1141:, open to signing a deal to allow a government to be formed. Having stated before the election that the party with the largest number of seats should have the initial say on forming a government, Clegg announced his intention to begin talks with the Conservative Party. Talks between the Liberal Democrats and Labour were also held, but Brown's continued presence as Prime Minister was seen as a stumbling block to formulating a Labour-Liberal Democrat deal. Thus, Brown announced that he would step down as Labour leader by September 2010. With Labour attempting to form its own coalition government, the Conservatives promised the Liberal Democrats a referendum on changing the voting mechanism to the Alternative Vote (AV) system. In response Labour said that they would introduce AV then hold a referendum asking the public to approve it.
25:
816:
502:
361:
131:
417:, minority governments are far more common in Canada. Much of this is credited to the relatively uneven electoral demographics of the country, with most national parties relying on regional bases. Throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, minority Parliaments were quite common in Canada, and produced many subsequent political compromises through political cooperation, mostly between the
1099:. No agreement was reached, mostly because Heath was not prepared to agree to electoral reform. Also, the Liberals were not keen to support a government which had just lost an election (although it did narrowly win the popular vote). In any event, a Conservative-Liberal coalition would have been a minority government and would have needed the support of the
319:, which serves as the nation's upper house and as a house of review, was established on the basis of ensuring that the smaller Colonies joining the Commonwealth were given equal representation, as required under the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900. Between 1901 and 1918, Senators were elected on a
437:. After the 1980 election, minority governments became less common in Canada for the next several decades, but the 2004 general election returned Canada to minority government, and the subsequent general elections of 2005–06 and 2008 would also result in minority governments, but the 2011 general election gave
988:, although the Irish Nationalists were split between pro and anti-Parnellite factions, they all still preferred the pro-Home-Rule Liberals to the anti-Home-Rule Unionists of Salisbury. The Conservative government was defeated early in the new parliament and Gladstone formed a new Liberal minority government.
802:
leaving the leftist government to govern on right-leaning financial terms for the first halves of 2015 and 2019. Under the previous bloc-dominated politics, the balance of power was less flexible, with the smallest party of the governing bloc usually holding the balance of power courtesy of close elections.
111:
in the government or will abstain in such a vote. In return for such a commitment, such members may demand legislative or policy commitments from the party they are to support. A person or party may also hold a balance of power in a chamber without any commitment to government, in which case both the
1148:
was looking unlikely as talks between the
Conservatives and Liberal Democrats continued, and after concluding that he would not be able to form a government, Gordon Brown announced his resignation on the evening of 11 May. Cameron became Prime Minister and announced his intention to form a coalition
801:
entered a pact with two centrist parties. This required the government to go against several key promises from the campaign regarding no tax cuts for high-income earners due to the coalition lacking a majority to stay otherwise. The Sweden
Democrats voted for opposition budgets after both elections,
632:
Throughout those five years in hung parliament territory, multiple motions of no confidence were brought forward and some of them failed by razor-thin margins. The closest vote of no confidence took place on 27 May 1992: it was tabled by centre-right to right-wing opposition lawmakers on the matter
1035:
formed a minority government in
January 1924. Although the party with the balance of power (Asquith's Liberals) appeared to be in a very strong position, the Labour leaders made a deliberate decision not to reach any agreement with the Liberals. As the Liberal Party did not want to join forces with
624:
was appointed PM and, as his predecessor did, he formed a minority administration, again incorporating independent figures to
Cabinet and bargaining with communist and centrist lawmakers to advance his policies. Just under a year into his tenure, Bérégovoy led the Socialists into crushing defeat in
728:
Nonetheless, precisely because no formal agreement with opposition parties has been signed, the Borne government has had to bargain with opposition groups (mainly with the
Republicans' MPs) to get any meaningful legislation through. It also explains why the government has already been defeated on
724:
failed by only 9 votes, the slimmest margin for any French government since 1992. On this occasion as in several others since July 2022, it was the
Republicans' policy of abstention that prevented Macron's government to collapse. Thus, some argue that the Republicans can be considered as granting
339:, thus obliging the government of the day to negotiate with minor parties in the Senate (or the opposition) in order to pass its legislation. The Australian Senate cannot directly bring down a government, though it can pass an indicative motion of no confidence and has the power to defer or block
1063:
electoral system. This measure was being obstructed by the
Conservative Party and dissident Labour politicians and had not become law before the Labour government fell. A National government was formed, in 1931, with the support of a part of the Labour Party and Conservative and Liberal leaders.
598:
following his reelection as
President of France in May 1988: the snap election produced a hung parliament with the Socialists emerging as the largest party but falling short of an overall majority. Both the Centrists and the Communists ended up holding the balance of power since either one could
1039:
The Labour government eventually fell when, in a debate about alleged political interference in a decision whether to prosecute a
Communist newspaper editor, the Conservative Party abandoned its own motion and voted for a Liberal one which thus passed and caused the resignation of the Labour
1014:
continued in office as a stable minority administration. Despite strains, both the Irish and Labour members preferred a
Liberal government to a Conservative one. This continued to be the case until Asquith formed a Liberal-Conservative-Labour coalition to prosecute the First World War.
708:
On 4 July, Macron reshuffled the Cabinet and officially formed a minority administration, a change symbolized by the PM's decision not to seek a vote of confidence in the lower house, as permitted by the French Constitution, since the government was likely to fall on such a vote.
681:
losing its majority in the National Assembly, ending up at least 38 short of the crucial 289-threshold needed to command a majority in the Chamber. The balance of power was therefore held by the centre-right to right-wing Republicans (LR), with a parliamentary group of 62 MPs.
685:
On the 21 and 22 June, President Macron held talks with leaders from all parties represented in Parliament, stretching from the far-left to the far-right, in an effort to find common ground and, if possible, secure a majority in the lower house, either by forming a
331:
in each State or Territory. In more recent years, this method of election has generally resulted in a multi-party mix. In the early years after the establishment of the Commonwealth, Senators were more inclined to vote along State lines, with some exceptions.
452:
Despite the frequency of minority governments, however, coalitions are rare to nonexistent in Canadian democracy, especially in federal politics, and especially in the modern era. A notable exception was the political crisis that arose during the
905:
produced a House of Commons in which no group had a clear majority. Candidates calling themselves Conservatives won the largest number of seats. However, the split among the Conservatives between the majority of Protectionists, led by
606:, a centre-left figure, formed a new government after the parliamentary elections, incorporating independent centre-right ministers to attract support from the Centrist Union group. It enabled him to navigate through a fragmented
617:, the first woman to lead a French government in history. Cresson formed a new minority government and, like Rocard, she appointed centrist ministers and, at times, relied on the Communists' support to push legislation through.
1084:'s Labour Party winning four more seats. However no two parties (other than Conservative and Labour) could jointly provide a majority in the House of Commons. The balance of power was held jointly by the Liberals and others (
729:
numerous occasions in Parliament, a rare occurrence in the Fifth Republic's history. At times, such an unprecedented situation has pushed the Cabinet toward using special constitutional provisions (mostly, the infamous
218:
without a majority in the lower house. The Coalition continued in government with the support of the two independents. The following year, the Non-Communist Labor Party, a breakaway Labor faction associated with former
1149:
government, the first since the Second World War, with the Liberal Democrats. As one of his first moves, Cameron appointed Nick Clegg as Deputy Prime Minister. Later that day, the two parties jointly published the
868:
The normal UK response to a "hung" or "balanced" parliament is the formation of a minority government. Coalitions or even formal agreements by one party to support the government of another party are rare.
327:
from 1918 until 1948. During this period, the majority party in the lower house also generally had a commanding majority in the Senate. Since 1949, Senators are elected on the basis of achieving a
721:
964:, improved its position in the election but not sufficiently to obtain a majority. During the general election Parnell had called on Irish voters in Britain to vote Tory (i.e., Conservative).
1036:
the Conservatives and could not afford a quick general election, they were left in the awkward position of having to vote with the government on measures they had not been consulted about.
971:
for Ireland which Salisbury opposed, Parnell decided to bring down the Conservative ministry when the new parliament met. A Liberal minority government came into office in January 1886.
103:. The term may also be applied to the members who hold that position. The members holding the balance of power may guarantee their support for a government by either joining it in a
733:) to break parliamentary gridlock or to prevent failure on major bills (such as on the 2023 Government and Social Security budgets or on the 2023 pension system reform bill...).
554:
Mainly due to the two-round system being in use for parliamentary elections, minority governments are extremely uncommon in France: since 1958 and the establishment of the
730:
717:
1150:
1059:
As the world economic situation worsened, MacDonald had some discussions with Lloyd George. These led to a government bill to introduce the Australian style
701:, in turn held talks with leaders from all opposition groups of the National Assembly, discussing the possibility of a coalition agreement or some sort of
99:
is a situation in which one or more members of a parliamentary or similar chamber can by their uncommitted vote enable a party to attain and remain in
957:
694:. Talks eventually failed since no opposition party expressed interest in propelling a Macron-led government or forming a national union cabinet.
1122:'s Conservative Party being the largest party with no majority. The balance of power was held jointly by the Liberal Democrats and others (the
833:
519:
378:
148:
35:
749:
system, several small parties have commonly held the balance of power following elections in New Zealand. Following the first MMP election in
1070:
1004:
1052:
The situation was similar to 1923–1924. However the Labour Party was the largest party in the House of Commons, so the Liberals (now led by
994:
277:
agreements with the Greens and three of the independents. The agreements required the non-government party to support the government in a
269:(which is not part of the Liberal/National Coalition), and four independents. After several weeks of negotiations, Labor Prime Minister
454:
960:), which had come to office earlier in the year after the Parnellites and dissident Liberals had defeated the Liberal government of
907:
442:
1176:
207:
344:
1112:
1046:
1021:
985:
946:
902:
336:
306:
266:
188:
1242:
47:
757:, a third party, held the balance of power, and the formation of a new government by either of the two major parties,
855:
786:
750:
670:
541:
400:
224:
170:
85:
69:
1123:
643:
626:
572:
247:
240:
184:
1137:
Labour incumbent Gordon Brown and Cameron announced their intentions to enter discussions with the Lib Dem leader
1276:
1007:
Liberal 272, Conservative and Liberal Unionist 271, Irish Nationalists 84, Labour 42, Other 1. Total seats 670.
1361:
919:
837:
782:
523:
422:
382:
152:
1303:
781:, small parties in the centre of politics often have vast influence over government formation, such as in the
1371:
558:, France has only produced two hung parliaments and four minority administrations to date: in 1988, with the
227:, was readmitted to the Labor Party, and after the removal of Menzies by his own party, the independents in
112:
government and opposition groupings may on occasion need to negotiate for that person's or party's support.
637:
reform and saw the Bérégovoy government surviving by only 3 votes (286 votes, short of the 289 required).
458:
290:
1366:
1221:
778:
255:
196:
762:
634:
580:
462:
251:
43:
441:'s Conservatives a clear majority in the House of Commons for the first time since the merging of the
1250:
939:
798:
742:
691:
302:
347:
which was precipitated, in part, by the deferment of supply through a manipulated balance of power.
758:
713:
655:
607:
595:
559:
328:
286:
51:
949:
there was no single party with a majority in the House of Commons. The Irish Nationalists, led by
925:
The Irish Repeal group won more seats than in the previous general election, while the Chartists'
1131:
1089:
961:
950:
875:
826:
512:
418:
371:
310:
278:
228:
141:
108:
472:
At the provincial level, by contrast, coalitions have governed in the provincial Parliaments of
1345:
978:
584:
576:
211:
203:
192:
720:: the closest his government came to fall in Parliament (to date) was on 20 March 2023 when a
591:
1100:
1060:
1011:
702:
621:
555:
457:, in which the three opposition parties attempted to form a coalition government to oust the
324:
274:
258:
199:
1214:
725:
confidence-and-supply to the executive power, despite no formal agreement being in place.
687:
610:, relying alternately on centrist and communist lawmakers to pass significant legislation.
430:
104:
92:
8:
1311:
926:
663:
426:
320:
236:
100:
1103:(which had recently broken with the Conservatives) to command a bare majority of seats.
1184:
1053:
935:
887:
883:
659:
414:
340:
282:
698:
998:
891:
754:
563:
446:
434:
316:
262:
466:
293:). The Labor minority government was able to govern for the full term of the house.
1032:
794:
678:
485:
614:
1028:
915:
879:
674:
220:
1115:
Conservative 306, Labour 258, Liberal Democrats 57, Others 29. Total seats 650.
789:
election cycles, where the original coalitions could not form majorities in the
766:
651:
438:
250:
of the 150 seats in the House of Representatives, both the Labor Party and the
215:
1027:
The 1923 general election led to the defeat of the Conservative government of
797:
the balance of power that was apparent by both election results. In 2018, the
1355:
1172:
1119:
1096:
1081:
603:
270:
1254:
1332:, compiled and edited by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher (Ashgate 2000)
1145:
1077:
997:
Liberal 274, Conservative and Liberal Unionist 272, Irish Nationalists 82,
473:
1056:) could abstain without bringing down the new Labour minority government.
1127:
1085:
746:
669:
The parliamentary elections, taking place less than two months after the
232:
1138:
840: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
526: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
385: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
335:
The Senate has the power to reject, amend or defer bills passed by the
285:, in return for the passage of some legislation, such as setting up an
155: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1134:, with the Northern Irish members)—who were unlikely to act together.
1092:, with the Northern Irish members)—who were unlikely to act together.
1073:
Labour 301, Conservative 297, Liberal 14, Others 23. Total seats 635.
1024:
Conservative 258, Labour 191, Liberal 158, Others 8. Total seats 615.
1049:
Labour 287, Conservative 260, Liberal 59, Others 9. Total seats 615.
968:
716:
against Macron's government were defeated since the beginning of the
981:
313, Liberal 272, Irish Nationalists 81, Others 4. Total seats 670.
815:
501:
360:
130:
911:
895:
477:
1304:"Uppgörelsen mellan S, MP, L och C – detta vet vi punkt för punkt"
790:
481:
705:
deal. The talks again failed to produce any meaningful result.
566:
emerging as the largest bloc in the lower house of Parliament.
765:, depended on the support of New Zealand First and its leader
1106:
Heath resigned and Wilson then formed a minority government.
647:
323:
system, changing to each state voting as one electorate on a
16:
Situation often leading to a minority or coalition government
984:
The situation was similar to that in 1885–86. Following the
231:
switched their support to Labor, allowing Opposition Leader
469:'s resulting prorogation of Parliament until January 2009.
967:
However, as Gladstone was willing to propose a measure of
793:
and bipartisan agreements were formed in bids to deny the
465:. This coalition failed, however, due to Governor-General
1095:
Heath entered into discussions with the Liberal leader
910:, and the minority of free traders, known also as the
1076:
This election led to the Conservative government of
1151:
Conservative – Liberal Democrat Coalition Agreement
107:or by an assurance that they will vote against any
1220:. Centre for Comparative Constitutional Studies,
666:10, regionalists 10, Others 6. Total seats 577.
273:eventually retained power after signing separate
1353:
929:gained the only seat the party would ever hold.
646:Ensemble (centrist presidential coalition) 245,
1171:
1167:
1165:
1071:February 1974 United Kingdom general election
1005:December 1910 United Kingdom general election
956:The Conservative minority government (led by
697:At the end on June, Macron's Prime Minister,
214:, leaving the United Australia government of
32:The examples and perspective in this article
1212:
1153:specifying the terms of the coalition deal.
995:January 1910 United Kingdom general election
562:as the largest party, and in 2022, with the
1249:. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade,
1183:. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from
1162:
922:, in a position to continue in government.
120:
599:allow the government to cling onto power.
1144:However, by 11 May, the possibility of a
856:Learn how and when to remove this message
542:Learn how and when to remove this message
401:Learn how and when to remove this message
171:Learn how and when to remove this message
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
1338:, by E.J. Feuchtwanger (Allen Lane 1975)
918:, left the Whigs, led by prime minister
291:Gillard Government § Minority government
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
461:, which held a minority mandate in the
1354:
1342:History of the Liberal Party 1895–1970
1177:"A Labor Perspective on Senate Reform"
455:2008–09 Canadian parliamentary dispute
1301:
1199:
1113:2010 United Kingdom general election
1047:1929 United Kingdom general election
1022:1923 United Kingdom general election
986:1892 United Kingdom general election
947:1885 United Kingdom general election
903:1847 United Kingdom general election
838:adding citations to reliable sources
809:
524:adding citations to reliable sources
495:
383:adding citations to reliable sources
354:
153:adding citations to reliable sources
124:
18:
307:Constitutional history of Australia
267:National Party of Western Australia
13:
1243:"Australia's system of government"
613:In 1991, Rocard was replaced with
575:Socialist Party (and allies) 275,
14:
1383:
1330:British Electoral Facts 1832–1999
805:
658:(centre-right to right-wing) 64,
345:the constitutional crisis of 1975
261:held 72 seats, and there was one
942:86, Others 16. Total seats 670.
814:
722:cross-party no-confidence motion
644:2022 French legislative election
627:1993 French legislative election
587:25, Others 14. Total seats 577.
573:1988 French legislative election
500:
359:
129:
23:
1302:Wedin, Helena (21 March 2019).
1253:. February 2008. Archived from
1181:Publications, Australian Senate
914:, led by former prime minister
825:needs additional citations for
564:centrist presidential coalition
511:needs additional citations for
370:needs additional citations for
289:in the case of the Greens (see
140:needs additional citations for
1295:
1269:
1235:
1001:40, Other 2. Total seats 670.
741:Since the implementation of a
736:
443:Progressive Conservative Party
423:New Democratic Party of Canada
1:
1348:(Sidgwick & Jackson 1971)
1156:
343:, as notoriously occurred in
265:, one MP was a member of the
459:Conservative Party of Canada
115:
7:
1222:The University of Melbourne
779:proportional representation
731:constitutional article 49.3
650:(left-wing coalition) 131,
629:and subsequently resigned.
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
1388:
1080:losing its majority, with
1010:The Liberal government of
953:had the balance of power.
671:2022 presidential election
635:Common Agricultural Policy
300:
210:won 4, and there were two
83:
1277:"The introduction of MMP"
1251:Commonwealth of Australia
958:the Marquess of Salisbury
940:Irish Parliamentary Party
772:
743:mixed-member proportional
692:national unity government
491:
350:
303:Constitution of Australia
296:
208:Non-Communist Labor Party
714:motions of no confidence
583:220, Centrist Union 41,
287:emissions trading scheme
189:House of Representatives
121:House of Representatives
1215:"The Australian Senate"
1132:Scottish National Party
1090:Scottish National Party
951:Charles Stewart Parnell
938:319, Conservative 249,
712:As of 18 June 2023, 17
419:Liberal Party of Canada
311:Federation of Australia
187:of the 74 seats in the
109:motion of no confidence
1031:. The Labour Party of
718:16th National Assembly
1362:Political terminology
1213:Evans, Simon (2006).
1118:This election led to
1101:Ulster Unionist Party
1068:February–October 1974
703:confidence-and-supply
690:or by resorting to a
433:during the tenure of
425:, which included the
275:confidence and supply
248:2010 federal election
185:1940 federal election
1372:Minority governments
898:1. Total seats 656.
834:improve this article
688:coalition government
654:(radical right) 89,
520:improve this article
431:Universal Healthcare
379:improve this article
279:no-confidence motion
239:until his landslide
149:improve this article
105:coalition government
84:For other uses, see
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
34:may not represent a
1312:Sveriges Television
945:As a result of the
777:With Sweden having
664:miscellaneous right
427:Canada Pension Plan
415:Westminster Systems
325:preferential system
321:first past the post
237:minority government
101:minority government
1367:Westminster system
1054:David Lloyd George
660:miscellaneous left
413:Compared to other
329:transferable quota
241:reelection in 1943
202:won 36 seats, the
977:Conservative and
920:Lord John Russell
892:Irish Confederate
866:
865:
858:
755:New Zealand First
608:National Assembly
552:
551:
544:
447:Canadian Alliance
435:Lester B. Pearson
411:
410:
403:
181:
180:
173:
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
1379:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1169:
1061:alternative vote
1033:Ramsay MacDonald
979:Liberal Unionist
927:Feargus O'Connor
861:
854:
850:
847:
841:
818:
810:
799:Social Democrats
795:Sweden Democrats
622:Pierre Bérégovoy
547:
540:
536:
533:
527:
504:
496:
486:British Columbia
463:House of Commons
406:
399:
395:
392:
386:
363:
355:
193:United Australia
176:
169:
165:
162:
156:
133:
125:
97:balance of power
86:Balance of power
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1352:
1351:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1247:About Australia
1241:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1175:(21 May 2003).
1170:
1163:
1159:
1029:Stanley Baldwin
916:Sir Robert Peel
862:
851:
845:
842:
831:
819:
808:
775:
739:
699:Élisabeth Borne
602:Prime Minister
548:
537:
531:
528:
517:
505:
494:
407:
396:
390:
387:
376:
364:
353:
313:
299:
221:New South Wales
177:
166:
160:
157:
146:
134:
123:
118:
89:
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1310:(in Swedish).
1294:
1268:
1257:on 6 July 2011
1234:
1198:
1187:on 3 June 2011
1173:Faulkner, John
1160:
1158:
1155:
962:W.E. Gladstone
864:
863:
822:
820:
813:
807:
806:United Kingdom
804:
774:
771:
767:Winston Peters
738:
735:
594:dissolved the
556:Fifth Republic
550:
549:
508:
506:
499:
493:
490:
467:Michaëlle Jean
439:Stephen Harper
409:
408:
367:
365:
358:
352:
349:
298:
295:
216:Robert Menzies
179:
178:
137:
135:
128:
122:
119:
117:
114:
78:
77:
38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1384:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:David Cameron
1116:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1097:Jeremy Thorpe
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:Harold Wilson
1079:
1074:
1072:
1069:
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1086:Plaid Cymru
747:multi-party
737:New Zealand
596:lower house
337:lower house
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204:Labor Party
1356:Categories
1157:References
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745:(MMP) and
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590:President
585:Communists
560:Socialists
301:See also:
246:After the
235:to form a
229:Parliament
95:politics,
1336:Gladstone
1110:2010–2015
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1019:1923–1924
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873:1847–1852
846:June 2023
673:, led to
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570:1988–1993
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391:June 2023
259:Coalition
225:Jack Lang
200:Coalition
161:June 2023
116:Australia
48:talk page
912:Peelites
896:Chartist
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421:and the
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884:Radical
791:Riksdag
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281:and on
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197:Country
183:In the
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999:Labour
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317:Senate
309:, and
297:Senate
263:Greens
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