69:
252:
The 'ayyarun have been commonly called fighters, though these activities are highlighted during times of weak government and civil war, when their role as a military force most likely made them fight on multiple sides, angering many. During times of more stable government, their lawful activities
236:(945–1055) back then. They did many terrible things such as extorting taxes on roads and markets, burning wealthy quarters and markets, and looting the homes of the rich by night. For several years (1028–33),
541:
277:
were in fact an 'ayyarun dynasty. They are thought by some historians to have contributed to the weakening of
Baghdad, clearing the way for the horrific destruction of the city by the
216:) refers to a person associated with a class of warriors in Iraq and Iran from the 9th to the 12th centuries. The word literally means vagabond. Ayyars were associated with
516:
228:'Ayyarun are believed to predate Islam, since they are said to have distinct Iranian customs, and they were active in regions corresponding to the territories of the
331:
The
History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXV: The Crisis of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphates of al-Mustaʿīn and al-Muʿtazz, A.D. 862–869/A.H. 248–255
241:
257:
ruled in the 12th century, their activities almost ceased. The 'ayyarun also made war against much of Turks in reaction to social injustices.
237:
511:
232:. Most of the writing about them centers on their activities in Baghdad from the 10th to the 12th centuries. Baghdad was ruled by the
366:
339:
521:
133:
506:
434:
105:
551:
152:
381:
112:
417:
90:
361:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. xviii.
119:
334:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 66.
34:
101:
30:
86:
413:
202:
79:
178:
55:
536:
8:
126:
452:
448:
362:
335:
546:
444:
405:
193:
356:
329:
229:
169:
429:
421:
493:
470:
530:
456:
425:
409:
325:
295:
290:
266:
254:
244:, leaders of the 'ayyarun, ruled the city due to governmental instability.
392:
301:
270:
68:
278:
217:
233:
542:
Military units and formations of the medieval
Islamic world
274:
265:
Outside
Baghdad, the 'ayyarun were closely allied with the
51:
Member of a historical warrior group in the region of Iran
220:, or medieval Islamic organizations located in cities.
207:
183:
93:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
298:, ancient Persian story about an Ayyār named Samak
528:
383:Hasan-i-Sabbah: His Life and Thought, page 34
269:, and helped maintain the current order. The
15:
435:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
358:The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XL: Index
16:
403:
153:Learn how and when to remove this message
354:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
14:
529:
324:
304:, fictional Ayyār in the Islamic epic
260:
443:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 794.
91:adding citations to reliable sources
62:
197:
173:
48:
397:
49:
563:
500:
471:"ʿAYYĀR – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
449:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0927
394:The Institute of Ismaili Studies
67:
355:Popovkin, Alex V., ed. (2007).
78:needs additional citations for
463:
386:
375:
348:
318:
13:
1:
311:
247:
223:
7:
284:
208:
184:
10:
568:
53:
552:Medieval history of Iran
517:Primary Source reference
253:decreased, and when the
31:latest accepted revision
496:, Encyclopædia Iranica
404:Taeschner, F. (1960).
273:(861–1003) of eastern
56:Ayyar (disambiguation)
475:www.iranicaonline.org
87:improve this article
54:For other uses, see
21:Page version status
418:Lévi-Provençal, E.
261:Regional influence
27:
522:Newspaper article
507:Library reference
368:978-0-7914-7251-4
341:978-0-87395-883-7
206:
182:
163:
162:
155:
137:
18:
559:
486:
485:
483:
481:
467:
461:
460:
401:
395:
390:
384:
379:
373:
372:
352:
346:
345:
322:
211:
201:
199:
187:
177:
175:
158:
151:
147:
144:
138:
136:
95:
71:
63:
567:
566:
562:
561:
560:
558:
557:
556:
527:
526:
512:Word definition
503:
490:
489:
479:
477:
469:
468:
464:
402:
398:
391:
387:
380:
376:
369:
353:
349:
342:
323:
319:
314:
287:
263:
250:
230:Sasanian Empire
226:
159:
148:
142:
139:
96:
94:
84:
72:
59:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
565:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
525:
524:
519:
514:
509:
502:
501:External links
499:
498:
497:
488:
487:
462:
414:Kramers, J. H.
410:Gibb, H. A. R.
396:
385:
374:
367:
347:
340:
328:, ed. (1985).
326:Saliba, George
316:
315:
313:
310:
309:
308:
299:
293:
286:
283:
262:
259:
249:
246:
242:Ibn al-Mawsili
225:
222:
161:
160:
75:
73:
66:
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
564:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
532:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
495:
492:
491:
476:
472:
466:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
400:
393:
389:
382:
378:
370:
364:
360:
359:
351:
343:
337:
333:
332:
327:
321:
317:
307:
303:
300:
297:
296:Samak-e Ayyar
294:
292:
289:
288:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
258:
256:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
221:
219:
215:
210:
204:
195:
191:
186:
180:
171:
167:
157:
154:
146:
143:November 2017
135:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104: –
103:
99:
98:Find sources:
92:
88:
82:
81:
76:This article
74:
70:
65:
64:
61:
57:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
478:. Retrieved
474:
465:
440:
433:
399:
388:
377:
357:
350:
330:
320:
305:
267:middle class
264:
251:
227:
213:
189:
165:
164:
149:
140:
130:
123:
116:
109:
97:
85:Please help
80:verification
77:
60:
39:10 July 2024
38:
29:This is the
23:
537:Middle East
480:9 September
430:Pellat, Ch.
422:Schacht, J.
531:Categories
312:References
302:Umro Ayyar
291:Javānmardi
248:Reputation
238:al-Burjumi
113:newspapers
457:495469456
439:Volume I:
426:Lewis, B.
306:Hamzanama
271:Saffarids
224:Emergence
203:romanized
179:romanized
432:(eds.).
406:"ʿAyyār"
285:See also
190:ʿayyārūn
35:reviewed
547:Outlaws
279:Mongols
255:Seljuqs
218:futuwwa
214:Ayyârân
205::
194:Persian
181::
127:scholar
102:"Ayyār"
455:
428:&
365:
338:
234:Buyids
212:, pl.
188:, pl.
185:ʿayyār
170:Arabic
129:
122:
115:
108:
100:
494:AYYĀR
408:. In
209:Ayyâr
166:Ayyār
134:JSTOR
120:books
482:2019
453:OCLC
363:ISBN
336:ISBN
275:Iran
240:and
198:عیار
174:عيار
106:news
445:doi
441:A–B
168:, (
89:by
37:on
533::
473:.
451:.
437:.
424:;
420:;
416:;
412:;
281:.
200:,
196::
192:;
176:,
172::
33:,
484:.
459:.
447::
371:.
344:.
156:)
150:(
145:)
141:(
131:·
124:·
117:·
110:·
83:.
58:.
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
