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One of the aspirational statements made in the
Charter lists "Political changes contemplated by the Reform League: 1. A full and fair representation 2. Manhood suffrage 3. No property qualification of Members for the Legislative Council. 4. Payment of Members 5. Short duration of Parliament." (Page 2
624:
The Anti-Gold
Licence Association prepared a petition that was endorsed by more than 20,000 people from Bendigo and surrounding goldfields such as Castlemaine and Ballarat. La Trobe was presented with the document on 1 August 1853. As stated in the copy of the manuscript shown on the eGold web
601:
Additional inspiration for the League came from nationwide debate about
Electoral reform: the new Victorian Legislative Council that first met on 11 July 1851, would eventually (in 1856) include in the Victorian Constitution the introduction of the secret ballot, as pioneered in Victoria by the
676:
Fourteen months later, the
Ballarat Reform League's Charter resembled the Bendigo Petition in its demands concerning miners' rights. The documents differ in that the Petition begins with a clear statement of the problems caused by the lack of rights, whereas the Charter opens with aspirational
883:
Contemporary historians such as O'Lincoln and Headon and Uhr caution against the romanticism and the cult status that have frequently been attached to Eureka and its leaders. Headon and Uhr take as examples works by poets, playwrights and fiction writers, such as
800:- unlike its predecessor the Bendigo Petition, the Charter suffers from a loss of focus, veering from minor practical demands, such as a tent for administration premises, to grandiose threats that the colony will secede from Britain and the rule of Queen Victoria.
538:
was elected secretary of the League. He urged civil disobedience to resist the government. But, when tensions boiled over on 30 November 1854, his pacifist strategy was overturned and the miners opted to use arms to fight the authorities. The miners elected
929:
acknowledges that "we all barrack for
Ballarat, we sympathise with the miners, and see largely through their spectacles" (Baliney, 1998, p. 18.) but he says that this partiality can cause us to manipulate the story and "make history do its handsprings"
809:- the document is written in quasi-legal terminology and is sometimes illogical, with such statements as "the Reform League will endeavor to supersede such Royal Prerogative by asserting that of the People which is the most Royal of all Prerogatives".
621:, on 6 June. The Association's protests became known as the Red Ribbon Rebellion, since at the public meetings in June and July the thousands of miners who gathered all wore red ribbons in their hats, to highlight their solidarity.
915:
While there certainly were many disaffected diggers who did harbour truly revolutionary ideals, for most their resistance was rooted in economic reality and a distaste for arbitrary and perverse ‘justice’. (Hocking, p. 162)
786:
The manifesto of the
Ballarat Reform League can be seen in its original manuscript form, and in transcription, at the Public Records Office of Victoria (PROV) in Melbourne, from where it is also available online.
665:: To direct that (as the Diggers and other residents on the Gold Fields of the Colony have uniformly developed a love of law and order) the sending of an Armed Force to enforce the License Tax be discontinued.
937:
The incentives and fears promoting democracy in
Australia were already high before the Eureka Stockade quickened the movement towards popular control of Victoria’s new parliament. (Baliney, 2016, p. 18)
860:: Commissioners of the Gold Fields Commission to be sacked; licences for gold diggers and storekeepers to be discontinued; the Reform League to be given premises (a tent) and administrative authority
1678:
647:: To direct that new arrivals or invalids be allowed on registering their names at the Commissioners Office fifteen clear days residence on the Gold Fields before the License be enforced
872:: censure of the disrespectful attitude of officials of the Gold Fields Commission; mistrust of politicians in Parliament; disapproval of the process establishing the Board of Enquiry
848:: the right to vote to be given to all men, parliamentary terms to be shortened, members of parliament to be paid and to be able to stand for election regardless of property ownership
532:, a Scottish miner who had recently been murdered outside Bentley's Hotel in Eureka, and for the release of three miners who had been wrongly imprisoned for burning down the hotel.
653:: To afford greater facility to Diggers and others resident on the Gold Fields who wish to engage in Agricultural Pursuits for investing their earnings in small allotments of land
911:
According to
Hocking, it was not idealism but the exhaustion of Eureka's alluvial gold, amenable to their methods of deep mining, that drove the miners to desperate measures.
696:, a well-educated Englishman was editor of the "Digger's Advocate." Through his paper he worked to form the diggers into a cohesive group which would resist oppressive laws.
711:, a Hanoverian, was full of fine talk about righting wrongs and because of the noise he made, was wrongly believed by the Government to be directing the forces.
1513:
Blainey, G 2016, ‘’The story of
Australia’s people: the rise and rise of a new Australia’’, Viking, Penguin Random House, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia, p.18.
677:
statements about universal political equality; and the
Petition avowed loyalty to Britain, whilst the Charter openly threatened the seizure of independence.
1103:
828:
of 18 November 1854, that the League was "nothing more or less than the germ of Australian independence" that would "change the dynasty of this country".
496:
818:- whilst claiming to express the "principles and objects" of the Ballarat Reform League, it soon becomes way-laid with cavilling at the authorities.
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of 1917. They also note that politicians from the left as well as the right have not hesitated to mould the story to suit their ideologies.
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It has come to be known as the Ballarat Reform League Charter, but at the time of writing the document was labeled by its writers as
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on 2 December 1854 and to use weapons to defend themselves against the military force sent to quell them on 3 December 1854.
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came into being in October 1853 and was officially constituted on 11 November 1854 at a mass meeting of miners in
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718:, an Irish engineer. Because of his courage and integrity he was a man whom other men would follow loyally.
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923:(1999, p.136) condemned the excessive reverence given to Eureka as being "the great Australian illusion".
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1838, whose sixth point, the secret ballot, is not mentioned in the Ballarat Reform League's Charter.
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Despite these flaws, the Charter has enjoyed a glowing reputation ever since Seekamp's claim in the
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Reinforcing the point that the Ballarat Reform League was important but not seminal, Blainey adds
659:: To direct that the Penalty of Five Pounds for non-possession of License be reduced to One Pound
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to protest against the Victorian government's mining policy and administration of the goldfields.
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of Charter) These points are a re-statement of five of the six points of the British Chartists
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794:. Within the document it refers to itself as "this prospectus". It is often unclear because:
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in 1953, for the centenerary of the rebellion, describes the main characters in the story:
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641:: To direct that Monthly or Quarterly Licenses be issued at the option of the Applicants
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as their commander, although he had no military experience. Lalor led them to build the
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558:. Propaganda such as posters calling meetings was also printed by Seekamp's office.
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Clark, C M H 1999, "Rewriting Australian history", in Imre Salusinszky (ed.), 1999,
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In summary the Charter consists of three sections with the following components:
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The actions of the League were reported in sensational and inflammatory terms by
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Historical studies Australia and New Zealand : special Eureka supplement
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27 Nov. 1854 Resolutions passed at a Public Meeting on Bakery Hill Ballarat
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1703:
Kirkpatrick, R 2004, "Eureka and the editor: a reappraisal 150 years on",
1396:
Kirkpatrick, R 2004, "Eureka and the editor: a reappraisal 150 years on",
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250:
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1365:. Queensland: National Library of Australia. 12 January 1929. p. 12
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45:
1339:. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 23 October 1854. p. 5
1810:
The story of Australia’s people: the rise and rise of a new Australia
774:, the Scottish chartist, was in favour of direct and physical action
635:: To direct that the Licence Fee be reduced to Ten Shillings a Month
1812:, Viking, Penguin Random House, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia, p.18.
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The most picturesque personality among the leaders was an Italian,
106:
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The leaders of the Ballarat Reform League used the models of many
1643:. ACT: National Library of Australia. 28 November 1953. p. 4
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In 1853, perhaps the most direct influence on the League was the
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On the other hand, Hocking lists the leaders of the League as:
573:
As shown on the web site of the Museum of Australian Democracy,
1747:, The Federation Press, Annandale, NSW, Australia, pp. 38-40.
625:
site, at its heart were six claims for improved conditions.
1760:, Five Mile Press, Scoresby, Victoria, Australia, page 164.
1758:
Gold Fever: a rollicking history of the Australian goldrush
1665:, Five Mile Press, Scoresby, Victoria, Australia, page 162.
1663:
Gold Fever: a rollicking history of the Australian goldrush
585:, who produced the first of four People’s Charters in 1838
1786:, Australian Studies Centre, University of Ballarat, p.1.
524:), the primary objective of the League was to oppose the
1782:
Blainey, G 1998, "Eureka: Why Hotham decided to swoop",
680:
570:
to shape their organization and prepare their petition.
1533:. Vol. 3. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
1591:. Cultural Heritage Unit, The University of Melbourne
617:
that had been formed in another Victorian goldfield,
1589:’eGold: electronic encyclopedia of gold in Australia
1387:, University of Melbourne, December 1954, pp. 95-96.
1274:
714:
But the man who held the loyalty of the diggers was
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As with the Bendigo protests the previous year (the
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1679:"Eureka Stockade: Ballarat Reform League Charter"
1490:"Fact Sheet I1: Victoria's Parliamentary History"
1458:
1456:
556:Ballarat Times, Buningyog and Creswick Advertiser
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1322:, Ballarat Heritage Services, Ballarat, p. xii.
1180:Memorial to those killed in the Eureka stockade
906:The Fortunes of Richard Mahony: Australia Felix
752:, a well-educated Englishman who published the
554:, editor and owner of the local newspaper, the
1784:The legacy of Eureka: past, present and future
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1110:Swearing allegiance to the Southern Cross flag
943:List of notable Ballarat Reform League members
1773:, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, p. 136.
1124:The original Eureka flag - the Southern Cross
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299:40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot
1637:"The Eureka Rising reviewed after 100 years"
1318:Corfield, J, Wickham, D, Gervasoni, C 2004,
1617:. Australian National Commission for UNESCO
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528:. The League also strove for justice for
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1194:Reward for the capture of Lalor and Black
732:, was an Irishman and a rousing speaker.
606:and simultaneously in South Australia by
577:these precursors included the following:
735:(Canberra Times, 29 November 1953, p. 4)
594:1848: the NSW Constitutional Association
285:Victorian police in the Eureka Rebellion
23:This article is part of a series on the
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1525:"Boothby, William Robinson (1829–1903)"
1821:
1615:Australian Memory of the World Program
1585:"The Bendigo Goldfields Petition 1853"
1574:
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1468:The British Library: Learning: History
1400:, Vol. 26, No. 2, Dec 2004: pp. 31-42.
1152:The Eureka stockade battle in progress
294:William Wright (Australian politician)
949:
681:Leaders of the Ballarat Reform League
1771:The Oxford Book of Australian Essays
1436:"Milestones in Australian Democracy"
965:
670:The Bendigo Goldfields Petition 1853
261:Robert Nickle (British Army officer)
161:British army in the Eureka Rebellion
407:Eureka Rebellion in popular culture
281:Vexillology of the Eureka Rebellion
201:John Foster (Australian politician)
13:
1745:Eureka: Australia’s greatest story
1743:Headon, D and Uhr, J (eds.) 2015,
1683:VPRS 4066/P Unit 1, November no.69
1530:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1470:. London Working Men's Association
1359:"Sunday Morning, December 3, 1854"
1236:Eureka Rebellion Monument, in 2009
1222:Eureka Rebellion Monument, in 1911
575:Milestones in Australian Democracy
373:1855 Victorian high treason trials
49:
14:
1885:
1411:"A meeting on Bakery Hill poster"
1166:Map of the battle at the stockade
768:who promoted ‘red republicanism'
241:List of Eureka Stockade defenders
1707:, Vol 26, No. 2, Dec 2004, p.35.
1611:"Ballarat Reform League Charter"
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146:Anti-Gold Licence Association
1849:Victoria (state) gold rushes
1705:Australian Journalism Review
1398:Australian Journalism Review
437:Eureka Stockade (miniseries)
191:Forest Creek Monster Meeting
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1844:History of Victoria (state)
1464:"The People's Charter 1838"
1383:"Brief select chronology ",
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1208:Statue of Lalor in Ballarat
758:The more moderate Welshman
602:former mayor of Melbourne,
597:1850: the Australian League
432:Eureka Stockade (1949 film)
427:Eureka Stockade (1907 film)
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348:John Manning (journalist)
171:Charles Pasley (engineer)
568:recent protest movements
447:William Bramwell Withers
417:Eureka Stockade Monument
1854:Rebellions in Australia
1725:. Socialist Alternative
1320:The Eureka encyclopedia
902:Henry Handel Richardson
289:William Edward Atherden
1494:Parliament of Victoria
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1719:"The Eureka Stockade"
1250:"The Big Miner", 2010
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1523:Hawker, G N (1969).
1018:John Basson Humffray
746:, a London chartist
701:John Basson Humffray
590:European revolutions
536:John Basson Humffray
522:Red Ribbon Rebellion
472:Australia portal
333:Henry Samuel Chapman
328:Butler Cole Aspinall
231:John Basson Humffray
137:The Eureka Rebellion
58:Eureka Stockade Riot
1839:History of Ballarat
898:Blood on the wattle
402:Eureka Jack Mystery
343:John Joseph (rebel)
314:High treason trials
266:Robert William Rede
122:Victorian gold rush
112:Revolutions of 1848
515:Ballarat, Victoria
271:Sir Charles Hotham
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1834:1855 in Australia
1829:1854 in Australia
1808:Blainey, G 2016,
1795:Blainey, G 1983,
1756:Hocking, G 2012,
1661:Hocking, G 2012,
1544:978-0-522-84459-7
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777:(Hocking p. 170)
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1727:. Retrieved
1722:
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1682:
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1640:
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1414:
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1367:. Retrieved
1362:
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1336:
1327:
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1314:
1049:Peter Lalor
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226:James Scobie
150:
57:
21:
15:
1647:16 February
1333:"Ballaarat"
956:Birthplace
953:Birth year
782:The Charter
772:Tom Kennedy
764:The German
716:Peter Lalor
541:Peter Lalor
251:Peter Lalor
181:Eureka Flag
1823:Categories
1369:9 February
1306:References
562:Precursors
216:Henry Ross
1553:1833-7538
1337:The Argus
959:Position
1864:Chartism
1561:70677943
1271:See also
896:’s play
668:(eGold,
651:Fourthly
639:Secondly
107:Chartism
70:Timeline
1096:Gallery
663:Sixthly
657:Fifthly
645:Thirdly
619:Bendigo
452:Len Fox
93:Origins
1729:16 May
1689:12 May
1685:. PROV
1595:14 May
1566:11 May
1559:
1551:
1541:
1499:10 May
1474:14 May
1420:10 May
966:Ref(s)
890:Eureka
388:Legacy
1621:8 May
1445:9 May
1343:9 May
950:Name
633:First
80:Siege
1731:2017
1691:2017
1649:2012
1623:2017
1597:2017
1568:2017
1557:OCLC
1549:ISSN
1539:ISBN
1501:2017
1476:2017
1447:2017
1422:2017
1371:2012
1345:2017
509:The
904:'s
1825::
1721:.
1681:.
1670:^
1639:.
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1587:.
1576:^
1555:.
1547:.
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1527:.
1492:.
1466:.
1455:^
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672:)
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1733:.
1693:.
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1570:.
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1478:.
1449:.
1424:.
1373:.
1347:.
498:e
491:t
484:v
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