze
3087:Hemudu
3024:Hainan
3008:Fujian
2985:Taiwan
2969:et al.
2945:Baiyue
2912:Baiyue
2910:, and
2859:et al.
2838:) and
2751:Atauro
2673:Africa
2641:, and
2613:, and
2607:Indian
2581:, and
2579:Borneo
2559:Fujian
2427:Itawes
2423:Ibanag
2396:Tausug
2388:Iranun
2378:&
2293:Merina
2275:T'boli
2267:Manobo
2251:Kamayo
2229:Ifugao
2225:Ibaloi
2213:Igorot
2207:Sambal
2193:Utsuls
2173:Champa
2169:Hainan
2161:Chamic
2131:Borneo
2113:Paiwan
2105:Atayal
2097:Taiwan
2068:Samoan
2031:, the
2003:, and
1970:Hainan
1968:, and
1956:; the
1936:; the
1920:; the
1916:, and
1914:Hawaii
1904:; the
1898:Malays
1892:, and
1888:, the
1866:Brunei
1826:, and
1759:, and
1657:&
1642:Papuan
1556:auster
1535:, and
1481:, and
1457:. The
1420:Taiwan
1331:German
1293:, the
1200:, and
1188:, and
1049:Taiwan
1032:, the
1030:Hainan
1004:, and
978:Taiwan
898:
869:
848:
830:Tuvalu
827:
806:
785:
764:
753:19,000
743:
722:
693:
672:
651:
630:
609:
588:
567:
546:
525:
507:Hawaii
504:
483:
462:
441:
420:
399:
381:Brunei
378:
357:
339:Taiwan
336:
315:
294:
273:
252:
231:
210:
189:
168:
147:
126:
105:
84:
52:Taiwan
24193:Greek
23996:Abora
23990:Ivlia
23902:Saina
23846:Ra II
23804:Sites
23589:Dokos
23201:Egypt
23123:trade
23088:Rafts
23073:Japan
23061:India
22973:Chios
22943:Mylae
22903:Olpae
22851:Roman
22846:Greek
22744:Aksum
22670:Chera
22665:Chola
22638:Sunda
22618:Kutai
22608:Kedah
22453:Tulum
22433:Sidon
22378:Opone
22368:Óc Eo
22338:Malao
22312:Kedah
22256:Basra
22204:Ports
22182:Inuit
22002:Tanja
21962:Egypt
21812:Cabin
21755:Tomol
21598:Types
21431:world
21374:dress
21239:Tonga
21229:Samoa
21219:Palau
21209:Nauru
21032:Māori
21027:Lumad
20891:Māori
20886:Maohi
20840:Tonga
20815:Sāmoa
20800:Palau
20783:Māori
20768:Nauru
20701:Music
20577:Tonga
20567:Samoa
20557:Palau
20547:Nauru
20332:Tonga
20322:Samoa
20312:Palau
20302:Nauru
20123:Tonga
20016:Dance
20007:Walap
19990:Vinta
19975:Paraw
19839:Tonga
19829:Sāmoa
19814:Palau
19797:Māori
19782:Nauru
19654:Māori
19613:tēfui
19603:tapa
19593:tabua
19561:Māori
19224:Books
19209:S2CID
18810:"*asu
18731:(PDF)
18710:(PDF)
18579:S2CID
18526:S2CID
18368:S2CID
18267:S2CID
18197:(PDF)
18138:(PDF)
17956:S2CID
17826:(PDF)
17819:(PDF)
17773:1 May
17742:S2CID
17663:S2CID
17564:(PDF)
17549:(PDF)
17448:S2CID
17321:3 May
16780:Tatau
16707:S2CID
16672:S2CID
16607:JSTOR
16576:(PDF)
16561:(PDF)
16535:(PDF)
16520:(PDF)
16345:S2CID
16170:(4).
16043:JSTOR
16003:(PDF)
15976:S2CID
15923:JSTOR
15775:S2CID
15767:JSTOR
15732:S2CID
15591:S2CID
15556:S2CID
15506:S2CID
15471:S2CID
15334:(PDF)
15323:(PDF)
15208:JSTOR
15129:S2CID
15029:S2CID
14929:S2CID
14690:(PDF)
14669:(PDF)
14625:S2CID
14425:S2CID
14300:(PDF)
14285:(PDF)
13654:5 May
13558:(PDF)
13537:(PDF)
13427:S2CID
13292:S2CID
13257:S2CID
13181:S2CID
13110:(PDF)
13103:(PDF)
13049:1 May
13043:(PDF)
13020:(PDF)
12998:S2CID
12907:(PDF)
12902:(2).
12892:(PDF)
12819:S2CID
12765:1 May
12759:(PDF)
12744:(PDF)
12718:(PDF)
12687:(PDF)
12534:(PDF)
12523:S2CID
12503:(PDF)
12443:(PDF)
12432:S2CID
12404:(PDF)
12338:S2CID
12112:S2CID
11941:(PDF)
11892:(PDF)
11774:JSTOR
11746:(PDF)
11716:S2CID
11645:(PDF)
11634:S2CID
11606:(PDF)
11572:S2CID
11519:(PDF)
11498:(PDF)
11417:S2CID
11372:S2CID
11258:: 2.
11116:JSTOR
11085:(PDF)
11064:(PDF)
10970:JSTOR
10760:JSTOR
10662:(PDF)
10641:(PDF)
10522:(PDF)
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