6060:
action, and 9 wounded. New
Zealand casualties were 7 killed and another 7 wounded or injured. The remaining casualties were that of the Malaysian military, police, and Border Scouts. A significant number of British casualties occurred during helicopter accidents, including a Belvedere crash that killed several SAS commanders and a Foreign Office official, possibly a member of MI6. A Wessex collision also killed several men from 2nd Parachute Battalion, and a Westland Scout crash, on 16 July 1964, near Kluang airfield, killed the two crewmen from 656 Sqn AAC. Finally, in August 1966, there remained two British and two Australian soldiers missing and presumed dead, with the Australians (both from the SASR) probably drowned while crossing a swollen river. The remains of a Royal Marine were recovered some 20 years later. Altogether, 36 civilians were killed, 53 wounded and 4 captured, with most being local inhabitants.
5454:
4443:
facilities in
Singapore to refuel and support CAT missions launched in Bangkok, Taiwan, or the Philippines. With the influx of Soviet arms aid, Indonesia was able to advance its claim to Dutch New Guinea more forcefully. The diplomatic dispute reached its climax in 1962 when Indonesia launched a substantial campaign of airborne and seaborne infiltrations into Dutch New Guinea. While the infiltration forces were soundly defeated by Dutch and Papuan forces, Indonesia was able to lend credence to the threat of an Indonesian invasion of Dutch New Guinea. The Dutch, facing mounting diplomatic pressure from the Indonesians, and also the Americans, who were anxious to keep Indonesia from becoming Communist aligned, yielded and agreed to a diplomatic compromise, allowing the Indonesians to gain control of the territory in exchange for pledging to hold a self-determination plebiscite (the
6152:
5327:
6036:
5276:
5102:
4994:
485:
466:
6176:
4690:
5734:
1080:
5388:
4973:, KKO) as enthusiastic idealists acting independently. They also produced Azahari, who claimed that Indonesian forces were playing no part in active operations. Sukarno next launched a peace offensive and, in late January, declared he was ready for a ceasefire (despite having denied direct Indonesia involvement). Talks started in Bangkok, but border violations continued, and the talks soon failed. They resumed mid-year in Tokyo and failed within days but allowed time for a Thai mission to visit Sarawak and witness, well-equipped Indonesian soldiers withdrawing across the border, which they had crossed a short distance away earlier in the day.
6116:
5191:, was keen to ease tension and, to some extent, differed from his predecessor by not pursuing the North Sabah claim as fervently. In doing so, the new government held ideas on recognizing the Federation. On February 5, it was announced that the Philippines would inform Indonesia a day in advance of its normalization of relations with Kuala Lumpur. Now truly isolated, Sukarno's reaction was one of fervent disapproval; he denounced Marcos's actions in his speech, much to the surprise of Manila. Sukarno's speech triggered a renewed wave of pledges of support for confrontation, with youth and religious organizations denouncing Marcos's plan.
6211:
289:
10461:
747:
735:
723:
711:
278:
4682:
League. The latter was led by Wu Chan, who was deported by the
Sarawak colonial government to China in 1952. Other Communist groups in Sarawak included the Overseas Chinese Youth Association, which was formed in 1946, and the Liberation League along with its youth wing, the Advanced Youth Association, which emerged during the 1950s. These organisations became the nuclei for two Communist guerrilla movements: the anti-Malaysia North Kalimantan People's Army (PARAKU) and the Sarawak People's Guerrillas (PGRS). These various Communist groups were designated by various British and other Western sources as the
10455:
4839:
56:
267:
5258:
entered
Sarawak in February and May and obtained support from local sympathisers. The first group, despite losses in several contacts, lasted until June and exfiltrated on hearing about the end of Konfrontasi. Survivors of the second, after contact with Australian troops, also made it back to Indonesia. However, the final Indonesian incursion was in May and June. Signs of a substantial force were found crossing into Central Brigade. This was some 80 strong, mostly volunteers, led by Lt Sombi (or Sumbi) and a team from 600 Raider Company. They moved fast towards Brunei with
5557:
5445:
unknown number of regular troops and local defence irregulars. They were deployed the entire length of the border in eight operational units, mostly facing the 1st and 2nd
Divisions. The units had names such as "Thunderbolts", "Night Ghosts" and "World Sweepers". However, as the conflict developed, the poorly trained and equipped 'volunteers' had been replaced by regular units. Indonesian forces deployed along the border in Kalimantan increased significantly towards the end of 1964, with estimates of between 15,000 and 30,000 men, up from around 2,500 men in mid-1964.
771:
759:
301:
5891:
4569:. Sarawak had a population of about 900,000, Sabah's was 600,000 and Brunei's was around 80,000. Among Sarawak's non-Dayak population, 31% were Chinese, and 19% were Malay. Among non-Dayaks in Sabah, 21% were Chinese, and 7% were Malay; Brunei's non-Dayak population was 28% Chinese and 54% Malay. There was a large Indonesian population in Tawau in southern Sabah and a large and economically active Chinese one in Sarawak. Despite their population size, Dayaks were spread through the country in village longhouses and were not politically organised.
839:
220:
3351:
5634:
6192:
4558:
447:
428:
409:
390:
11677:
11187:
5613:
remainder in a fire support group. Battle drills for "contact front" (or rear), or "ambush left" (or right) were highly developed. Poor maps meant navigation was important; however, the local knowledge of the Border Scouts in Borneo compensated for the poor maps. So tracks were sometimes used unless ambush was considered possible, or there was the possibility of mines. Crossing obstacles such as rivers was also handled as a battle drill. At night, a platoon harboured in a tight position with all-round defence.
5856:
971 miles, they could not be everywhere, and, at this time, 22 SAS had only three squadrons. Also present were the
Special Boat Service (SBS) of the Royal Marine Commandos. They had two sections based in Singapore. Tactical HQ of 22 SAS deployed to Kuching in 1964 to take control of all SAS and SBS operations. The shortage of SAS and SBS personnel was exacerbated by the need for them in South Arabia, in many ways, a far more demanding task in challenging conditions against a cunning and aggressive opponent.
823:
583:
571:
559:
547:
535:
169:
5242:
5630:(6.2 mi)), the limited availability of helicopters and the size of the country meant that having artillery in the right place at the right time was a challenge. However, a battery from one of the two regiments stationed in Malaysia returned to Borneo in early to mid-1964. These batteries rotated until the end of the confrontation. In early 1965, a complete UK-based regiment arrived. The short-range and substantial weight of the 3-inch mortars meant they were of minimal use.
5087:
to change once again in
December 1964 when Commonwealth intelligence began reporting a build-up of Indonesian infiltration forces in Kalimantan opposite Kuching, which suggested the possibility of an escalation in hostilities. Two additional British battalions were subsequently deployed to Borneo. Meanwhile, due to the landings in Malaysia and Indonesia's continued troop build-up, Australia and New Zealand also agreed to begin deploying combat forces to Borneo in early 1965.
850:
233:
613:
5162:
4341:
11725:
861:
699:
687:
674:
661:
649:
637:
625:
601:
509:
497:
250:
195:
3106:
5132:. During the early phases of the conflict, British Commonwealth and Malaysian troops had attempted only to control the border and to protect population centres from Indonesian attacks. However, by 1965 they had decided to take more aggressive action, crossing the border to obtain information and in "hot pursuit" of withdrawing Indonesian infiltrators. First approved in May 1965, later they were expanded to include cross-border ambushing in July.
478:
459:
440:
421:
402:
383:
371:
359:
347:
335:
323:
182:
11207:
11197:
522:
207:
4580:
Sabah. There were no roads in the Fourth and Fifth
Divisions or the Interior Residency, and in Third Division, there was only the coast road, which was some 150 miles from the border. Mapping was generally poor, as British maps of the country only showed tiny topographic detail. Indonesian maps were worse; veterans recall "a single black and white sheet for all of Kalimantan torn from a school textbook" in 1964.
4610:, and most of northern Borneo receives over 3,000 mm (120 in) of rain each year. Borneo is naturally covered by tropical rainforests. This covers the mountainous areas cut by many rivers with very steep-sided hills and hilltop ridges often only a few metres wide. The high rainfall means large rivers; these provide a principal means of transport and are formidable tactical obstacles. Dense
5793:, the BBC correspondent who was in Singapore at the time, journalists were open to manipulation by IRD due to Sukarno's stubborn refusal to allow them into the country: "In a curious way, by keeping correspondents out of the country Sukarno made them the victims of official channels, because almost the only information you could get was from the British ambassador in Jakarta."
5877:
greatly outweighing the marginal military effect that they might have produced". The UK Secretary of State for
Defence at the time, Denis Healey, described the campaign as "one of the most efficient uses of military forces in the history of the world". British Commonwealth forces peaked at 17,000 deployed in Borneo, with another 10,000 more available in Malaya and Singapore.
4757:
PGRSβPasukan
Gelilya Rakyat Sarawak (Sarawak People's Guerrilla Force) by Indonesia. Soebandrio met with a group of their potential leaders in Bogor, and Nasution sent three trainers from Resimen Para Komando Angkatan Darat (RPKAD) Battalion 2 to Nangabadan near the Sarawak border, where there were about 300 trainees. Some three months later, two lieutenants were sent there.
5860:
the SBS were also used, but mostly for amphibious tasks. Finally, the Parachute Regiment battalions formed patrol companies (C in the 2nd and D in the 3rd). The situation eased in 1965 when the Australian and New Zealand governments agreed that their forces could be used in Borneo, enabling both Australian and New Zealand SAS squadrons to rotate through Borneo.
5638:
4800:. Following Indonesia's diplomatic victory in the West New Guinea dispute, Sukarno may have been emboldened to extend Indonesia's dominance over its weaker neighbours. Conversely, Sukarno may have felt compelled by the ongoing pressure of the PKI and the general instability of Indonesian politics to divert attention towards a new foreign conflict.
5635:
5549:
staffed mainly by SAS. Border Scouts were attached to infantry battalions and evolved into an intelligence-gathering force by using their local knowledge and extended families. In addition, the Police Special Branch, which had proved so effective during the Malayan Emergency in recruiting sources in the communist organisation, was expanded.
4447:) in the territory by 1969. Thus by the close of 1962, Indonesia had achieved a considerable diplomatic victory, which possibly emboldened its self-perception as a notable regional power. It was in the context of this recent diplomatic victory that Indonesia cast its attention to the British proposal for a unified Malaysian state.
4804:
involving the formation of the Federation of Malaysia that would comprise the Malay Peninsula and British Borneo. Sukarno accused Malaysia of being a British puppet state aimed at establishing neo-imperialism and neo-colonialism in Southeast Asia, and also at containing Indonesian ambition to be the regional hegemonic power.
4502:, the Indonesian foreign minister and head of intelligence, hinted at supplying more substantial aid. Azahari was a leftist who had fought in Indonesia in their war for independence. Following these meetings, Indonesia began training a small volunteer force called the North Kalimantan National Army (TNKU) in Kalimantan.
5637:
5804:, that it "went all over the world and back again", and was "put almost instantly back into Indonesia via the BBC". Gilchrist himself informed the Foreign Office on 5 October 1965: "I have never concealed from you my belief that a little shooting in Indonesia would be an essential preliminary to effective change."
6151:
5855:
One squadron of the British Army's 22 Special Air Service regiment was deployed to Borneo in early 1963 in the aftermath of the Brunei Revolt to gather information in the border area about Indonesian infiltration. There was a British Army presence until the end of the campaign. Faced with a border of
5654:
Artillery had to adopt new tactics. Almost all guns were deployed in single gun sections within a company or platoon base. The sections were commanded by one of the battery's junior officers, warrant officers or sergeants. Sections had about ten men and did their own technical fire control. They were
5608:
remained available. The innovation in the new organisation was the formation of the battalion reconnaissance platoon, in many battalions a platoon of "chosen men". In Borneo, mortars were usually distributed to rifle companies, and some battalions operated the rest of their support company as another
5444:
In the early stages of the conflict, Indonesian forces were under the command of Lieutenant General Zulkipli in Pontianak, on the coast of West Kalimantan about 200 km (120 mi) from the border. The Indonesian irregulars, led by Indonesian officers, were thought to number about 1500, with an
5341:
British forces in Borneo included Headquarters (HQ) 3 Commando Brigade in Kuching with responsibility for the western part of Sarawak, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Divisions, and HQ 99 Gurkha Infantry Brigade in Brunei responsible for the East, 4th and 5th Divisions, Brunei and Sabah. These HQs had deployed from
5148:
size were then directed into position to ambush the Indonesians, either as they crossed the border or often while they were still in Kalimantan. Such operations were to be "deniable" and were conducted under a policy of "aggressive defence". Given the sensitivity of these operations and the potential
4954:
deployed patrols and ambushes, and after a month, 15 had been killed and three captured. The Gurkhas reported that they were well trained and professionally led, but their ammunition expenditure was high, and their fire discipline broke down. The prisoners reported 300 more invaders within a week and
6059:
Total British Commonwealth military casualties were 280 killed and 180 wounded, the greatest number of them were British. Gurkha losses were 43 killed and 83 wounded, losses among other British armed forces were 19 killed and 44 wounded. Australian casualties were 16 killed, of whom 7 were killed in
5859:
The solution was to create new units for Borneo. The first to be employed in Borneo were the Pathfinder Platoon of the Guards Independent Parachute Company, which already existed as the pathfinder force of 16th Parachute Brigade. Next, the Gurkha Independent Parachute Company was raised. Sections of
5616:
Contact while moving was always possible. However, offensive action usually took two forms: either an attack on a camp or an ambush. The tactic for dealing with a camp was to get a party behind it then charge the front. However, ambushes were probably the most effective tactic and could be sustained
5218:
of PKI members and sympathisers broke out across Jakarta and Indonesia. With Suharto's grip on power in Jakarta and Indonesia delicately poised, the scale and intensity of Indonesia's campaign of infiltrations into Borneo began to ease. The train of events set off by the failed coup led to Suharto's
5135:
These patrolsβwhich were highly classified at the timeβoften involved small reconnaissance teams crossing the border from the Malaysian states of Sarawak or Sabah into Indonesian Kalimantan in order to detect Indonesian forces about to enter East Malaysia. Initially, penetration was limited to 3,000
5086:
By the concluding months of 1964, the conflict once again appeared to have reached a stalemate, with Commonwealth forces having placed in check for the moment Indonesia's campaign of infiltrations into Borneo, and more recently, the Malaysian Peninsula. However, the fragile equilibrium looked likely
4900:
in 1962 had reported on the viability of a Malaysian state, finding that there was sufficient support in the Borneo colonies for the creation of a larger Malaysian state. However, due to hardening Indonesian and Philippine opposition to the Malaysia proposal, a new round of negotiations was proposed
4803:
In the late 1950s, Sukarno argued that Malaysia was a British puppet state, a neo-colonial experiment and that any expansion of Malaysia would increase British control over the region, with implications for Indonesia's national security. Sukarno strongly opposed the British decolonisation initiative
3264:
forced both Indonesian and Commonwealth forces to conduct long foot patrols. Both sides relied on light infantry operations and air transport, although Commonwealth forces enjoyed the advantage of better helicopter deployment and resupply to forward operating bases. Rivers were also used as a method
5629:
had deployed to Brunei at the beginning of 1963 but returned to Singapore after a few months when the mopping-up of the Brunei Revolt ended. Despite the escalation in Indonesian attacks after the formation of Malaysia, little need was seen for fire support: the limited range of the guns (10 km
5552:
British jungle tactics were developed and honed during the Malayan Emergency against a clever and elusive enemy. They emphasised travelling lightly, being undetectable and going for many days without resupplying. Being undetectable meant being silent (hand signals, no rattling equipment) and 'odour
5536:
Walker recognised the difficulties of limited forces and a long border and, in early 1963, was reinforced with an SAS squadron from the UK, which rotated with another mid-year. When the SAS temporarily adopted 3-man instead of 4-man patrols, they could not closely monitor the border. Increasing the
5257:
At the beginning of 1966, with Indonesia's political hiatus beginning to stabilise (it had stopped a major RPKAD operation to capture a British prisoner), the RPKAD linked up with PGRS to establish guerrilla forces in Sabah and Sarawak. The Sabah effort never crossed the border; however, two groups
4883:
that the confrontation policy was concerned with Malaya not Malaysia and was a reaction to Malayan and British anti-Djakarta, pro-rebel activity in 1958, and promotion of program to split off Sumatra as diplomatic efforts to settle the Malaysian dispute picked up steam in the summer of 1963 through
5612:
The basic activity was platoon patrolling; this continued throughout the campaign, with patrols being deployed by helicopter, roping in and out as necessary. Movement was usually single file; the leading section rotated but was organised with two lead scouts, followed by its commander and then the
5354:
Before Confrontation, no British military units had been stationed in Sabah or Sarawak. As Confrontation developed increasing numbers of troops were required. There were three types of British Army deployment: Units stationed in the Far East for two years did a single 4-month tour (this applied to
5209:
took place in Jakarta. Six senior Indonesian military leaders were killed, while General Nasution narrowly escaped from his would-be captors. In the ensuing confusion, Sukarno agreed to allow Suharto to assume emergency command and control of Jakarta and the armed forces stationed there. Blame for
4602:
The lack of roads and tracks suitable for vehicles on both sides of the border meant that movement was limited to foot tracks mostly unmarked on any map, as well as water and air movement. There were many large rivers on both sides of the border, and these were the primary means of movement. There
4520:
The degree of Indonesian support for the TNKU remains a subject of debate. While Indonesia at the time denied direct involvement, it did sympathise with the TNKU's objectives to destabilise the proposed Malaysian state. Following the TNKU's military setback in Brunei, on 20 January 1963 Indonesian
5548:
in the Malayan Emergency. This was approved by the Sarawak government in May as "auxiliary police". Walker selected Lieutenant Colonel John Cross, a Gurkha officer with immense jungle experience, for the task. A training centre was established in a remote area at Mt. Murat in the 5th Division and
5253:
During Suharto's rise to power Claret operations continued and, in March 1966, a Gurkha battalion was involved in some of the fiercest fighting of the campaign during two raids into Kalimantan. Minor action by Indonesian forces continued in the border area, including an attempt at counter-battery
4892:
in the 1st Division of Sarawak, about 64 km (40 miles) from Kuching and 3.2 km (2 miles) from the border with Kalimantan. The other group attacked the village of Gumbang, South West of Kuching, later in the month. Only about half returned. The confrontation could be said to have started
4740:
in the 1940s. However, the Brunei People's Party was in favour of joining Malaysia on the condition it was unified with the three territories of northern Borneo with their own sultan, and hence was strong enough to resist domination by Malaya, Singapore, Malay administrators or Chinese merchants.
4493:
would support Brunei joining the proposed Malaysian state because of the implied reduction of his political office, and Brunei's oil revenues ensured Brunei's financial viability were it to choose independence. Furthermore, a Brunei politician, Dr. AM Azahari bin Sheikh Mahmud, while supporting a
5426:
In addition to the ground and air force units, between 1963 and 1966 there were up to 80 ships from the Royal Navy, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Malay Navy, Royal New Zealand Navy and the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. Most of these were patrol craft, minesweepers, frigates and destroyers patrolling the
4959:
was the first major incursion for the centre of the 3rd Division, directed by an RPKAD Major Mulyono Soerjowardojo, who had been sent to Nangabadan earlier in the year. The proclamation of Malaysia in September 1963 meant that Malaysian Army units deployed former British Borneo now known as East
4920:
Before the Manila meeting, the Malayan Government had set 31 August as the date on which Malaysia would come into existence (coinciding with Malaya's independence day celebrations of 31 August). However, at the Manila negotiations, it was persuaded by the Indonesian and Philippine Governments to
4760:
The PGRS numbered about 800, based in West Kalimantan at Batu Hitam, with a contingent of 120 from the Indonesian intelligence agency and a small cadre trained in China. The PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) was firmly in evidence and led by an ethnic Arab revolutionary, Sofyan. The PGRS ran some
4579:
Apart from either end, the border with Indonesia generally followed a ridgeline throughout its length, rising to almost 2,500 metres in the Fifth Division. In the First Division, there were some roads, including a continuous road from Kuching to Brunei and around to Sandakan on the east coast of
5876:
Although the Indonesians had conducted a few amphibious raids and an airborne operation against Malaya, the war remained limited throughout its duration and remained largely a land conflict. For either side to have escalated to large scale air or naval attacks "would have incurred disadvantages
5815:
at the time of the war, confirmed that the IRD was active during this time. He officially denied any role by MI6, and denied "personal knowledge" of the British arming of the Army's right-wing faction, though he did comment that if there were such a plan, he "would certainly have supported it".
5307:
Politico-military authority lay with the Emergency Committees in Sarawak and North Borneo, including their Governors, who were the Commanders in Chief for their colonies. In Brunei, there was a State Advisory Council answerable to the Sultan. After independence, supreme authority changed to the
4681:
communities since the 1930s and 1940s. Some of the earliest Communist groups in Sabah included the Anti-Fascist League, which later became the Races Liberation Army, and the Borneo Anti-Japanese League, which was made up of the North Borneo Anti-Japanese League and the West Borneo Anti-Japanese
5872:
The conflict lasted nearly four years; however, following General Suharto's replacement of Sukarno, Indonesian interest in pursuing the war with Malaysia declined, and combat eased. Peace negotiations were initiated during May 1966 before a final peace agreement was ratified on 11 August 1966.
5346:
companies. However, as additional resources became available the size of the force available to Walker expanded, and by the end of 1964 British forces had grown to approximately 14,000 troops organised into three brigades (increased to four in 1965). The naval effort, under DOBOPS command, was
5152:
Claret was largely successful in gaining the initiative for the British Commonwealth forces before being suspended late in the war, inflicting significant casualties on the Indonesians and keeping them on the defensive on their side of the border. The operations were only publicly disclosed by
4928:
North Borneo and Sarawak, anticipating a pro-Malaysian UN report, declared their independence as part of Malaysia on the sixth anniversary of Malayan independence, 31 August 1963, before the UN report had been published. On 14 September the UN report was published, once again providing general
4756:
In the aftermath of the Brunei Revolt, the remnants of the TNKU reached Indonesia. Possibly fearing British reprisals (which never came), many Chinese communists, possibly several thousand, also fled Sarawak. Their compatriots remaining in Sarawak were known as the CCO by the UK but called the
4980:
became increasingly concerned with the worsening domestic situation in Indonesia and began secretly contacting the Malaysian government, while obstructing the confrontation, reducing it to a minimal level. This was implemented to preserve an already exhausted army which had recently conducted
4752:
alternative by local opposition against the Malaysia plan. Local opposition throughout the Borneo territories was primarily based on economic, political, historical and cultural differences between the Borneo states and Malaya, as well as the refusal to be subjected under peninsular political
4614:
covering vast tidal flats intersected with numerous creeks is a feature of many coastal areas, including Brunei and either end of the border. There are cultivated areas in valleys and around villages. In the vicinity of abandoned and current settlements are areas of dense secondary regrowth.
5863:
SAS activities were mostly covert reconnaissance and surveillance patrols by four-person teams. However, some larger scale raiding missions took place, including amphibious ones by the SBS. Once Claret operations were authorised, most missions were inside Kalimantan, although they conducted
4442:
critical of the regime. By late 1957, the transport of weapons and ammunition to Sumatra by merchant ships and night submarines had become increasingly common, but the Americans believed that for their clandestine assistance to be truly effective, such operations required the use of British
5082:
and two destroyer escorts. Commonwealth forces were readied for airstrikes against Indonesian infiltration staging areas in Sumatra if further Indonesian infiltrations of the Malaysian Peninsula were attempted. A tense three-week standoff occurred before the crisis was peacefully resolved.
4937:. Two days later, rioters organised by the PKI burned the British embassy in Jakarta. Several hundred rioters ransacked the Singaporean embassy in Jakarta and the homes of Singaporean diplomats. In Malaysia, Indonesian agents were captured, and crowds attacked the Indonesian embassy in
5837:
5383:
HQ in Singapore. Other aircraft of many types stationed in Malaya and Singapore provided sorties as necessary, including routine transport support into Kuching and Labuan. Rotary wing support included 60 naval and air force troop-lift helicopters and another 40 smaller army variants.
5667:
and occasionally special forces ones. However, artillery observers rarely accompanied patrols inside Sabah and Sarawak unless they were in pursuit of a known incursion and guns were in range. Observation parties were almost always led by an officer, but only two or three men strong.
3257:-sized operations on either side of the border. Indonesia's campaign of infiltrations into Borneo sought to exploit how ethnically and religiously deverse Sabah and Sarawak were compared to that of Malaya and Singapore, with the intent of unravelling the proposed state of Malaysia.
3292:
became more organised with the inclusion of a more substantial component of Indonesian forces. To deter and disrupt Indonesia's growing campaign of infiltrations, the British responded in 1964 by launching their own covert operations into Indonesian Kalimantan under the code name
5342:
Singapore in late 1962 in response to the Brunei Revolt. The ground forces were initially limited to just five UK and Gurkha infantry battalions usually based in Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong, and an armoured car squadron. The police also deployed several light infantry of
5912:
Casualty numbers in text conflict with those in the table and infobox. Casualty numbers throughout the article have been changed frequently, often without altering the citation, and in some cases do not add up. The original sources seem to be books that are not available
11958:
5580:, British infantry battalions had reorganised into three rifle companies, a support company and an HQ company with logistic responsibilities. Battalion HQ included an intelligence section. Each rifle company was composed of 3 platoons of 32 men each, equipped with
3301:, Indonesia launched an expanded campaign of operations into Peninsular Malaysia on 17 August 1964, albeit without military success. A build-up of Indonesian forces on the Kalimantan border in December 1964 saw the UK commit significant forces from the UK-based
4887:
In April 1963, the first recorded infiltration and attack occurred in Borneo. An infiltration force training at Nangabadan was split in two and prepared for its first operation. On 12 April 1963, one infiltration force attacked and seized the police station at
6175:
4921:
postpone Malaysia's inauguration until 15 September 1963 by which time a UN mission was expected to report on whether the two Borneo colonies supported the Malaysia proposal. However, following the conclusion of the Manila talks, the Malayan prime minister
4807:
However, it was also suggested that Sukarno's campaign against the formation of Malaysia was actually motivated by a desire to unite the Malay Peninsula and the whole island of Borneo under Indonesian rule and to complete the previously abandoned idea of
5378:
transports, and about 12 helicopters of various types. One of Walker's first "challenges" was curtailing the RAF's centralised command and control arrangements and insisting that aircraft tasking for operations in Borneo was by his HQ, not by the
4874:
Indonesia argued that the establishment of Malaysia allowed the United Kingdom to maintain her unique privileges regarding the use of the Singapore base and keep close ties to British defense needs in Southeast Asia constituted an implied threat.
4949:
Even as peace talks progressed and stalled, Indonesia maintained its campaign of infiltrations. On 14 August, a headman reported an incursion in the 3rd Division and a follow-up indicated they were about 50 strong. A series of contacts ensued as
5027:
during the Indonesian Independence Day celebrations, Indonesian forces began a campaign of airborne and seaborne infiltrations of the Malaysian Peninsula on 17 August 1964. On 17 August 1964, a seaborne force of about 100, composed of air force
5308:
Malaysian National Defence Council in Kuala Lumpur with State Executive Committees in Sabah and Sarawak. Military direction was from the Malaysian National Operations Committee jointly chaired by the Chief of the Malaysian Armed Forces Staff,
4529:
with Malaysia, reversing Indonesia's previous policy of compliance with the British proposal. This was followed by the first recorded infiltration of Indonesian forces on 12 April 1963 when a police station in Tebedu, Sarawak, was attacked.
5823:
is strongly implicated in this scheme by the use of the Information Research Department (seen as an MI6 office), any role by MI6 itself is officially denied by the UK government, and papers relating to it have yet to be declassified by the
8115:
Casualties were 114 killed and 181 wounded, a high proportion Gurkha. There were also 36 civilians killed, 53 wounded, and 4 captured, almost all local inhabitants. It was estimated that 590 Indonesians were killed, 222 wounded, and 771
4753:
domination. Both Azahari and Zaidi went into exile in Indonesia during the confrontation. While the latter returned to Sarawak and had his political status rehabilitated, Azahari remained in Indonesia until his death on 3 September 2002.
6115:
5047:
aircraft set off from Jakarta for Peninsular Malaysia, flying low to avoid detection by radar. The following night, two of the C-130 managed to reach their objective with their onboard PGT paratroopers, who jumped off and landed around
4462:(which had become independent from Britain in 1957), and Singapore (which had become self-governing in 1959). In May 1961, the UK and Malayan governments proposed a larger federation called Malaysia, encompassing the states of Malaya,
4513:, the Brunei oil fields, or European hostages. Within hours of the insurrection being launched, British forces based in Singapore were mobilised for a prompt response. The failure of the insurrection was evident within 30 hours when
5621:
typically 20 to 50 m (22 to 55 yd) long, depending on the expected strength of the target. The trick was to remain undetected when the target entered the ambush area and then open fire all together at the right moment.
5023:(Dwikora). The Dwikora contained Sukarno's call to defend the Indonesian Revolution and support revolutions in Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah to destroy Malaysia. Co-ordinated to coincide with Sukarno's announcement of the
4917:. While the fact-finding mission by the UN was expected to begin on 22 August, Indonesian delaying tactics forced the mission to start on 26 August. Nevertheless, the UN expected the report to be published by 14 September 1963.
11578:
10967:
5636:
5042:
in three parties in the night. Instead of being greeted as liberators, however, they were contained by various Commonwealth forces, and all but four of the infiltrators were captured within a few days. On 2 September, three
8817:. Djakarta: Departemen Penerangan. (Contains Joint Statements of the Manila Agreements, Indonesian presidential decrees and all transcripts of Sukarno's public speeches from July 1963 to May 1964 pertaining the Konfrontasi)
11758:
5679:(distinguished by having its control panel labelled in English and Russian). Until the manpack A13 arrived in 1966, the only lightweight HF set was the Australian A510, which did not provide voice, only Morse code.
5291:
In early January 1963, the military forces in northern Borneo, having arrived in December 1962 in response to the Brunei Revolt, were under the command of Commander British Forces Borneo (COMBRITBOR), Major General
4434:(CAT), had been covertly providing support to rebels on remote islands, seeking to weaken, if not outright oust President Sukarno's regime. Beginning in 1957, the CIA was increasing contact with military leaders in
8466:
11773:
3265:
of transport and infiltration. Although combat operations were primarily conducted by ground forces, airborne forces played a vital support role and naval forces ensured the security of the sea flanks. The
6650:
4782:
11878:
11838:
4728:
The SCO and the Bruneian rebels supported and propagated the unification of all British Borneo territories to form an independent leftist North Kalimantan state. This idea was originally proposed by
922:
5238:
was in full control of Indonesia (rather than Sukarno), and vigilance in Borneo could not be relaxed. With Suharto's co-operation a peace treaty was signed on 11 August and ratified two days later.
11953:
5411:
helicopters, initially dropping supplies to the patrols from low level, and later after the patrols had cleared a landing area in the dense jungle, by landing. A test Joint Service deployment of a
3222:
in December 1962. Malaysia had direct military support from the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. Indonesia had indirect support from the USSR and China, thus making it an episode of the
4913:). At the Manila meeting, the Philippines and Indonesia formally agreed to accept the formation of Malaysia if a majority in North Borneo and Sarawak voted for it in a referendum organised by the
12118:
12103:
5544:, who had mobilised to help intercept the fleeing TNKU forces from the Brunei Revolt. He also utilised the experience of the Royal Marines as well as knowledge of the skill and usefulness of the
5068:. Operations were commanded by four Malaysian Brigade, but it took a month for the security forces to capture or kill 90 of the 96 parachutists, for the loss of two men killed during the action.
11848:
6277:
6272:
6267:
4778:
4774:
4770:
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on the south coast, some 350 kilometres (220 mi) from the border. There were no roads in the border area other than some in the west, and no road existed linking East and West Kalimantan.
8015:
5730:
were increasingly alarmed by the possibility of the Confrontation with Malaysia spreading, and agreed to "liquidate President Sukarno, depending on the situation and available opportunities".
12199:
12143:
11783:
11778:
5149:
consequences if they were exposed, they were controlled at the highest level and conducted within strict parameters known as the "Golden Rules", while the participants were sworn to secrecy.
4985:
in Western New Guinea, while also maintaining its political position in Indonesian politics, especially against the Communist Party of Indonesia, the ardent supporters of the confrontation.
12163:
11768:
4905:
for several days, starting on 30 July 1963. Just days before the summit, on 27 July 1963, Sukarno had continued his inflammatory rhetoric, declaring that he was going to "crush Malaysia" (
12051:
7371:
5112:
Operation Claret was a long-running series of secretive cross-border raids conducted by British Commonwealth forces in Borneo from June 1964 to early 1966. These raids were undertaken by
11823:
10271:
5596:
around the end of 1965) organised into three sections, enabling a section to be attached to a rifle company if required. Similarly organised was an anti-tank platoon; there was also an
3317:. A round of serious peace negotiations between the two sides began in May 1966, and a final peace agreement was signed on 11 August 1966 with Indonesia formally recognising Malaysia.
6075:
4761:
raids into Sarawak but spent more time developing their supporters in Sarawak. The Indonesian military did not approve of the leftist nature of the PGRS and generally avoided them.
12168:
12093:
11908:
10555:
4901:
to hear the Indonesian and Philippine points of opposition. To resolve the dispute the would-be member states of Malaysia met representatives of Indonesia and the Philippines in
12153:
4963:
The deliberate attack by Indonesian forces on Malaysian troops did not enhance Sukarno's "anti-imperialist" credentials, although the Indonesian government tried blaming their
4713:
supporters. However, the SCO had little support from ethnic Malays and other indigenous Sarawak peoples. At its height, the SCO had 24,000 members. During the 1940s and 1950s,
12158:
915:
10425:
10199:
5675:, copies of AN/PRC 9 and 10), although the use of relay or rebroadcast stations helped where they were tactically possible. Patrol bases could use the World War II vintage
5254:
fire against a 105 mm gun position in Central Brigade (reports from locals said the British return fire had turned over the Indonesian gun, thought to be 76 mm).
12098:
7772:
5262:
pursuing and ambushing them; almost all were accounted for. In response to this, a final Claret operation was launched, which was an artillery ambush by 38 Light Battery.
6210:
5663:
helicopters as necessary to deal with incursions or support operations. Forward observers were in short supply, but it seems that they always accompanied normal infantry
8485:
4721:, the state's first political party, which was founded in June 1959. The Sarawak Insurgency began after the Brunei Revolt in 1962 and the SCO would fight alongside the
10560:
4796:
argued years later that Sukarno intentionally muted Indonesia's opposition to the proposed Malaysian state while Indonesia was preoccupied with advancing its claim to
4430:, Indonesia had emerged as a notable and rising military power in Southeast Asia. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), primarily through its Taiwan-based subsidiary
5553:
free'βperfumed toiletries were forbidden (they could be detected a kilometre away by good jungle fighters), and sometimes eating food cold to prevent cooking smells.
4717:
had spread among Chinese vernacular schools in Sarawak. Following World War II, Communist influence also penetrated the labour movement and the predominantly Chinese
12123:
11923:
5060:. Due to a lightning storm, the drop of 96 paratroopers was widely dispersed. This resulted in them landing close to 1/10 Gurkhas, who were joined by 1st Battalion,
908:
5796:
These manipulations included the BBC reporting that communists were planning to slaughter the citizens of Jakarta. The accusation was based on a forgery planted by
11948:
11828:
11753:
11748:
11713:
7710:
12138:
11873:
5617:
for many days. They targeted tracks and, particularly in parts of Borneo, waterways. Track ambushes were close range, 10 to 20 m (11 to 22 yd), with a
5321:
4051:
6714:"Speech by the President of the SAF Veterans' League, Brigadier-General (NS) Winston Toh, At the Konfrontasi Memorial Ceremony on 10 March 2016, 1825hrs |"
11863:
8275:
5312:, and the Inspector General of Police, Sir Claude Fenner. The British Commander in Chief Far East Forces was a member. DOBOPS regularly attended its meetings.
4848:
However, while Sukarno made no direct claims to incorporate northern Borneo into Indonesian Kalimantan, he saw the formation of Malaysia as an obstacle to the
4561:
Borneo after cessation of hostilities; divided between Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia. The control of the island was the main issue behind the war at the time.
4494:
unified North Borneo, also opposed a wider Malaysian federation. In 1961, he had sounded out Indonesia about possible aid in training Borneo recruits; General
2755:
8841:
11833:
6071:
A number of British Commonwealth soldiers awarded gallantry awards for actions during the campaign. No Distinguished Flying Cross or naval awards were made.
4546:, was located in the south of the island. In the north, were the Sultanate of Brunei (a British protectorate) and two colonies of the United KingdomβBritish
4427:
9206:
8041:
2685:
12148:
5671:
Communications were a problem; radios were not used within platoons, only rearwards. Ranges were invariably beyond the capability of manpack VHF radios (
5355:
Australian and NZ); Gurkha units (all permanently stationed in the Far East) did 6 month tours, generally once every twelve months; UK based units (from
4458:
as early as the late-1950s. As a part of its withdrawal from its Southeast Asian colonies, the UK moved to combine its colonies in North Borneo with the
5105:
2805:
11999:
11691:
5441:, was also committed throughout Confrontation usually in their transport role for troops, helicopters and army aircraft between Singapore and Borneo.
10418:
8009:
5296:, who was Director of Borneo Operations (DOBOPS) based on Labuan Island and reported directly to the Commander in Chief Far East Forces, Admiral Sir
4031:
2625:
715:
3269:
provided most of the defensive effort, although Malaysian forces steadily increased their contributions, and there were periodic contributions from
11818:
11243:
10503:
6185:, Malaysian Borneo to the Commonwealth forces who served in Sabah, especially the Australians together with British, Malaysians and New Zealanders.
5790:
2124:
1130:
6191:
5052:
in Johore (about 100 miles north of Singapore). The remaining C-130 crashed into the Malacca Straits while trying to evade interception by an RAF
10714:
4011:
2289:
9856:
7987:
7363:
11888:
10726:
10532:
4369:
2382:
751:
727:
12239:
5509:
Soon after assuming command in Borneo, General Walker issued a directive listing the ingredients for success, based on his experience in the
5453:
4925:
announced that the proposed Malaysian state would come into existence on 16 September 1963, apparently irrespective of the latest UN report.
3134:
5719:. According to the exposΓ©s, the UK had already become alarmed with the announcement of the "Konfrontasi" policy. It has been claimed that a
11706:
10411:
8386:. The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948β1975. St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin.
7133:
5259:
4100:
2665:
8803:
7957:
7160:
6713:
5304:
in early 1963. In the middle of 1963, Brigadier Pat Glennie, normally the Brigadier General Staff in Singapore, arrived as Deputy DOBOPS.
11598:
11406:
10565:
6544:
6307:
6302:
3309:
combat forces from Peninsular Malaysia to Borneo in 1965β66. The intensity of the conflict began to subside following the coup d'Γ©tat of
2705:
2219:
8505:
12314:
12046:
8259:. The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948β1975. Vol. One. St Leonards: Allen and Unwin.
8037:
4951:
4509:. The insurrection was an abject failure, as the poorly trained and equipped forces were unable to capture key objectives such as the
12319:
12284:
6758:
4603:
were also quite a few small grass airstrips suitable for light aircraft, as dropping zones for parachuted supplies, and helicopters.
4415:
in 1955. Indonesia had relentlessly pursued its claim to Dutch New Guinea from 1950 to 1962, despite facing multiple setbacks in the
3019:
2915:
5772:, and Sukarno in a bad light. These efforts were to duplicate the successes of the British psyop campaign in the Malayan Emergency.
5362:
The initial air component based in Borneo consisted of detachments from squadrons stationed in Malaya and Singapore. These included
10307:
9826:
9429:
9199:
2372:
1935:
1931:
11699:
9174:
9102:
Confronting Sukarno: British, American, Australian and New Zealand Diplomacy in the Malaysian-Indonesian Confrontation, 1961β1965
7782:
5356:
4652:
4403:, and establishing Indonesia's credentials as a notable international power supporting its own agenda distinct from those of the
3302:
2635:
8808:
12259:
12254:
12249:
11411:
10687:
10289:
5490:
5195:"If Marcos wants to aid Malaysia, that's his business, but we will continue to crush Malaysia, even if we have to fight alone."
5065:
8958:
5708:
The revelations included an anonymous Foreign Office source stating that the decision to unseat President Sukarno was made by
5136:
yards (2,700 m) but was later extended to 6,000 yards (5,500 m), and again to 10,000 yards (9,100 m) after the
12269:
11893:
11642:
10657:
9622:
9109:
9006:
8987:
8912:
8890:
8830:
8785:
8766:
8747:
8685:
8666:
8606:
Moulton, J.L.; Barclay, C.N.; Yool, W.M., eds. (1967). "Extracts from: Statement on the Defence Estimates 1967 (Cmd. 2902)".
8556:
8479:
8455:
8436:
8391:
8264:
8245:
8207:
8188:
8169:
8150:
7419:
6960:
6933:
6538:
4145:
3024:
1804:
9296:
5326:
11793:
11788:
11361:
11236:
10736:
10719:
9652:
9465:
5709:
5474:
5380:
5293:
5215:
4631:
ceded the state to the British Crown believing it to be in the best interest of the people of Sarawak following the end of
4286:
3245:
and in Singapore. The conflict was characterised by restrained and isolated ground combat, set within tactics of low-level
2995:
2765:
2339:
2269:
17:
9122:
Singapore's Role in Indonesia's Confrontation of Malaysia and the Impact of Confrontation on Singapore-Indonesia Relations
12304:
11047:
10992:
10295:
10229:
9192:
7700:
5643:
5486:
5420:
5061:
4246:
2795:
2645:
2565:
2319:
2024:
575:
293:
11973:
4933:
was formally established on 16 September 1963. Indonesia immediately reacted by expelling the Malaysian Ambassador from
12041:
11721:
11171:
10547:
9507:
9179:
9090:
9017:
5220:
4362:
4308:
1485:
5604:, with sustained fire kits held by each company, was to provide a medium machine gun capability. In the meantime, the
12299:
12294:
11262:
11083:
10607:
10108:
9453:
9302:
9046:
8931:
8728:
8709:
8647:
8624:
8596:
8577:
8414:
8347:
8328:
8226:
8131:
8108:
8089:
8070:
7170:
7143:
5935:
5223:
spread throughout Indonesia. Suharto's steady consolidation of power after 30 September events allowed him to form a
4266:
3127:
2785:
2279:
8298:
8257:
Crises and Commitments: The Politics and Diplomacy of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948β1965
12309:
12036:
11994:
11883:
11562:
11421:
11042:
11027:
10741:
10692:
10508:
10470:
10460:
10325:
9332:
6530:
Aircraft Nose Art: American, French and British Imagery and Its Influences from World War I through the Vietnam War
5347:
primarily provided by minesweepers used to patrol coastal waters and larger inland waterways around Wallace Bay. A
5275:
4831:
claimed eastern North Borneo, arguing that the Borneo colony had historical links with the Philippines through the
4718:
4694:
4683:
4301:
4291:
4281:
4276:
4256:
2835:
2815:
2515:
2064:
1959:
1826:
282:
8823:
Mud Sweat & Tears: An account of 24 Construction Squadron Royal Australian Engineer's Borneo Tour of Duty 1965
6035:
5917:
5101:
2299:
12244:
11938:
11229:
10987:
10498:
10440:
10373:
9958:
9290:
8468:
Conflict and Confrontation in South East Asia, 1961β1965: Britain: the United States and the Creation of Malaysia
6252:
5757:
5408:
5309:
5125:
2695:
2352:
2329:
2189:
2054:
1465:
339:
135:
4576:) on the north coast, was divided into several residencies; those of the interior and Tawau were on the border.
12173:
11431:
10313:
9670:
9585:
9254:
5812:
5724:
5699:(MI6) during the confrontation was brought to light in a series of exposΓ©s by Paul Lashmar and Oliver James in
5363:
4400:
4318:
4110:
3358:
3079:
2955:
2945:
2925:
2895:
2545:
2535:
8804:
General Assembly 15th Session β The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories (pages:509β510)
6508:
12274:
11933:
11729:
11002:
10751:
9766:
9754:
9742:
9712:
9688:
9682:
9676:
9658:
9634:
8842:"'Keep the Indonesian Pot Boiling': Western Covert Intervention in Indonesia, October 1965 β March 1966"
4896:
Before Indonesia's declaration of confrontation against the proposed Malaysian state on 20 January 1963, the
4697:(TNI) taking photograph together marking the close relations between them during Indonesia under the rule of
4355:
4323:
4313:
4296:
4261:
4185:
4155:
4090:
3920:
3623:
3446:
3330:
3261:
2905:
2745:
2675:
2575:
2434:
2362:
2179:
1800:
1610:
9706:
7938:, p. 241. Note incorrect Australian casualty figures cited as 22 killed (including 7 killed in action).
5153:
Britain in 1974, while the Australian government did not officially acknowledge its involvement until 1996.
4993:
4689:
12088:
11386:
11381:
11252:
10997:
10024:
9236:
9216:
9056:
Sam, Jackie; Khoo, Philip; Cheong, Yip Seng; Fazil, Abul; Pestana, Roderick; Lee, Gabriel (11 March 1965).
6818:
6344:
5800:, a propaganda expert with the IRD. He later bragged in a letter to the British ambassador in Jakarta, Sir
5121:
5012:
4857:
4547:
4483:
4463:
3939:
3632:
3298:
3195:
3120:
3044:
3029:
2985:
2935:
2845:
2775:
2525:
2445:
2034:
1945:
1744:
1059:
271:
9694:
9184:
9057:
5733:
3233:
with most of the action occurring in the border area between Indonesia and East Malaysia on the island of
1079:
12133:
11913:
11903:
11843:
11155:
10211:
10163:
9748:
9549:
7409:
6457:
Hara, Fujiol (December 2005). "The North Kalimantan Communist Party and the People's Republic of China".
5720:
5696:
5224:
4165:
3034:
2865:
2855:
2485:
2159:
1455:
159:
121:
8358:
5705:
newspaper beginning in 1997 and has also been covered in journals on military and intelligence history.
5501:. Intelligence from this may have been used in planning some aspects of Claret cross-border operations.
5029:
4659:
of Sarawak, may have been the forerunner of the subsequent anti-Malaysia movement in Sarawak, headed by
4595:
on the west coast, about 100 miles (160 km) from the border, and the capital of East Kalimantan is
12264:
11416:
11321:
10682:
10647:
9772:
9700:
9640:
9489:
6696:"NZ and Confrontation in Borneo β Confrontation in Borneo | NZHistory, New Zealand history online"
6356:
6282:
6162:
6093:
5466:
5211:
5005:
4120:
3278:
2965:
2825:
2555:
2044:
1570:
986:
5234:, the Malaysian and Indonesian governments declared the conflict was over. However, it was unclear if
5038:, PGT) paratroopers, KKO and about a dozen Malaysian communists, crossed the Malacca Straits by boat,
10972:
10731:
10030:
9417:
9344:
9260:
7979:
5737:
5589:
5400:
5367:
4454:
policy in 1968, it had already begun re-evaluating their commitment to maintaining a presence in the
4271:
3274:
1560:
8219:
SAS Secret War in South-East Asia: 22 Special Air Service Regiment in the Borneo Campaign, 1963β1966
5520:
Timely and accurate information (the need for continuous reconnaissance and intelligence collection)
5387:
4792:
Sukarno's motives for beginning the confrontation are contested. Former Indonesian Foreign Minister
11803:
11547:
11471:
11131:
10283:
10096:
10042:
9928:
9916:
9886:
9628:
9519:
9320:
9314:
6242:
5761:
5561:
5343:
4793:
4722:
4251:
3672:
3289:
3270:
2735:
2655:
2495:
2084:
1754:
1520:
1346:
305:
8942:
4693:
Members of the Sarawak People's Guerrilla Force (SPGF), North Kalimantan National Army (NKNA) and
12108:
12020:
11557:
11542:
11326:
11099:
10704:
10454:
10247:
10181:
10018:
9982:
9784:
9760:
9718:
9591:
9579:
9501:
9495:
9278:
8528:
7983:
7953:
6674:
6340:
6312:
6085:
5585:
5145:
5044:
4964:
4745:
4674:
4572:
Sarawak was divided into five administrative divisions. Sabah, whose capital city was Jesselton (
4551:
4490:
4467:
3418:
3284:
Initially, Indonesian attacks on East Malaysia relied heavily on local volunteers trained by the
3250:
3211:
3199:
3069:
3039:
2975:
2885:
2465:
2224:
2199:
1949:
1035:
1013:
991:
587:
526:
107:
9868:
9561:
8694:
Poulgrain, G. J. (2014). The genesis of konfrontasi: Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia, 1945β1965.
4867:. While the Philippines did not engage in hostilities, it did defer recognising Malaysia as the
3163:
in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore) was an armed conflict from 1963 to 1966 that stemmed from
55:
11635:
10652:
10223:
9832:
9814:
9808:
9597:
9531:
9399:
9284:
9266:
7949:
6720:
6052:
5581:
5280:
5187:
By the end of 1965, the conflict holds to a stand still. The new President of the Philippines,
4543:
2615:
2585:
1886:
1734:
1660:
1620:
489:
8506:"The Communist Insurgency in Malaysia, 1948β90: Contesting the Nation-State and Social Change"
6950:
6923:
6528:
6479:
5844:(possibly a B59, a modified Garand made by Beretta in Indonesia) captured by the British SAS.
12191:
11968:
11649:
11356:
10814:
10617:
10612:
10587:
10434:
9880:
9483:
9423:
9350:
6819:"'Maximum disavowable aid': Britain, the United States and the Indonesian rebellion, 1957β58"
6048:
5672:
5569:
5375:
5206:
5137:
4648:
4175:
3902:
3367:
3310:
2875:
2392:
2104:
1846:
1008:
413:
199:
129:
43:
12186:
7411:
Indonesia Abandons Confrontation: An Inquiry Into the Functions of Indonesian Foreign Policy
4838:
12128:
11943:
11798:
11603:
11552:
11476:
11311:
11059:
10622:
10277:
10066:
10012:
9940:
9862:
9850:
9646:
9405:
9326:
6925:
Japan and Singapore in the World Economy: Japan's Economic Advance Into Singapore 1870β1965
6336:
6292:
5962:
5625:
Fire support was limited for the first half of the campaign. A commando light battery with
5556:
5537:
capability of the infantry to create a surveillance network was also considered essential.
5076:
5072:
4956:
4817:
4651:
anti-cession movement, which rejected the British takeover of Sarawak and had assassinated
4628:
4495:
4459:
4408:
4203:
3966:
3929:
3882:
3812:
3782:
3752:
3722:
3339:
3266:
3172:
2505:
2430:
2309:
2209:
1979:
1724:
1432:
1091:
981:
964:
703:
678:
8721:
From Emergency to Confrontation: The New Zealand Armed Forces in Malaya and Borneo 1949β66
8181:
Emergency and Confrontation: Australian Military Operations in Malaya and Borneo 1950β1966
8099:
Carver, Michael (1986). "Conventional Warfare in the Nuclear Age". In Paret, Peter (ed.).
5337:
on its arrival in North Borneo (Sabah) as part of their defence aid programme to Malaysia.
5019:
While the hostility raged, on 3 May 1964, Sukarno proclaimed the People's Dual Command or
8:
12279:
11918:
11663:
11351:
10697:
10642:
10151:
9964:
9922:
9375:
9242:
8409:. Vol. One, 1901 to the 1970s. Carlton South, Victoria: Melbourne University Press.
7033:
6297:
5845:
5676:
5605:
5117:
4906:
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4416:
4395:
sought to develop an independent Indonesian foreign policy, focused on the annexation of
4021:
3986:
3852:
3772:
3642:
3183:
1856:
1550:
1068:
363:
6695:
5775:
These efforts were coordinated from the British High Commission in Singapore, where the
5075:, involving the anticipated transit of the Sunda Strait by the British aircraft carrier
11898:
11813:
11656:
11511:
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6484:
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5966:
5785:
5769:
5745:
5371:
5039:
5008:
4922:
4897:
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4732:, leader of the Parti Rakyat Brunei (Brunei People's Party), who had forged links with
4667:
4660:
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4226:
4211:
3872:
3842:
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3091:
1774:
1694:
1510:
1442:
1288:
1154:
996:
871:
351:
10403:
9130:
Tuck, C. (2004). "Borneo 1963β66: Counter-insurgency Operations and War Termination".
8276:"Book Review: Vernon L. Porritt "The Rise and Fall of Communism in Sarawak 1940β1990""
3350:
3241:
in Indonesia). However Indonesia also conducted lower intensity covert actions on the
12015:
11808:
11676:
11618:
11280:
11186:
11163:
11107:
11037:
10627:
10520:
10337:
10331:
10241:
10102:
10048:
9904:
9555:
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9447:
9338:
9159:
9147:
9105:
9086:
9065:
9042:
9002:
8983:
8927:
8924:
The Malayan Emergency and Indonesian Confrontation: The Commonwealth's Wars 1948β1966
8908:
8886:
8873:
8861:
8826:
8781:
8762:
8743:
8724:
8705:
8681:
8678:
Fighting General β The Public and Private Campaigns of General Sir Walter Walker
8662:
8643:
8636:
8620:
8592:
8573:
8552:
8520:
8475:
8451:
8432:
8410:
8403:
8387:
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8290:
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8241:
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8184:
8165:
8146:
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7166:
7139:
6956:
6929:
6838:
6534:
6488:
6287:
5660:
5626:
5510:
5435:
5331:
5279:
Some 1,500 men from the indigenous tribes of Sabah and Sarawak were recruited by the
5219:
gradual consolidation of power and marginalisation of Sukarno. At the same time, the
5108:
1st Battalion conduct a patrol to search for enemy positions in the jungle of Brunei.
5024:
4982:
4832:
4809:
4706:
4656:
4517:
troops airlifted from Singapore secured Brunei town and ensured the Sultan's safety.
4404:
4061:
4041:
3822:
3712:
3702:
3662:
3397:
3074:
2114:
1989:
1379:
1369:
1268:
551:
327:
8060:
12289:
12067:
11868:
11853:
11680:
11506:
11451:
11341:
11336:
11331:
11316:
11210:
11190:
11022:
11007:
10834:
10809:
10637:
10592:
10480:
10361:
10349:
10343:
10301:
10205:
10175:
10090:
9910:
9892:
9874:
9844:
9459:
9308:
9248:
9139:
9120:
8853:
6830:
6474:
6466:
6262:
6257:
6221:
5995:
5801:
5780:
5765:
5712:
5664:
5577:
5428:
5188:
5180:
5096:
5049:
4797:
4565:
The three British territories totalled some 1.5 million people, about half of them
4510:
4396:
4345:
4221:
3976:
3802:
3792:
3485:
3294:
3223:
3215:
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1906:
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1764:
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1475:
1389:
1278:
1225:
1028:
1023:
1018:
976:
900:
665:
539:
451:
47:
8701:
Aircraft Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and Its Influence on World Events
6063:
Indonesian casualties were estimated at 590 killed, 222 wounded and 771 captured.
5600:
platoon. The machine gun platoon was abolished, but the impending delivery of the
4557:
12113:
11763:
11200:
10879:
10829:
10824:
10794:
10632:
10253:
10193:
10132:
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10054:
9934:
9838:
9820:
9471:
9393:
8699:
8567:
8318:
7777:
7705:
7135:
Indonesian Foreign Policy and the Dilemma of Dependence: From Sukarno to Soeharto
6763:
6502:
6217:
6126:
5982:
5841:
5797:
5744:
in 1965. The banner reads "Our womenfolk are ready to defend Malaysia. Long live
5727:
5701:
5656:
5597:
5593:
5545:
5532:
Winning the hearts and minds of the people (this was added several months later).
5427:
coast-line to intercept Indonesian insurgents. One of the two Commando Carriers,
5359:) did 12 month tours including 6 weeks jungle warfare training in West Malaysia.
5172:
5053:
4997:
4880:
4879:, the Indonesian foreign minister, was careful to explain to American ambassador
4868:
4636:
4588:
4584:
4216:
3957:
3832:
3732:
3692:
3525:
3285:
3242:
3110:
2595:
2475:
2249:
2149:
1714:
1419:
1409:
1356:
1333:
953:
91:
61:
9143:
8857:
6165:
who served in Sabah by constructing a 123.2-kilometre road between Keningau and
5283:
as Border Scouts under the command of Richard Noone and other officers from the
5227:
and in March 1967 Suharto was able to form a new cabinet that excluded Sukarno.
4871:
to Malaya. Consequently, Malaysia severed diplomatic ties with the Philippines.
12207:
11978:
11963:
11928:
11858:
11441:
10869:
10859:
10789:
10597:
10385:
10114:
10036:
9994:
9988:
9976:
9664:
9220:
6834:
6134:
6074:
All Indonesian military or police personnel involved in the conflict are given
5901:
5825:
5692:
5688:
5541:
5113:
4914:
4821:
4749:
4678:
4624:
3892:
3862:
3742:
3565:
3495:
3230:
3203:
1836:
1684:
1680:
1600:
1540:
1399:
775:
394:
174:
5407:
Patrols within Malaysia were supplied while in the field by RN Wessex and RAF
12233:
11743:
11613:
11608:
11346:
11301:
11052:
11032:
11017:
11012:
10977:
10912:
10889:
10819:
10799:
10602:
10391:
10367:
10265:
10259:
10157:
9525:
9411:
9381:
9151:
8865:
8524:
8374:
8294:
7950:"Australians at war: casualties as a result of service with Australian units"
6842:
6247:
6142:
5741:
5716:
5494:
5478:
5071:
Indonesia's expansion of the conflict to the Malaysian Peninsula sparked the
4864:
4729:
4573:
4506:
3545:
3219:
3207:
2715:
2420:
1969:
1580:
1530:
1255:
1040:
948:
763:
739:
629:
563:
432:
9021:
8198:
Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin; Bou, Jean (2008).
7980:"Unit Informationβ2nd Squadron, Special Air Service Regiment, Confrontation"
5241:
12215:
11959:
2016 Hancur GST, Undur Najib, Undur Rosmah, Bebas Anwar, Hidup Rakyat rally
11481:
11306:
11147:
11115:
11075:
10982:
10864:
10235:
10078:
9952:
9603:
9573:
9356:
9214:
8900:
8809:
General Assembly 18th Session β the Question of Malaysia (pages:41β44)
8424:
7686:
Infantry Training Volume IV Tactics, The Infantry Battalion in Battle, 1963
6332:
6089:
5808:
5473:
A useful factor in the containment of the Indonesian forces was the use of
5458:
5392:
4938:
4710:
4632:
4451:
3535:
3465:
3428:
3246:
3210:) in September 1963. Vital precursors to the conflict included Indonesia's
3191:
2169:
2094:
1999:
1896:
1704:
513:
9898:
8012:(Government Regulation 17) (in Indonesian). Government of Indonesia. 1964.
4538:
In 1961, the island of Borneo was divided between four separate entities.
3297:. Coinciding with Sukarno announcing a 'year of dangerous living' and the
11516:
11396:
11391:
11221:
11139:
10884:
10874:
10779:
10542:
10537:
10485:
10355:
10000:
9796:
9730:
9537:
9387:
8384:
Up Top. the Royal Australian Navy and Southeast Asian Conflicts 1955β1972
8010:
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 17 Tahun 1964 Tentang Satyalancana Wira Dharma
5905:
5330:
Australian soldiers being ferried in a small craft, from troop transport
5284:
5168:
5001:
4853:
4828:
4783:
Military history of Australia during the IndonesiaβMalaysia confrontation
3652:
3575:
3377:
1101:
501:
470:
375:
238:
9083:
Always a Commando : the life of Singapore army pioneer Clarence Tan
8569:
Rebellion in Brunei: The 1962 Revolt, Imperialism, Confrontation and Oil
5497:
which was linked directly to the RAF Far East Air Force headquarters at
11593:
11446:
10894:
9802:
9724:
9435:
9272:
8448:
The Undeclared War: The Story of the Indonesian Confrontation 1962β1966
6278:
Combat operations in 1965 during the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation
6273:
Combat operations in 1964 during the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation
6268:
Combat operations in 1963 during the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation
6044:
5565:
5498:
5301:
5297:
5161:
5057:
4988:
4977:
4849:
4813:
4779:
Combat operations in 1965 during the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation
4775:
Combat operations in 1964 during the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation
4771:
Combat operations in 1963 during the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation
4539:
4499:
3595:
3238:
3182:
The creation of Malaysia was a merger of the Federation of Malaya (now
2725:
1866:
1640:
1590:
1245:
1200:
1141:
653:
6690:
6688:
6669:
6667:
6665:
5517:
Unified operations (army, navy and air force operating fully together)
11496:
10854:
10849:
10774:
10217:
9970:
9790:
8940:
8429:
SAS: Phantoms of War: A History of the Australian Special Air Service
7869:
6225:
6202:
6182:
6130:
5618:
5348:
4876:
4671:
4596:
4592:
4522:
4479:
4475:
3605:
3555:
3505:
3408:
3306:
3187:
3164:
1670:
1650:
1308:
1298:
1165:
641:
617:
612:
255:
225:
11206:
8431:(Second ed.). St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin.
5588:. The support company had a mortar platoon with six medium mortars (
11724:
11521:
11401:
11196:
10844:
10784:
10709:
9946:
7218:
6685:
6662:
6517:, p. 246, It was an outstanding victory, and it was a victory.
6158:
5481:
were able to intercept the Indonesian military communications. The
5176:
5129:
4930:
4725:
and Indonesian forces during the IndonesiaβMalaysia confrontation.
4644:
4611:
4455:
4439:
4423:
3387:
3168:
1114:
187:
8101:
The Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age
8062:
Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II
6952:
The Genesis of Konfrontasi: Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, 1945β1965
6675:"Indonesian Confrontation, 1963β66 | Australian War Memorial"
3260:
The jungle terrain of Borneo and the lack of roads straddling the
11588:
11461:
11456:
10839:
8999:
The Genesis of Konfrontasi: Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia 1945β1965
6738:
6166:
5749:
5540:
Walker raised the Border Scouts, building on Harrison's force of
5396:
5235:
5231:
5141:
4976:
Meanwhile, the Indonesian armed forces led by Lieutenant General
4934:
4842:
4733:
4698:
4607:
4435:
4392:
3475:
3314:
3254:
3176:
691:
605:
139:
125:
117:
8759:
Nothing Short of War: With the Australian Army in Borneo 1962β66
7881:
6812:
6810:
5864:
operations over the border before Claret from about early 1964.
5836:
4422:
Following the Indonesian crisis in 1958, which had included the
4419:
in getting its claim recognised by the international community.
11583:
11526:
11501:
11466:
7893:
7206:
7194:
7013:
7011:
6921:
6122:
6055:
at the end of the confrontation after their successful mission.
6040:
5849:
5601:
5482:
5246:
4902:
4889:
4714:
4640:
4591:
bordered British Borneo. The capital of the West Kalimantan is
4566:
4514:
4482:
was mildly supportive of the proposed federation, although the
4471:
3585:
3234:
2239:
1876:
1235:
828:
212:
95:
65:
7476:
7113:
11491:
11486:
8202:(Second ed.). South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
7464:
7319:
7089:
6807:
6138:
5789:
filed their reports on the Crisis in Indonesia. According to
5462:
5416:
5412:
4606:
The equator lies about 160 kilometres (100 mi) south of
3455:
8883:
Jungle Conflict: The Durham Light Infantry in Borneo 1965β66
7008:
6564:
6562:
5564:
captain examines a Murut child whose parents have fled from
4863:
initially did not oppose the concept and even initiated the
7278:
5214:(PKI), and in the following weeks and months a campaign of
4737:
3157:
8740:
The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak
8405:
Facing North: A Century of Australian Engagement with Asia
8320:
Britain's Secret War: The Indonesian Confrontation 1962β66
7905:
7536:
7512:
7500:
7230:
6890:
6888:
4426:
rebellion in eastern Indonesia and the declaration of the
82:(3 years, 6 months, 3 weeks and 1 day)
7857:
7809:
7766:
7764:
7656:
7620:
7572:
7452:
7440:
7343:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7053:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6559:
6380:
6378:
6376:
6374:
5820:
5776:
5764:(psyops) in concert with the British military, to spread
5493:(GCHQ) listening stations in Singapore, one of which was
5165:
7797:
7184:
7182:
6900:
6771:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6437:
6435:
4505:
On 8 December 1962, the TNKU staged an insurrectionβthe
10433:
8238:
Britain and the Confrontation with Indonesia, 1960β1966
8145:(Second ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
7749:
7524:
7488:
7331:
7254:
6998:
6996:
6885:
6422:
6420:
6395:
6393:
5322:
Order of battle during Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation
4736:'s nationalist movement, together with Ahmad Zaidi, in
4407:. Indonesia was an important country in developing the
8723:. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press.
7917:
7833:
7821:
7761:
7290:
7242:
7041:
7028:
7026:
6917:
6915:
6783:
6617:
6371:
5646:
report discussing the Indonesian political context of
8549:
Konfrontasi: The Indonesia-Malaysia Dispute 1963β1966
7845:
7737:
7668:
7644:
7632:
7608:
7596:
7560:
7428:
7386:
7179:
7077:
7065:
6981:
6969:
6861:
6574:
6432:
4583:
Kalimantan was divided into four provinces, of which
4428:
Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia
3281:
stationed then in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.
8617:
S.B.S.: The Inside Story of the Special Boat Service
7548:
7266:
7101:
6993:
6849:
6652:
UK Armed Forces Operational deaths post World War II
6526:
6417:
6390:
5351:β a frigate or destroyer β was stationed off Tawau.
5000:(subsequently part of Malaysian Rangers) comprising
4989:
Expansion of the conflict to the Malaysian Peninsula
4944:
4893:
from a military perspective with the Tebedu attack.
930:
11759:
1969 Malaysian students pre-election demonstrations
9039:
Counter-Insurgency Operations. 1, Malaya and Borneo
8980:
The Rise and Fall of Communism in Sarawak 1940β1990
8200:
The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History
8084:. St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin.
7941:
7725:
7307:
7023:
6912:
6873:
6405:
5682:
4812:or Greater Malay, a concept that aims to unite the
4686:(CCO) or the Sarawak Communist Organisation (SCO).
3218:from March to August 1962 and the Indonesia-backed
3179:was deposed in 1966, the dispute ended peacefully.
9055:
8635:
8608:Brassey's Annual, the Armed Forces Year-Book, 1967
8589:British Counterinsurgency in the Post-imperial Era
8402:
8124:Kompassus β Inside Indonesia's Special Forces
7972:
7584:
6922:Hitoshi Hirakawa; Hiroshi Shimizu (24 June 1999).
6795:
4856:union spanning Malaya, Philippines and Indonesia.
4748:(or Kalimantan Utara) proposal was seen as a post-
4666:According to Vernon L. Porritt and Hong-Kah Fong,
4525:announced that Indonesia would pursue a policy of
11879:2013 anti-Jamalul Kiram III infiltration protests
9085:. Marshall Cavendish Editions. pp. 163β199.
7403:
7401:
12231:
10519:
8445:
8340:The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945β1967
7699:Lashmar, Paul; Oliver, James (1 December 1998).
7482:
7224:
7200:
6079:
5723:memorandum of 1962 indicated that Macmillan and
5183:was a considerable deterrent to the Indonesians.
5140:in April 1965. Conventional follow-up forces of
5033:
4968:
4635:. Sarawak became a Crown colony, ruled from the
12084:1963 anti-Indonesia infiltration demonstrations
9125:(PhD thesis). National University of Singapore.
8778:Confrontation, The War with Indonesia 1962β1966
8040:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
8018:. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021
6308:IndonesiaβNew Zealand relations#The Sukarno Era
5315:
8926:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword.
8905:The Gunners: A History of Australian Artillery
8359:"CLARET Operations and Confrontation, 1964β66"
8162:Guerilla Warfare: from 1939 to the Present Day
7771:Lashmar, Paul; Oliver, James (16 April 2000).
7694:
7692:
7398:
6955:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 142.
6948:
5756:To weaken the regime, the UK Foreign Office's
4884:ministerial and summit level talks in Manila.
3167:'s opposition to the creation of the state of
11774:1970 PMUM vs PBMUM Papan Tanda demonstrations
11707:
11237:
10419:
9200:
8885:. Sunderland: Business Education Publishers.
8880:
8342:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
8197:
8164:. London: Orbis Book Publishing Corporation.
7770:
7698:
7017:
5300:. Luce was routinely replaced by Admiral Sir
5200:Sukarno, on his opinion of Ferdinand Marcos,
4929:endorsement of the proposed Malaysian state.
4363:
3128:
916:
8780:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military Press.
8775:
8761:. Brighton: Mostly Unsung Military History.
7935:
7875:
7542:
7518:
7506:
7284:
7212:
7095:
6759:"The lost wars: Britain's Malayan campaigns"
6514:
6495:
6452:
6450:
4450:Before the British government announced the
11599:Revolutionary Socialist Party (Netherlands)
11407:Central All-Indonesian Workers Organization
8591:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
8400:
7911:
7689:
6706:
6303:Military history of New Zealand in Malaysia
6129:, marking the victory during the battle in
4787:
11714:
11700:
11251:
11244:
11230:
10426:
10412:
9207:
9193:
8956:
8951:(Supplement). 21 April 1966. p. 4947.
8704:. Vol. II: 1946β2006. Potomac Books.
8446:James, Harold; Sheil-Small, Denis (1971).
8178:
7626:
7470:
7364:"Truth still a casualty of our secret war"
7349:
7325:
7032:Tun Hanif Omar. Merdeka and Malaysia Day.
6777:
6645:
6643:
6568:
5740:into Malaysia demonstration by a group of
5370:transport aircraft, probably two or three
4370:
4356:
3135:
3121:
923:
909:
11579:Calcutta Southeast Asian Youth Conference
10968:Calcutta Southeast Asian Youth Conference
9180:Scourge of Sukarno: the Gurkhas in Borneo
9099:
8996:
8742:. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
8586:
8551:. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
8474:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8356:
8283:Taiwan Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
8103:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
7530:
7494:
7407:
7260:
7131:
6527:Andretta Schellinger (12 February 2016).
6478:
6447:
5936:Learn how and when to remove this message
4489:In Brunei, it was unclear whether Sultan
12037:1946β50 anti-cession movement of Sarawak
11839:2009 anti-Menteri Besar Terengganu rally
9118:
8961:. Britains-SmallWars.com. Archived from
8959:"Britains Small Wars β Plaman Mapu"
8610:. London: William Clowes & Sons Ltd.
6034:
5835:
5732:
5632:
5555:
5452:
5386:
5325:
5287:to counter the Indonesian infiltrations.
5274:
5240:
5160:
5100:
4992:
4837:
4688:
4618:
4556:
11954:2016 Muafakat Selamatkan Malaysia rally
11914:2015 Kita Lawan, May Day anti-GST rally
8977:
8921:
8815:Gelora Konfrontasi Mengganjang Malaysia
8718:
8656:
8605:
8254:
8216:
8159:
7923:
7887:
7851:
7839:
7827:
7803:
7674:
7650:
7301:
7248:
7236:
7047:
6789:
6756:
6658:. Ministry of Defence. 2015. p. 4.
6640:
6634:
6441:
6076:Northern Borneo Military Campaign Medal
5715:and then executed under Prime Minister
5270:
4705:The SCO was predominantly dominated by
4677:had been present among Sarawak's urban
3313:and Sukarno's loss of power to General
2706:1998β1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak
114:Indonesia accepts formation of Malaysia
14:
12232:
12119:1993 Sultan of Kelantan demonstrations
12104:1974 Tasek Utara, Johor demonstrations
9080:
8899:
8839:
8820:
8697:
8675:
8633:
8614:
8546:
8423:
8337:
8316:
8235:
8140:
8121:
8098:
8036:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
7899:
7863:
7815:
7773:"How we lied to put a killer in power"
7755:
7743:
7662:
7638:
7614:
7602:
7578:
7554:
7458:
7446:
7434:
7392:
7361:
7337:
7188:
7158:
7119:
7083:
7071:
7059:
7002:
6987:
6975:
6867:
6855:
6744:
6611:
6426:
6411:
6399:
6384:
5491:Government Communications Headquarters
5391:Captured Indonesian infiltrators near
5210:the failed coup was attributed to the
5205:On the night of 30 September 1965, an
5064:(1 RNZIR) stationed near Malacca with
4382:
11894:2013 Ops Turun, anti-price hike rally
11849:2011 anti-Peaceful Assembly Act rally
11695:
11225:
10407:
9188:
9036:
8881:Harrison, Ralph; Heron, John (2007).
8756:
8737:
8659:British Military Operations 1945β1985
8565:
8503:
8464:
8179:Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey (1996).
7947:For Australian casualty figures see:
7374:from the original on 2 September 2006
7313:
7272:
7107:
6906:
6879:
6816:
6547:from the original on 15 February 2017
5156:
4533:
3305:. Australia and New Zealand deployed
904:
60:A British soldier is winched up by a
12144:2011 Gathering of a Million Faithful
11884:2013 KL 112, Peopleβs Uprising rally
11794:1993 Malaysian constitutional crisis
11789:1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis
11784:1983 Malaysian constitutional crisis
11779:1971 Malaysian constitutional crisis
10737:Singapore Federation of Trade Unions
10648:Assassination of Abdul Rahman Hashim
9466:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
9129:
9020:. Historical Eye.com. Archived from
8957:Paul, James; Spirit, Martin (2008).
8513:New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies
8381:
8273:
8079:
8058:
7990:from the original on 23 October 2013
7731:
7590:
7566:
6894:
6801:
6456:
5884:
2996:2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack
12164:2015 Taman Medan anti-cross protest
11799:1998β2000s Reformasi demonstrations
11769:1969 PMUM Anti-Tunku demonstrations
11744:1946β47 anti-Malayan Union protests
11412:Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army
10688:Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army
9058:"Terror Bomb kills 2 Girls at Bank"
8982:. Victoria: Monash Asia Institute.
8680:(First ed.). London: Collins.
6757:McSmith, Andy (17 September 2011).
6125:in Tawau Confrontation Memorial in
5265:
5230:On 28 May 1966, at a conference in
5090:
5062:Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment
2796:2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia
24:
12052:2015 Sarawak for Sarawakians rally
12042:1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis
11080:Peace Declaration of Sri Aman 1973
10552:Commonwealth Military Involvement
10548:Special Operations Volunteer Force
9175:Britain's Small Wars β Borneo
8796:
8450:. Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield.
7162:The Army and Politics in Indonesia
6480:10.1111/j.1746-1049.2005.tb00956.x
6471:10.1111/j.1746-1049.2005.tb00956.x
5504:
4684:Clandestine Communist Organisation
3249:. Combat was usually conducted by
2636:Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire
2556:Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident
1078:
64:helicopter during an operation in
25:
12331:
12315:Wars involving the United Kingdom
11824:2008 Malaysian fuel hike protests
10608:Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney
9215:Colonial conflicts involving the
9168:
7713:from the original on 2 April 2015
5245:An Australian soldier manning an
4945:Ongoing campaign of infiltrations
2806:Attacks against places of worship
12320:Wars involving the United States
12240:IndonesiaβMalaysia confrontation
11995:2009 Perak constitutional crisis
11723:
11675:
11563:North Kalimantan Communist Party
11422:North Kalimantan Communist Party
11362:1965β66 Indonesian mass killings
11286:IndonesiaβMalaysia confrontation
11205:
11195:
11185:
11043:1975 AIA building hostage crisis
10742:North Kalimantan Communist Party
10693:Malayan National Liberation Army
10653:Assassination of Khoo Chong Kong
10491:IndonesiaβMalaysia confrontation
10459:
10453:
9015:
8907:. St Leonards: Allen and Unwin.
8183:. St Leonards: Allen and Unwin.
8002:
7960:from the original on 2 July 2009
7929:
6209:
6197:"Monument to the victims of the
6190:
6174:
6150:
6114:
5889:
5683:British psychological operations
5179:, c 1965. The presence of these
4695:Indonesian National Armed Forces
4486:(PKI) was firmly opposed to it.
4339:
3349:
3149:IndonesiaβMalaysia confrontation
3104:
2766:2006β2007 Southeast Asian floods
934:IndonesiaβMalaysia confrontation
859:
848:
837:
821:
769:
757:
745:
733:
721:
709:
697:
685:
672:
659:
647:
635:
623:
611:
599:
581:
569:
557:
545:
533:
520:
507:
495:
483:
476:
464:
457:
445:
438:
426:
419:
407:
400:
388:
381:
369:
357:
345:
333:
321:
299:
287:
276:
265:
248:
231:
218:
205:
193:
180:
167:
80:20 January 1963 β 11 August 1966
54:
37:IndonesiaβMalaysia confrontation
11939:2015 Shutdown Sungai Besi rally
11084:Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 1989
10993:MalaysiaβSoviet Union relations
10988:Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor
9291:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
8840:Easter, David (February 2005).
8323:. Men-at-Arms. Oxford: Osprey.
8126:. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing.
8051:
7680:
7408:Weinstein, Franklin B. (2009).
7355:
7152:
7132:Weinstein, Franklin B. (2007).
7125:
6942:
6750:
6520:
6253:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
6084:). And two Indonesian marines (
5918:check for citation inaccuracies
5831:
5758:Information Research Department
5523:Speed, mobility and flexibility
5448:
5126:New Zealand Special Air Service
4647:for Sarawak. The predominantly
2626:Penang terminal bridge collapse
1611:Separation of Perlis from Kedah
12169:2015 Penang villagers protests
12094:1967 Teluk Gong demonstrations
11974:September 2019 climate strikes
11909:2015 Rakyat Hakim Negara rally
11643:The Year of Living Dangerously
9394:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War
7362:Forbes, Mark (23 March 2005).
6350:
6335:, the three separate entities
6325:
5813:Secretary of State for Defence
5461:consulting the terrain map of
5419:was also trialled under Major
5247:L7 General Purpose Machine Gun
4401:Indonesian National Revolution
4052:French and British interregnum
2536:Campbell Shopping Complex fire
13:
1:
12260:Military history of Singapore
12255:Military history of Indonesia
12250:Guided Democracy in Indonesia
12201:Sepuluh Tahun Sebelum Merdeka
12154:2012 Green Rally to Putrajaya
11028:Sarawak United Peoples' Party
9791:Black War (Van Diemen's Land)
9635:Castle Hill convict rebellion
9018:"The Gurkha battle in Borneo"
9001:. London: C. Hurst & Co.
8719:Pugsley, Christopher (2003).
8587:Mockaitis, Thomas R. (1995).
6823:The English Historical Review
6817:Jones, M. (1 November 1999).
6318:
5880:
5576:In about 1962, at the end of
5568:to Sarawak, the British have
5249:(GPMG) at a forward position.
4719:Sarawak United People's Party
4643:, which in turn dispatched a
4542:, comprising four Indonesian
4498:hinted at moral support, and
3320:
3175:. After Indonesian president
2746:2002 Taman Hillview landslide
1801:Japanese occupation of Malaya
1260:
1119:
12285:IndonesiaβMalaysia relations
12270:History of the Royal Marines
12187:Student activism in Malaysia
12089:1964 race riots in Singapore
12047:Sarawak rainforest blockades
12000:2009 1BLACKMalaysia protests
11387:Socialist Party of Indonesia
11382:Communist Party of Indonesia
10658:Bombing of National Monument
8143:An Atlas of Australia's Wars
7483:James & Sheil-Small 1971
7225:James & Sheil-Small 1971
7201:James & Sheil-Small 1971
6533:. McFarland. pp. 152β.
6094:National Heroes of Indonesia
5867:
5738:Anti-Indonesian infiltration
5316:Commonwealth order of battle
5122:Special Air Service Regiment
5025:'Year of Living Dangerously'
4858:President of the Philippines
4484:Communist Party of Indonesia
3940:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow
3299:1964 race riots in Singapore
2986:2024 Lumut helicopters crash
2906:Kim Jong-nam's Assassination
2786:Bukit Antarabangsa landslide
2065:North Borneo self-governance
7:
11904:2014 May Day anti-GST rally
11844:2010 Water for People rally
11173:The Garden of Evening Mists
11157:The Garden of Evening Mists
9144:10.1080/0959231042000275588
9132:Small Wars and Insurgencies
8858:10.1080/1468274042000283144
8776:van der Bijl, Nick (2007).
8657:Pimlott, John, ed. (1984).
8638:The New Rulers of the World
8566:Majid, Harun Abdul (2007).
8401:Goldsworthy, David (2001).
8221:. London: Greenhill Books.
6747:, pp. 36β37 & 174.
6236:
6161:, Malaysian Borneo, to the
6157:A memorial in Ansip Ferry,
5721:Central Intelligence Agency
5697:Secret Intelligence Service
4764:
3447:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms
3277:forces within the combined
2836:Genting Highlands bus crash
2816:Cameron Highlands bus crash
2516:AIA building hostage crisis
2486:Ligitan and Sipadan dispute
2435:Philippine militant attacks
2240:Federal Territory of Labuan
2170:Declaration of Rukun Negara
2160:National Operations Council
2125:Second communist insurgency
160:The Commonwealth of Nations
27:1963β1966 military conflict
10:
12336:
12305:Wars involving New Zealand
12174:2018 Seafield temple riots
12099:1974 Baling demonstrations
11934:2015 United People's rally
11417:South Seas Communist Party
11322:Action of 13 December 1964
10683:South Seas Communist Party
10308:Jewish revolt in Palestine
9953:Fenian Rebellion in Canada
9598:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign
9490:American Revolutionary War
9081:Squire, Thomas A. (2018).
8504:Kheng, Cheah Boon (2009).
7701:"How we destroyed Sukarno"
6928:. Routledge. p. 180.
6347:participated independently
6283:Far East Strategic Reserve
6163:Royal Australian Engineers
6099:
5467:Royal Australian Engineers
5399:on 29 October 1964 by the
5319:
5212:Indonesian Communist Party
5094:
5006:Royal Australian Air Force
4768:
4550:(later renamed Sabah) and
4121:United States of Indonesia
3958:Chinese Kongsi federations
3279:Far East Strategic Reserve
2966:2022 Batang Kali landslide
2280:Peace Agreement of Hat Yai
12182:
12159:2012 People's Lands rally
12076:
12060:
12029:
12008:
11987:
11889:2013 Blackout 505 rallies
11864:2012 Free Anwar 901 rally
11736:
11673:
11627:
11571:
11535:
11430:
11374:
11294:
11273:
11261:
11183:
11092:
11068:
11003:ChinaβSingapore relations
10973:University Socialist Club
10960:
10903:
10761:
10750:
10732:Malaysian Communist Party
10675:
10580:
10469:
10449:
10142:
10079:Jameson Raid South Africa
9613:
9366:
9227:
8922:Jackson, Robert (2011) .
8825:. Brisbane: John Doohan.
8357:Gregorian, Raffi (1991).
7902:, pp. 187 & 196.
7890:, pp. 256 & 263.
7878:, pp. 174 & 224.
6501:Sejarah Indonesia :
6066:
6039:The withdrawal parade in
6018:
6007:
5994:
5981:
5961:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5401:Royal Australian Regiment
5216:imprisonment and lynching
5066:28 (Commonwealth) Brigade
4272:Javanese historical texts
3262:IndonesiaβMalaysia border
2896:Movida Bar grenade attack
2646:Bright Sparklers disaster
2546:Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash
2526:National Monument bombing
2496:Kuala Lumpur flash floods
2290:Royal Immunity Amendments
2035:Singapore self-governance
1946:Crown Colony of N. Borneo
1561:Siamese invasion of Kedah
942:
827:140 killed (including 44
784:
311:
152:
72:
53:
41:
36:
12300:Wars involving Australia
12295:Wars involving Indonesia
12134:2009 cow's head protests
11919:2015 #TangkapNajib rally
11804:2001 Kampung Medan riots
11133:Apa Khabar Orang Kampung
10998:ChinaβMalaysia relations
10290:Arab revolt in Palestine
9887:Second Anglo-Burmese War
9629:Second Anglo-Maratha War
9520:Australian frontier wars
8619:. London: Bounty Books.
8217:Dickens, Peter (2003) .
8082:Menzies in War and Peace
7122:, pp. 179β181, 188.
6835:10.1093/ehr/114.459.1179
6505:. Retrieved 30 May 2006.
6459:The Developing Economies
6243:British military history
6081:Satyalancana Wira Dharma
5762:psychological operations
5570:won the hearts of people
5562:Royal Army Medical Corps
5529:Domination of the jungle
5381:RAF Air Command Far East
5011:helicopter to guard the
4955:600 in a fortnight. The
4794:Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung
4788:Beginning of hostilities
4032:Dutch East India Company
3673:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
2916:Darul Quran madrasa fire
2736:2001 Kampung Medan riots
2656:Highland Towers collapse
2353:Pakatan Harapan takeover
1755:Unfederated Malay States
1347:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
12310:Wars involving Malaysia
12124:1998 Kampung Rawa riots
12021:1967 Penang Hartal riot
11924:2015 Low Yat Plaza riot
11899:2014 Red Pencil protest
11558:Malayan Communist Party
11543:Communist International
11327:Battle of Sungei Koemba
10705:Malayan Communist Party
10533:Background & causes
10284:Second Mohmand campaign
10019:Third Anglo-Burmese War
9983:Second Anglo-Afghan War
9785:First Anglo-Burmese War
9761:Third Anglo-Maratha War
9592:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
9502:Second Anglo-Mysore War
9496:First Anglo-Maratha War
9119:Tan Ming, Jean (2011).
8698:Polmar, Norman (2008).
8547:Mackie, J.A.C. (1974).
8274:Fong, Hong-Kah (2005).
8255:Edwards, Peter (1992).
8160:Corbett, Robin (1986).
7984:Australian War Memorial
7954:Australian War Memorial
7159:Crouch, Harold (2007).
6949:Greg Poulgrain (1998).
6313:MacDonald House bombing
5910:. The reason given is:
5116:βincluding the British
5106:Queen's Own Highlanders
5045:Lockheed C-130 Hercules
4816:created by Sukarno and
4491:Omar Ali Saifuddien III
4399:as a conclusion of the
3212:policy of confrontation
3202:(collectively known as
2976:2023 Elmina plane crash
2956:2021-22 Malaysia floods
2936:2020-21 Malaysia floods
2926:2018 Subang Temple riot
2886:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot
2866:2014β15 Malaysia floods
2776:Bukit Gantang bus crash
2220:South China Sea dispute
2200:1977 Kelantan Emergency
2190:Federal Territory of KL
2085:Sarawak self-governance
1159:65,000–40,000 BCE
527:Omar Ali Saifuddien III
12245:20th-century conflicts
11949:2016 Keranda 152 rally
11829:2009 Keranda 152 rally
11754:1967 Keranda 152 rally
11749:1947 All-Malaya Hartal
11636:Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI
11254:Communism in Indonesia
10224:Third Anglo-Afghan War
10109:First Mohmand campaign
9833:First Anglo-Afghan War
9532:Third Anglo-Mysore War
9100:Subritzky, J. (2000).
8997:Poulgrain, G. (1998).
8978:Porritt, V.L. (2004).
8738:Reece, R.H.W. (1993).
8615:Parker, John (2005) .
8572:. London: I.B.Tauris.
8382:Grey, Jeffrey (1998).
8338:French, David (2011).
8240:. London: I.B.Tauris.
8236:Easter, David (2004).
8059:Blum, William (2003).
7627:Dennis & Grey 1996
7471:Dennis & Grey 1996
7414:. Equinox Publishing.
7350:Dennis & Grey 1996
7326:Dennis & Grey 1996
7165:. Equinox Publishing.
7138:. Equinox Publishing.
6778:Dennis & Grey 1996
6569:Dennis & Grey 1996
6080:
6056:
6053:Royal New Zealand Navy
5852:
5753:
5651:
5573:
5485:were decrypted by the
5470:
5404:
5357:Army Strategic Command
5338:
5288:
5250:
5203:
5184:
5109:
5034:
5016:
4969:
4910:
4845:
4702:
4562:
4405:First and Second World
4083:Emergence of Indonesia
3303:Army Strategic Command
3192:British Crown colonies
3158:
2586:1985 Lahad Datu ambush
2456:Brunei's Limbang claim
2300:Asian financial crisis
1887:Sandakan Death Marches
1735:Federated Malay States
1621:Crown Colony of Labuan
1083:
490:Stephen Kalong Ningkan
312:Commanders and leaders
12139:2009 anti-PPSMI rally
11969:2018 anti-ICERD rally
11964:2016 BERSIH 5.0 rally
11929:2015 BERSIH 4.0 rally
11874:2012 anti-Lynas rally
11869:2012 BERSIH 3.0 rally
11854:2011 BERSIH 2.0 rally
11809:2007 BERSIH 1.0 rally
11650:Puisi Tak Terkuburkan
11548:Brunei People's Party
11357:30 September Movement
10815:Abu Samah Mohd Kassim
10715:Revolutionary Faction
10618:Battle of Semur River
10613:Bukit Kepong Incident
10588:Sungai Siput Incident
10495:Communist insurgency
10436:Communism in Malaysia
9881:Second Anglo-Sikh War
9538:Cotiote (Wayanad) War
9424:French and Indian War
9041:. London: Ian Allan.
8821:Doohan, J.T. (2004).
8634:Pilger, John (2003).
8317:Fowler, Will (2006).
8141:Coates, John (2006).
6049:Royal Australian Navy
6038:
5839:
5819:Although the British
5736:
5641:
5627:105 mm Pack Howitzers
5559:
5456:
5390:
5376:Handley Page Hastings
5329:
5278:
5244:
5193:
5164:
5138:Battle of Plaman Mapu
5104:
4996:
4841:
4692:
4619:Sarawakian opposition
4560:
4138:Republic of Indonesia
4004:European colonization
3903:Riau-Lingga Sultanate
2826:Hulu Langat landslide
2506:Malaysian haze crisis
2270:Constitutional crisis
2105:Singapore in Malaysia
2095:Formation of Malaysia
1960:Anti-cession movement
1847:Parit Sulong Massacre
1326:Rise of Muslim states
1250:100 BCE–1474 CE
1082:
785:Casualties and losses
414:Pengiran Ahmad Raffae
44:formation of Malaysia
12275:Protests in Malaysia
12129:2007 Terengganu riot
11944:2016 anti-TPPA rally
11730:Protests in Malaysia
11604:Communism in Sumatra
11553:Kesatuan Melayu Muda
11312:Battle of Long Jawai
11060:Lambeth slavery case
10623:Batang Kali massacre
10504:Malaysia (1968-1989)
10043:HunzaβNagar Campaign
9851:First Anglo-Sikh War
9827:EgyptianβOttoman War
9104:. London: Palgrave.
8757:Smith, Neil (1999).
8676:Pocock, Tom (1973).
8122:Conboy, Ken (2003).
8080:Cain, Frank (1997).
6293:History of Indonesia
6216:Dwikora monument in
5655:moved underslung by
5465:(North Borneo) with
5281:Malaysian government
5271:Command arrangements
5221:anti-communist purge
5128:βas well as regular
5073:Sunda Straits Crisis
5035:Pasukan Gerak Tjepat
5030:Rapid Response Troop
4957:Battle of Long Jawai
4818:Kesatuan Melayu Muda
4655:, the first British
4629:Charles Vyner Brooke
4460:Federation of Malaya
4409:Non-Aligned Movement
4346:Indonesia portal
3967:Heshun Confederation
3883:Yogyakarta Sultanate
3813:Kalinyamat Sultanate
3783:Sultanate of Jailolo
3753:Sultanate of Ternate
3466:Tarumanagara Kingdom
3229:The conflict was an
3173:Federation of Malaya
3153:Borneo confrontation
2756:Indian Ocean tsunami
2446:Singapore race riots
2431:North Borneo dispute
2210:Pedra Branca dispute
2025:Malayan Independence
1980:Federation of Malaya
1745:Anglo-Siamese Treaty
1725:Mat Salleh Rebellion
1521:DutchβPortuguese War
1240:100 BCE–642 CE
1192:11,000–200 BCE
142:continues until 1989
136:Communist insurgency
18:Borneo Confrontation
12109:1977 Kelantan riots
11979:2021 Lawan protests
11834:2009 anti-ISA rally
11819:2008 Black 14 rally
11664:The Look of Silence
11352:Three Souths Affair
10698:10th Malay Regiment
10643:Operation Coldstore
10450:Wars and incidents
10296:Waziristan campaign
10230:Waziristan campaign
9923:Revolt of Rajab Ali
9400:War of Jenkins' Ear
8534:on 20 December 2019
8304:on 24 December 2013
7866:, pp. 153β169.
7818:, pp. 154β155.
7785:on 13 November 2010
7665:, pp. 165β166.
7581:, pp. 159β160.
7473:, pp. 239β240.
7461:, pp. 158β161.
7449:, pp. 213β214.
7328:, pp. 232β233.
7239:, pp. 206β213.
7227:, pp. 148β150.
7215:, pp. 135β138.
7062:, pp. 174β175.
6909:, pp. 132β152.
6897:, pp. 183β192.
6503:"The Sukarno Years"
6298:History of Malaysia
6092:) were honoured as
5846:Imperial War Museum
5770:Chinese Indonesians
5606:Vickers machine gun
5586:self-loading rifles
5310:General Tunku Osman
5118:Special Air Service
4965:Navy Commando Corps
4852:, a non-political,
4432:Civil Air Transport
4417:UN General Assembly
4383:Political situation
4111:National Revolution
4101:Japanese occupation
3987:Santiaogou Republic
3853:Palembang Sultanate
3773:Sultanate of Tidore
3643:Peureulak Sultanate
3576:Dharmasraya Kingdom
3290:infiltration forces
3184:Peninsular Malaysia
3111:Malaysia portal
2946:LRT train collision
2716:Al-Ma'unah incident
2696:Tropical Storm Greg
2180:New Economic Policy
2017:Independence period
1857:Battle of Singapore
1551:Straits Settlements
1486:Kubang Pasu Kingdom
1205:500 – 200 BCE
364:Abdul Razak Hussein
11814:2007 HINDRAF rally
11657:The Act of Killing
11628:In popular culture
11512:Marco Kartodikromo
11125:The Last Communist
11103:(1953 documentary)
11093:In popular culture
10805:Mokhtaruddin Lasso
10663:Operation Spectrum
10170:Bambatha Rebellion
10085:Anglo-Zanzibar War
10073:Chitral Expedition
10007:Anglo-Egyptian War
9779:Anglo-Ashanti wars
9484:Lord Dunmore's War
9442:Anglo-Cherokee War
9351:King William's War
9037:Smith, E. (1985).
8948:The London Gazette
8465:Jones, M. (2002).
8363:Conflict Quarterly
7018:Dennis et al. 2008
6829:(459): 1179β1216.
6169:from 1964 to 1966.
6057:
5853:
5786:The New York Times
5760:(IRD) coordinated
5754:
5652:
5592:until replaced by
5582:light machine guns
5574:
5487:Intelligence Corps
5471:
5405:
5372:Blackburn Beverley
5344:Police Field Force
5339:
5289:
5251:
5185:
5157:Easing of tensions
5110:
5040:landing at Pontian
5021:Dwi Komando Rakyat
5017:
5009:Bell UH-1 Iroquois
4923:Tunku Abdul Rahman
4898:Cobbold Commission
4861:Diosdado Macapagal
4846:
4709:but also included
4703:
4661:Ahmad Zaidi Adruce
4563:
4534:People and terrain
4445:Act of Free Choice
4413:Bandung Conference
4190:1998–present
4091:National Awakening
3921:Christian kingdoms
3887:1755–present
3877:1745–present
3873:Surakarta Sunanate
3843:Kingdom of Kaimana
3797:1526–present
3763:Sultanate of Bacan
3683:Pagaruyung Kingdom
3624:Islamic sultanates
3516:Shailendra Dynasty
2686:Pos Dipang mudflow
2466:Penang Hartal riot
2310:Reformasi Movement
2055:Sarawak Insurgency
1775:Kelantan rebellion
1695:Jementah Civil War
1601:Kingdom of Sarawak
1571:Anglo-Dutch Treaty
1511:Portuguese Malacca
1443:Selangor Sultanate
1092:Prehistoric period
1084:
352:Tunku Abdul Rahman
12265:History of Borneo
12227:
12226:
12149:2012 Orange rally
12114:1985 Memali riots
12016:1867 Penang riots
11764:13 May 1969 riots
11689:
11688:
11619:Japanese Red Army
11370:
11369:
11281:Malayan Emergency
11219:
11218:
11109:A Piece of Ribbon
11038:Japanese Red Army
10956:
10955:
10671:
10670:
10628:Operation Termite
10576:
10575:
10556:Southern Rhodesia
10401:
10400:
10332:Malayan Emergency
10242:Malabar rebellion
10103:Siege of Malakand
10049:Anglo-Manipur War
9905:Anglo-Persian War
9454:Anglo-Spanish War
9406:King George's War
9327:King Philip's War
9303:Anglo-Spanish War
9111:978-0-312-22784-5
9066:The Straits Times
9008:978-1-85065-510-7
8989:978-1-876924-27-0
8914:978-1-86373-917-7
8892:978-1-901888-55-3
8832:978-0-646-43718-7
8813:Anonymous. 1964.
8787:978-1-84415-595-8
8768:978-1-876179-07-6
8749:978-0-19-580474-4
8687:978-0-00-211295-6
8668:978-0-86124-147-7
8661:. London: Bison.
8642:. London: Verso.
8558:978-0-19-638247-0
8481:978-0-521-80111-9
8457:978-0-87471-074-8
8438:978-1-86508-647-7
8393:978-1-86448-290-4
8266:978-1-86373-184-3
8247:978-1-85043-623-2
8209:978-0-19-551784-2
8190:978-1-86373-302-1
8171:978-0-85613-469-2
8152:978-0-19-555914-9
7936:van der Bijl 2007
7876:van der Bijl 2007
7806:, pp. 39β55.
7758:, pp. 33β34.
7569:, pp. 57β58.
7543:van der Bijl 2007
7519:van der Bijl 2007
7507:van der Bijl 2007
7421:978-602-8397-45-2
7340:, pp. 83β84.
7285:van der Bijl 2007
7213:van der Bijl 2007
7098:, pp. 80β85.
7096:van der Bijl 2007
6962:978-1-85065-513-8
6935:978-1-134-65174-0
6700:nzhistory.govt.nz
6540:978-0-7864-9771-3
6515:van der Bijl 2007
6414:, pp. 11, 41
6387:, pp. 93β95.
6288:History of Brunei
6033:
6032:
5946:
5945:
5938:
5768:casting the PKI,
5665:Claret operations
5639:
5566:Indonesian Borneo
5526:Security of bases
5511:Malayan Emergency
5181:strategic bombers
4983:Operation Trikora
4833:Sultanate of Sulu
4810:Greater Indonesia
4657:High Commissioner
4521:Foreign Minister
4380:
4379:
4194:
4193:
4146:Liberal democracy
4129:
4128:
4074:
4073:
4062:Dutch East Indies
3995:
3994:
3948:
3947:
3930:Larantuka Kingdom
3911:
3910:
3823:Mataram Sultanate
3723:Cirebon Sultanate
3703:Malacca Sultanate
3663:Ternate Sultanate
3614:
3613:
3596:Singhasari Empire
3590:1000s–1300s
3556:Kahuripan Kingdom
3437:
3436:
3288:. Over time, the
3145:
3144:
3004:
3003:
2666:Genting landslide
2616:Ming Court Affair
2404:
2403:
2383:Bornean Amendment
2363:COVID-19 pandemic
2320:H1N1 flu pandemic
2228:
2133:
2132:
2115:ASEAN Declaration
2008:
2007:
1990:Malayan Emergency
1915:
1914:
1783:
1782:
1494:
1493:
1433:Sarawak Sultanate
1410:Pattani Sultanate
1370:Malacca Sultanate
1317:
1316:
1263:100 CE–1025
1209:
1208:
1049:
1048:
899:
898:
552:Alec Douglas-Home
340:Ismail Nasiruddin
328:Tuanku Syed Putra
148:
147:
16:(Redirected from
12327:
12068:1986 Sabah riots
11728:
11727:
11716:
11709:
11702:
11693:
11692:
11683:
11682:Communism portal
11679:
11507:Kamaruzaman Sjam
11472:Amir Sjarifuddin
11452:Siauw Giok Tjhan
11434:
11342:Operation Claret
11337:Battle of Babang
11332:Battle of Kindau
11317:Landing at Labis
11271:
11270:
11265:
11255:
11246:
11239:
11232:
11223:
11222:
11213:
11212:Singapore portal
11209:
11203:
11199:
11193:
11192:Communism portal
11189:
11101:Operation Malaya
11069:Peace agreements
11008:Barisan Sosialis
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10835:Suriani Abdullah
10810:Kamarulzaman Teh
10759:
10758:
10754:
10638:The Templer Plan
10593:Death of Lau Yew
10525:
10517:
10516:
10481:Malayan campaign
10473:
10467:
10466:
10463:
10457:
10443:
10437:
10428:
10421:
10414:
10405:
10404:
10350:Cyprus Emergency
10176:Maritz rebellion
10164:Tibet expedition
10097:Benin Expedition
9917:Indian Rebellion
9911:Second Opium War
9893:Eureka Rebellion
9869:British Honduras
9845:New Zealand Wars
9430:Seven Years' War
9376:Queen Anne's War
9209:
9202:
9195:
9186:
9185:
9163:
9126:
9115:
9096:
9077:
9075:
9073:
9062:
9052:
9033:
9031:
9029:
9024:on 15 March 2010
9012:
8993:
8974:
8972:
8970:
8953:
8952:
8937:
8918:
8896:
8877:
8846:Cold War History
8836:
8791:
8772:
8753:
8734:
8715:
8691:
8672:
8653:
8641:
8630:
8611:
8602:
8583:
8562:
8543:
8541:
8539:
8533:
8527:. Archived from
8510:
8500:
8498:
8496:
8490:
8484:. Archived from
8473:
8461:
8442:
8420:
8408:
8397:
8378:
8353:
8334:
8313:
8311:
8309:
8303:
8297:. Archived from
8280:
8270:
8251:
8232:
8213:
8194:
8175:
8156:
8137:
8118:
8095:
8076:
8046:
8045:
8035:
8027:
8025:
8023:
8013:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7965:
7945:
7939:
7933:
7927:
7921:
7915:
7912:Goldsworthy 2001
7909:
7903:
7897:
7891:
7885:
7879:
7873:
7867:
7861:
7855:
7849:
7843:
7837:
7831:
7825:
7819:
7813:
7807:
7801:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7781:. Archived from
7768:
7759:
7753:
7747:
7741:
7735:
7729:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7718:
7696:
7687:
7684:
7678:
7672:
7666:
7660:
7654:
7648:
7642:
7636:
7630:
7624:
7618:
7612:
7606:
7600:
7594:
7588:
7582:
7576:
7570:
7564:
7558:
7552:
7546:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7522:
7516:
7510:
7504:
7498:
7492:
7486:
7480:
7474:
7468:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7444:
7438:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7405:
7396:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7359:
7353:
7347:
7341:
7335:
7329:
7323:
7317:
7311:
7305:
7299:
7288:
7282:
7276:
7270:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7240:
7234:
7228:
7222:
7216:
7210:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7177:
7176:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7129:
7123:
7117:
7111:
7105:
7099:
7093:
7087:
7081:
7075:
7069:
7063:
7057:
7051:
7045:
7039:
7030:
7021:
7015:
7006:
7000:
6991:
6985:
6979:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6919:
6910:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6883:
6877:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6814:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6781:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6754:
6748:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6726:on 26 March 2023
6725:
6719:. Archived from
6718:
6710:
6704:
6703:
6692:
6683:
6682:
6671:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6647:
6638:
6632:
6615:
6609:
6572:
6566:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6524:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6499:
6493:
6492:
6482:
6454:
6445:
6439:
6430:
6424:
6415:
6409:
6403:
6397:
6388:
6382:
6359:
6354:
6348:
6329:
6263:Cold War in Asia
6258:Operation Claret
6222:North Kalimantan
6213:
6194:
6178:
6154:
6143:Malaysian Borneo
6118:
6083:
5996:New Zealand Army
5948:
5947:
5941:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5921:
5893:
5892:
5885:
5802:Andrew Gilchrist
5781:Associated Press
5766:black propaganda
5713:Harold Macmillan
5687:The role of the
5640:
5578:National Service
5266:Counter-measures
5201:
5189:Ferdinand Marcos
5171:bomber lands at
5097:Operation Claret
5091:Operation Claret
5037:
4972:
4911:Ganyang Malaysia
4746:North Kalimantan
4511:Sultan of Brunei
4397:Dutch New Guinea
4372:
4365:
4358:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4156:Guided Democracy
4142:
4141:
4087:
4086:
4008:
4007:
3977:Lanfang Republic
3963:
3962:
3926:
3925:
3847:1600s–1926
3837:1528s–1877
3803:Banjar Sultanate
3793:Banten Sultanate
3777:1500s–1967
3693:Brunei Sultanate
3629:
3628:
3606:Majapahit Empire
3506:Srivijaya Empire
3486:Kalingga Kingdom
3452:
3451:
3419:Toba catastrophe
3402:94,000β12,000 BP
3373:
3372:
3353:
3343:
3325:
3324:
3295:Operation Claret
3224:Cold War in Asia
3216:Dutch New Guinea
3161:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3109:
3108:
3107:
2876:Sabah earthquake
2417:
2416:
2400:
2373:Political crisis
2347:
2330:Sedition Dragnet
2260:Operation Lalang
2234:
2222:
2146:
2145:
2021:
2020:
1928:
1927:
1924:Formative period
1907:Jesselton revolt
1827:Bornean Campaign
1817:Malayan campaign
1796:
1795:
1765:Battle of Penang
1631:Pahang Civil War
1507:
1506:
1450:
1427:
1390:Pahang Sultanate
1364:
1357:Brunei Sultanate
1341:
1330:
1329:
1262:
1222:
1221:
1199:
1188:
1177:
1153:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1097:
1096:
1072:
1054:
1053:
987:Singapore Strait
937:
935:
925:
918:
911:
902:
901:
864:
863:
862:
853:
852:
851:
842:
841:
840:
826:
825:
824:
805:Civilians Total:
774:
773:
772:
762:
761:
760:
750:
749:
748:
738:
737:
736:
726:
725:
724:
714:
713:
712:
702:
701:
700:
690:
689:
688:
681:
677:
676:
675:
666:Eddy Martadinata
664:
663:
662:
652:
651:
650:
640:
639:
638:
628:
627:
626:
616:
615:
604:
603:
602:
586:
585:
584:
574:
573:
572:
562:
561:
560:
550:
549:
548:
540:Harold Macmillan
538:
537:
536:
529:
525:
524:
523:
512:
511:
510:
500:
499:
498:
488:
487:
486:
481:
480:
479:
469:
468:
467:
462:
461:
460:
452:Peter Lo Sui Yin
450:
449:
448:
443:
442:
441:
431:
430:
429:
424:
423:
422:
412:
411:
410:
405:
404:
403:
393:
392:
391:
386:
385:
384:
374:
373:
372:
362:
361:
360:
350:
349:
348:
338:
337:
336:
326:
325:
324:
304:
303:
302:
292:
291:
290:
281:
280:
279:
270:
269:
268:
261:Aligned parties:
254:
252:
251:
237:
235:
234:
224:
222:
221:
211:
209:
208:
198:
197:
196:
186:
184:
183:
173:
171:
170:
74:
73:
58:
48:Cold War in Asia
34:
33:
21:
12335:
12334:
12330:
12329:
12328:
12326:
12325:
12324:
12230:
12229:
12228:
12223:
12178:
12072:
12056:
12025:
12004:
11983:
11732:
11722:
11720:
11690:
11685:
11681:
11669:
11623:
11567:
11531:
11432:
11426:
11366:
11290:
11263:
11257:
11253:
11250:
11220:
11215:
11211:
11202:Malaysia portal
11201:
11191:
11179:
11165:The New Village
11088:
11064:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10932:
10927:
10923:Wen Ming Chyuan
10922:
10917:
10905:
10899:
10830:S. A. Ganapathy
10795:Ahmad Boestamam
10767:
10765:
10763:
10752:
10746:
10667:
10633:Pipeline Ambush
10572:
10523:
10521:
10515:
10471:
10458:
10452:
10451:
10445:
10441:
10435:
10432:
10402:
10397:
10338:Kenya Emergency
10144:
10138:
10133:Second Boer War
10127:Boxer Rebellion
10055:Pahang Uprising
9935:Ambela campaign
9857:RΓo de la Plata
9839:First Opium War
9821:Aden Expedition
9653:RΓo de la Plata
9615:
9609:
9580:Irish Rebellion
9472:First Carib War
9368:
9362:
9285:Confederate War
9279:Irish Rebellion
9229:
9223:
9213:
9171:
9166:
9112:
9093:
9071:
9069:
9060:
9049:
9027:
9025:
9009:
8990:
8968:
8966:
8941:
8934:
8915:
8893:
8833:
8799:
8797:Further reading
8794:
8788:
8769:
8750:
8731:
8712:
8688:
8669:
8650:
8627:
8599:
8580:
8559:
8537:
8535:
8531:
8508:
8494:
8492:
8491:on 20 July 2021
8488:
8482:
8471:
8458:
8439:
8417:
8394:
8350:
8331:
8307:
8305:
8301:
8278:
8267:
8248:
8229:
8210:
8191:
8172:
8153:
8134:
8111:
8092:
8073:
8054:
8049:
8029:
8028:
8021:
8019:
8016:"Archived copy"
8014:
8008:
8007:
8003:
7993:
7991:
7978:
7977:
7973:
7963:
7961:
7948:
7946:
7942:
7934:
7930:
7922:
7918:
7910:
7906:
7898:
7894:
7886:
7882:
7874:
7870:
7862:
7858:
7850:
7846:
7838:
7834:
7826:
7822:
7814:
7810:
7802:
7798:
7788:
7786:
7778:The Independent
7769:
7762:
7754:
7750:
7742:
7738:
7730:
7726:
7716:
7714:
7706:The Independent
7697:
7690:
7685:
7681:
7673:
7669:
7661:
7657:
7649:
7645:
7637:
7633:
7625:
7621:
7613:
7609:
7601:
7597:
7589:
7585:
7577:
7573:
7565:
7561:
7553:
7549:
7541:
7537:
7529:
7525:
7517:
7513:
7505:
7501:
7493:
7489:
7481:
7477:
7469:
7465:
7457:
7453:
7445:
7441:
7433:
7429:
7422:
7406:
7399:
7391:
7387:
7377:
7375:
7360:
7356:
7348:
7344:
7336:
7332:
7324:
7320:
7312:
7308:
7300:
7291:
7283:
7279:
7271:
7267:
7259:
7255:
7247:
7243:
7235:
7231:
7223:
7219:
7211:
7207:
7199:
7195:
7187:
7180:
7173:
7157:
7153:
7146:
7130:
7126:
7118:
7114:
7106:
7102:
7094:
7090:
7082:
7078:
7070:
7066:
7058:
7054:
7046:
7042:
7038:. 8 April 2007.
7031:
7024:
7016:
7009:
7001:
6994:
6986:
6982:
6974:
6970:
6963:
6947:
6943:
6936:
6920:
6913:
6905:
6901:
6893:
6886:
6878:
6874:
6866:
6862:
6854:
6850:
6815:
6808:
6800:
6796:
6788:
6784:
6776:
6772:
6764:The Independent
6755:
6751:
6743:
6739:
6729:
6727:
6723:
6716:
6712:
6711:
6707:
6694:
6693:
6686:
6673:
6672:
6663:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6641:
6633:
6618:
6610:
6575:
6567:
6560:
6550:
6548:
6541:
6525:
6521:
6513:
6509:
6500:
6496:
6455:
6448:
6440:
6433:
6425:
6418:
6410:
6406:
6398:
6391:
6383:
6372:
6363:
6362:
6355:
6351:
6330:
6326:
6321:
6239:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6218:Nunukan Regency
6214:
6205:
6195:
6186:
6179:
6170:
6155:
6146:
6127:Sabah, Malaysia
6119:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6069:
5983:Australian Army
5976:
5972:
5965:
5942:
5931:
5925:
5922:
5915:
5894:
5890:
5883:
5870:
5842:M1 Garand rifle
5834:
5807:In April 2000,
5798:Norman Reddaway
5728:John F. Kennedy
5702:The Independent
5685:
5633:
5609:rifle company.
5598:assault pioneer
5546:Sarawak Rangers
5507:
5505:British tactics
5459:Murut tribesman
5451:
5324:
5318:
5273:
5268:
5202:
5199:
5173:RAF Butterworth
5159:
5099:
5093:
4998:Sarawak Rangers
4991:
4947:
4881:Howard P. Jones
4869:successor state
4827:Similarly, the
4798:West New Guinea
4790:
4785:
4769:Main articles:
4767:
4723:Bruneian rebels
4637:Colonial Office
4621:
4612:mangrove forest
4589:West Kalimantan
4585:East Kalimantan
4536:
4385:
4376:
4340:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4241:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4180:1967–1998
4170:1966–1967
4160:1959–1966
4150:1950–1959
4139:
4131:
4130:
4125:1949–1950
4115:1945–1949
4105:1942–1945
4095:1908–1942
4084:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4069:1945–1949
4068:
4067:1800–1942
4056:1806–1816
4046:1685–1824
4036:1602–1799
4026:1521–1677
4016:1512–1850
4005:
3997:
3996:
3991:1777–1853
3981:1777–1884
3971:1776–1854
3960:
3950:
3949:
3923:
3913:
3912:
3907:1824–1911
3897:1814–1946
3867:1725–1946
3857:1659–1823
3833:Johor Sultanate
3827:1586–1755
3817:1527–1599
3807:1526–1863
3787:1496–1903
3767:1515–1946
3757:1486–1914
3747:1496–1903
3737:1475–1554
3733:Demak Sultanate
3727:1445–1677
3717:1405–1851
3707:1400–1511
3697:1368–1888
3687:1347–1833
3677:1267–1521
3667:1257–1914
3657:1225–1613
3633:Spread of Islam
3626:
3616:
3615:
3610:1293–1527
3600:1222–1292
3580:1183–1347
3570:1045–1221
3560:1019–1045
3526:Mataram Kingdom
3449:
3439:
3438:
3370:
3341:
3334:
3323:
3286:Indonesian Army
3243:Malay Peninsula
3141:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3059:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3014:
3006:
3005:
2676:MH2133 incident
2606:Sabah Emergency
2596:Memali Incident
2476:13 May Incident
2414:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2345:
2250:Memali incident
2232:
2150:13 May incident
2143:
2135:
2134:
2018:
2010:
2009:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1810:
1807:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1715:Pahang Uprising
1504:
1503:Colonial period
1496:
1495:
1448:
1425:
1420:Johor Sultanate
1362:
1339:
1334:Kedah Sultanate
1327:
1319:
1318:
1303:700s–1025
1219:
1211:
1210:
1201:Neolithic Klang
1197:
1189:Perak man/woman
1186:
1178:Bewah man/woman
1175:
1151:
1127:
1115:Lenggong Valley
1111:
1094:
1070:
1063:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1045:
938:
933:
931:
929:
876:
868:
867:several wounded
866:
860:
858:
857:
855:
849:
847:
846:
844:
838:
836:
834:
832:
822:
820:
819:
792:Military Total:
780:
770:
768:
758:
756:
746:
744:
734:
732:
722:
720:
716:Wen Ming Chyuan
710:
708:
698:
696:
686:
684:
673:
671:
670:
660:
658:
648:
646:
636:
634:
624:
622:
610:
600:
598:
592:
582:
580:
570:
568:
558:
556:
546:
544:
534:
532:
521:
519:
518:
508:
506:
496:
494:
484:
482:
477:
475:
465:
463:
458:
456:
446:
444:
439:
437:
427:
425:
420:
418:
408:
406:
401:
399:
389:
387:
382:
380:
370:
368:
358:
356:
346:
344:
334:
332:
322:
320:
300:
298:
296:
288:
286:
277:
275:
274:
266:
264:
263:
259:
249:
247:
243:
232:
230:
219:
217:
206:
204:
194:
192:
181:
179:
168:
166:
98:
92:Malay Peninsula
81:
62:Westland Wessex
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12333:
12323:
12322:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12302:
12297:
12292:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12242:
12225:
12224:
12222:
12221:
12213:
12209:Malaysian Gods
12205:
12197:
12193:The Big Durian
12189:
12183:
12180:
12179:
12177:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12116:
12111:
12106:
12101:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12080:
12078:
12074:
12073:
12071:
12070:
12064:
12062:
12058:
12057:
12055:
12054:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12033:
12031:
12027:
12026:
12024:
12023:
12018:
12012:
12010:
12006:
12005:
12003:
12002:
11997:
11991:
11989:
11985:
11984:
11982:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11871:
11866:
11861:
11859:Occupy Dataran
11856:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11751:
11746:
11740:
11738:
11734:
11733:
11719:
11718:
11711:
11704:
11696:
11687:
11686:
11674:
11671:
11670:
11668:
11667:
11660:
11653:
11646:
11639:
11631:
11629:
11625:
11624:
11622:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11575:
11573:
11572:Related topics
11569:
11568:
11566:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11539:
11537:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11474:
11469:
11464:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11444:
11442:Henk Sneevliet
11438:
11436:
11428:
11427:
11425:
11424:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11378:
11376:
11372:
11371:
11368:
11367:
11365:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11298:
11296:
11292:
11291:
11289:
11288:
11283:
11277:
11275:
11268:
11259:
11258:
11249:
11248:
11241:
11234:
11226:
11217:
11216:
11184:
11181:
11180:
11178:
11177:
11169:
11161:
11153:
11145:
11137:
11129:
11121:
11113:
11105:
11096:
11094:
11090:
11089:
11087:
11086:
11081:
11078:
11072:
11070:
11066:
11065:
11063:
11062:
11057:
11056:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10964:
10962:
10961:Related topics
10958:
10957:
10954:
10953:
10951:
10950:
10945:
10943:Wong Lieng Kui
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10918:Yang Chu Chung
10915:
10909:
10907:
10901:
10900:
10898:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10870:Lim Chin Siong
10867:
10862:
10860:Fong Chong Pik
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10790:Shamsiah Fakeh
10787:
10782:
10777:
10771:
10769:
10756:
10748:
10747:
10745:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10723:
10722:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10701:
10700:
10690:
10685:
10679:
10677:
10673:
10672:
10669:
10668:
10666:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10598:Labis Incident
10595:
10590:
10584:
10582:
10578:
10577:
10574:
10573:
10571:
10570:
10569:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10535:
10529:
10527:
10514:
10513:
10512:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10477:
10475:
10464:
10447:
10446:
10431:
10430:
10423:
10416:
10408:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10395:
10389:
10383:
10377:
10371:
10365:
10359:
10353:
10347:
10341:
10335:
10329:
10323:
10317:
10311:
10305:
10299:
10293:
10287:
10281:
10278:Barzani revolt
10275:
10269:
10263:
10257:
10251:
10245:
10239:
10233:
10227:
10221:
10215:
10209:
10203:
10197:
10191:
10185:
10179:
10173:
10167:
10161:
10155:
10148:
10146:
10140:
10139:
10137:
10136:
10130:
10124:
10118:
10115:Tirah campaign
10112:
10106:
10100:
10094:
10088:
10082:
10076:
10070:
10064:
10058:
10052:
10046:
10040:
10034:
10028:
10025:Central Africa
10022:
10016:
10010:
10004:
9998:
9995:First Boer War
9992:
9986:
9980:
9977:Anglo-Zulu War
9974:
9968:
9962:
9956:
9950:
9944:
9938:
9932:
9926:
9920:
9914:
9908:
9902:
9896:
9890:
9884:
9878:
9872:
9866:
9860:
9854:
9848:
9842:
9836:
9830:
9824:
9818:
9812:
9806:
9800:
9794:
9788:
9782:
9776:
9770:
9764:
9758:
9752:
9746:
9740:
9734:
9728:
9722:
9716:
9710:
9704:
9698:
9692:
9686:
9680:
9674:
9668:
9665:Froberg mutiny
9662:
9656:
9650:
9644:
9638:
9632:
9626:
9619:
9617:
9611:
9610:
9608:
9607:
9601:
9595:
9589:
9583:
9577:
9571:
9565:
9559:
9553:
9547:
9541:
9535:
9529:
9523:
9517:
9511:
9505:
9499:
9493:
9487:
9481:
9475:
9469:
9463:
9457:
9451:
9445:
9439:
9433:
9427:
9421:
9415:
9409:
9403:
9397:
9391:
9385:
9379:
9372:
9370:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9360:
9354:
9348:
9345:Williamite War
9342:
9336:
9330:
9324:
9318:
9312:
9306:
9300:
9294:
9288:
9282:
9276:
9270:
9264:
9258:
9252:
9246:
9240:
9233:
9231:
9225:
9224:
9221:British Empire
9212:
9211:
9204:
9197:
9189:
9183:
9182:
9177:
9170:
9169:External links
9167:
9165:
9164:
9127:
9116:
9110:
9097:
9092:978-9814779319
9091:
9078:
9053:
9047:
9034:
9013:
9007:
8994:
8988:
8975:
8954:
8938:
8932:
8919:
8913:
8897:
8891:
8878:
8837:
8831:
8818:
8811:
8806:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8792:
8786:
8773:
8767:
8754:
8748:
8735:
8729:
8716:
8710:
8695:
8692:
8686:
8673:
8667:
8654:
8648:
8631:
8625:
8612:
8603:
8597:
8584:
8578:
8563:
8557:
8544:
8519:(1): 132β152.
8501:
8480:
8462:
8456:
8443:
8437:
8421:
8415:
8398:
8392:
8379:
8354:
8348:
8335:
8329:
8314:
8289:(1): 183β192.
8271:
8265:
8252:
8246:
8233:
8227:
8214:
8208:
8195:
8189:
8176:
8170:
8157:
8151:
8138:
8132:
8119:
8109:
8096:
8090:
8077:
8071:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8047:
8001:
7971:
7940:
7928:
7916:
7914:, p. 342.
7904:
7892:
7880:
7868:
7856:
7844:
7842:, p. 263.
7832:
7830:, p. 153.
7820:
7808:
7796:
7760:
7748:
7746:, p. 168.
7736:
7734:, p. 195.
7724:
7688:
7679:
7667:
7655:
7643:
7641:, p. 215.
7631:
7629:, p. 204.
7619:
7617:, p. 168.
7607:
7605:, p. 192.
7595:
7583:
7571:
7559:
7547:
7535:
7531:Gregorian 1991
7523:
7511:
7499:
7495:Mockaitis 1995
7487:
7475:
7463:
7451:
7439:
7437:, p. 215.
7427:
7420:
7397:
7395:, p. 333.
7385:
7354:
7352:, p. 307.
7342:
7330:
7318:
7306:
7304:, p. 255.
7289:
7287:, p. 165.
7277:
7275:, p. 272.
7265:
7261:Gregorian 1991
7253:
7251:, p. 319.
7241:
7229:
7217:
7205:
7203:, p. 146.
7193:
7191:, p. 161.
7178:
7171:
7151:
7144:
7124:
7112:
7110:, p. 154.
7100:
7088:
7086:, p. 170.
7076:
7074:, p. 173.
7064:
7052:
7050:, p. 260.
7040:
7022:
7020:, p. 152.
7007:
6992:
6990:, p. 153.
6980:
6978:, p. 113.
6968:
6961:
6941:
6934:
6911:
6899:
6884:
6872:
6870:, p. 102.
6860:
6848:
6806:
6794:
6792:, p. 306.
6782:
6770:
6749:
6737:
6705:
6684:
6679:www.awm.gov.au
6661:
6639:
6637:, p. 349.
6616:
6614:, p. 806.
6573:
6571:, p. 318.
6558:
6539:
6519:
6507:
6494:
6465:(1): 489β513.
6446:
6444:, p. 124.
6431:
6429:, p. 129.
6416:
6404:
6402:, p. 156.
6389:
6369:
6361:
6360:
6349:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6238:
6235:
6231:
6230:
6215:
6208:
6206:
6196:
6189:
6187:
6181:A memorial in
6180:
6173:
6171:
6156:
6149:
6147:
6120:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6068:
6065:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5969:
5959:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5944:
5943:
5898:This section
5897:
5895:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5869:
5866:
5833:
5830:
5826:Cabinet Office
5791:Roland Challis
5710:Prime Minister
5693:Foreign Office
5689:United Kingdom
5684:
5681:
5572:in the border.
5534:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5506:
5503:
5450:
5447:
5415:hovercraft at
5413:Westland SR.N5
5368:Single Pioneer
5320:Main article:
5317:
5314:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5225:new government
5207:attempted coup
5197:
5158:
5155:
5114:special forces
5095:Main article:
5092:
5089:
5056:launched from
4990:
4987:
4946:
4943:
4915:United Nations
4822:Ibrahim Yaacob
4789:
4786:
4766:
4763:
4750:decolonisation
4707:ethnic Chinese
4653:Duncan Stewart
4625:Raj of Sarawak
4620:
4617:
4535:
4532:
4496:Abdul Nasution
4411:, hosting the
4384:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4335:
4334:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3893:Deli Sultanate
3889:
3888:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3863:Siak Sultanate
3859:
3858:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3743:Aceh Sultanate
3739:
3738:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3713:Sulu Sultanate
3709:
3708:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3647:840–1292
3645:
3639:
3638:
3637:800–1600
3635:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3586:Pannai Kingdom
3582:
3581:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3566:Kediri Kingdom
3562:
3561:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3550:932–1579
3548:
3542:
3541:
3540:914–1908
3538:
3532:
3531:
3530:716–1016
3528:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3496:Melayu Kingdom
3492:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3346:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3231:undeclared war
3204:British Borneo
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3025:Constitutional
3022:
3020:Communications
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:MH370 incident
2842:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2566:MH653 incident
2562:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:Battle of Muar
1833:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1681:British Malaya
1677:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1661:Pangkor Treaty
1657:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1541:Pahang Kingdom
1537:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:Aceh Sultanate
1396:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1380:Sulu Sultanate
1376:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1283:170–1135
1281:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1220:
1218:Early kingdoms
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1131:Mansuli Valley
1124:
1123:
1122:2,000,0000 BCE
1117:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
968:
967:
956:
951:
943:
940:
939:
928:
927:
920:
913:
905:
897:
896:
895:
894:
891:
888:
878:
818:
817:
814:
811:
802:
801:
798:
787:
786:
782:
781:
779:
778:
776:Yassin Affandi
766:
754:
742:
730:
718:
706:
694:
682:
668:
656:
644:
632:
620:
608:
595:
593:
591:
590:
578:
566:
554:
542:
530:
516:
504:
492:
473:
454:
435:
416:
397:
395:Mustapha Harun
378:
366:
354:
342:
330:
317:
314:
313:
309:
308:
244:
242:
241:
228:
215:
202:
190:
177:
175:United Kingdom
163:
155:
154:
150:
149:
146:
145:
144:
143:
133:
115:
104:
100:
99:
90:
88:
84:
83:
78:
70:
69:
51:
50:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12332:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12237:
12235:
12220:
12218:
12214:
12212:
12210:
12206:
12204:
12202:
12198:
12196:
12194:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12184:
12181:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12081:
12079:
12075:
12069:
12066:
12065:
12063:
12059:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12034:
12032:
12028:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12013:
12011:
12007:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11992:
11990:
11986:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11745:
11742:
11741:
11739:
11735:
11731:
11726:
11717:
11712:
11710:
11705:
11703:
11698:
11697:
11694:
11684:
11678:
11672:
11666:
11665:
11661:
11659:
11658:
11654:
11652:
11651:
11647:
11645:
11644:
11640:
11638:
11637:
11633:
11632:
11630:
11626:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11614:Brunei Revolt
11612:
11610:
11609:Domino theory
11607:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11576:
11574:
11570:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11540:
11538:
11534:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11460:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11445:
11443:
11440:
11439:
11437:
11435:
11429:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11379:
11377:
11375:Organisations
11373:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11347:Battle of Bau
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11302:Madiun Affair
11300:
11299:
11297:
11293:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11278:
11276:
11272:
11269:
11267:and incidents
11266:
11260:
11256:
11247:
11242:
11240:
11235:
11233:
11228:
11227:
11224:
11214:
11208:
11204:
11198:
11194:
11188:
11182:
11176:
11174:
11170:
11168:
11166:
11162:
11160:
11158:
11154:
11152:
11150:
11146:
11144:
11142:
11138:
11136:
11134:
11130:
11128:
11126:
11122:
11120:
11118:
11114:
11112:
11110:
11106:
11104:
11102:
11098:
11097:
11095:
11091:
11085:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11073:
11071:
11067:
11061:
11058:
11054:
11053:Laju incident
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11040:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11033:Bidong Island
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11023:Siddiq Ghouse
11021:
11019:
11018:Chia Thye Poh
11016:
11014:
11013:Brunei Revolt
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10978:Domino theory
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10965:
10963:
10959:
10948:Cheung Ah Wah
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10928:Yap Choon Hau
10926:
10921:
10916:
10914:
10913:Bong Kee Chok
10911:
10910:
10908:
10902:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10890:P. Veerasenan
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10800:Rashid Maidin
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10772:
10770:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10749:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10721:
10718:
10717:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10699:
10696:
10695:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10680:
10678:
10676:Organisations
10674:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10603:Penang Ambush
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10585:
10583:
10579:
10567:
10564:
10562:
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10309:
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10300:
10297:
10294:
10291:
10288:
10285:
10282:
10279:
10276:
10273:
10270:
10267:
10266:Ikhwan revolt
10264:
10261:
10258:
10255:
10252:
10249:
10246:
10243:
10240:
10237:
10234:
10231:
10228:
10225:
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10020:
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10008:
10005:
10002:
9999:
9996:
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9990:
9987:
9984:
9981:
9978:
9975:
9972:
9969:
9966:
9963:
9960:
9957:
9954:
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9948:
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9933:
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9927:
9924:
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9915:
9912:
9909:
9906:
9903:
9900:
9897:
9894:
9891:
9888:
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9882:
9879:
9876:
9873:
9870:
9867:
9864:
9861:
9858:
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9849:
9846:
9843:
9840:
9837:
9834:
9831:
9828:
9825:
9822:
9819:
9816:
9813:
9810:
9807:
9804:
9801:
9798:
9795:
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9789:
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9783:
9780:
9777:
9774:
9771:
9768:
9765:
9762:
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9750:
9747:
9744:
9741:
9738:
9735:
9732:
9729:
9726:
9723:
9720:
9717:
9714:
9713:Spice Islands
9711:
9708:
9705:
9702:
9699:
9696:
9693:
9690:
9687:
9684:
9681:
9678:
9675:
9672:
9671:Santo Domingo
9669:
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9660:
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9654:
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9494:
9491:
9488:
9485:
9482:
9479:
9476:
9473:
9470:
9467:
9464:
9461:
9460:Pontiac's War
9458:
9455:
9452:
9449:
9446:
9443:
9440:
9437:
9434:
9431:
9428:
9425:
9422:
9419:
9416:
9413:
9412:Carnatic Wars
9410:
9407:
9404:
9401:
9398:
9395:
9392:
9389:
9386:
9383:
9382:Tuscarora War
9380:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9365:
9358:
9355:
9352:
9349:
9346:
9343:
9340:
9337:
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9331:
9328:
9325:
9322:
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9313:
9310:
9307:
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9280:
9277:
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9265:
9262:
9259:
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9247:
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9234:
9232:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9210:
9205:
9203:
9198:
9196:
9191:
9190:
9187:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9172:
9161:
9157:
9153:
9149:
9145:
9141:
9138:(3): 89β111.
9137:
9133:
9128:
9124:
9123:
9117:
9113:
9107:
9103:
9098:
9094:
9088:
9084:
9079:
9068:
9067:
9059:
9054:
9050:
9048:9780711014626
9044:
9040:
9035:
9023:
9019:
9016:Rees, Simon.
9014:
9010:
9004:
9000:
8995:
8991:
8985:
8981:
8976:
8965:on 9 May 2012
8964:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8935:
8933:9781848845558
8929:
8925:
8920:
8916:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8901:Horner, David
8898:
8894:
8888:
8884:
8879:
8875:
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8863:
8859:
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8851:
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8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8801:
8789:
8783:
8779:
8774:
8770:
8764:
8760:
8755:
8751:
8745:
8741:
8736:
8732:
8730:9780195584530
8726:
8722:
8717:
8713:
8711:9781574886658
8707:
8703:
8702:
8696:
8693:
8689:
8683:
8679:
8674:
8670:
8664:
8660:
8655:
8651:
8649:9781859844120
8645:
8640:
8639:
8632:
8628:
8626:9780753712979
8622:
8618:
8613:
8609:
8604:
8600:
8598:9780719039195
8594:
8590:
8585:
8581:
8579:9780857716231
8575:
8571:
8570:
8564:
8560:
8554:
8550:
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8526:
8522:
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8514:
8507:
8502:
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8477:
8470:
8469:
8463:
8459:
8453:
8449:
8444:
8440:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8425:Horner, David
8422:
8418:
8416:9780522850086
8412:
8407:
8406:
8399:
8395:
8389:
8385:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8355:
8351:
8349:9780199587964
8345:
8341:
8336:
8332:
8330:9781846030482
8326:
8322:
8321:
8315:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8277:
8272:
8268:
8262:
8258:
8253:
8249:
8243:
8239:
8234:
8230:
8228:9781853675737
8224:
8220:
8215:
8211:
8205:
8201:
8196:
8192:
8186:
8182:
8177:
8173:
8167:
8163:
8158:
8154:
8148:
8144:
8139:
8135:
8133:9789799589880
8129:
8125:
8120:
8117:
8112:
8110:9780691027647
8106:
8102:
8097:
8093:
8091:9781864485738
8087:
8083:
8078:
8074:
8072:9781842773697
8068:
8065:. Zed Books.
8064:
8063:
8057:
8056:
8043:
8039:
8033:
8017:
8011:
8005:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7975:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7944:
7937:
7932:
7926:, p. 99.
7925:
7920:
7913:
7908:
7901:
7896:
7889:
7884:
7877:
7872:
7865:
7860:
7854:, p. 72.
7853:
7848:
7841:
7836:
7829:
7824:
7817:
7812:
7805:
7800:
7784:
7780:
7779:
7774:
7767:
7765:
7757:
7752:
7745:
7740:
7733:
7728:
7712:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7695:
7693:
7683:
7677:, p. 97.
7676:
7671:
7664:
7659:
7653:, p. 95.
7652:
7647:
7640:
7635:
7628:
7623:
7616:
7611:
7604:
7599:
7593:, p. 55.
7592:
7587:
7580:
7575:
7568:
7563:
7557:, p. 17.
7556:
7551:
7545:, p. 34.
7544:
7539:
7533:, p. 49.
7532:
7527:
7521:, p. 39.
7520:
7515:
7509:, p. 75.
7508:
7503:
7497:, p. 29.
7496:
7491:
7485:, p. 60.
7484:
7479:
7472:
7467:
7460:
7455:
7448:
7443:
7436:
7431:
7423:
7417:
7413:
7412:
7404:
7402:
7394:
7389:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7358:
7351:
7346:
7339:
7334:
7327:
7322:
7316:, p. 41.
7315:
7310:
7303:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7286:
7281:
7274:
7269:
7263:, p. 55.
7262:
7257:
7250:
7245:
7238:
7233:
7226:
7221:
7214:
7209:
7202:
7197:
7190:
7185:
7183:
7174:
7172:9789793780504
7168:
7164:
7163:
7155:
7147:
7145:9789793780566
7141:
7137:
7136:
7128:
7121:
7116:
7109:
7104:
7097:
7092:
7085:
7080:
7073:
7068:
7061:
7056:
7049:
7044:
7037:
7036:
7029:
7027:
7019:
7014:
7012:
7005:, p. 95.
7004:
6999:
6997:
6989:
6984:
6977:
6972:
6964:
6958:
6954:
6953:
6945:
6937:
6931:
6927:
6926:
6918:
6916:
6908:
6903:
6896:
6891:
6889:
6882:, p. 72.
6881:
6876:
6869:
6864:
6858:, p. 46.
6857:
6852:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6813:
6811:
6804:, p. 67.
6803:
6798:
6791:
6786:
6780:, p. 25.
6779:
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6760:
6753:
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6722:
6715:
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6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6248:Brunei Revolt
6246:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6212:
6207:
6204:
6200:
6193:
6188:
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5989:
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5909:
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5865:
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5759:
5751:
5747:
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5739:
5735:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5717:Harold Wilson
5714:
5711:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5666:
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5649:
5645:
5631:
5628:
5623:
5620:
5614:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5590:3-inch mortar
5587:
5583:
5579:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5558:
5554:
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5538:
5531:
5528:
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5522:
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5516:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5495:RAF Chia Keng
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5479:Royal Signals
5476:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5446:
5442:
5440:
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5360:
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5350:
5345:
5336:
5335:
5328:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5294:Walter Walker
5286:
5282:
5277:
5263:
5261:
5255:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5228:
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5170:
5167:
5163:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5120:, Australian
5119:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5074:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5054:Javelin FAW 9
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4986:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4971:
4970:Korps Komando
4966:
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4958:
4953:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4865:Manila Accord
4862:
4859:
4855:
4851:
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4840:
4836:
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4830:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4815:
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4780:
4776:
4772:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4730:A. M. Azahari
4726:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4680:
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4613:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4575:
4574:Kota Kinabalu
4570:
4568:
4559:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4507:Brunei revolt
4503:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4478:. Initially,
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4446:
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4437:
4433:
4429:
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4410:
4406:
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4350:
4347:
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4322:
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4312:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4298:
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4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
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3546:Sunda Kingdom
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3456:Kutai Kingdom
3454:
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3263:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3220:Brunei revolt
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:East Malaysia
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
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3119:
3118:
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3018:
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2856:MH17 incident
2854:
2853:
2849:
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2833:
2829:
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2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2421:Brunei revolt
2419:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2386:
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2238:
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2221:
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2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
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2191:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2142:Modern period
2139:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1970:Malayan Union
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:BMA of Malaya
1930:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
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1692:
1688:
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1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
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1649:
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1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1581:Burney Treaty
1579:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:Dutch Malacca
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:Reman Kingdom
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1466:Setul Kingdom
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1456:Besut Kingdom
1454:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:424–775
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1257:
1256:Gangga Negara
1254:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1226:Ancient Kedah
1224:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1155:Niah cultures
1150:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:Sungei Koemba
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
982:Sunda Straits
980:
978:
975:
974:
973:
972:
966:
963:
962:
961:
960:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
941:
936:
926:
921:
919:
914:
912:
907:
906:
903:
892:
889:
886:
885:
884:
883:
879:
874:
873:
869:
830:
815:
812:
809:
808:
807:
806:
799:
796:
795:
794:
793:
789:
788:
783:
777:
767:
765:
764:A. M. Azahari
755:
753:
743:
741:
740:Bong Kee Chok
731:
729:
719:
717:
707:
705:
695:
693:
683:
680:
679:A.H. Nasution
669:
667:
657:
655:
645:
643:
633:
631:
630:Chairul Saleh
621:
619:
614:
609:
607:
597:
596:
594:
589:
588:Walter Walker
579:
577:
567:
565:
564:Harold Wilson
555:
553:
543:
541:
531:
528:
517:
515:
505:
503:
493:
491:
474:
472:
455:
453:
436:
434:
433:Fuad Stephens
417:
415:
398:
396:
379:
377:
367:
365:
355:
353:
343:
341:
331:
329:
319:
318:
316:
315:
310:
307:
297:
295:
284:
273:
262:
258:
257:
245:
240:
229:
227:
216:
214:
203:
201:
191:
189:
178:
176:
165:
164:
162:
161:
157:
156:
151:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:
113:
112:
111:
109:
105:
102:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
85:
79:
76:
75:
71:
68:, August 1964
67:
63:
57:
52:
49:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
12217:Tanda Putera
12216:
12208:
12200:
12192:
12083:
11737:Kuala Lumpur
11662:
11655:
11648:
11641:
11634:
11482:M. H. Lukman
11307:Limbang raid
11285:
11172:
11164:
11159:(2011 novel)
11156:
11149:Tanda Putera
11148:
11140:
11132:
11124:
11119:(1964 drama)
11117:The 7th Dawn
11116:
11108:
11100:
11076:Baling Talks
10983:Agent Orange
10938:Ang Chu Ting
10933:Lam Wah Kwai
10865:Eu Chooi Yip
10825:Ibrahim Chik
10490:
10379:
10236:Iraqi Revolt
10091:Matabeleland
10067:North Borneo
10061:Matabeleland
10013:Saskatchewan
9815:Upper Canada
9809:Lower Canada
9767:Persian Gulf
9683:Persian Gulf
9623:Newfoundland
9604:Polygar Wars
9574:Kandyan Wars
9526:Nootka Sound
9135:
9131:
9121:
9101:
9082:
9070:. Retrieved
9064:
9038:
9026:. Retrieved
9022:the original
8998:
8979:
8967:. Retrieved
8963:the original
8946:
8923:
8904:
8882:
8852:(1): 55β73.
8849:
8845:
8822:
8814:
8777:
8758:
8739:
8720:
8700:
8677:
8658:
8637:
8616:
8607:
8588:
8568:
8548:
8536:. Retrieved
8529:the original
8516:
8512:
8493:. Retrieved
8486:the original
8467:
8447:
8428:
8404:
8383:
8369:(1): 46β72.
8366:
8362:
8339:
8319:
8306:. Retrieved
8299:the original
8286:
8282:
8256:
8237:
8218:
8199:
8180:
8161:
8142:
8123:
8114:
8100:
8081:
8061:
8052:Bibliography
8020:. Retrieved
8004:
7992:. Retrieved
7974:
7962:. Retrieved
7943:
7931:
7924:Pimlott 1984
7919:
7907:
7895:
7888:Pugsley 2003
7883:
7871:
7859:
7852:Dickens 2003
7847:
7840:Pugsley 2003
7835:
7828:Dickens 2003
7823:
7811:
7804:Dickens 2003
7799:
7787:. Retrieved
7783:the original
7776:
7751:
7739:
7727:
7715:. Retrieved
7704:
7682:
7675:Pimlott 1984
7670:
7658:
7651:Pimlott 1984
7646:
7634:
7622:
7610:
7598:
7586:
7574:
7562:
7550:
7538:
7526:
7514:
7502:
7490:
7478:
7466:
7454:
7442:
7430:
7410:
7388:
7376:. Retrieved
7367:
7357:
7345:
7333:
7321:
7309:
7302:Pugsley 2003
7280:
7268:
7256:
7249:Edwards 1992
7244:
7237:Pugsley 2003
7232:
7220:
7208:
7196:
7161:
7154:
7134:
7127:
7115:
7103:
7091:
7079:
7067:
7055:
7048:Edwards 1992
7043:
7034:
6983:
6971:
6951:
6944:
6924:
6902:
6875:
6863:
6851:
6826:
6822:
6797:
6790:Edwards 1992
6785:
6773:
6762:
6752:
6740:
6728:. Retrieved
6721:the original
6708:
6699:
6678:
6651:
6635:Moulton 1967
6549:. Retrieved
6529:
6522:
6510:
6497:
6462:
6458:
6442:Corbett 1986
6407:
6365:
6364:
6352:
6345:North Borneo
6327:
6224:province of
6198:
6073:
6070:
6062:
6058:
6027:
6022:
5932:
5923:
5911:
5904:that do not
5900:may contain
5899:
5875:
5871:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5832:British Army
5818:
5809:Denis Healey
5806:
5795:
5784:
5774:
5755:
5725:US President
5707:
5700:
5686:
5677:HF No 62 Set
5670:
5653:
5647:
5624:
5619:killing zone
5615:
5611:
5602:7.62 mm GPMG
5594:81-mm mortar
5575:
5551:
5539:
5535:
5508:
5475:intelligence
5472:
5449:Intelligence
5443:
5437:
5430:
5425:
5421:John Simpson
5406:
5395:, Terendak,
5393:Kesang River
5364:Twin Pioneer
5361:
5353:
5340:
5333:
5306:
5290:
5256:
5252:
5229:
5204:
5194:
5186:
5151:
5134:
5111:
5085:
5078:
5070:
5020:
5018:
5004:leap from a
4975:
4962:
4948:
4939:Kuala Lumpur
4927:
4919:
4895:
4886:
4873:
4847:
4826:
4806:
4802:
4791:
4759:
4755:
4743:
4727:
4704:
4665:
4633:World War II
4623:In 1946 the
4622:
4605:
4601:
4582:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4548:North Borneo
4537:
4526:
4519:
4504:
4488:
4464:North Borneo
4452:East of Suez
4449:
4421:
4388:
4386:
4328:
4287:Christianity
3536:Bali Kingdom
3429:Buni culture
3407:
3392:1,000,000 BP
3376:
3311:October 1965
3283:
3259:
3247:brinkmanship
3228:
3196:North Borneo
3181:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3070:Kuala Lumpur
2510:1972βpresent
2440:1962βpresent
2340:1MDB scandal
2074:
2000:Baling Talks
1897:Si Rat Malai
1803: /
1792:World War II
1705:North Borneo
1164:
1140:
1100:
1029:
1002:
1001:
992:Kesang River
970:
969:
958:
957:
944:
932:
893:771 captured
881:
880:
870:
835:
804:
803:
791:
790:
752:Ang Cho Teng
728:Lam Wah Kwai
576:Rodney Moore
514:Lee Kuan Yew
285:
260:
246:
158:
153:Belligerents
132:coup attempt
108:Commonwealth
106:
42:Part of the
29:
12219:(2013 film)
12211:(2009 film)
12203:(2007 film)
12195:(2003 film)
11536:Affiliation
11517:Bakri Wahab
11477:D. N. Aidit
11397:Acoma Party
11392:Murba Party
11175:(2019 film)
11167:(2015 film)
11151:(2013 film)
11143:(2012 film)
11141:29 Februari
11135:(2007 film)
11127:(2006 film)
11111:(1963 play)
10885:R. G. Balan
10875:Wahi Annuar
10780:Abdullah CD
10762:Peninsular
10566:New Zealand
10543:New village
10538:Briggs Plan
10486:Vietnam War
10356:Suez Crisis
10254:Transjordan
10158:West Africa
10135:(1899β1902)
10129:(1898β1901)
10121:Six-Day War
10069:(1894β1905)
10057:(1891β1895)
10037:Mashonaland
10001:Mahdist War
9941:Shimonoseki
9871:(1847β1901)
9781:(1824β1901)
9749:Cape Colony
9647:Cape Colony
9606:(1799β1805)
9600:(1799β1803)
9588:(1798β1800)
9576:(1796β1818)
9550:Cape Colony
9540:(1793β1806)
9522:(1788β1934)
9418:Nova Scotia
9388:Yamasee War
9359:(1694β1700)
9333:Child's War
9321:2nd Tangier
9315:1st Tangier
9311:(1655β1739)
9261:Saint Kitts
9239:(1593β1603)
8943:"No. 43959"
8538:24 December
7964:15 December
7900:Pocock 1973
7864:Parker 2005
7816:Parker 2005
7756:Pilger 2003
7744:Easter 2004
7663:Pocock 1973
7639:Mackie 1974
7615:Pocock 1973
7603:Polmar 2008
7579:Pocock 1973
7555:French 2011
7459:Conboy 2003
7447:Pocock 1973
7435:Pocock 1973
7393:Coates 2006
7338:Horner 2002
7189:Conboy 2003
7120:Pocock 1973
7084:Pocock 1973
7072:Pocock 1973
7060:Mackie 1974
7003:Conboy 2003
6988:Pocock 1973
6976:Pocock 1973
6868:Conboy 2003
6856:Easter 2004
6745:Mackie 1974
6730:17 February
6612:Carver 1986
6427:Pocock 1973
6412:Fowler 2006
6400:Conboy 2003
6385:Conboy 2003
6199:Konfrontasi
5840:Indonesian
5742:Malay women
5673:A41 and A42
5648:Konfrontasi
5285:Senoi Praaq
5260:1/7 Gurkhas
5169:Avro Vulcan
4952:2/6 Gurkhas
4854:irredentist
4829:Philippines
4527:Konfrontasi
4389:Konfrontasi
4252:Archaeology
4247:Agriculture
3653:Aru Kingdom
3378:Paleolithic
3340:History of
3275:New Zealand
3159:Konfrontasi
3080:George Town
3035:Immigration
2075:Konfrontasi
1230:<100 BCE
1135:235,000 BCE
1102:Paleolithic
1069:History of
1009:Plaman Mapu
890:222 wounded
800:181 wounded
502:Yusof Ishak
471:Abang Openg
376:Tunku Osman
239:New Zealand
12280:Proxy wars
12234:Categories
11594:Marhaenism
11447:Tan Malaka
11433:Key people
10904:Malaysian
10895:Devan Nair
10880:Mat Indera
10820:Musa Ahmad
10753:Key people
10260:Pink's War
10152:Somaliland
9989:Basutoland
9743:Guadeloupe
9725:Xhosa Wars
9707:Seychelles
9689:Guadeloupe
9677:Martinique
9544:Rohilkhand
9508:Gold Coast
9478:Rohilkhand
9436:Bengal War
9273:Pequot War
7314:Smith 1999
7273:Jones 2002
7108:Majid 2007
6907:Kheng 2009
6880:Reece 1993
6551:26 January
6357:Until 1965
6333:Federation
6319:References
6121:A soldier
6045:Royal Navy
5881:Casualties
5748:! Destroy
5499:RAF Changi
5302:Varyl Begg
5298:David Luce
5079:Victorious
5058:RAF Tengah
5013:MalayβThai
4978:Ahmad Yani
4960:Malaysia.
4907:Indonesian
4850:Maphilindo
4814:Malay race
4540:Kalimantan
4500:Soebandrio
4309:Mass media
4186:Reform era
4166:Transition
4012:Portuguese
3398:Flores Man
3368:Prehistory
3321:Background
3271:Australian
3239:Kalimantan
3237:(known as
3155:(known as
2726:Sauk Siege
2393:Green Wave
1867:Sook Ching
1641:Larut Wars
1591:Naning War
1414:1516β 1902
1289:Old Pahang
1246:Langkasuka
1181:16,000 BCE
1142:Mesolithic
965:Long Jawai
887:590 killed
877:83 wounded
856:16 wounded
833:52 wounded
816:4 captured
813:53 wounded
797:114 killed
704:D.N. Aidit
654:Ahmad Yani
128:following
11497:Samikidin
11295:Incidents
10855:Yeung Kwo
10850:Chen Tien
10775:Chin Peng
10768:Singapore
10764:Malaysia
10581:Incidents
10561:Australia
10524:Emergency
10442:Singapore
10392:Falklands
10388:(1963β67)
10382:(1962β66)
10376:(1962β90)
10364:(1962β76)
10352:(1955β59)
10346:(1954β59)
10340:(1952β60)
10334:(1948β60)
10328:(1946β50)
10320:Indonesia
10316:(1945β46)
10314:Indochina
10310:(1944β48)
10298:(1936β39)
10292:(1936β39)
10280:(1931β32)
10274:(1930β31)
10268:(1927β30)
10250:(1922β24)
10248:Kurdistan
10232:(1919β20)
10208:(1916β17)
10188:Nyasaland
10184:(1914β15)
10178:(1914β15)
10166:(1903β04)
10160:(1901β02)
10154:(1900β20)
10117:(1897β98)
10111:(1897β98)
10093:(1896β97)
10063:(1893β94)
10027:(1886β89)
10003:(1881β99)
9997:(1880β81)
9991:(1880β81)
9985:(1879β80)
9973:(1875β76)
9959:Abyssinia
9955:(1866β71)
9949:(1864β65)
9937:(1863β64)
9929:Kagoshima
9925:(1857β58)
9919:(1857β59)
9913:(1856β60)
9907:(1856β57)
9901:(1854β56)
9899:Γ
land War
9883:(1848β49)
9859:(1845β50)
9853:(1845β46)
9847:(1845β72)
9841:(1839β42)
9835:(1839β42)
9829:(1839β41)
9817:(1837β38)
9811:(1837β38)
9805:(1831β33)
9799:(1831β32)
9793:(1828β32)
9787:(1824β26)
9763:(1817β18)
9739:(1814β16)
9733:(1812β15)
9727:(1811β79)
9721:(1810β11)
9701:Mauritius
9673:(1808β09)
9655:(1806β07)
9631:(1803β05)
9594:(1798β99)
9564:(1795β96)
9558:(1795β96)
9534:(1789β92)
9510:(1781β82)
9504:(1779β84)
9498:(1775β82)
9492:(1775β83)
9480:(1773β74)
9474:(1769β73)
9468:(1765β71)
9462:(1763β66)
9456:(1762β63)
9444:(1758β61)
9438:(1756β65)
9432:(1756β63)
9426:(1754β63)
9420:(1749β55)
9414:(1746β63)
9408:(1744β48)
9402:(1740β42)
9396:(1722β25)
9390:(1715β17)
9384:(1711β15)
9378:(1702β13)
9353:(1688β97)
9347:(1688β91)
9335:(1686β90)
9329:(1675β78)
9305:(1654β60)
9299:(1654β67)
9293:(1649β53)
9287:(1641β53)
9275:(1634β38)
9245:(1609β46)
9160:143480227
9152:1743-9558
9061:(reprint)
8874:153555254
8866:1468-2745
8525:1174-8915
8375:0227-1311
8308:31 August
8295:1811-5713
8116:captured.
7994:8 October
7732:Blum 2003
7591:Grey 1998
7567:Grey 1998
6895:Fong 2005
6843:0013-8266
6802:Cain 1997
6489:153955103
6226:Indonesia
6203:Singapore
6183:Kundasang
6131:Kalabakan
6106:Memorials
6043:from the
5926:June 2023
5902:citations
5868:Aftermath
5661:Belvedere
5489:based at
5409:Whirlwind
5349:guardship
4877:Subandrio
4672:communist
4668:left-wing
4597:Samarinda
4593:Pontianak
4544:provinces
4523:Subandrio
4480:Indonesia
4476:Singapore
4267:Education
4176:New Order
3944:1670β1950
3934:1515β1904
3520:600sβ900s
3510:600sβ1025
3500:600sβ1347
3490:500sβ600s
3480:400s-500s
3470:400sβ500s
3423:75,000 BP
3409:Neolithic
3342:Indonesia
3307:roulement
3188:Singapore
3171:from the
3165:Indonesia
3058:By region
2960:2021β2022
2870:2014β2015
2770:2006β2007
2710:1998β1999
2576:Dawn Raid
2490:1969β2002
2460:1967β2009
2425:1962β1966
2413:Incidents
2387:2021β2023
2377:2020β2022
2367:2020β2022
2324:2009β2010
2314:1998β2022
2304:1997β1998
2274:1987β1988
2214:1979β2008
2184:1971β1990
2164:1969β1971
2129:1968β1989
2109:1963β1965
2079:1963β1966
2059:1962β1990
2049:1960β2012
1994:1948β1960
1984:1948β1963
1974:1946β1948
1964:1946β1963
1954:1946β1963
1940:1945β1946
1911:1943β1944
1901:1943β1945
1891:1942β1945
1831:1941β1942
1821:1941β1942
1811:1941β1945
1759:1909β1946
1739:1895β1946
1729:1894β1905
1719:1891β1895
1709:1882β1946
1689:1874β1946
1675:1875β1876
1671:Perak War
1655:1867β1874
1651:Klang War
1645:1861β1874
1635:1857β1863
1625:1848β1946
1605:1841β1946
1595:1831β1832
1565:1821β1826
1555:1786β1946
1545:1770β1881
1535:1641β1824
1525:1601β1661
1515:1511β1641
1490:1839β1864
1480:1810β1902
1470:1808β1916
1460:1780β1899
1437:1599β1641
1404:1496β1903
1394:1470β1623
1384:1450β1899
1374:1402β1511
1351:1267β1521
1309:Majapahit
1299:Srivijaya
1279:Old Kedah
1166:Neolithic
1036:Singapore
875:44 killed
854:12 killed
845:8 wounded
843:23 killed
810:36 killed
642:Omar Dani
618:Subandrio
256:Indonesia
226:Australia
200:Singapore
11522:Sudisman
11402:Sarbupri
10845:Lee Meng
10785:Lai Teck
10710:Min Yuen
10522:Malayan
10509:Thailand
10380:Malaysia
10302:Ethiopia
10200:Peshawar
9965:Manitoba
9947:Duar War
9243:Virginia
9072:1 August
8969:1 August
8903:(1995).
8427:(2002).
8032:cite web
8022:23 April
7988:Archived
7958:Archived
7789:18 March
7717:18 March
7711:Archived
7378:27 April
7372:Archived
7035:The Star
6545:Archived
6237:See also
6159:Keningau
5957:Wounded
5908:the text
5542:Kelabits
5198:β
5177:Malaysia
5130:infantry
4931:Malaysia
4765:Conflict
4645:governor
4456:Far East
4440:Sulawesi
4424:Permesta
4314:Military
4292:Hinduism
4282:Buddhism
4277:Religion
4257:Currency
4240:By topic
3460:350β1605
3388:Java Man
3359:Timeline
3331:a series
3329:Part of
3214:against
3190:and the
3169:Malaysia
3045:Military
3030:Economic
3013:By topic
2045:ISA 1960
1293:449β1454
1071:Malaysia
1060:a series
1058:Part of
865:9 killed
188:Malaysia
122:replaced
110:victory
87:Location
46:and the
12290:Sukarno
12030:Sarawak
11589:Nasakom
11462:Sukarno
11457:Darsono
10840:Lau Yew
10499:Sarawak
10374:Sarawak
10326:Sarawak
10218:Nigeria
10206:Mohmand
10194:Nigeria
10145:century
9803:Malacca
9797:Jamaica
9755:Algiers
9695:Reunion
9641:Surinam
9616:century
9562:Grenada
9556:Jamaica
9448:Jamaica
9369:century
9309:Jamaica
9237:Ireland
9230:century
9217:English
8495:19 July
7368:The Age
6341:Sarawak
6331:Before
6167:Sapulut
6100:Gallery
5954:Killed
5951:Origin
5916:Please
5913:online.
5750:Sukarno
5483:cyphers
5469:member.
5438:Bulwark
5397:Malacca
5236:Suharto
5232:Bangkok
5146:company
5142:platoon
5015:border.
4935:Jakarta
4843:Sukarno
4734:Sukarno
4699:Sukarno
4679:Chinese
4608:Kuching
4552:Sarawak
4468:Sarawak
4436:Sumatra
4393:Sukarno
4387:Before
4302:Judaism
4262:Economy
4227:Bandung
4212:Jakarta
4204:Regions
4042:British
4022:Spanish
3476:Kantoli
3433:400 BCE
3315:Suharto
3267:British
3255:platoon
3251:company
3200:Sarawak
3177:Sukarno
3092:Sarawak
2399:present
2346:present
2233:present
2225:Spratly
1950:Sarawak
1449:present
1426:present
1363:present
1340:present
1269:Pan Pan
997:Pontian
954:Limbang
872:Gurkhas
692:Suharto
606:Sukarno
140:Sarawak
126:Suharto
118:Sukarno
12009:Penang
11584:CONEFO
11527:Wikana
11502:Semaun
11467:Alimin
10906:Borneo
10727:CPM/ML
10394:(1982)
10370:(1962)
10368:Brunei
10358:(1956)
10322:(1945)
10304:(1943)
10286:(1935)
10262:(1925)
10256:(1923)
10244:(1921)
10238:(1920)
10226:(1919)
10220:(1918)
10214:(1917)
10212:Quebec
10202:(1915)
10196:(1915)
10190:(1915)
10172:(1906)
10123:(1899)
10105:(1897)
10099:(1897)
10087:(1896)
10081:(1896)
10075:(1895)
10051:(1891)
10045:(1891)
10039:(1890)
10033:(1888)
10031:Hazara
10021:(1885)
10015:(1885)
10009:(1882)
9979:(1879)
9967:(1870)
9961:(1868)
9943:(1864)
9931:(1863)
9895:(1854)
9889:(1852)
9877:(1848)
9875:Ceylon
9865:(1847)
9863:Canton
9823:(1839)
9775:(1823)
9773:Guiana
9769:(1819)
9757:(1816)
9751:(1815)
9745:(1815)
9715:(1810)
9709:(1810)
9703:(1810)
9697:(1810)
9691:(1810)
9685:(1809)
9679:(1809)
9667:(1807)
9661:(1807)
9649:(1806)
9643:(1804)
9637:(1804)
9625:(1800)
9582:(1798)
9570:(1795)
9568:Ceylon
9552:(1795)
9546:(1794)
9528:(1789)
9516:(1786)
9486:(1774)
9450:(1762)
9341:(1687)
9323:(1664)
9317:(1662)
9297:Acadia
9281:(1641)
9269:(1628)
9267:Quebec
9263:(1626)
9257:(1622)
9251:(1612)
9249:Swally
9158:
9150:
9108:
9089:
9045:
9028:1 June
9005:
8986:
8930:
8911:
8889:
8872:
8864:
8829:
8784:
8765:
8746:
8727:
8708:
8684:
8665:
8646:
8623:
8595:
8576:
8555:
8523:
8478:
8454:
8435:
8413:
8390:
8373:
8346:
8327:
8293:
8263:
8244:
8225:
8206:
8187:
8168:
8149:
8130:
8107:
8088:
8069:
7418:
7169:
7142:
6959:
6932:
6841:
6537:
6487:
6343:, and
6337:Malaya
6123:statue
6067:Awards
6041:Labuan
6019:Total
5967:Gurkha
5906:verify
5850:London
5783:, and
5657:Wessex
5477:. The
5431:Albion
5334:Sydney
5124:, and
4903:Manila
4890:Tebedu
4781:, and
4715:Maoism
4641:London
4567:Dayaks
4515:Gurkha
4474:, and
4472:Brunei
3333:on the
3235:Borneo
3206:, now
3075:Penang
1936:Borneo
1877:Syburi
1805:Borneo
1685:Borneo
1236:Chi Tu
1198:
1187:
1176:
1152:
1128:
1112:
1062:on the
1030:Claret
1024:Babang
1019:Kindau
949:Brunei
882:Total:
829:gurkha
253:
236:
223:
213:Brunei
210:
185:
172:
103:Result
96:Borneo
66:Borneo
12077:Other
12061:Sabah
11988:Perak
11492:Njoto
11487:Musso
11048:MH653
10272:Tirah
10182:Tochi
9971:Perak
9737:Nepal
9659:Egypt
9586:Malta
9514:Assam
9357:Ghana
9255:Ormuz
9156:S2CID
8870:S2CID
8532:(PDF)
8509:(PDF)
8489:(PDF)
8472:(PDF)
8302:(PDF)
8279:(PDF)
6724:(PDF)
6717:(PDF)
6656:(PDF)
6485:S2CID
6463:XLIII
6366:Notes
6201:" in
6139:Sabah
6135:Tawau
6090:Harun
6086:Usman
6008:Rest
5746:Tunku
5642:1966
5463:Sabah
5417:Tawau
5332:HMAS
5050:Labis
5002:Ibans
4711:Dayak
4675:cells
4649:Malay
4324:Women
4319:Sport
4297:Islam
4222:Bogor
3253:- or
3087:Sabah
3065:Kedah
3040:Legal
2397:2022β
2344:2015β
2231:1980β
1447:1766β
1424:1528β
1361:1368β
1338:1136β
1313:1300s
977:Labis
11274:Wars
11264:Wars
10766:and
10720:MPLF
10472:Wars
10439:and
10386:Aden
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